TRNG I HC NNG LM TPHCM

N MN KIM LOI TRONG

MI TRNG NC

Danh sch nhm 2

1. Nguyn Th Phng Ty 11139137

NI DUNG
n mn trong mi
trng nc

Thc trng

Bin php

Nhng c trng ca mi trng bin

Thnh phn v nhng tnh cht ha l ca nc bin a

dng phc tp theo tng vng.
Cha khong 30-40g mui tan v khong vi chc mg cc
cht dng huyn ph. Khi lng mui trong nc bin
thay i theo v tr a l ca cc vng ny, vng khc, theo
ma
mui ln ca nc bin ng vai tr quan trng cho tnh
cht dn in ca nc bin, in tr ca nc bin khong
20.cm, gi tr ny nh hn mt nghn ln so vi nc ngt.

 S thay i nhit ca nc bin l mt tham s nh

hng hu nh ton b cc tham s nh ha tan ca cc
kh, hot ng ca cc vi sinh vt hoc s cn bng ha hc.
p sut thy tnh. S thay i p sut theo su l
1atm/10m. S thay i ny nh hng rt nhiu n nhit
v s ha tan ca oxy.
Hot ng ca cc vi sinh vt nh hng n pH, nng
CO2, O2 ha tan thng qua qu trnh quang hp, h hp.
Dng chy ca bin, s to cn trn b mt v nhng tham
s khc lm tng cng cho qu trnh n mn.

C ch n mn kim loi trong mi trng bin

S dn

ca m in tt
i tr
ng
bin

m
Do h Cllng nc
trong
bin

n mn
sinh
nmn
mn
pinv
galvanique
vt
n hc
mn l
n

ng

t
o
Do h
t.
v
h
vi sin

n mn pin galvanique

S n mn kim loi pin galvanique l

s n mn do to thnh pin gia cc
kim loi m nhng c tnh in ha
khc nhau trong mt mi trng.

n mn vt v n mn l
n mn vt, n mn l: Hai kiu n mn ny
xy ra rt ph bin trong mi trng bin
do hm lng Cl- trong bin rt ln. Kiu n
mn vt xy ra thng thng i vi kim
loi th ng bi mng oxit mng trn b
mt, s n mn ny gy ra bi nhng ion
c trng, c bit l ion Cl- v to thnh
nhng vt rt nh vi chc micromet. n
mn l l nhng trng hp s tn cng
chn la vo nhng v tr khe, vt nt ca
kim loi, dung dch khng th trao i vi
mi trng, oxy trong vng ny nhanh
chng b tiu th, s ha tan anode ca kim

n mn sinh hc
Ph hy sinh vt: L s thay i ton b tnh
cht l ha, c hc ca kim loi di tc dng
ca cc vi sinh vt nh cc vi khun, nm, mc,
to.
n mn - Xi mn: n mn xi mn c
phn bit thnh hai loi, n mn mi mn l s
ph hy c hc do s c mt ca nhng ht
dng huyn ph. n mn xm thc l kt qu
ca s xm thc nhng bt kh trn b mt.

S n mn ph thuc vo vng tip

xc
Vng tip xc vi khng
Vng kh:
nc bn:
Nc bin

Vng nc thy
V
triu:
Vng
chm
ng
trong nc
tr
bin:

m
tc
h
(c

Vng tip
xc vi
khng
kh:
Vng ny c th xy ra qu trnh n mn do phn ng kim
loi vi oxy ca khng kh. Khi m v nng ca mt
vi cht nhim trong khng kh cho php to thnh mt
cht in phn trn b mt, c ch ging vi c ch ca s
n mn trong mi trng nc

Vng nc
bn:
Vng ny nm ngay trn vng tip gip
vi mc nc bin. i vi nhng kim
loi khng th ng, nh thp carbon,
thp hp kim yu, th s n mn trong
vng ny rt mnh.

Vng
nc
thy
triu:

Vng nm gia mc cao v mc thp thy

triu. Kim loi nm trong vng tip xc khi
thy triu ln v khng tip xc khi thy
triu xung.

Vng
chm
trong
nc
bin:
y l vng tip xc thng xuyn vi nc bin, s
n mn mnh xy ra ngay ti vng ranh gii to mc
nc thp nht v mt pin n mn to thnh vi phn
trn ca cng trnh. Pin ny c mang tn l pin
thng gi, phn trn nm trong vng thy triu tip
xc vi mi trng nhiu khng kh, to nn cathode
ni xy ra qu trnh kh ca O2. Phn nm ngay pha
di (vng ngp trong nc bin) to thnh anode,
ni xy ra qu trnh oxy ha kim loi.

Vng
trm
tch
(cn):
Vng ny rt phc tp, tng ng vi phn cng
trnh b chn vi trong bin. Vng ny khng n
gin l qu trnh tch t nhng vt liu rn t trong
nc, m trong vng ny cn xy ra rt nhiu qu
trnh chuyn ha lin quan n hot ng ca cc
vi sinh vt v nhng dng trao i vt liu gia
vng trm tch v nc bin.

Bin php chng n mn

1. Chng n mn in ha:
-. La chn vt liu kim loi thch hp
-. X l mi trng bo v kim loi
-. S dng lp sn ph
-. Phng php in ha
2. Chng n mn ha hc
-. To hp kim bn nhit
-. S dng lp ph bo v
-. T hp cc phng php bo v

Chng n mn in ha
1. La chn vt liu kim loi thch hp
S dng cc kim loi c tnh chng n
mn cao : kim loi en ( Mn, Cr,..),
thp khng g, titan v cc hp kim
ca titan

Chng n mn in ha
2. X l mi trng bo v kim loi
- Loi tr cc cu t n mn: gim m, a pH v trung
tnh, gim nng .
- S dng cht c ch bo v kim loi khi s n mn:
+ Cht c ch gy th ng: NaOH, Na2CO3,cc mui
photphat,silicat,borat,
+ Cht c ch hp ph khng gy th ng
- Kh oxy hoc kh ngm kh trong nc: tch nhit ( nhit
cao oxy ha tan gim), trn nc vi cc kh khng
cha oxy

Chng n mn in ha
3. S dng lp sn ph:
Cc loi sn thng s dng: KG, KL,
- Ph kim loi ln b mt kim loi:
+ ph bng cch nhng vo kim loi nng
chy
+ m in
- Lp ph v c
+Lp photphat ha
+ Oxi ha in ha kim loi
- Lp ph hu c : sn, vecni.

Chng n mn in ha

Sn
giu
km

Chng n mn in ha
4. Phng php in ha:
- Bo v catot bng dng ngoi : Kim loi cn c bo v, cc
ng ng dn nhin liu di t, v tu bin c ni vi cc m
ca ngun in mt chiu, cn cc dng ca ngun in ni vi
mt anot bng vt liu t tan.
- Bo v bng anot hy sinh:
+ s dng anot- cc kim loi hoc hp kim c in th thp hn
in th ca kim loi cn bo v trong mi trng n mn
+ vt liu ch to anot thng lm bng km, nhm, hp kim ca
nhm v km

Chng n mn ha hc
1. To hp kim bn nhit :
a vo thnh phn kim loi gc cc nguyn t to th h
hp kim c tnh chu nhit cao, lm tng kh nng chng
n mn ha hc ca KL trong mi trng kh nhit
cao.
V d: + Hp kim gc Fe cha 8-10% Al, khi b oxi ha to
thnh mng oxit ca nguyn t hp kim l Al2O3 bo v b
mt ca hp kim.
+ Thp cha 30% Cr chu nhit n 1200oC do cu t hp
kim Cr cng vi kim loi gc l Fe khi b oxi ha to thnh
oxit kp FeCr2O4 c tnh bo v cao.

Chng n mn ha hc
2. S dng lp ph bo v :
C th bao ph bng KL hoc phi kim bng nhiu
phng php: khuch tn nhit, hn p, bc kim loi,
phun kim loi, m, trng men chu nhit, gm

Ph khuch tn nhit

Chng n mn ha hc
3.T hp cc phng php bo v

Kt hp gia sn ph vi bo v bng protecto hoc

bng dng in ngoi
- Phng php oxy ha hoc photphat ha thng s
dng lm lp nn cho sn ph
- Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn phi hp cc vt liu trong
kt cu bo v t c hiu qu s dng hp l
v kinh t nht