ECE 476

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 21
Symmetrical Components, Unbalanced Fault Analysis

Professor Tom Overbye

Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering

Announcements

Be reading Chapters 9 and 10

HW 8 is due now.
HW 9 is 8.4, 8.12, 9.1,9.2 (bus 2), 9.14; due Nov 10 in class
Start working on Design Project. Tentatively due Nov 17 in
class
Second exam is on Nov 15 in class. Same format as first
exam, except you can bring two note sheets (e.g., the one
from the first exam and another)

Single Line-to-Ground (SLG) Faults

Unbalanced

faults unbalance the network, but only

at the fault location. This causes a coupling of the
sequence networks. How the sequence networks
are coupled depends upon the fault type. Well
derive these relationships for several common
faults.
With a SLG fault only one phase has non-zero fault
current -- well assume it is phase A.

SLG Faults, contd

I af

I b
f

I
c

?
0

Then since
I 0f

I f

I f

1
1
3
1 2

1
2

?
0 I 0 I I 1 I f
f
f
f
a

3
0
4

SLG Faults, contd

f
Va

Vaf

f
Vb
f
Vc

f
Z f Ia

1 2
1

V
1
f

V f

2
V f

This means Vaf V f0 V f V f

The only way these two constraints can be satisified
is by coupling the sequence networks in series
5

SLG Faults, contd

With the
sequence
networks in
series we can
solve for the
fault currents
(assume Zf=0)
I f

1.050

j1.964 I f I 0f
j (0.1389 0.1456 0.25 3Z f )

I A I s I af j 5.8 (of course, I bf I cf 0)

6

Example 9.3

Line-to-Line (LL) Faults

The

second most common fault is line-to-line,

which occurs when two of the conductors come in
contact with each other. With out loss of generality
we'll assume phases b and c.

Current Relationships: I af 0,
Voltage Relationships:

I bf I cf ,

I 0f 0

Vbg Vcg
8

LL Faults, cont'd
Using the current relationships we get
I 0f

I f

I f

1
2

1
1
3
1 2

f
Ib
I bf

I 0f 0
I f

1 f
Ib 2
3

I f

1 f 2
Ib
3

Hence I f I f
9

LL Faults, con'td
Using the voltage relationships we get
V f0

V f

V f
Hence
1

Vf
3
1

Vf
3

1
1

3
1 2

f
Vag

1 Vag
2 f
V bg

V cgf

f
Vbg

Vagf 2 Vbgf

V f V f
10

LL Faults, cont'd
To satisfy

If

I f

&

Vf

Vf

the positive and negative sequence networks must

be connected in parallel

11

LL Faults, cont'd
Solving the network for the currents we get
1.050

If
3.691 90
j 0.1389 j 0.1456
I af
f
I b
f
I c

1 2
1

3.691 90

3.69190

6.39

6.39

12

LL Faults, cont'd
Solving the network for the voltages we get

Vf

1.050 j 0.1389 3.691 90 0.5370

V f j 0.1452 3.69190 0.5370

Vaf
f
Vb
f
Vc

1
2

1
1

0
0.537

0.537

1.074
0.537

0.537

13

Double Line-to-Ground Faults

With

a double line-to-ground (DLG) fault two line

conductors come in contact both with each other
and ground. We'll assume these are phases b and c.

I af 0

Vbgf Vcgf Z f ( I bf I cf )
14

DLG Faults, cont'd

From the current relationships we get

f
Ia

f
I b
f
I c

1 2
1

Since I af 0

I
1
f

I f
2
I f

I 0f I f I f 0

Note, because of the path to ground the zero

sequence current is no longer zero.
15

DLG Faults, cont'd

From the voltage relationships we get
V f0

V f

V f

V
1
ag
2 f
V bg

V bgf

1
1
3
1 2

V f V f

Since Vbgf Vcgf

Then Vbgf V f0 ( 2 )V f
2

But since 1 0
Vbgf V f0 V f

1
16

DLG Faults, cont'd

V f0 V f

Vbgf

Z f ( I bf I cf )
Also, since
f
Ib

0
If

2
I f

I f

I cf I 0f I f 2 I f
Adding these together (with 2 -1)
Vbgf

Z f (2 I 0f I f I f )

with I 0f I f I f

V f0 V f 3Z f I 0f
17

DLG Faults, cont'd

The

three sequence networks are joined as follows

Assuming Zf=0, then

V
1.050

If

0
Z Z P( Z 3Z f ) j 0.1389 j 0.092
4.547 0
18

DLG Faults, cont'd

V f 1.05 4.547 90 j 0.1389 0.4184

I f 0.4184 / j 0.1456 j 2.874
I 0f I f I f j 4.547 j 2.874 j1.673
Converting to phase: I bf 1.04 j 6.82
I cf 1.04 j 6.82
19

Unbalanced Fault Summary

SLG:

Sequence networks are connected in series,

parallel to three times the fault impedance
LL: Positive and negative sequence networks are
connected in parallel; zero sequence network is not
included since there is no path to ground
DLG: Positive, negative and zero sequence
networks are connected in parallel, with the zero
sequence network including three times the fault
impedance

20

Generalized System Solution

1.
2.

3.
4.

Assume we know the pre-fault voltages

The general procedure is then
Calculate Zbus for each sequence
For a fault at bus i, the Zii values are the thevenin
equivalent impedances; the pre-fault voltage is the
positive sequence thevenin voltage
Connect and solve the thevenin equivalent sequence
networks to determine the fault current
Sequence voltages throughout the system are
21

Generalized System Solution, contd

Sequence voltages throughout the system are
given by
0
M
This is solved

0
for each

sequence
V V prefault Z I f
network!
0

M
0

4.

5.

Phase values are determined from the sequence values

22

Unbalanced System Example

For the generators assume Z+ =Z =j0.2;Z0 =j0.05

ForthetransformersassumeZ+ =Z =Z0 = j0.05
ForthelinesassumeZ+ =Z =j0.1;Z0 =j0.3
Assumeunloadedprefault,withvoltages=1.0p.u.
23

Positive/Negative Sequence Network

24 10 10
0.1397 0.1103 0.125

Ybus
j 10 24 10 Zbus
j 0.1103 0.1397 0.125

10 10 20
0.1250 0.1250 0.175

Negative sequence is identical to positive sequence

24

Zero Sequence Network

16.66 3.33 3.33

0.0732 0.0148 0.0440

0
0

Ybus
j 3.33 26.66 3.33 Zbus
j 0.0148 0.0435 0.0.292

3.33 6.66
3.33
0.0440 0.0292 0.1866

25

For a SLG Fault at Bus 3

The sequence networks are created using the pre-fault
voltage for the positive sequence thevenin voltage,
and the Zbus diagonals for the thevenin impedances
Positive Seq.

Negative Seq.

Zero Seq.

The fault type then determines how the networks are

interconnected
26

Bus 3 SLG Fault, contd

I f

If

1.00

j1.863
j (0.1750 0.1750 0.1866)

If

0
If

j1.863

1.00

1.00 Zbus

1.00

Zbus
0

j1.863

0
0.7671

0 0.7671

j1.863
0.6740

0.2329

0.2329

0.3260

27

Bus 3 SLG Fault, contd

0.0820

0
0.0544

V 0 Zbus

j1.863 0.3479

We can then calculate the phase voltages at any bus

0
0

0.3479
V3 A 0.6740

0.3260
0.0820
V1 A 0.7671

0.2329

0.522 j 0.866

0.522 j 0.866

0.4522

0.3491 j 0.866

0.3491 j 0.866

28

Faults on Lines
The

previous analysis has assumed that the fault is

at a bus. Most faults occur on transmission lines,
not at the buses
For analysis these faults are treated by including a
dummy bus at the fault location. How the
impedance of the transmission line is then split
depends upon the fault location

29

Line Fault Example

Assume a SLG fault occurs on the previous system
on the line from bus 1 to bus 3, one third of the way
from bus 1 to bus 3. To solve the system we add a
dummy bus, bus 4, at the fault location

30

Line Fault Example, contd

0
30
44 10
The Ybus
10 24 10

now has

Ybus
j
10 25 15
0
4 buses
30

0
15 45

Adding the dummy bus only changes the new

row/column entries associated with the dummy bus

Zbus

0.1397
0.1103
j
0.1250
0.1348

0.1103
0.1397
0.1250
0.1152

0.1250
0.1250
0.1750
0.1417

0.1348
0.1152

0.1417
0.1593

31

Power System Protection

Main idea is to remove faults as quickly as possible

while leaving as much of the system intact as possible
Fault sequence of events
1.
2.
3.
4.

Fault occurs somewhere on the system, changing the

system currents and voltages
Current transformers (CTs) and potential transformers (PTs)
sensors detect the change in currents/voltages
Relays use sensor input to determine whether a fault has
occurred
If fault occurs relays open circuit breakers to isolate fault

32

Power System Protection

1.

2.

Protection systems must be designed with both primary

protection and backup protection in case primary protection
devices fail
In designing power system protection systems there are two
main types of systems that need to be considered:
Radial: there is a single source of power, so power always flows
in a single direction; this is the easiest from a protection point of
view
Network: power can flow in either direction: protection is much
more involved

33

Radial Power System Protection

Radial

systems are primarily used in the lower

voltage distribution systems. Protection actions
usually result in loss of customer load, but the
outages are usually quite local.

The figure shows

potential protection
schemes for a
radial system. The
bottom scheme is
preferred since it
results in less lost load
34

Radial Power System Protection

In

radial power systems the amount of fault current is

limited by the fault distance from the power source: faults
further done the feeder have less fault current since the
current is limited by feeder impedance
Radial power system protection systems usually use inversetime overcurrent relays.
Coordination of relay current settings is needed to
open the correct breakers

35

Inverse Time Overcurrent Relays

Inverse

time overcurrent relays respond instan-taneously to a current

above their maximum setting
They respond slower to currents below this value but above the pickup
current value

36