India’s Best Institute for IES, GATE & PSUs 1 7 ee SS tS OFFLINE Nea UC MODE Test No. 12 (Cony.) : CPM-PERT, BM & Construction Equipment EO 1. (a) To 7 teapot) @-—-@—-@) —-@ ; he atiweeks) | €28t slope activity © (oeoks) | Cost slop 2-3 | 7s00-s000=4500 | 5- 1500 2-4 | eoor-s6o0=2400 | 7- 1200 a4 | 10000-s000=s000 | 4- 2500) Normal duration of the project = 4+5+4= 13 weeks2 ESE-2015: TEST SERIES * CIVILENGINEERING MADE EASY Direct cost of the project will be equal to the sum of normal cost of all the activities. Direct cost = 4000 + 3000 + 3600 + 5000 = & 19600 First stage crashing: While crashing the activities, we shall first select that critical activity which has the minimum cost slope. For the present case, critical activity 2-8 has the minimum cost slope of € 1500 per week. Let us crash this first. Its crash period is 3 weeks i¢., At = 5 ~ 2 = 3 weeks. However, crashing it by 3 weeks will affect non-critical activity 2-4, which has a float of only 2 weeks. Hence let us restrict the crashing of activity 2-3 by 2 weeks only, in the frst stage, New duration of the project = 13-2 = 11 weeks Extra cost of crashing activity 2-3 by 2 weeks = 2x 1500 = % 3000 Direct cost of project of 11 weeks duration = 15600 + 3006 18600 Second stage crashing: Further crashing can be done with three alternatives: () Crashing activities 2-3 and 2-4 simultaneously, having a combined cost slope of 1500 + 1200 = 2700 per week, (i) Crashing activities 3-4 and 2-4 simultaneously, having a combined cost slope of 2500 + 1200 = € 3700 per week, (ii) Crashing activity 1-2 alone, having a cost slope of € 4500 per week Out of these, the first alternative has the minimum cost slope. ‘Thus, the extra cost of crashing activities 2-3 and 2-4 by 1 week 2700 x 1 =% 2700 Direct cost of project for 10 weeks duration Third stage crashing: Activities 2-4 and 3-4 are to be crashed jointly, with a combined cost slope of 2500 + 1200 = £3700 pet week. The cost slope of activity 1-2is 4000, which is higher. Hence activities 2-4 and 3-4 will be crashed first. Activity 2-4 has a crashing period of 6 - 5 = 1 week left. Hence only 1 week crashing will be done in this step, leading to a project duration of 9 weeks. vot MADE EASY www madeeasy.inMADE EASY Test 12 (Conv) : CPM-PERT, BM & Construction Equipment 3 Cost of crashing activities 2-4 and 3-4 by 1 week = 3700x1=%3700 Direct cost of project for 9 weeks duration = 21300 + 3700 = 25000 o 1 2 3 4 5 68 7 8 8 Fourth stage crashing: Activity 1-2 is the only remaining activity to be crashed. The period by which it can be ctashed is = 4-2 = 2 weeks, reducing the project duration to 9 - 2 = 7 weeks. Extra cost of crashing activity 1-2 by 2 weeks = 2 x 4000 = 8000 Direct cost of project of 7 weeks duration = 25000 + 8000 = € 33000 Ors opel beaten wots) | gala [8 ° ° 7 =a vsaco | 1600 | 200 | 25000 | som Pando zea | azo | como | resco | sono Total cost (@) 41600 40600 41300 43000 45000, Itis clear that the optimum project duration is 11 weeks and the optimum cost corresponding to this period 's € 40600, 1. (b) ()) Fly ash building bricks : Fly ash is the main constituent of fly ash building bricks. The chemical composition of clay and fly ash do net differ very much and the residual carbon content in fly ash brings economy in the fuel consumption during firing of bricks. The process involves the use of fly ash, lime, sand and a small quantity of magnesium chioride as chemical accelerator. The fly ash ssand and lime are mixed approximately in the ratio of 80:13:7. Fly ash bricks are superior to conventional bricks in shape, specifications, compressive strength and impermeabilty. They are about 20% light inweight and about 10 o 15% cheap as compared to conventional bricks. (i) Refractory bricks : Refractory bricks or fire clay bricks are made of fire clay. Fire clays are pure hydrated silicates of alumina and contain alarge proportion of silica ($5-75%), alumina (20-35%), iron oxide (2-5%) with about 1% of lime, magnesia and alkalies. The greater the percentage, of alumina, the more refractory the clay will be. Fire clays are capable of resisting very high temperatures upto econo MADE ERSY wwwmadeeasy.in4 ESE-2015: TEST SERIES + CIVIL ENGINEERING 1700*C without melting or softening, Iron oxides and other alkalies reduce refractory qualities of fire clay. The process of manufacture of refractory bricks is same as that of ordinary bricks. (a) Given Data: WeoW, OM, water coment ratio air content Total volume of conerete Specific gravity of cement, 6, Specific gravity of sand, G, Specific gravity of aggregate, G. Let the weight of cement Let the weight of sand Let the weight of aggregate Now, net volume of concrete Net volume of concrete W We have we But we also know that Net volume of conerete = 0.2375 > 0.2375 = 0.2875 x 1000, = 2375 > we = (b) Cycle time for dump truck = 1:2:36 = 05 5% = 0.25m* 3.15 = 265 = 27 = w.kg wekg = w,kg Total volume of concrete - Volume of air in concrete 5 = 025 -(-Sx020} 0.25-0.0125 = 0.2375m* Volume of water + Volume of solids Weight of water , Weight of solids ~ Density of water " Density of solids = 0S8xWe ,|_ Mey _ Mesa 1000 G, x 1000 " G,x1000 * Gx 1000 We, 2e , 3.6, “ osm. + [ee 8G | = w.foset 35 237.5 “2.9055 B174kg 2x 81,74 = 163.48 kg 3.6 x 81.74 = 294.26 kg = Loading time + Hauling time + Returning time + Other losses 5x60 5x60 25 = 10+ 20 wwwmadeeasy.inMADE EASY Test 12 (Conv) : CPM-PERT, BM & Construction Equipment 5 = 10415 +12+3 = 40 minutes Actual working period is 60 minutes per hour and 6 hours per day 50 Material transported per hour = 7515 = 18.75 m* Materia transported per day = 18.75 x6= 125m? . Number of dump trucks required per day 1125 Fg = 1 nos 2 (e) ron ON 1] InAOA activities are |. Actes are opresetod reposered on arows | | onnage 2 | Eventisrepresentea |2| Event nas no place 2] Dunia are mea || Dummies have no place cxatush aatorship Between ter aces 4) oii modty | 4.| any to mcy | Used nba PERT ana) S| Used ony in CPM avails cont anata 3. (a) lowing are the usual tests for mortar: 1, Adhesiveness to building units: Following procedure is adopted to carry out this test () The two bricks are placed at right angles to each other as shown in figure. {i) The mortar is placed to join them so as to form a horizontal joint. If the size of brick is 490 mm x 90 mm x 90 mm, @ horizontal joint of 90 mm x 90 mm = 8100 mm? will be formed (ii) The upper brick is suspended from an overhead support and the weights are attached to the lower brick (iv) The weights are gradually increased til separation of bricks occurs. (¥) The uttimate adhesive strength of mortar per mm? area is obtained by dividing maximum load with contact area i.e, 8100 mm? fetter » » rotzonat | loam vot ae 90 na 1 4 1 rm f 2, Elevation Test for adhesiveness econo MADE ERSY wwwmadeeasy.inESE-2015: TEST SERIES * CIVILENGINEERING MADE EASY 2. Crushing strength: For this test, the brickwork is cartied out with mortar to be tested. A sample of this brickworkis taken and itis gradually loaded in a compression testing machine til failure occurs due to crushing. The ultimate crushing strength is obtained by dividing maximum load with cross-sectional area 3, Tensile strength: For this test, figure. The briquettes are then tested in a tension testing machine. The cross-sectional area of central portion is 38 mm x 38 mm or 1444 mm?, The ultimate tensile stress per mm? is obtained by dividing failing load with cross sectional area of 1444 mm?. the mortar to be tested is placed in the briquette mould as shown in Elevation Briqustte for tonsio strength of mortar his lime is also known as the high caloium lime, pure lime, rich lime or white lime. It is popularly known as fat lime as it slakes vigorously and its volume is increased to about 2 to 2.5 times the original volume. Itis prepared by calcining comparatively pure carbonate of lime which is composed of about 95 percent of calcium oxide. The percentage of impurities in such limestone is less than 5 percent. ‘ollowing are the properties of ft ime: Ithardens very slowly. 1as a high degree of plasticity. soluble in water which is changed frequently. Its colour is perfectly white. It sets slowly in presence of air. It slakes vigorously. lowing are the uses of fat lime: used in whitewashing and plastering walls. = With sand, it forms lime mortar which sets in thin joints. Such mortar can be used for thin joints of brickwork and stonework. — With surkhi, forms lime mortar which possesses good setting and hydraulic properties. Such mortar can be used for thick masonry walls, foundations etc. The surkhiis the powder obtained by grinding of the burnt bricks, (ii) Hydraulic lime: This lime is also known as the water lime as it sets under water. It contains clay and some amount of ferrous oxide, Depending on the percentage of clay, the hydraulic lime is divided into the following three types: ot MADE EASY wwwmadeeasy.inMADE EASY Test 12 (Conv) : CPM-PERT, BM & Construction Equipment 7 ~ Fesbly hydraulic lime. = Moderately hydraulic lime. — Eminently hydraulic ime, ‘ollowing facts should be noted. — The increase in percentage of clay makes the slaking difficult and decreases the hydraulic property. — With about 30 percent of clay, the hydraulic ime resembles natural cement. The hydraulic ime can set under water and in thick walls where there is no free circulation of alr. The colour of hydraulic lime is not perfectly white. It therefore appears less tidy than the fat lime. It forms a thin paste with water. It does not dissolve in water though itis frequently changed. It hydraulic ime is to be used for plaster work, itis to be ground in fine powder and then itis mixed with sand, The mortar thus prepared is kept as heap for one week or so and itis then ground again. Such mortar can then be used for plaster work. 3. (e) Let ‘x’ km must be driven to break even Leasing cost = 9.00 xx A Buying cost = 2 4+ 30000: s00000{ 4 10%, 3) ~r200{ 4 10%3] = 241+ 3000+ 200000% H(i)". 739991 air = wir 2 = 2.4x+30000+ 300000x 2114.0" _ 79999 «0.1 (Hon (oP 2.4.x + 30000 + 300000 x 0.4021 -72000 x 0:3021 = 2hx4 1288788 Now. Leasing cost = Buying cost Ox = 2dx+ 1288788 x = 19627.10km Hence, 19527.10 km must be driven to break even. 4 (a) 4-2 1 2-3 4 an4 ° 2-4 4 2-5 mm 4-8 1 5-8 5.44 3-7 278 8-7 478 7-8 04 econo MADE ERSY wwwmadeeasy.in8 ESE-2015: TEST SERIES * CIVILENGINEERING MADE EASY fete panda Sa SS reme | ¢]@[ + [eer |e ep al * cp = fof] 2 [s{o| eo] s_[o| es « [ola sola re rn 7 3 6 | 2 31 8 4 a | at o ojala “ Critical path = @—-@)—_-@——-@ ©) @ ©) Standard deviation along critical path = B(0,)° where B(oj) = 1+4+04+14+178+0.44 o = B22 (i) z= When T= z= Frominterpolation, Probably = (») (i) Power shovel: Power shovel is a construction equipment whose purpose is to excavate the earth and load into the trucks, They are capable of excavating all classes of earth, except the solid rock without prior loosening Size of a power shovel is indicated by the size of tipper generally expressed in cubic meters like 0.5 m®, 1 m2, 2m? ete. Type of power shovel is described by its mounting. Ifitis mounted on crawler track, itis called crawler- vot MADE EASY www madeeasy.inMADE EASY Test 12 (Conv) : CPM-PERT, BM & Construction Equipment 9 mounted power shovel and if itis mounted on rubber tyred wheels itis referred as wheel mounted power shovel. Hoe: Hoe is an excavating equipment of the power shovel group. Since the digging mechanism is similar to an ordinary garden hoe, itis named as hoe. ‘The special feature of a hoe lies in its rigidity that's why it is superior to the power shovel. As the hoe is able to exert greater tooth pressure, itis commonly used in quarties having tough digging conditions, Itis used to excavate below the natural surface of the ground on which the machine rests, basements ‘and general grading work which requires precise control of depths. It operates on close range work and dump into trucks. (iii) Lump-sum contract : In this type of contract, a contractor is required to quote a fixed sum for ‘execution of work complete in all respect in the stipulated time according to the drawing, design and specifications supplied to him with the tender form. On the completion of the work, no detailed measurement of different items of work is needed but the \whole work clone must be compared and checked with the drawings and specifications. Merits: (a) As the total cost of the work is known before, the owner can arrange the fund in time (b) Detailed measurements of the work done are not required except in respect of additions and alterations, (@) The contractor's profit mainly ies in the completion time. Hence for getting more profit, the contractor tries to complete the work as early as possible. Demerit (a) The owner aims to get maximum work out of money he spends where as the contractor tries to get maximum profit out of money he receives, this causes conflict of interests, (b) Work must be defined accurately and the site conditions must be fully explained otherwise disputes can arise later on (6) For any intermediate payment, the values of work done should not be less than the corresponding payment being made. (a) The constituent parts of paint are as following (i) Base: Itis very finely grouncled metallic oxide and acts as body of paint. Because of film of base, the paint becomes hard and resistive to weathering friction, The most commonly used bases in paints are: White lead, lead sulphate, zinc oxide and titanium oxide. Vehicle: It is used in paints to help it to spread the base over the surface. It acts as a binder between base and pigment and causes itto adhere to the surface to be painted. Vehicle is mixed with the bases to form a paste. ‘The most commonly used vehicles are: Raw linseed oil Refined linseed oil Pale boiled linseed oll (iii) Colouring pigment: It is added to the pai that of the base, (iv)Thinner: It is used in paints to reduce its consistency. It enables the paint to be spread over the surface to be painted with the brush and to penetrate into the surface, Most commonly used thinner is turpentine oil which dries rapidly and helps to dry paint soon to obtain desired final colour of the paint different from «vat MADE EASY wwwmadeeasy.in10 ESE-2015: TEST SERIES * CIVILENGINEERING MADE EASY (v) Drier: Itis used in paints to accelerate the action of drying. Paints need to be dried soon to avoid the risk to catch dust and dirt. Most commonly used drier is litharge. (vi)Adulterants: These are used to reduce the cost of paints and also to reduce the weight and to increase its durability. Barium sulphate is widely used as an adulterant because of its cheapness and its property of not reacting with paint. (b) Ultrasonic pulse velocity test is a non-destructive method of test of concrete. Its used to establish (a) The homogeneity of concrete. (b) The presence of cracks, voids and other imperfections. (©) Changes in the structure of the concrete which may occur with time, (d)_ The quality of conerete in relation to standard requirement. (e)_ The quality of one element of concrete in relation to another, and (The value of dynamic elastic modulus of concrete. Factors that influence the pulse velocity through concrete : (a) Influence of surface conditions and moisture content of concrete: Smoothness of contact surface under test affects the measurement of pulse velocity, Pulse velocity measurement is not possible if concrete surface is rough and uneven Pulse velocity through conerete increases with increase in moisture conter 's more in low strength conerete than in high strength (b) Influence of temperature of concrete: Variations of the temperature of concrete between 5°C to 80°C do not significant affect the pulse velocity measurements in concrete. At temperature between 30°C 10 60°C, there can be reduction in velocity upto 5%. Below freezing temperature, the free water freezes in concrete resulting in an increase in pulse velocity. (c) Influence of path length, shape and size of concrete members : As concrete is inherently heterogeneous, itis essential that path length should be sufficiently long to avoid any error due to heterogensity The shape and size of the conorete member co not influence the pulse velocity unless the least lateral dimensions is less than a certain minimum value. For example: minimum lateral dimension of 80 mm is required for 50 kHz natural frequency transduce? (d)_ Influence of stress : When concrete is subjected to a stress which is abnormally high for the quality of conerete, the pulse velocity may be reduced due to the development of microcracks. This occurs when the pulse path is perpendicular to the direction of uniaxial compression stress in the member (e) Effect of reinforcing bars : The pulse velocity measured in reinforced concrete in the vicinity of reinforcing bars is usually higher than in plain concrete of same composition. This is because, the pulse velocity in steel is 1.2 to 1.9 times more than the velocity in plain concrete. f concrete, This influence ‘The apparent increase in velocity depends on the proximity of measurements to the reinforcing bars, the diameter and number of bars and their orientation with respect to the path of propagation. ©) Decrease in value of asset and property due to deterioration over a period of ime is termed as depreciation Types of depreciation: (i) Physical : itis the type of depreciation that takes place due to wear and tear of the asset or property over a period of time due to vibration, abrasion, impact, corossion or any other chemical reactions. i) Functional : itis type of depreciation that takes place due to change in design structure «vat MADE EASY wwwmadeeasy.inTest 12 (Conv) : CPM-PERT, BM & Construction Equipment 11 (ii) Contigent : ate. 2 9 1. Sinking Fund Method: Using SHSHPHSoy 2, Double Declining Balance Method: FDDB = BHM BS BP PS B, = The book value after sixth year must be & 1000 Ds = B, = takes place due to contigencies or emergencies like accicient, fire, flood, earthquake, 10000 1000 6 years 8% Depreciation for mi year Book values at end of c-c,| « Lil (10000 - 1000) year 0.08 | (0.081 1226.84 oar D=8 1226.84 1226.84(1 + 0.08) = 1325.00 1226.84(1 + 0.08)? = 1430.97 1226,84(1 + 0.08)* = 1545.46 1226.84 (1 + 0.08) = 1669.10 1226.84(1 + 0.08) =% 1802.63 2.2.4 ag 7g 7033 10000 x 0. 300 10000 - 3300 = * 6700 6700 x 0.33 = 2211 6700-2214 = % 4489 4489 x 0.33 = 8 1481.37 4489 - 1481.37 =% 3007.63 3007.63 x 0,33 = 992.52 3007.63 -992.62 =% 2015.11 2018.11 x 0.93 = 664.99 2015.11 664.99 = 1350.12 1950.12 x 0,93 = 8 445.54 1350.12 445.54 =% 904.58 1350.12 1000 1000 = % 350.12 wwwmadeeasy.in12 ESE-2015: TEST SERIES * CIVILENGINEERING MADE EASY 6. ‘Sinking Fund | Double Desiring Year Method Balance Method © [ow | 8m | om | ae +_| 4226.84 | 0773.16 | $9000) 670000 1325.00 | 7448.16 | 2217.00] 4489.00 sas0.97 | 6017-19 | 1481,37| s007.63 445.46 | 447173 | 99252 | 2015.11 es9.10 | 2002.62 | 664.90 | 1950.12 ‘802.63 | 1000.00 | 350.12 | 100000 (b) ‘Seasoning of Timber Itis a process by which the moisture content of timber is reduced to a suitable level depending on the intended use. Seasoned timber is definitely superior to unseasoned timber. While seasoning does not make timber safe from all destructive agencies, this is a prime process before timber can be putto use. By nature, timber is hygroscopic and takes in moisture from air depending on many factors. Timber should be seasoned as early as possible after felling because felled timber is nothing but dead vegetation that will rot and decay due to many environmental agencies, Preservation of Timber No timber is immune to deterioration and ultimate disintegration if exposed for a sufficiently long period to ordinary atmospheric conditions. The principal causes of deterioration of wood in service are fungal infection, termite and other altacks due to insects, mechanical failure and fire. The resistance of wood to these agents of destruction may be increased by the application of a suitable chemical to the wood. This application of chemicals to woods in order to enhance their resistance against decay, fire etc. is known as preservation of timber. Various methods of applying preservatives to timber are: () Surface application (i) Soaking (ii) Hotand cold process (iv) Boucherie process (¥) Diffusion process (vi) Pressure or pneumatic process (vi) FuelcellorBethel process (vill) Empty cell process Hot and Cold Process: Inthis process, the timber is kept submerged in the preservative solution which is maintained at a temperature of about 90°C for a suitable period depending upon the charge. Its then allowed to cool tll the required absorption of the preservative is obtained. Absorption takes place during cooling. During the heating period, the air in the timber expands and is expelled, During cooling, a parlial vacuum is created which sucks in the preservative. This treatment also ensures sterilization of the timber against fungi and insects. If pressure treatment is not feasible, then this method is suitable for all sapwood and easily treatable heartwood. To avoid precipitation of chemicals at high temperatures and also to make the process continuous if the quantity of timber is large, two baths can be used, one hot bath and one cold bath. The timber is cooled in a bath of the preservative for absorption 0000 «vat MADE EASY wwwmadeeasy.in