, , ,

.
1 2002 5
2 2003 6
3 2008 2
4 2010 5

1993
(KhitPyaing) (The New Era Journal) . 31
, .
.

The Albert Einstein Institution
P.O. Box 455
East Boston, MA 02128, USA
617-247-4882
617-247-4035
: Einstein:@igc.org
: www.aeinstein.org
ISBN 1-880813-09-2

vii

1


?
, , ?

1
2
4
5
7

2


?


?

9
10
10
12
13
14
14

3
?

17
17
18
21

25
25
26
27

iv

5



,

29
30
30
33
34
35
37
38

39
39
40
43

47
48
49
50
50
53
55
56
57

59
59
60
61
62
v

64

67
69
70
71

10

73
73
74
75
76
76

79

87

91

93

vi



.

. , (
)
( ) .


.
,
.
, .

.


.
, , ,

.
, 1991 8


.



. ,
,
,
vii

,
.

, ,
,

.
.




.


. , ,

.
.
.
.

,
.
.

.
,
,
.

.
.
viii

 .
,
.
,
.
. , ,
, ,
.

.

1993 10 6

,

ix

.
,
,
.
1980 , , , ,
, , ,

. , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
(1991 8
) .
1 ,
.
,
,
.
1

.
(,
, ) .
.

. ( ) ()
.

.
(, , )
, ,
.
1


. , , ,
.

,
.


.
(Freedom House)

.2

1983
1993
2003
2009

54
75
89
89

47
64
73
38
55
48
62
42

. 2008 34% 66 8
3
. 42
( ) (
), ( ) (
) .
,
. ,

2

Freedom House, Freedom in the World, http://www.freedomhouse.org

.

 .
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
, - -
,
. (
)

.
.
.
.
.
?
.
.
.
.
.
.


.
.
?

 ?
.
. ,

. ,
.

.
.
.
.

. .

.
, ,
. ( )
.

.
.

.

. .

.

.
.



4

. .
, , ?

.
.

.

.
. .

. -
.
.

.
.

.
.
.
1990 1993

.
.
,

.
.
,
.
5


.
,

.
. , ,
, .

. .

.

. ,

,
.


.

,
.


.

.

.
,
.
6


. ,
, , ,
.
.

.
.

, ,

. 1879 1880
.
...
.... ...
... ...
...


.4
Partick Sarsfield OHegarty, A History of Ireland Under the Union, 18801922 (London: Methuen, 1952), pp. 490-491.
4


.
.

.
- .
.
.
.

(1
) .

.

.
.
.
?

?

?
.
.

.
. (
)

.
?


.

 .
.

.

.
,

.
.
.
.
.

.
.

.
.
?

.

.

.


.

.
10

 .

.

.

.


.
.

.

.


.


.
.

.
. ,
. ,
.
.

?

11

 ?

.

.
?
?

,
.

.
.
.

?
? (
) ?
?
.
?
?

, , ,
.
.
.


.

12

 .
.
.
.
.
.
.5

.
.

.

.
?

.
.

.
.
.
.
.


.

Krishnalal Shridharani, War Wihtout Violence: A Study of Gandhis
Method and Its Accomplishments (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1939, and
5

reprint New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1972), p. 260.

13

. .


. .
.

. ...
.. .6
. .
. ( 4
.)

.
1980 1990 10 1989
. 1944

2 .
. 1986
.
. 1991 8
.

.

.

.
Aristotle, The Politics, transl. by T. A. Sinclair (Harmonsworth,
Middlesex, England and Baltimore, Maryland: Penguin Books 1976962],
Book V, Chapter 12, pp. 231 and 232.
6

14


. 1
,
.

15

3
?
.

. .

.
?

?
.
. .

14
.7
.
( ) .


.
.
.
7

(1311-1375)
-- .
-- . :
(, ), 4 3(1992-1993 ) 3, 3
.
16


.
? . .
. .
? . ,
.
? ?

.

.
.
.
--
.
?
.
. .

.

. .

,

,
.
,
,
17

, , , , ,
, ,
,
,

.
.
, ,

.

.

.

.
.
.
.


. .

.

.


.

. 1953
18

 .

.
.


.
.8
19
.


.
.9

.
.10 .

1


.
.
8

Karl W. Deutsch, Cracks in the Monolith, in Carl J. Friedrich, ed.,

Totalitarianism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1954), pp.
313-314.
9
John Austin, Lectures on Jurisprudence or the Philosophy of Positive
Law (Fifth edition, revised and edited by Robert Campbell, 2 vol., London:
John Murray, 1911[1861]), Vol.1, p. 254.
10
Niccolo Machiavelli, The Discourses on the First Ten Books of Livy,
in The Discourses of Niccolo Machiavelli (London: Routledge and Kegan
Paul, 1950), Vol 1, p. 254.
19

 494
.11
,

.

(1)
(2)
(3)
. .


. , , ,
, , , , , , ,
, , , .

.
.


.


.
,
.


.
11

Gene Sharp, The Politics of Nonviolent Action (Boston: Porter Sargent,

1973), p. 75 passim for other historical examples .
20

 ( )

.

.

.
.

.



. 1956-1957

. 1980

.
.

.
.

.

.
.
.

21

4

. ,
, , , .

.

.
.
.


.
.

.
.
.
.

,
. .
,
.
.

, .

22


.
1.
.
2.
.
3.
.
4.
.
5.

.
6. .
7.
.
8.
.
9. ,
.
10. ,
.
11.
.
12. , ,
.
13.
.

.
14.
23


..
15.
.
16.
.
17.
.

.
.
, , ,
, .

.
.

.
.

.
.
.

.
.

24

5

1
.
, ,
.

.
. 2
.


? 3
? .
.

.
.

.

.
.

.

.

25




.
.
.
.
.

. , , ,
. , , , ,
.
, ,
.

.


.

.
200
.
, , .
, ,
(54 ) .
(a) (16 ) (26 )
(23 ) (b) (c)
(38 ) . , , (41
) , , ,
26

 . 198
.
-
-
.
.

.
.
.
.
,

.


.
,
( ) .
, ,
.

, , ,
.
.

. ,

. .
. .
27


.
.

.

.


,
() .

.

( )
.
.



.

.
.
.
.
. , ,
.

.

.
.
28


( )
.
.
,
,
.
.


.
.
.

.

.

.
, ,
,
.

.
.
.
.

29


. .
.
.


.

.
.

.

, ,
, .
.


.

.
.


.
.

.

.
,
30

.
.


, .
.

.

.
.
.

. ,
, ,
.
.

.
.

.
. ,

. .
.

.
. ,
. .
.
.

31

 . ( )
, ,
.


.
.

.


.
.

.
.

.
,
, ,
.

, , .

.

32

.



.

.
.
.
.
.
.

33

6


.
.
, ,
, , ,
.


.
.

.
.
.

.

.

..


.


.

34

.

.
.

.

.

.


.
.

.

.
.


.

.
.

?
,

. .

35

 .

.


.

.

.

.

.

.
.
.

.

.
.
.

.


.

.


36

 .

.
,
.

.
.


.


.


.
.

.


.

.
.
.
.

.
.

. .
37


.
.


.

(, , , , )
.

(
) .

.

.

.

.

.

, ,
. ,
.12


.
12

Robert Helvey, personal communication, 15 August 1993.

38

 .

.


.
.

.
.
. .


.
.
.
.

.
.

.
.
.


. ,
.
. , (
, ) , ,
.

.
39

 .

.

.

.
.
5 (
, , ) ( ) .

, ,
.

.



.

40

7



.

.
.
.
.

.

.

. ,
, , , , ,
,
.
.

.
? ?
.
.
.

.

.
41

?
?
?
?
?
?
?

?
?

. , ,

.

. ?
?
?

?
?
?

?
.

.

.
42




.

.
.
.
.
5

. .

.
,
.
.
.

.
.


.

.
.
,

43

. ,
.
, , , ,
, ,
. ,
.

,

.
.
. (
)
.
?

?

?
?

?


?
?
? (,
) ?
?

?
44

 ?
?
?

?


.
.

.

.13

.

.
,
.


.
.


.
.
. Gene Sharp, The Politics Of Nonviolent Action of
Nonviolent Action, (Boston, Massachusetts:Porter Sargent, 1973)
Peter Ackerman and Christopher Kruegler, Strategic Nonviolent Conflict,
(Westport, Connecticut:Praeger, 1994). Gene Sharp, Waging
Nonviolent Struggle: Twentieth Century Practice and Twenty-First
Century Potential. Boston: Porter Sargent, 2005 .
13

45


.

.



.
.

.

. .


. , ,
, , ,

.

.
.


. .

.

.

46


.

.

, .


.

.

.

.

?
,
.
.
.

, ,
.
.

.

?
( , , ),

47

.

.


. ( 3 )
.

.

.
.
.
.

.
.
,

.
,
, ,
.

.

48


.


.

.

,
.

.

.

.


.

.

, ,
.



.
?
?

49

. , , , ,
?

.




.

.

.

.

.
.
..

50

8


.

.
()
( )
.
.

.


.
.

,
.


. .
.


.

.

51

 .

.
,
.
,

.
.

.

. ?
? ,
.

.


.


.

.
,
. ,
5
.
,
.
52


.


.
1988 1989

.

. ,


.

.


.
.


.


.
.





53


.

.
,

.

.
.

,

.
.



.

.
,
,

?
( )
.
,
, ,

.
54


.

? ,
?
?

. , ,

.

.

.
.


.
( )

.

.



. ,
, ,
.


. ,

55


.

.

.

.
.

.

,
.
.
.
,
.


.
.
.
?

.
.


?
.
56

9



.

.
.
3 ,
, .
.

.
.

-
.
.
.

.


.
.

.



.

57

 .

-

.

. , , , ,

.
, ,
.

, -
.
. ,

. (
). ,
,

.
.


.
.

.

, ,

58

 .


.

.



.
1970 1980
.
. 1976

(K.O.R) ( ) .
1980
. , ,
.

.

.
.

.
.
-
.
. , , ,
.
.
.

59

 .
,
.
.
.
.


.
.
, ,
.
.
.

.


. ( )
,
.
1989

.
.
( )
.

. .

.
60




.

.
.
.
( )

.
.

. ?
?
,
?
.

.
.

.
.
-
-
. ,

.

.
61

 .

.
.
.
, ,
.

62

10

.

.
.
.
.
.


.
.
.
.

.

.
, , .


.

14 . ( ), (
14

Aristotle, The Politics, Book V, Chapter 12, p.233

63

), () (SLORC)

.
.
.


.

.

.
. .

.

.

.
,
, , .
, , ,

.

.
.

.
64

 .


. , ,
,
.
,
. ,

.


.

.


.
. .

.


.
.

.

65

. ,
.

.15


.

.
, ,
.

.

.

.


.
, ,
.

.
,
, , , ,
15

Gene Sharp, Civilian-Based Defence: A Post-Military Weapons

System(Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1990) .
66

 .


.



.
.
;

;
,
.
.

.
. .


.
.
.
.

67

 1
16


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7. ,
8. ,
9. ,
10.
11. ,
12. () ,

13.
14.
15.
16.
17.

18.
16

The Politics of Nonviolent

Action
68

19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.

31.
32.
33.
34.

35.
36.
37.

38.
39.
40.
41.
42.

43.

69

44.
45.
46.

47.
48.
49.
50.

51.
52.
53.
54.

55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
,
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.

70

65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70. (hijrat)

(1)

71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.

78.
79.

80.

81.
82.
83.
84.
85.

71


86.
87. ,
88.
89.
90.
91.

92.
93.
94.
95.
96.

(2)

97.
98.

99.
100.

101.
102.
103.
104.

72


105.
106.
107.

108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.

118. (Hartal)
119.


120.
121.
122.

123.
124.
125.
126. ,
127.
73

128.
129.
130.
131.
132.

133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140. ,
141.

142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.

149.
150.

151.
152.

74

153.
154.
155.
156.
157.


158.
159.
(a)
(b)
(c)
160.
161.

162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.

174.

75

175.
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.

181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
189.
190.
191.
192.

193.
194.
195.
196.
197.
198.

76

 2


.
1993 Bruce Jenkins
.
( )
,
.
Stephen Coady
. Dr.Christopher
Kruegler Robert Helvey
.
Dr.Hazel McFerson and Dr. Patricia Parkman
.
.

Jamila Raqib
.
.

Khit Pyaing (The New Era

Journal)
U Tin Maung Win .
40 , ,
, , ,
.

. .

77

 1993 Khit Pyaing

1 .
(1994)
(1996, 1997).
.

.

. (
.)


.
.
.
SLORC
. 1995 1996
,
. 2005
7 .


.
.
1997
Abdurrahman Wahid .
3 5
Nadhlatul Ulama
.

.
.
Marek Zelaskiewz
78

 Milosovic
Civic Initiatives . Civic Initiatives
.

.
Robert Helvey
20
.
The Politics of Nonviolent Action .

Optor .

.
.
.

.
28 (2008 )
.

. Amharic (), Arabic, Azeri
(), Bahasa Indonesia,
Belarusisan, Burmese, Chin(Burma), (simplified
and traditional Mandarin), Dhivehi (Maldives),
(Iran), (French), (Georgian), (German),
Jing Paw (Burma), Karen (Burma), Khmer (Cambodia),
Kurdish, Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan), Nepali,
Pashto (Afghanistan and Pakistan), Russian,
Serbian, Spanish, Tibetan, Tigrinya
(Eritrea), Ukrainian, Uzbek (usbekistan),
(Vietnamese) .
.
1993 2002 6 . 2003
79

 2008 22 .


.

80

 3


.
.

.

.
.
( )
.

.

.

.
.
.

.
.

.

.

. .

81


.

.


.

.

..


.

82


1. The Anti-Coup, . :
, 2003.
2. Sharps Dictionary of Power and Struggle:Language of Civil
Resistance in Conflicts , . :
,2011.
3. On Strategic Nonviolent Conflict: Thinking About the
Fundamentals, .: ,
2002.
4. The Politics of Nonviolent Action(3 vols.) .:
Extending Horizons Books, Porter Sargent Publishers, 1973.
5. Self-Liberation with the assistance of Jamila Raqib.
: ,2010.
6. Social Power and Political Freedom . :Extending
Horizons Books, Porter Sargent Publishers, 1980.
7. There are Realistic Alternatives . :
,2003.
8. Waging Nonviolent Struggle:20th Century Practice and 21st
Century Potential, . :Extending Horizons Books,
Porter Sargent Publishers, 2005.
.
The Albert Einstein Institution
P.O. Box 455
East Boston, MA 02128, USA
: USA+1 617-247-4882
:USA +1 617-247-4035
: Einstein@igc.org
:www.aeinstein.org

83