1.

M u

Nghin cu cc qu trnh tng tc bc x - vt cht

Hiu ng quang in, hiu ng Compton, s sinh cp: s tn x

hoc hp th photon bi vt cht.

S hy cp, qu trnh Bremsstrahlung: nhng qu trnh sinh photon

Cc hin tng ny th hin tnh ht (photon) ca bc x trong

tng tc ca chng vi vt cht, phn bit vi tnh cht sng ca
bc x khi chng la truyn.

Nhng chng sau, chng ta s nghin cu tng qut hn, l

lng tnh sng ht ca vt cht, dn n s ra i ca C hc
lng t

Chng 2: Hin tng quang in

2. Hiu ng quang in

1886-1887, Heinrich Hertz ln u tin thc hin th nghim chng minh s

tn ti ca sng in t cng nh l thuyt in t ca Maxwell v s lan
truyn nh sng.
Hertz khm ph rng, in tch gia 2 in cc s suy gim nhanh nu
chiu vo mt trong 2 in cc ny nh sng t ngoi.
Lenard chng minh c hin tng trn l do nh sng t ngoi lm bt
electron ra khi b mt cathode
hiu ng quang in
(photoelectric effect) solar cell

Millikan (1914), Nobel prize 1923

Chng 2: Hin tng quang in

2. Hiu ng quang in
Khi kho st hot ng ca t bo quang in, ngi ta nhn thy

Khi HT t n gi tr no th dng quang in c gi tr bo ha.

Khi HT c gi tr m l V0 (gi l HT hm), dng quang in bt u trit tiu

HT hm khng ph thuc cng sng; dng bo t l vi cng sng

Mi kim loi (dng lm cathode) khc nhau c mt tn s gii hn (cut-off frequency) n0,
di tn s ny hin tng quang in khng xy ra

eV0 K max

Nhng kt qu trn khng th gii thch bng thuyt sng nh c in:

Cng sng cng mnh, bin in trng E cng ln, lc tc dng ln electron
cng mnh, ng nng cng ln. Tuy nhin, V0 do Kmax c lp vi cng sng

Theo thuyt sng nh sng, HTQ lun xy ra vi mi tn s nh sng, ch cn cng

sng mnh nh bt quang electron, tc khng c tn s gii hn

Cn phi c mt khong thi gian (time lag thi gian tr), t lc chiu nh sng cho
n lc c quang electron bt ra, tuy nhin khng c khong thi gian tr no c quan
st
Chng 2: Hin tng quang in

3. L thuyt lng t ca Einstein v HTQ

L thuyt lng t nng lng ca Planck ch gii hn cho cc electron bc x bn trong

cc thnh hc. ng cho rng nng lng in t, mt khi bc x, s truyn i mt
cch lin tc nh sng nc.

Nm 1905, Einstein m rng thuyt lng t Planck, ng cho rng nng lng bc x
cng b lng t ha thnh gi gi, sau ny c gi l cc photon.

Einstein cng cho rng cc hin tng nh giao thoa, nhiu x nh sng l do tp hp
mt s rt ln cc photon. Hin tng quan st c ca nhiu x, giao thoa l trung
bnh ca hnh vi ca cc photon khc nhau.

Nm 1921Einstein c tng thng gii Nobel cho vic

tin on v mt l thuyt ca cc nh lut quang in
Chng 2: Hin tng quang in

4. Hiu ng Compton

Nm 1923, thm mt bng chng v tnh cht ht bc x t

th nghim ca Compton
Compton chiu chm tia X c bc sng l ln tinh th than
ch (graphite) v o nh sng tn x theo cc gc khc
nhau. ng nhn c hai loi bc x c bc sng l v l >
l: hiu ng Compton
dch bc sng Dl=l-l thay i theo gc tn x
Hiu ng Compton khng th gii thch bng thuyt sng
in t c in: sng in t tng tc vi electrong t do,
lm cho electron ny dao ng cng tn s ci n. Electron
dao ng s bc x sng in t c cng tn s dao ng
ca electron, do cng tn s sng in t n

Chng 2: Hin tng quang in

4. Hiu ng Compton

Compton cho rng: chm tia X chiu ti khng phi mt sng vi tn s n, m l tp

hp nhiu photon,mi photonmanh nng lng hn.
Khi photo tia X tng tc vi electron, n s truyn mt phn nng lng cho
electrong ny, do photon tn x c nng lng nh hn, bc sng ngn hn

Tnh dch bc sng Dl=l- l

Chng ta tnh ton da trn thuyt tng i

i vi photon, v khng c khi lng ngh nn

Chng 2: Hin tng quang in

m0 c 2
1 v2 / c2

E 2 p 2 c 2 (m0 c 2 ) 2

p E / c h / c h /

4. Hiu ng Compton

Chng 2: Hin tng quang in

4. Hiu ng Compton
S tn ti photon tn x c bc sng khng i cn phi c mt gii thch
tha ng

trn, chng ta cho rng electron l t do, mc d tht s n lin

kt vi ht nhn. Tuy nhin gi thit trn l ng nu ng nng m
electron nhn c sau tn x l ln hn rt nhiu so vi nng lng
lin kt ca electron (vi ht nhn)
Nu electron lin kt mnh vi ht nhn, hoc nng lng photon n
l nh, khi lectron khng b gii phng, khi ta c th xem s tn
x l tng tc gia photon vi ton b nghuyn t.
Trong trng hp ny dich bc sng (Eq. (2.12)) l khng ng
k, do m0 c thay bng M>>m0 (M l khi lng nguyn t)

Qu trnh m nhng photon tn x khng b thay i bc sng c

gi l tn x Rayleigh

Nh vy, tn x Rayleigh chim u th i vi photon c bc sng

di. i vi photon c bc sng ngn (tia X, tia Gamma), th tn x
Compton chim u th, c bit l khi tm tn x lm bng vt liu c
nguyn t s nh
Chng 2: Hin tng quang in

5. Lng tnh sng - ht ca bc x in t

Chng 2: Hin tng quang in

6. Cch to photon v tia X

Chng 2: Hin tng quang in

7. Sinh cp v hy cp

Chng 2: Hin tng quang in