Loi gidi thiéu Trong cdc ky thi tiéng Anh, thi sinh thuong phai viét mét hay nhiéu bai luan dé danh gid kha nang sir dung ngén ngit. Day 1a mét phan. thi thuong gay kh6 khan cho thi sinh vi khong chi danh gid trinh do théng thao ngén ngit ma con kiém tra kién thite va kha nang suy luan, dién gidi van dé cia thi sinh vé mét cha dé nao dé. Neudi hoc chi cé thé viét thudn thyc mét bai ludn hay mot 1a thy tiéng Anh khi da trai qua mot qué trinh luyén tap Jau dai voi nhiing ti ligu huéng dan cy thé, khoa hoc. Quyén séch "136 Best Model Essays — Cac Bai Luan Mau Hay Nhat’ nay, voi cdc bai luan thuc té trong nhiéu tinh hudng sinh dng khdc nhau, sé cung cap cho ngudi hoc khong chi cdc bai mau ma con trinh bay nhimng cach thir va bi quyét dé viét mét bai ludn hode mét 14 thir theo mét cht dé cy thé, nho dé gitip hoc vién cé thé 4p dung, didu chinh va viét g Anh m6t c4ch ty tin hon. Cac dé tai vidt trong sdéch ag cap dén nhiéu linh vuc khdc nhau cia cudc séng nhu thuong mai, chinh tri, x4 hi, khoa hoc, ng6n ngit, nzhé thuat, hoc tap, vui choi giai tri... Dé gitip ngudi hoc ty rén luyén cho minh mt théi quen va phong cach viét, ching t6i chi dich song ngtr mot 86 bai tiéu biéu dé gidi thigu. Cac bai sau, chting t6i chi tom luge dan bai va chti giai tir khé dé hoc vién ty luyén tap. Trong lan cap nhat nay, ching t6i cung cdp thém mot sé théng tin co ban vé bai thi viet cia hai ky thi tiéng Anh quan trong hién nay 14 TOEFL va JELTS. Dong thoi dé gidp sngudi hoc lam quen véi hai dang bai thi nay, chiing t6i cé dua vao mét sé bai Iuan mau va dé bai dé hoc vién tham khao thém. Chiing t6i tin tuéng ring cudn séch nay sé 14 mét tai ligu tra ctu hitu ich va cn thiét cho cdc ban hoc sinh, sinh vién va nhitng ngudi dang lim viéc trong cdc linh vyc lién quan dén tiéng Anh. BAN BIEN DICH FIRST NEWS eSPHUONG PHAP VIET BAI LUAN 1. Tam quan trong cua bai luan viét Bai luan viét 1a hinh thirc higu qua nhat trong, sé cdc dang bai tap lam van nham dénh gid su tié b6 cia hoc vién vé tinh d6 tiéng Anh. Dé viét mot bai ludn hay, ngudi viét phai hiéu rd chu dé cing nhu biét céch sip xép va trinh | bay cdc su kién theo m6t trinh ty logic. Hon nita phai dién dat quan diém, tinh cam, y tuong, nhan thirc r6 rang, mach lac va hap din bén canh van phong truyén cam, Tat ca ddi hdi kién thisc tir vung ving chic, trf twong tugng phong phi va cach dién dat rd rang, linh hoat. Vi thé viéc tham khao nghiém téc nhimg cuén séch chon loc 1a rat cdn thiét, vi nhimng kién thite hoc hoi khai théc duge tir nhiing tac pham hay déu gop phan phat trién kha nang bién luan, tu duy va viét lich & mét mite 49 nao dé. Kha nang viet luan khéng chi quan trong trong thi ctr ma con hién quan dén nhiéu van dé c4 nhan. Phai thira nhan rang chting ta dang séng trong mot thé giGi ma théng tin van ban, vi du nher thu tir, d6ng vai tro rat quan trong. Ngay nay, méi mét ngwdi dan c6 trinh a6 van héa déu phai biét viét. Kha nang doc viét that su quan trong trong cuéc séng hién dai. Su nghiép co thanh céng hay khéng con tiy thudc vao kha nang truyén dat trong Khi néi va viét. Vi vay moi hoc vién nén hay thudng xuyén thyc hanh viét luan vé nhiéu chu dé khéc nhau dé phat trién kha nang viét van tri chay va linh hoat. 2. Nhieng chu y khi lam van Mot trong nhang diém mau chét 46 vidt ludn tét 1a y tuéng chung vé mot 48 thi cu thé. Neu ngudi viét khong c6 nhimg ¥ tong gid tri, bai ludn chac chin sé nghéo nan. Hon nia, néu duge miéu ta, dién dat khéo léo thi cdc sy viéc binh thudng cing sé tré nén th vi. Tuy nhién, diéu quan trong nhat IA c4u vin phai ro rang, khéng qué hoa my. Su dién dat rd rang phu thudéc vao. su mach lac cla y tudng. Thong thuong, chi khi da trai nghiém qua mot diéu gi d6 ri thi ngudi ta mdi cé y twéng chinh xdc vé ‘nO. Vi vay trong bai tho, hoc sinh nén chon dé tai minh yéu thich va biét ré hoac mét dé tdi khéu ggi tu duy hay viét vé kinh nghiém cé nhan. 7_Trong gid hoe va trong céc ky thi, cdc 48 tai duoc dura ra dé kiém tra kién thie cua ngudi viet. Tuy nhién nhu vay khong cé nghia 1a hoc vién chi can biét rd dé tai minh chon 1a du. Quan trong hon, ngudi viét phai dién dat sy viée bang ng6n ngtt don gian, hap dan, 6 higu luc. Vi vay nén chon cho minh mét dé tai phi hgp, va néu cd thé, nén viét vé kinh nghiém riéng trong cudc séng. Ngoai ra, nhiing luu ¥ khdc vé bai ludn viét cing duge ban dén trong nhiing phan tiép theo day. 3. Cac dang bai luan viét Tay theo muc dich, bai luan viét tam thoi duge chia thanh nhiing dang sau: (A) The NARRATIVE ESSAY — van tudng thuat vé mét cau chuyén ngan. , (B) The DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY — van miéu ta, trong 46 ngudi_ viét sip xép su kién theo trinh ty logic, miéu ta ngudi hoac noi chén. (C) The ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY -— van tranh luan, trinh bay cho ngudi doc y kién ciia tic gid vé mot van dé tranh cai. Vi du: ky luat 6 nha truong. (D) The REFLECTIVE ESSAY — van ty lun, thé hin suy nghi cia téc gia vé mét de tai. Vi dy: mo ude cla ti khi trang thanh. (E) The EXPOSITORY hay FACTUAL ESSAY - van binh giang, giai thich vé mét van dé cu thé, ching han: cach thire hoat déng cua mdy dién thoai (F) The GENERAL ESSAY ~ luan van tong, hop trinh hay chung chung vé mét dé tai: may bay, tién bac v.v.. (G) The STRUCTURAL ESSAY - luan van két cdu, 6 day ngudi viét dugc yéu cau viét theo nhiing chit diém cy thé. Tuy nhién, khdéng nén bd hep vao sy phan loai trén. M6t dé tai c6 thé duge viét dudi nhiéu thé loai. Ching han dé tai "Lam wun" 6 thé duge viét theo 161 miéu ta hay tong hgp, nhung can thiét phai phan loai dé tai true chit khong phai sau khi viét luan. 184. Cach thu thap tai ligu cho bai luan Thé loai cua bai Ivan phai duge xdc dinh truéc khi bat dau viét bai. Mot khi da phac hoa dan ¥ cua bai luan, ngudi viét dé dang x4y dung cau tric cua phan than bai, phan chinh cia bai van truyén dat thong tin cla ngudi viet cho ngudi doc. Néu cé it théng tin vé dé tai mt bai binh ging chang han, ngudi viét nén nghién ctru thém. Hay dén thu vién dé doc sich tham khao, tir dién bach khoa toan thu, béo chi va nhing nguén van chuong thich hgp khéc rat hitu dung. Khi doc can tém tat cdc su kién chit khéng nén sao chép trong séch. Tuy nhién d6i khi mot hodc hai cum ti cing gitip fch rat nhiéu cho viéc trau ddi tr vung va phong cach viét. Di vay, that may min 1a trong cdc ky thi & trréng, cdc dé bai luan thudng don gian va céc su kién dé tim. Mic 46 yéu cau tir duy va tri tuéng tugng cing khéng cao lim. "Nhung d6i khi cam himng va ngudn tai liéu that doi dao dén ndi ngwai viét khong biét nén chon cdi gi va bé cdi gi. Vi vay chi cdn chon tr ngu6n tai liéu nhiing gi can thiét cho dé tai sau khi suy xét ky cang. Cac théng tin Iya chon phai 1a nhiing théng tin thd vj va hitu ich nhat. Ngoai ra, tai ligu dé viét van cing c6 thé lay tr séch, béo, tap chi dinh ky vA cdc loai tap chi khdéc. C4c chuong trinh phét thanh, trayén hinh, phim anh cing gép phan lam phong phi kién thttc cia hoc sinh néu biét cach str dung. Cudi cing, phai thia nhan rang tri nho la site manh. BG nao cé thé luu gitt mét lugng I6n théng tin va kién thie néu hoc vién chiu khé suy nghT trong khi thu thap tu liéu dé viét dé tai. Ban bac va thao ludn voi ban bé cling kich thich tri nho va vi vay thuong cung cap nguén y tuéng va kién thie phong phu cho bai Iuan. 5. Cach lap dan y mét bai luan Sau khi thu thap tai liéu, buéc tiép theo 1a lap dan y. Diéu nay doi hdi . Ong viéc va suy nghi can than, béi vi sy thanh céng cua bai luan phy thugc phan Idn vao dan y. Trudéc tién, ngudi viét phai ghi chi ngay nhing sw kién va y tong vita nay ra trong dau 6c minh. Sau dé phai sip xép va phan nhém cac su ict phai xem xét ky cdc sy kign va y roi viét tiéu dé dé phan . Chic tigu dé sé dai dién cho ting doan cua bai ludn van. 19Sau méi tiéu dé, ngudi viét phai sp xép sy kién va y¥ tudng theo trat ty miéu ta. D6 1a cong viée chuan bj dan y so lug¢. Dan | y nay can duge xem lai va stra chita. Nhiing sy kién va y tuéng khéng can thiét, sau khi xem xét can luge bd. Nhitng sy ki¢n va chi tiét mdi chgt nay ra trong suy nghi cua ngudi viet can duge dua vao ché chinh xdc trong bai van. Can chuyén nhiing su kién duge phan nhém sai vé dung vj tri cua né. 6. Nhieng nét quan trong cua dan bai Nhing nét dc trung ctia dan bai va bai van duge viét tir dan bai 1A ma bai va két ludn. Thong thuong én mo bai mot cach ty nhién. Mé bai nén cung cap thdng tin can thiét 48 hiéu phan than bai. Vi vay o phan mo bai nén dua vao tén cdc nhan vat, canh tugng hay tinh huong cia bai van. T6m lai phan mo bai chi 1a mt doan ngin cia dan y. Phan két luan cia bai van nén gay an tugng cho ngudi doc néu 6 thé. M6t bai lugn hay 6 thé bj 1am hong hoi mot két luan nghéo nan. Hon nita chinh phan két luan 48 lai nhing An tuong cudi cing quyét dinh diém cba bai van. Vi vay phan két ludn nén bao gém mot cau hay doan van ngin t6m tit toan bd van dé bai juan. Phan nay can xudt hién trong dan y dudéi hinh thirc mét doan van ngan. Cu6i cing, cdn chi y dén su can déi cia dan ¥ cing nhu cua bai Ivan. Trong tam chi y 1a 6 nhiing van dé quan trong, chiém phan Ion bai Ivan. Nhiing van dé kém quan trong hon duge viét ngin hon va phan nao it quan trong nhat duge viét ngan nhat. Sau day 1a vi dy cia m6t dan bai vai cha 4 "Gid tri cita du lich". Gia tri cia du lich. Doan 1: MG bai: So sdnh khat vong du lich cla con ngudi voi nhu cau duge bay cua chim. Doan 2: So sanh su di lai truéc day va hién nay: Trude day (i) khong c6 dudng sé; (ii) khong c6é phuong tign. Vi vay di lai rat khé khan, hoat d6ng con ngudi bi han ché, Hién nay: (i) rat nhiéu dudng sé, (ii) rat nhiéu phuong tién giao théng. Vi vay hoat dng cita con ngudi khéng bi han ché nita, cho thay nhu cau manh mé vé di lai. 20Doan 3: Du lich cung cap cho con ngudi nhing co héi nhu: mé rong kién thitc — gap gé nhiéu ngudi 6 nhiéu ving, mién khdc nhau — hiéu biét nhing phong tuc van hhéa nude ngoai - tham viéng nhimg danh lam thang canh — mé r6ng tam nhin — hoc ngoai ngir. Doan 4: {ch igi cia du lich Viée tiép xc vi nguéi mréc ngoai gitip ching ta: (i) hiéu nhiing suy nghi va théi d6 cua ho. (ii) biét vé 161 séng va niém tin cla ho (iii) hoc hoi kinh nghiém tir sy that bai va thanh céng cla ho (iv) thiét lap quan hé ban bé (v) dy lai méi nghi ngo (vi) hop tac va trao déi ¥ kién, kién thirc, quan diém voi nhau Doan 5: Két juan Khat vong phiéu luu va hoc hoi cia con ngudi 14 v6 tén. Con ngudi sé lu6n luGn thich du lich. THE ESSAY: When man first looked at the bird flying in the sky and wandering away into the unknown regions of the earth, he at once felt the urge to travel and visit the lands beyond his immediate confines. This urge to travel is still so strong that people everywhere are always going to other lands to satisfy the urge. That travel improves the mind and adds to a person's knowledge cannot be denied. When a person travels he visits people of all races and places. He meets people whose customs and habits are not the same as his. He passes through areas of different climates and regions where even the plants and animals are different from those found in his own country. As he sees all these things he begins to realise how different the people and places are in different parts of the world. He also begins to learn that the struggles and occupations of the people in all parts of the earth are not the same. The work of the people of a country is influenced by geographical factors and religious beliefs. The traveller also learns that though the people of the world do not follow the same customs and do the same kind of work everywhere, yet their feelings, hopes and desires are the same everywhere. A man in the 21North Pole has the same feelings of love, sympathy and desperation as another in another distant part of the earth. They both laugh at and fight and struggle for the same thing such as food, love and security for their families and themselves. They also have the same hopes and desires. Knowledge of all these things improves the mind of the traveller to a great extent. He ceases to suspect strangers and becomes more friendly with people who are not of the same race, religion and customs as he is. Finally, travel helps one to know about the geographical differences of the various countries of the world. One sees with one's own eyes and rernembers things which are not written about in any book. Such knowledge broadens one's mind and makes one a better and more reasonable person. The value of travel is therefore not difficult to realise. BAI LUAN 22 Khi lan dau tién nhin vé nhimng canh chim tung bay trén bau troi va luét xa din vé nhiing ving dat chua timg duge biét dén trén tréi dat, con ngudi ngay lap tic cam thy sur théi thie phai ra di va viéng tham nhitng ving dat bén kia ranh sidi quen thugc cia minh, Sy théi thtic ay gid day van con manh mé dén ni 6 dau va Itic nao cing cd nhing ngudi dang du lich dén nhitng xir sé khdc dé théa man sy thiic giuc nay. Kuong thé pha nhan rang chinh du lich da mé mang tri 6c va kién thie con ngudi. Khi du lich ta c6 thé tham viéng ngudi din thude moi ching tdc va xir so. Ta cé thé gap g@ nhttng ngudi c6 phong tuc va théi quen khong giéng minh. Ta cé thé di qua nhiing ving dat c6 khi hau khac nhau va nhiing noi ma ca cay céi va thi vat fing khdc véi 6 nude minh. Khi chimg kién nhimg diéu nay, ta bat dau nhan ra su khdc biét gitta con ngudi y va canh vat 6 nhitng phan khéc nhau cia thé gidi. Ta cting bat dau hiéu ring nhitng cugc dau tranh va chiém hétu cua con ngudi trén trai dat khong nhu nhau. Céng vigc cla ngudi dan 6 mot quéc gia bj anh hung boi cdc yéu té dia ly va tin ngudng. Nguoi hay du lich cing hiéu duge rang cho di cc dan téc trén thé gidi khong cé cing phong tuc tap quan va cling khéng lam cdc céng viée gidng nhau, nhung nhimng tinh cam, hy vong va mo udc cua ho thi 6 dau cing vay. Mét ngudi & séng & Bic cyc cing c6 cam gidc yéu thuong, cam théng va tuyét vong nh bat ky ai khéc - song tai mét ving dat khac trén trai dat. Ca hai cling cudi, cing tranh dau va vat 16n vi nhiing ly do nhu nhau nhu thuc pham, tinh yéu thuong va su an toan cho gia dinh va ban than. Ca nhimng uéc mo va khat vong cua ho cing giéng nhau.Kién thite vé nhimg diéu nay giip mo mang trf tué cua nha du lich rat nhiéu. Ta sé kh6ng con nghi ng& nhing ngudi la nita, va tro nén than thién hon véi nhitng ngudi khong cing ching téc, tén gido va phong tuc cua minh. Cudi cing, du lich gitip ta hiéu biét vé nhing khac biét dia ly gitta cdc quéc gia khac nhau trén thé gidi. Ta duge nhin tan mat va ghi nhé 5 nhimg diéu ma khéng mét quyén sach nao da timg ghi chép. Nhing kién thir nhu thé mo rong tri 6c va lam cho ngudi ta tot hon, dé chiu hon. Gid tri cua du lich vi the rat dé nhan thay. . Mét diém quan trong ctia bai luan Mét dac diém quan trong trong bai luan 1a “sy chuyén tig > hay tha thudt chuyén y tr mét doan sang doan tiép theo. Nguoi viét khong nén nhay tir y nay sang y khdc ma khong chi ra sy lién hé cla doan sau véi doan trudc. Phan cudi cia mot doan 1a chuan bi cho doan ké tiép. DGi khi can vid mot cau 6 cudi doan chi don thuan dé cho thay su lién hé voi nhiing gi tiép sau ma kh6ng phai cung cap thém théng tin. Trong mét bai luén, can phai chii trong dén nhiing diém sau: (i) Ngit phap (ii) Trat tw chinh xdc cua tir (iii) Dau cham (iv) Bién déi d6 dai va hinh thitc cau van (v) Sy trong sing Nén trénh nhiing diéu sau: (i) Te I6n (ii) Ter viet tat, ngoai trir nhimg tr duge chap nhan nhu 'Mr" (iii) Su: dung thudng xuyén tir "tdi" (iv) Ng6n ngif gia tao Cudi cing, sau khi da viét xong bai luan nén doc lai can than. Cn stra 46i va bd sung nhimng ché can thiet. 2324 1. LIFE IN THE CITY Life in the city is full of activity. Early in the morning hundreds of people rush out of their homes in the manner ants do when their nest is broken. Soon the streets are full of traffic. Shops and offices open, students flock' to their schools and the day's work begins. The city now throb’ with activity, and it is full of noise. Hundreds of sight-seers’, tourists and others visit many places of interest in the city while businessmen from various parts of the world arrive to transact business‘. Then towards evening, the offices and day schools begin to close. Many of the shops too close. There is now a rush for buses and other means of transport’. Everyone seems to be in a hurry to reach home. As a result of this rush, many accidents occur. One who has not been to the city before finds it hard to move about at this time. Soon, however, there is almost no activity in several parts of the city. These parts are usually the business centres. With the coming of night, another kind of activity begins. The streets are now full of colourful lights. The air is cooler and life becomes more leisurely. People now seek entertainment. Many visit the cinemas, parks and clubs, while others remain indoors to watch television or listen to the radio. Some visit friends and relatives and some spend their time reading books and magazines. Those who are interested in politics discuss the latest political developments. At the same time, hundreds of crimes are committed’, Thieves and robbers who wait for the coming of night become active, and misfortune’ descends upon* many. For the greed? ofa few, many are killed, and some live in constant fear. To bring criminals to justice", the officers of the law are always on the move", Workers and others who seek advancement in their careers attend educational institutions which are open till late in the night. Hundreds of them sit for various examinations every year. The facilities'* and opportunities that the people in the city have to further their studies and increase their knowledge of human affairs are indeed many. As a result, the people of the city are usually better informed than those of the village, where even a newspaper is sometimes difficult to get. The city could, therefore, be described as a place of ceaseless activity. Here, the drama of life is enacted every day.NEW WORDS: 1. flock [flok] (v) /0 lot kéo dén; tu tdp, qudy quan throb [@rab] (v) rén rang, rén lén; rung déng . Sight-seer ['sait,si:a] (n) nguéi di tham quan . transact [treen'zeekt] (v) thuc hién, tién hanh; giai quyét - Means of transport [mi:nz av 'treenspo:t] phuong tién van chuyén . commit [ka'mit] (v) pham phai . misfortune [mis'fa:tfn] (n) su‘ rui ro, su bat hanh; diéu khéng may . descend upon [di'send a'pon] (v) dp xudng bat ngd, dén bat ngo . greed [gri:d] (n) tinh tham lam 10. to bring s.o. to justice [brin ta 'd3astis] dem ai ra toa, truy té ai tai toa 11. on the move [5n da mu:v] di chuyén 12. facility [fe'siliti] (n) diéu kién thudn loi, phuong tién dé dang WONANRWN Cuge séng é thanh thj Cusc séng 6 thanh thi rét nhén nhip. Tit t6 mo sdng hang tram nguoi ta ra khoi nha nhw dan kién vé 16. Chang bao lau sau duéng pho dong nghet xe c6. Cac cita hang va van phong mo cita. Hoc sinh hoi ha cap sdch dén trucng va mor ngay ld lam viéc bat ddu. Gid day thanh pho hoa d6ng nh6n nhip va day ap tiéng huyén ndo. Hang trim nguoi ngoan canh, du khdch va nhiéu ngudi khdc viéng tham nhitng thang canh cua thanh phé trong khi cdc doanh nhan tit nhiéu noi trén thé gioi dén trao doi cong vige lam an. Tréi vé chiéu, nhiing van Phong va trong hoc bat dau dong cua. Nhiéu cia hang cling déng cita. Lic nay dién ra mét cudc dé x6 d6n xe buyt va cdc phuong tién van chuyén khdc. Duéng nhuc moi nguoi déu voi vd vé nha. Két qua cua su voi va nay la nhiéu tai nan xay ra. Nhing ai chua timg dén thanh pho cam thdy khé ma di lai vao gid nay. Tuy vdy, khong bao léu sau mt 56 khu vec ctia thanh pho nhu ngimg hoat dong. Nhiing noi nay thong la cdc trung tam kinh doanh. Dém xuéng, mét hinh thite hoat d6ng khéc ai bat déu. Duong pho tran ngdp dnh dén mau. Bau khong khi diu xudng va cuéc séng tro nén 2526 the tha hon. Gio’ day nguwodi ta tim dén nhitng thi vui gidi tri. Nhiéu nguoi dén rap chiéu béng, céng vién va cau lac bd, trong khi nhitng ngwoi khdc &' nha xem ti vi va nghe dai phat thanh. Cé ngudi di tham ban bé va ba con. Cé nguoi danh thi gid doc sch va tap ché. Nhiing ngudi quan tam dén chinh tri ban ludn vé nhitng sw kién chinh tri ndng héi. Cling trong thoi gian nay, hang tram vu trom cup dién ra. Trém cuép cho dém audng dé hoat dong, va van rui s€ dp xudng nhiéu nguoi. Chi vi long tham cia mot 86 it nguoi ma nhiéu ngwoi da bi giét, va nhiéu nguci khdc phai song trong canh so hai trién mién. Dé dua téi pham ra trudc cong ly, cdc vien chitc ludt phap ludn luén sain sting hanh déng. Nguoi lao déng va nhitng ngudi muén tién trién trén con duong céng danh su nghiép cua minh thi tham gia cdc lop hoc ban dém. Méi nam cé hang tram nguci trong so ho tham dir vao nhiéu ky thi khde nhau. Céc phuong tién va co héi danh cho nguci dan thanh thi dé mo rong hoc hdi va gia tang kién thite nhdn sinh the sue rat phong phi. Do d6 nguéi dan 6 thanh phé luén ném bat théng tin nhanh hon nguoi dan ving néng thén, noi ma cé khi ngay dén mét té bdo ciing khé kiém. Tom lai thainh thi c6 thé néi la noi cia nhitng hoat déng khéng nging nghi. Chinh tai day, vo kich cudc doi tai dién mdi ngay. 2. LIVING IN A MULTIRACIAL COMMUNITY Living in a community where there are people of various races' could be a rewarding and an exciting experience. Such a community is like a small world with many types and races of people in it. Everyone, young or old, enjoys listening to stories about people in other lands. We read books and newspapers to learn about the habits, customs and beliefs” of people who do not belong to our race, but when we live in a community composed* of many races, we have the opportunity to meet and talk with people or various races. We can tearn about their customs and beliefs directly from them. In this way, we have a better understanding of their ways of life. For example, in Singapore and Malaysia, which are known as multi-racial’ countries, Malays, Chinese, Indians and others have lived together for several decades? They have learnt a lot about the cultures of one another, more than what they could have learnt by reading books or newspapers. By living together, they have also absorbed® many of the habits of one another to their common benefit.Further, living in a multi-racial community teaches us how to respect the views and beliefs of people of other races. We learn to be tolerant and to understand and appreciate the peculiarities’ of those who are not of our race. In this way, we lear to live in peace_and harmony with® foreigners whose ways of life are different from ours in several respects. We become less suspicious of strangers and foreigners. The relationship that develops among the people from common understanding in a multi-racial community makes life in such a community very exciting. Any celebration of any race becomes a celebration of all the other races. Thus, there is a lot of fun and excitement during every celebration. In this way, better understanding is promoted” among the peoples of the world. Through each of the races of the people in a multi-racial community, we come to know about their respective countries. For example, through the Chinese and the Indians in Malaysia or Singapore we have come to know much about China and India. As a result, we have a better understanding of the peoples of China and India as a whole’, It could therefore be said that life in a multi-racial community teaches us many useful lessons in human relations. NEW WORDS: 1. race [reis] (n) chung téc, giéng nguéi 2. belief [bi'li:f] (n) tin nguéng . composed [kam'pawzd] (adj) gdm cd, bao gém . multi-racial [malti'reif!] (adj) da chung téc, nhiéu ching téc . decade ['dekeid] (n) thdi ky mudi ndm, thdp ky . absorb [ab'so:b] (v) Adp thu . peculiarity (pi,kju:li'eerati] (n) tinh chat riéng, nét riéng biét, nét dac biét 8. in peace and harmony with [in pi:s and 'ha:mani wid] trong hod binh va hoa thuén 9. promote [pra'mast] (v) ndng cao; xuc tién, day manh 10. as a whole [az a heal] adi chung, todn bd NOUR 27Séng trong m6t céng dong da ching téc Sdng trong mét céng déng ma cdc cu dan thuéc nhiéu ching tbc khdc nhau c6 ‘thé la m6t trai nghiém thi vi va bé ich. M6t cng déng nhue thé ciing giéng nhue mot thé gidi thu nho gdm nhiéu sdc t6c va kiéu tinh cach. Tat cd moi ngudi, dit gia hay tré, déu thich nghe chuyén ké vé nhitng ngudi dan xtr khdc. Ching ta doc sdch, bdo dé biét vé nhitng thoi quen, Phong tuc va tin nguéng ctia cdc dan t6c khdc, nhung khi ching ta song trong mét cong déng da sdc t6c, ching ta cé co hdi gap 36 va trd chuyén vdi ngudi dan thuéc nhiéu ching t6c khdc nhau. Ching ta cé thé truc tiép hoc hoi vé nhimg phong tuc va tin nguéng cia ho. Bang cach nay, ching ta cé thé hiéu nhiéu hon vé Idi séng cia ho. Chang han nhu tai Singapore va Malaysia, nhiing nude dugc xem la da sac t6c, ngudi Ma Lai, Trung Quéc, An Dé va cdc sée dan khéc da chung séng voi nhau qua vai thap ky. Ho da hoc hoi rat nhiéu vé van héa cua nhau ma viéc doc sdch bdo khéng thé sénh bang. Qua viéc chung séng véi nhau, ho cing da tiép thu nhiéu tap quan ctia nhau dé mang lai loi ich chung cho céng dong. Thém vao dé, cudc song trong mét cong dong da sdc téc day cho ta biét t6n trong quan diém va tin ngudng cia dan téc khde. Ching ta biét khoan dung, hiéu biét va danh gid cao nét dac tha cia nhiing ngudi khéng thugc ching téc minh. Bang cach nay, ching ta hoc chung song trong héa binh va hoa thudn voi nhiing nguoi ngoai quéc ma Idi séng cua ho khdc ching ta trén vai phuong dién. Ching ta tro nén it nghi ngai nhitng ngudi la va ngudi nwdc ngodi. Méi quan hé nay sinh gitta cdc dan téc tie se hiéu biét chung trong m6t cOng déng da sac toc fam cho cuge séng trong cong déng nhw thé vui thich va thit vi trong moi mét dip ie AGi. ining cach nay, su hiéu b lan nhau giita cdc dan t6c trén thé gidi duoc day manh. Théng qua mdi mot dan t6c trong cong dong da ching 6c, ching ta dan dan hiéu biét vé quoc gia mat ho la dai dién. Chang han, thong qua ngudi Trung Quée va An Bé 6 Malaysia hay Singapore, ching ta biét nhiéu vé Trung Hoa va An Dé. Vi vay ching ta hiéu nhiéu hon vé tong thé dan téc va dat nudc Trung Hoa va An Dé. Vi thé c6 thé néi rang cuéc song & mé6t cng déng da ching t6c day cho ta nhiéu bai hoc hitu ich vé méi quan hé ctia con ngudi. 283. A VISIT TO A FAMOUS CITY . A few months ago my father and I visited Singapore, one of the most famous cities in Asia. Singapore, a small island, lies at the southern and of West Malaysia. A long and narrow piece of land joins Singapore with Johore Hahru, the southern-most town of West Malaysia. Singapore is now an independent state, The city of Singapore is extremely beautiful. It is well known for its centres of business and other activities. There are many places of interest’ such as the Tiger Balm Garden, the Botanical Gardens and Raffles Museum. There are also many important centres of learning such as the University of Singapore, Science Centre, the Nanyang University and the Polytechnic. Being a famous city, hundreds of people come every day from various parts of the world to do business or to enjoy the sights of the city. Singapore therefore has large and beautiful airports and its harbours are full of ships. There are many night schools where people who cannot go to the day schools for some reason or other can continue their studies. And, the government of Singapore is still doing its best to make further improvements in the city for the benefit of the people. During my stay in Singapore, I went out every day with my father to see the beautiful and interesting places and things in the city. One day we went to the Tiger Balm Garden where I saw several statues of people, animals and other strange creature” beautifully made and kept. The sea near this garden makes this a pleasant place to visit. We spent almost half of the day at this place. Another day we visited the museum where I saw hundreds of curious’ things preserved for scholars‘ and others. It was indeed an education to see all those things. There is so much to learn here that every visit by any person is sure to add to his knowledge. [also visited some of the harbours and saw the large ships anchored? there. The sight of the ships aroused a desire® in me to cross the oceans and go round the world. I was indeed deeply impressed” by the activities at the harbour. Then every night, I went round the town and visited some of the parks and other places of interest. The numerous lights" and the constant 29stream of traffic kept the city alive. I visited a few of the cinemas as well. In short, I enjoyed every moment of my stay in this famous city of Singapore. NEW WORDS: 1 places of interest [pleisiz av 'intrast] nAding vung dang chi y, nhiing vung thi vi . strange creatures [streind3 'kri:t{a] ming sinh vat la . curious [‘kjuarias] (adj) ham hiéu biét; to mo, hiéu ky anchor [‘aenka] (v) 6d neo, thé neo arouse a desire [a'ravz a di'zaia] gov /én su’ khao khat . impress [im'pres] (v) gay an tuong numerous lights ['nju: maras laits] nhiéu dnh dén . scholar ['skaia] (n) thanh phan tri thitc MONANARYWN Tham viéng m6t thanh phé néi tiéng Cach day vai thang, bo ti va toi di tham quan Singapore, mét trong nhiing thanh phé néi tiéng nhat chau A. Singapore la m6t hon dao nho nam & phia nam va thudc mién Trung Tay Malaysia, M6t dai dat nhé va hep néi lién Singapore voi Johore Bahru, thanh phé cue nam cia ving Tay Malayxia. Singapore hién nay la mét quéc gia déc ldp. Thanh phd Singapore cuc kp diém 1é. N6 noi tiéng boi nhiing trung tam budn bdn va cdc hogt déng khdc. C6 nhiéu thang canh nhw Vuwon Tiger Balm, Von sinh hoc va Vién Bao tang Raffles. Ngodi ra con cb nhiéu trung tam nghién ctu quan trong nhu Dai hoc tong hop Singapore, Trung tdm khoa hoc, Dai hoc Nanyang va Dai hoc Bach khoa. Vi la mot thanh pho n ig nén hang ngdy cé hang trém ngwoi te cdc nwéc khdéc nhau trén thé gidi dén dé lam viéc hay chiém nguéng canh quan thanh phd. Vi thé Singapore 6 nhimg san bay 10 va dep, con nhiing hai cang cua nd lic nao ciing tap ndp tau be. C6 nhiing lép hoc ban dém cho nhiing ngudi khéng thé dén trucing vao ban ngay vi mot ly do nao dé dé ho tiép tuc hoc tap. Ya hién nay chinh phi Singapore dang lam hét stec minh dé ngay cang phat trién thanh phé vi loi ich cho nguoi dan Singapore.Trong khi ding chan o Singapore, hang ngdy tdi ra pho dao choi voi bo va ngam nhin canh vat thi vi va dep dé cua thénh pho. M6t ngay no 106i dén vitén Tiger Balm noi t6i thay cé vai bite twong nguoi, nhiéu lodi thi va nhiing tao vét la kp duoc tao tac va gin giit rat céng phu. Chiing 106i & dé gan nia ngay. Chiing t6i ciing tham quan vién bao tang, 6 d6 toi thdy hang tram thi quy gid duoc gitt gin cho cdc hoc gid va nhiing nguoi khéc. That la mét Gp Khi. duoc xem tat ca céc vat nay. O day cé rat nhiéu diéu dé hoc hoi dén ndi bat ck ngudi nao dén tham vién bdo tang cting cé thém kién thitc cho minh. Téi ciing di thm vai hai cang va thay nhitng con tau lon tha neo & a6. Canh tong, tau bé khudy d6ng trong 16i woc muén vuot dai duong ai vong quanh | thé gidi. Cac hoat dong & bén cang that sue gdy cho toi dn tuong sdu sdic. Roi méi dém 16i déu di i quanh thanh phé viéng tham nhiing cong vién va thang canh khéc. V6 sé anh dén va dong xe c6 bat tan lam thanh pho rat song dong. Téi cing dén tham m6t vai rap chieu bong. Tém lai toi yéu thich méi khodnh khac ti song tai thanh phé Singopore néi tiéng nay. 4. MODERN INVENTIONS Modern inventions have made life more comfortable’ than what it was before. More and more new things are being made in all countries throughout the world to make life even more comfortable. In the past men had great difficulty in® ploughing their lands to grow food. But, today, giant’ machines are used to plough* thousands of acres of land. As a result’, more food can be grown in a shorter time than was possible before. Food grown in one country is sent to another country where it is needed badly. To carry the food motor-vehicles, steam-ships® and various other means of transport have been invented. Shortage of food’ in one place no longer causes anxiety* as it can be brought from another place within a very short time. The invention’ of the means of transport has also made it possible for people to work in places miles away, and children can attend schools in distant places. In the past, this was not possible. The children of today are therefore better educated than those of the past. Invention of the 31means of transport has also increased human activity. A man can now go to several places, and do a variety of things in a day's time. Other inventions like the radio and the telephone have also contributed much to human progress'’. The radio keeps us informed about developments'' in other parts of the world. We do not have to travel to know what is happening in places away from our homes. The telephone too is a convenient means of knowing about others, miles away. It helps in business transactions by reducing time and travel. A businessman in one town can talk to another in another town, several - miles away, to do some important business. In all these ways, people are able to do many things without much loss of time'®. In the same way, every invention has helped to increase our comforts. Television, for example, now makes it possible for people to stay at home and enjoy. At the same time, however, modern inventions have caused many deaths and much sorrow"? to many people. Motor vehicles and other machines have killed hundreds of people. Many have lost their hands or legs, and accidents continue to occur in every increasing numbers. Yet modern inventions have made the world what it is today. NEW WORDS: 1. comfortable ['kamfatabl] (adj) tién lol, du tién nghi; dm cing; dé chiu, thoai méi . have great difficulty in [haev greit ‘difikalti in] gap nhiéu khdé khan trong viéc . giant [‘d3aiant] (adj) khdng 16, phi thutng . plough [plaw] (v) cay, bua, xdi . as a result [zez a ri'zalt] két qua /a . steam-ship ['sti:mfip] (n) tau chay bang hoi nuéc . shortage of food ['So:tid3 av fu:d] su thiéu thén thuc phém . anxiety [aen'zaiati] (n) mdi lo au; mdi ban khodn; su‘lo fing . invention [in'venfn] (n) su‘ phat minh, su sdng ché 10. human progress [‘hju:man 'praugres] su phat trién cua nhén loai 11. development [di'velapmant] (n) su phat trién 12. without much loss or time [wi'davt matf los av taim] Khdng mét nhiéu thoi gian 13. sorrow (n) ['sorav] (n) su’ dau khé, su’ budn phién; néi dau buén N CONOUDW 32