By :

GROUP : Abdul-Majeed et.al

 Tow- phase flow in horizontal pipes

differs markedly from that in vertical

pipes; except for the Beggs and Brill
correlation (Beggs and Brill,1973) ,
which can be applied for any flow
direction, completely different
correlations are used for horizontal
flow than for vertical flow.

 The flow regime does not affect the pressure drop as

significantly in horizontal flow as it dose in vertical flow,

because there is no potential energy contribution to the
pressure drop in horizontal flow.

The flow regime is considered in some pressure drop

correlations and can affect production operations in other

ways.

Figure 10-1 (Beggs and Brill, 1973) depicts the commonly

described flow regimes in horizontal gas-liquid flow. These

can be classified as three types of regimes: segregated
flows, in which the two phases are for the most part
separate; intermittent flows, in which gas and liquid are
alternating; and distributive flows, in which one phase is
dispersed in the other phase.

 segregated flow is further classified as being stratified

smooth, stratified wavy (ripple flow), or annular. At

higher gas rates, the interface becomes wavy, and
stratified wavy flow results. Annular flow occurs at
high gas rates and relatively high liquid rates and
consists of an annulus of liquid coating the wall of the
pipe and a central core of gas flow, with liquid droplets
entrained in the gas.

The intermittent flow regimes are slug flow and plug

(also called elongated bubble)flow. Slug flow consists

of large liquid slugs alternating with high-velocity
bubbles of gas that fill almost the entire pipe. In plug
flow, large gas bubbles flow along the top of the pipe.
Distributive flow regimes described in the literature
include bubble, mist ,and froth flow.

 Shown in fig. (10-2) The axes for this plot are

Gl / and Gl / Gg , where Gl and Gg are the

mass fluxes of liquid and gas, respectively
(lbm/hr-ft2) and the parameters and are
= [ (g /0.075) (L /62.4) ]1/2
= 73/L [ L (62.4/L )2 ]1/3

Where densities are in lbm/ft3 , is in cp, and

l is in dynes/cm.

 The Beggs and Brill correlation :

is based on a horizontal flow regime map

that divides the domain into the three flow
regime categories, segregated, intermittent
and distributed. This map, shown in Fig. 10-4,
plots the mixture Froude number defined as
NFr= um2 / g D
Versus the input liquid fraction, l.

Taitel and Dukler (1976):

developed a theoretical model of the
flow regime transitions in horizontal
gas-liquid flow; their model can be used
to generate flow regime maps for
particular fluids and pipe size. Figure
10-5 shows a comparison of their flow
regime prediction with those of
Mandhane et al. for air-water flow in a
2.5-cm pipe.

 Using the Baker, mandhane, and Beggs and

Brill flow regime maps, determine the flow

regime for the flow of qo= 2000 bbl/day of oil
and qg= 1MM scf/day of gas at 800 psia and
1750F in a 2-1/2 in. I.D. pipe. The fluids are
Given:
-for liquid:
=49.92 lbm/ft3 ; l=2 cp ;
l=30 dynes/cm; ql=0.130 ft3/sec.
-for gas:

=2.61 lbm/ft3 ; g=0.0131 cp ;

Z=0.935 ; qg=0.242 ft3/sec.

 -cross sectional are = (/4)*(D/12)2

=(/4)*(2.5/12)2=0.0341 ft2
usl= ql/A

= 0.13/0.0341 =3.812 ft/sec

usg= qg/A =0.242/0.0341=7.1 ft/sec
go to fig.(10-3): the flow regime is predicted to

be slug flow.
um= usl+usg= 10.9 ft/sec

 for using Baker map, we calculation: Gl, Gg, , and .

Gl= usl l= 3.81(ft/sec) * 49.92(lbm/ft3) * 3600(sec/hr)

= 6.84* 105 lbm/hr-ft2

Gg= usgg= 7.11(ft/sec) * 2.6(lbm/ft3) * 3600(sec/hr)

= 6.65* 104 lbm/hr-ft2
=[(2.6/0.075)(49.92/62.4)]1/2 = 5.27
=(73/30)[2(62.4/49.92)2]1/3 = 3.56

The coordinates for the baker map are

Gg/ =(6.65*104)/5.27 = 1.26*104

Gl/Gg= (6.84*105)(5.27)(3.56)/(6.65*104)= 193

Reading from fig. 10-2, the flow regime is predicted to

be dispersed bubble, though the conditions are very

near the boundaries with slug flow and annular mist
flow.

 For using Beggs and Brill, calculation NFr , l .

NFr= (10.9 ft/sec)2/(32.17ft/sec2)[(2.5/12)ft]

=17.8

l =usl/um
=3.81/10.9
= 0.35

From fig. (10-4): the flow regime is predicted

to be intermittent.

 Begs and brill correlation: The Beggs and Brill

correlation presented in applied to horizontal

flow. The correlation is somewhat simplified,
since the angle is 0, making the factor
equal to 1. This correlation is presented in
section

Ptotal=Pf+Pel

 Eaton correlation: The Eaton correlation (Eaton et

al., 1967) was developed empirically from a series

of tests in 2-in.- and 4-in.-diameter, 1700-ft-long
lines. It consists primarily of correlations for
liquid holdup and friction factor.

fp m u
p
(
)F
x
2gc D

2
m

The friction factor( f ) is obtained from the

correlation shown in Fig. 10-6 as a function of the

mass flow rate of the liquid, ml, and the total mass
flow rate, mm' For the constant given in this figure
to compute the abscissa, mass flow rates are in
Ibm/sec, diameter is in ft, and viscosity is in lbm/ftsec.

Two gas-condensate wells feed into a 4-in.

gathering line 2.10 mi long. Well A will flow at
the rate of 3 MMcfd, and well B will flow at
the rate of 1 MMcfd. The following data are
available on each well:

* Gallons per Mcf of gas The

summation of the uphill rises in
the line is 143 ft. The initial
pressure at the wells is 900 psig.
What is the pressure drop in the
line?

 Gas:
8
Line diameter =
= 0.6667 ft.
12
Line length = 5 5280 = 26400 ft.

= 833.3333 Mcf/hr.
(10 6 4) 1000
24
Assume an average pressure in the pipeline of 1350 psig or 1365 psia.
Assume an average temperature in the pipeline of 60 F or 520 R.
Calculate the weighted average specific gravity of the commingled gas stream:
(10 0.60) (6 0.70) (4 0.80) = 0.67
QGS

SG

(10 6 4)
Calculate the gas viscosity. The molecular weight of the gas is:
Ma = g 28.97 = 0.67 28.97 = 19.2099
From Fig.(2.10) 1 = 0.0099 cp.

Ma
Ma
g

M air 28.97

Tpc 170.5 307.3 g

Ppc 709.6 58.7 g

Tpr

T 520

Tpc 376

Ppr

P 1365

Ppc 670

= 170.5 + 307.3 0.67 = 376 R.

= 709.6 58.7 0.67 = 670 psia.
1.38

= 2.04
From Fig. (2.11) /1 = 1.36
Calculate the gas viscosity at pipeline conditions:

G 1 0.0099 1.36 = 0.013464 cp.

1
From Fig. 2.4, Z = 0.755

 Calculate the gas volume at pipeline conditions:

QGPL

QGPL

14.7 T

QGS
Z
p 520

14.7 520
833.3333

0.755 =6.776 Mcf/hr = 6776 ft3/hr.

1365 520

Calculate the density of the gas at pipeline conditions:

G 2.701 SG
G 2.701 0.67

1365
520 0.755

p
T Z

= 6.2919 Lbm/ft3.

Liquid:
Assume that the average composition of the

condensate is normal octane (n-C8H18).

From Table( 2-2):Tpc = 564.22 R, Ppc = 360.6 psia,
Ma = 114.232 and
L = 0.65.

L L 62.4

=0.65 62.4 = 40.56 lbm/ft3

T pr

T
520

=0.9216
Tpc
564.22

Ppr

P
1365

Ppc
360.6

= 3.785

 From Fig. (7.11) 0.014

0.014 M a 0.014 114.232

= 0.1496 cp.

From a plot of GPM vs. pressure (Fig. 7.17), the GPM at

1350 psig is 4 for well A , 3.125 for well B and 3.437 for
well C:
QLPL = 10000 4 + 6000 3.125 + 4000 3.437 = 72498
gal/day = 403.8155 ft3/hr
1 gal/day = 0.005570023 cuf/hr

 Two-phase:
Calculate , the input liquid-volume ratio:

QLPL
403.8155

QLPL QGPL
403.8155 6776

Calculate
VM

= 0.0562

VM , the mixture velocity:

Q QLPL QGPL
403.8155 6776
=20566.5996 ft3/hr

A
D2
0.6667 2
= 5.7134 ft/s.
4
4

1 cuf / hr = 0.0002778 cuf / sec

Calculate

TP

, the mixture velocity:

TP L G (1 )
0.1496 0.0562 0.013464 (1 0.0562)

= 0.0211 cp = 0.0000142 Lbm/ft-s

 # Now, calculate the two-phase Reynolds number. This

is a trial and error calculation. Assume a value for , the

liquid hold-up.
Assume : RL 0.03
Calculate , the two-phase density:

TP

L 2
RL

G (1 ) 2
1 RL

40.56 0.0562 2
6.2919 (1 0.0562) 2

0.03
1 0.03

=10.0481 Lbm/ft3.

D VM TP 0.6667 5.7134 10.0481

ReTP

TP
0.0000142
= 2695384.271

From Fig. (7.15) : RL 0.07 This is not a close enough

check, and the calculation must be repeated with the

new value of RL

TP

L 2
RL

G (1 ) 2
1 RL

40.56 0.0562 2
6.2919 (1 0.0562) 2

0.07
1 0.07

Re TP

D VM TP

TP

From Fig.( 7.15) :

0.6667 5.7134 7.8565

0.0000142

= 7.8565 Lbm/ft3.

= 2107491.618

RL 0.07

This checks.
Calculate the single-phase friction factor:

f o 0.00140
= 0.00118

0.125
Re TP

0.32

0.125
0.00140
(2107491.618) 0.32

 Determine the friction factor ratio

from Fig. (7.14):

f TP / f o 2.516

Calculate the two-phase friction factor:

f TP

f TP
fo
0.00118 2.516
fo

= 0.00298

Calculate the pressure drop due to friction:

2 f TP L VM TP
p F
144 g c D
2

2 0.00298 26400 (5.7134 ) 2 7.8565 = 13.0533 psi

144 32.2 0.6667

 Next, the pressure drop due to elevation changes must

be considered.
Calculate VSG , then superficial gas velocity:
VSG

QGPL

D2

6776

0.6667 2

=19409.8691 ft3/hr = 5.3916 ft3/s.

From Fig. (7.16): 0.37

Calculate the elevation pressure drop:

L H 0.37 40.56 130

p E

144
144

=13.5482 psi

Calculate the total pressure drop:

ptotal p F p E p A 13.0533 13.5482 0 =26.6015 psi.

THANK
YOU
FOR ALL
note:
example two phase not found in.