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Hoa Hoc THCS
Hoa Hoc THCS
AH
.C
O
M
PHN A:
TNG HP
KIN THC HO HC
THCS
Trang1
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
Vt th
Vt th t nhin v vt th nhn to
To nn t nguyn t ho hc: L tp hp cc nguyn t
cng loi, c cng s Proton trong ht nhn
Cht
Rn
Hp cht v c
Hp cht hu
Phi kim
Lng, kh
Phn t gm 2 hay
nhiu nguyn t
cng loi lin kt
vi nhau
Mui
Phn t
gm 1
nguyn t
Hn hp
khng
ng nht
C CTHH gm
KHHH km theo
ch s
Ax
Baz
Hn hp
ng nht
C CTHH
trng vi
KHHH
A
Axit
Oxit
AH
Kim loi
Hn hp
.C
Hp Cht
n Cht
O
M
Trang2
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
AH
.C
O
M
Cc khi nim:
1. Vt th, cht.
- Vt th: L ton b nhng g xung quanh chng ta v trong khng gian. Vt th gm 2
loi: Vt th t nhin v vt th nhn to
- Cht: l nguyn liu cu to nn vt th. Cht c khp mi ni, u c vt th l
c cht.
- Mi cht c nhng tnh cht nht nh. Bao gm tnh cht vt l v tnh cht ho hc.
o Tnh cht vt l: Trng thi (R,L,K), mu sc, mi v, tnh tan, tnh dn in, dn
nhit, nhit si (t0s), nhit nng chy (t0nc), khi lng ring (d)
o Tnh cht ho hc: L kh nng b bin i thnh cht khc: Kh nng chy, n,
tc dng vi cht khc
2. Hn hp v cht tinh khit.
- Hn hp l 2 hay nhiu cht trn li vi nhau. Mi cht trong hn hp c gi l 1 cht
thnh phn.
- Hn hp gm c 2 loi: hn hp ng nht v hn hp khng ng nht
- Tnh cht ca hn hp: Hn hp c tnh cht khng n nh, thay i ph thuc vo khi
lng v s lng cht thnh phn.
- Cht tinh khit l cht khng c ln cht no khc. Cht tinh khit c tnh cht nht nh,
khng thay i.
- Khi tch ring cc cht ra khi hn hp ta thu c cc cht tinh khit. tch ring cc
cht ra khi hn hp ngi ta c th s dng cc phng php vt l v ho hc: tch,
chit, gn, lc, cho bay hi, chng ct, dng cc phn ng ho hc
3. Nguyn t.
a. nh ngha: L ht v cng nh, trung ho v in, cu to nn cc cht
b. Cu to: gm 2 phn
Ht nhn: to bi 2 loi ht: Proton v Ntron
- Proton: Mang in tch +1, c khi lng 1 vC, k hiu: P
- Ntron: Khng mang in, c khi lng 1 vC, k hiu: N
V: cu to t cc lp Electron
- Electron: Mang in tch -1, c khi lng khng ng k, k hiu: e
Trong nguyn t, cc e chuyn ng rt nhanh v sp xp thnh tng lp t trong ra.
+ Lp 1: c ti a 2e
+ Lp 2,3,4 tm thi c ti a 8e
Khi lng nguyn t = s P + s N + s e = s P + s N (v e c khi lng rt nh)
4. Nguyn t ho hc.
L tp hp nhng nguyn t cng loi, c cng s P trong ht nhn
Nhng nguyn t c cng s P nhng s N khc nhau gi l ng v ca nhau
5. Ho tr.
L con s biu th kh nng lin kt ca nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t
Quy tc ho tr:
Axa Byb
ta c: a.x = b.y
(vi a, b ln lt l ho tr ca nguyn t A v B)
Trang3
/iiVi]\
ViVV
VD
K/N
Phn loi
Phn t
(ht i
din)
CTHH
N CHT
St, ng, oxi, nit, than ch
L nhng cht do 1 nguyn t ho
hc cu to nn
Gm 2 loi: Kim loi v phi kim.
HP CHT
Nc, mui n, ng
L nhng cht do 2 hay nhiu
nguyn t ho hc cu to nn
Gm 2 loi: hp cht v c v hp
cht hu c
- Gm 1 nguyn t: kim loi v phi - Gm cc nguyn t khc loi
thuc cc nguyn t ho hc khc
kim rn
- Gm cc nguyn t cng loi: Phi nhau
kim lng v kh
- Kim loi v phi kim rn:
CTHH = KHHH ca cc nguyn t
+ cc ch s tng ng
CTHH KHHH
(A)
AxBy
- Phi kim lng v kh:
CTHH = KHHH + ch s (Ax)
.C
S bin
i trong
phn ng
ho hc.
Khi
lng
NGUYN T
PHN T
L ht v cng nh, trung ho v L ht v cng nh, i din cho
in, cu to nn cc cht
cht v mang y tnh cht ca
cht
Nguyn t c bo ton trong cc Lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong
phn ng ho hc.
phn t thay i lm cho phn t
ny bin i thnh phn t khc
AH
nh
ngha
O
M
P DNG QUY TC HO TR
1. Tnh ho tr ca 1 nguyn t
Gi ho tr ca nguyn t cn tm (l a)
p dng QTHT: a.x = b.y a = b.y/x
Tr li
2. Lp CTHH ca hp cht.
Gi cng thc chung cn lp
x b b'
y a a'
- Tr li.
*** C th dng quy tc cho lp nhanh 1 CTHH: Trong CTHH, ho tr ca nguyn t ny
l ch s ca nguyn t kia.
Lu : Khi cc ho tr cha ti gin th cn ti gin trc
6. Phn ng ho hc.
L qu trnh bin i cht ny thnh cht khc.
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
Trang4
/iiVi]\
ViVV
AH
.C
O
M
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
Trang5
/iiVi]\
ViVV
Oxit
baz:
Li2O,
Na2O,
K2O,
CaO,
BaO,
OXIT (AxOy)
HP CHT V C
AXIT (HnB)
O
M
MUI (MxBy)
HNO3
.C
H2SO4
AH
H3PO4
CH3COOH
H2SO3
Axit yu
Axit rt yu
H2S
Axit mnh
HCl
H2CO3
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
Trang6
/iiVi]\
ViVV
TCHH
AH
TN
GI
O
M
CTHH
.C
NH
NGHA
OXIT
AXIT
BAZ
L hp cht ca oxi vi 1 L hp cht m phn t L hp cht m phn t
nguyn t khc
gm 1 hay nhiu nguyn t gm 1 nguyn t kim loi
H lin kt vi gc axit
lin kt vi 1 hay nhiu
nhm OH
Gi nguyn t trong oxit l Gi gc axit l B c ho tr Gi kim loi l M c ho
A ho tr n. CTHH l:
n.
tr n
- A2On nu n l
CTHH l: HnB
CTHH l: M(OH)n
- AOn/2 nu n chn
Tn oxit = Tn nguyn t + - Axit khng c oxi: Axit + Tn baz = Tn kim loi +
hidroxit
tn phi kim + hidric
oxit
Lu : Km theo ho tr ca - Axit c t oxi: Axit + tn Lu : Km theo ho tr
ca kim loi khi kim loi
phi kim + (r)
kim loi khi kim loi c
- Axit c nhiu oxi: Axit + c nhiu ho tr.
nhiu ho tr.
Khi phi kim c nhiu ho tr tn phi kim + ic (ric)
th km tip u ng.
1. Tc dng vi nc
1. Lm qu tm hng 1. Tc dng vi axit
- Oxit axit tc dng vi 2. Tc dng vi Baz mui v nc
nc to thnh dd Axit
2. dd Kim lm i mu
Mui v nc
- Oxit baz tc dng vi 3. Tc dng vi oxit baz cht ch th
nc to thnh dd Baz
- Lm qu tm xanh
mui v nc
2. Oxax + dd Baz to 4. Tc dng vi kim loi - Lm dd phenolphtalein
thnh mui v nc
khng mu hng
mui v Hidro
3. Oxbz + dd Axit to thnh 5. Tc dng vi mui 3. dd Kim tc dng vi
mui v nc
oxax mui v nc
mui mi v axit mi
4. Oxax + Oxbz to thnh
4. dd Kim + dd mui
mui
Mui + Baz
5. Baz khng tan b nhit
phn oxit + nc
- Oxit lng tnh c th tc - HNO3, H2SO4 c c cc - Baz lng tnh c th
dng vi c dd axit v dd tnh cht ring
tc dng vi c dd axit v
kim
dd kim
Lu
Trang7
MUI
L hp cht m phn t
gm kim loi lin kt vi
gc axit.
Gi kim loi l M, gc
axit l B
CTHH l: MxBy
Tn mui = tn kim loi +
tn gc axit
Lu : Km theo ho tr
ca kim loi khi kim loi
c nhiu ho tr.
1. Tc dng vi axit
mui mi + axit mi
2. dd mui + dd Kim
mui mi + baz mi
3. dd mui + Kim loi
Mui mi + kim loi mi
4. dd mui + dd mui 2
mui mi
5. Mt s mui b nhit
phn
/iiVi]\
ViVV
MUI + H2O
+ dd Axit
+ Baz
+ KL
+ Nc
AXIT
MUI + H2
H
C
O
MUI + H2O
TCHH CA BAZ
MUI + KIM
LOI
AH
O
BAZ
+ axit
MUI + BAZ
MUI + AXIT
t0
KIM K.TAN
+ Oxax
.C
TCHH CA AXIT
OXIT +
H2O
QU T M XANH
PHENOLPHALEIN K.MU HNG
TCHH CA OXIT
+ dd Mui
MUI + AXIT
O
M
KIM
MUI +
BAZ
+ dd Mui
+ dd
baz
+ axit
+ kim loi
MUI
+ Nc
+ Oxit Baz
AXIT
MUI
QU T M
OXIT BAZ
OXIT AXIT
+ dd
Baz
+ dd mui
MUI + MUI
t0
CC
SN PHM
KHC NHAU
TCHH CA MUI
Lu :
Thng ch gp 5 oxit baz tan c trong nc l Li2O, Na2O, K2O, CaO,
BaO. y cng l cc oxit baz c th tc dng vi oxit axit.
i vi baz, c cc tnh cht chung cho c 2 loi nhng c nhng tnh
cht ch ca Kim hoc baz khng tan
Mt s loi hp cht c cc tnh cht ho hc ring, trong ny khng cp
ti, c th xem phn
thm H
hocGIA
cc bi
gii LOI
thiu ring
sgk.V C
MIc
QUAN
CC
HPtrong
CHT
Trang8
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
PHI KIM
KIM LOI
+ Oxi
+ H2, CO
+ Oxi
OXIT AXIT
OXIT BAZ
+ dd Kim
+ Oxbz
+ Axit
+ Oxax
t0
+ H2O
MUI + H2O
+ dd Kim
+ Axit
+ Baz
+ Kim loi
+ Oxbz
+ dd Mui
+ Axit
+ Oxax
O
M
+ H2O
+ dd Mui
BAZ
AXIT
MNH
YU
.C
KIM K.TAN
Phn
hu
AH
Trang9
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
IU CH CC HP CHT V C
1
AXIT
t
3Fe + 2O2
Fe3O4
t
4P + 5O2 2P2O5
t
CH4 + O2
CO2 + 2H2O
t
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
t
Cu(OH)2
CuO + H2O
askt
Cl2 + H2 2HCl
SO3 + H2O H2SO4
BaCl2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 +
2HCl
9. Ca(OH)2 + Na2CO3
CaCO3 + 2NaOH
10. CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2
dpdd
11. NaCl + 2H2O
NaOH
+ Cl2 + H2
0
.C
IN PHN DD MUI
BAZ
11
12
AXIT + BAZ
(C MNG NGN)
10
AH
OXIT BAZ + NC
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
KIM + DD MUI
O
M
OXIT
3
HP CHT + OXI
MUI
14
OXIT AXIT
+ OXIT BAZ
15
DD MUI + DD MUI
16
DD MUI + DD KIM
17
MUI + DD AXIT
18
19
20
21
Trang10
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
1.
2.
3.
4.
MUI + H2
+ O2
+ Axit
t
3Fe + 2O2
Fe3O4
t
2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3
Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2
Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 +
Cu
0
KIM
LOI
+ DD Mui
+ Phi kim
MUI
MUI + KL
O
M
.C
ngha:
K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Zn Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Au Pt
+ O2: nhit thng
Kh phn ng
nhit cao
AH
K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Zn Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Au Pt
Khng tc dng vi nc nhit thng
Tc dng vi nc
K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Zn Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Au Pt
Khng tc dng.
K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Zn Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Au Pt
Kim loi ng trc y kim loi ng sau ra khi mui
K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Zn Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Au Pt
H2, CO khng kh c oxit
Ch :
- Cc kim loi ng trc Mg phn ng vi nc nhit thng to thnh dd Kim v
gii phng kh Hidro.
- Tr Au v Pt, cc kim loi khc u c th tc dng vi HNO3 v H2SO4 c nhng
khng gii phng Hidro.
Trang11
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
Kt lun
AH
.C
O
M
/N
Sn xut
GANG V THP
Gang
- Gang l hp kim ca St vi
Cacbon v 1 s nguyn t khc
nh Mn, Si, S (%C=25%)
t
C + O2
CO2
t
CO2 + C
2CO
t
3CO + Fe2O3
2Fe + 3CO2
t
4CO + Fe3O4 3Fe + 4CO2
t
CaO + SiO2
CaSiO3
Cng, gin
0
0
0
Thp
- Thp l hp kim ca St vi
Cacbon v 1 s nguyn t khc
(%C<2%)
t
2Fe + O2
2FeO
t
FeO + C Fe + CO
t
FeO + Mn
Fe + MnO
t
2FeO + Si 2Fe + SiO2
0
Tnh cht
Cng, n hi
Trang12
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
+ Hidro
NaCl +
NaClO
Nc Gia-ven
+ H2O
HCl
+ O2
+ Kim loi
HCl + HClO
SN PHM KH
OXIT AXIT
+ Hidro
+ NaOH
PHI
KIM
CLO
+ KOH, t0
+ Kim loi
Cacbon v nh hnh: L
cht rn, xp, khng c
kh nng dn in, c nh
hp ph.
L m nhin liu, ch to
mt n phng c
O
M
.C
KCl + KClO3
MUI CLORUA
+ Oxit KL
AH
CACBON
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
C C PHNG TRNH HO HC NG NH
CO2
+ O2
dpdd
6. NaCl + 2H2O
2NaOH + Cl2 +
mnx
H2
t
6. C + 2CuO
2Cu + CO2
t
7. 3CO + Fe2O3
2Fe + 3CO2
8. NaOH + CO2 NaHCO3
9. 2NaOH + CO2 Na2CO3 + H2O
0
PH N LOI HP CHT HU C
HP CHT HU
HIDRO CACBON
Hidrocabon
no
Ankan
CTTQ
CnH2n+2
VD: CH4
(Metan)
DN XUT CA RH
Dn xut
cha
Halogen
VD:
C2H5Cl
C6H5Br
Dn xut
cha Oxi
VD:
C2H5OH
Dn xut
cha Nit
VD:
Protein
CH3COOH
Cht bo
Gluxit
Trang13
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
Hp
cht
CTPT.
PTK
Cng
thc
cu to
Metan
Etilen
Axetilen
Benzen
CH4 = 16
C2H4 = 28
C2H2 = 26
C6H6 = 78
H
H
H
C
H
H
Lin kt n
Trng
thi
C
H
Lin kt i gm 1
lin kt bn v 1 lin
kt km bn
Kh
Lin kt ba gm 1
lin kt bn v 2 lin
kt km bn
O
M
Tnh
Khng mu, khng mi, t tan trong nc, nh hn khng kh.
cht vt
l
C phn ng chy sinh ra CO2 v H2O
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O
AH
.C
Tnh
cht ho
hc
- Ging
nhau
- Khc
nhau
C2H4 + H2
CH3Cl + HCl C2H6
C2H4 + H2O
C2H5OH
3lk i v 3lk
n xen k trong
vng 6 cnh u
Lng
Khng
mu,
khng tan trong
nc, nh hn
nc, ho tan
nhiu cht, c
Va c phn ng
th v phn ng
cng (kh)
C6H6
+
Br2
0
Fe ,t
C6H5Br + HBr
C6H6 + Cl2
asMT
ng
dng
iu
ch
H 2 SO4 d ,t
Nhn
bit
Lm nhin liu hn
x, thp sng, l
nguyn liu sn xut
PVC, cao su
Lm dung mi,
diu ch thuc
nhum,
dc
phm,
thuc
BVTV
Cho t n + nc, Sn phm chng
sp ch ho du m
nha than .
CaC2 + H2O
C2H2 + Ca(OH)2
C2H4 + H2O
Khg lm mt Lm mt mu dung Lm mt mu dung Ko lm mt mu
mu dd Br2
dch Brom
dch Brom
nhiu hn dd Brom
`i`i`iiv
Lm mt mu Clo
Etilen v**
`
Ko tan trong
Trang1
/iiVi]\
ViVV
ngoi as
RU ETYLIC
CTPT: C2H6O
CTCT: CH3 CH2 OH
Cng thc
ng dng
AH
.C
Tnh cht
ho hc.
iu ch
CH3COOH + C2H5OH
CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
- Chy vi ngn la mu xanh,
- Mang tnh cht ca axit: Lm
to nhiu nhit
qu tm, tc dng vi kim loi trc H,
vi baz, oxit baz, dd mui
C2H6O + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
2CH3COOH + Mg (CH3COO)2Mg +
- B OXH trong kk c men xc
tc
H2
mengiam
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa +
C2H5OH + O2
H2O
CH3COOH + H2O
Dng lm nhin liu, dung mi pha
Dng pha gim n, sn xut cht do,
sn, ch ru bia, dc phm, iu
thuc nhum, dc phm, t
ch axit axetic v cao su
Bng phng php ln men tinh bt
- Ln men dd ru nht
mengiam
hoc ng
CH3COOH
C2H5OH + O2
Men
2C2H5OH +
+ H2O
C6H12O6
30 32 C
- Trong PTN:
2CO2
2CH3COONa + H2SO4
Hoc cho Etilen hp nc
ddaxit
2CH3COOH + Na2SO4
C2H5OH
C2H4 + H2O
0
O
M
Tnh cht
vt l
nc
AXIT AXETIC
CTPT: C2H4O2
CTCT: CH3 CH2 COOH
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
Trang2
/iiVi]\
ViVV
SACCAROZ
C12H22O11
TINH BT V XENLULOZ
(C6H10O5)n
Tinh bt: n
Cng
1200 6000
thc
Xenluloz:
n
phn t
10000 14000
Trng Cht kt tinh, khng Cht kt tinh, khng L cht rn trng. Tinh bt tan
thi
mu, v ngt, d tan mu, v ngt sc, d tan c trong nc nng h tinh
Tnh trong nc
trong nc, tan nhiu bt. Xenluloz khng tan trong
cht vt
trong nc nng
nc k c un nng
l
Phn ng trng gng Thu phn khi un nng Thu phn khi un nng trong dd
axit long
trong dd axit long
Tnh C6H12O6 + Ag2O
ddaxit , t o
+
H2O
C6H12O7 + 2Ag C12H22O11
cht
(C
H
O
)
+
nH
O
6 10 5 n
2
ddaxit , t o
ho hc
nC6H12O6
quan
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
trng
glucoz fructoz H tinh bt lm dd Iot chuyn
mu xanh
Thc n, dc phm
Thc n, lm bnh ko Tinh bt l thc n cho ngi v
Pha ch dc phm
ng vt, l nguyn liu sn
ng
xut ng Glucoz, ru Etylic.
dng
Xenluloz dng sn xut giy,
vi, g v vt liu xy dng.
C trong qu chn C trong ma, c ci Tinh bt c nhiu trong c, qu,
iu
(nho), ht ny mm; ng
ht. Xenluloz c trong v ay,
ch
iu ch t tinh bt.
gai, si bng, g
Phn ng trng gng C phn ng trng Nhn ra tinh bt bng dd Iot: c
Nhn
gng khi un nng mu xanh c trng
bit
trong dd axit
AH
.C
O
M
GLUCOZ
C6H12O6
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
Trang3
/iiVi]\
ViVV
AH
.C
O
M
PHN B:
C C CHUYN
C BN BI
DNG HSG
MN HO
THCS
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
Trang4
/iiVi]\
ViVV
O
M
CHUYN 1:
C CH V CN BNG PHNG TRNH
HO HC
.C
AH
1/ Phn ng ho hp.
- c im ca phn ng: C th xy ra s thay i s oxi ho hoc khng.
V d:
Phn ng c s thay i s oxi ho.
4Al (r) + 3O2 (k) ----> 2Al2O3 (r)
Phn ng khng c s thay i s oxi ho.
BaO (r) + H2O (l) ----> Ba(OH)2 (dd)
Trang1
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
AH
.C
O
M
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
O
M
.C
- Cn c vo s nguyn t H ta c: 2y = 3z
6x
= 3x
2
(3)
AH
Nu x = 1 th y = 3 v z = 2x = 2.1 = 2
=> Phng trnh dng cn bng nh sau: P2O5 + 3H2O -> 2H3PO4
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
AH
.C
O
M
Trang4
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
AH
.C
O
M
Trang5
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
Nhm
hiroxit v
gc axit
H
I
- OH
Fe
III
k
t
Al
III
k
t
t/b
- NO3
t/b
- CH3COO
t/b
=S
t/b
= SO3
t/b
= SO4
t/kb
= CO3
t/b
= SiO3
k/kb
= PO4
t/kb
O
M
- Cl
AH
.C
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
.C
C
AH
O
M
Mt s PTHH cn lu :
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
t
4M(NO3)x
2M2Ox + 4xNO2 + xO2
(Vi nhng kim loi ho tr II th nh n gin phn h s )
Nu M l kim loi ng sau Cu (Theo dy hot ng ho hc)
t
2M + 2NO2 + xO2
2M(NO3)x
(Vi nhng kim loi ho tr II th nh n gin phn h s)
O
M
.C
2/ Mui cacbonat
t
- Mui trung ho: M2(CO3)x (r)
M2Ox (r) + xCO2(k)
(Vi nhng kim loi ho tr II th nh n gin phn h s)
t
- Mui cacbonat axit: 2M(HCO3)x(r)
M2(CO3)x(r) + xH2O( h ) + xCO2(k)
(Vi nhng kim loi ho tr II th nh n gin phn h s)
AH
3/ Mui amoni
t
NH4Cl
NH3 (k) + HCl ( k )
t
NH4HCO3 NH3 (k) + H2O ( h ) + CO2(k)
t
NH4NO3
N2O (k) + H2O ( h )
t
NH4NO2 N2 (k) + 2H2O ( h )
t
(NH4)2CO3
2NH3 (k) + H2O ( h ) + CO2(k)
t
2(NH4)2SO4 4NH3 (k) + 2H2O ( h ) + 2SO2 ( k ) + O2(k)
Trang2
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v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
Bi 4: Cho cc oxit sau: K2O, SO2, BaO, Fe3O4, N2O5. Vit phng trnh ho hc(nu c) ca
cc oxit ny ln lt tc dng vi nc, axit sunfuric, dung dch kali hiroxit.
.C
O
M
AH
Trang3
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
MT S PHNG PHP
GII TON HO HC THNG DNG.
.C
O
M
1. Phng php s hc
Gii cc php tnh Ho hc cp II ph thng, thng thng s dng phng php s
hc: l cc php tnh da vo s ph thuc t l gia cc i lng v cc php tnh phn
trm. C s ca cc tnh ton Ho hc l nh lut thnh phn khng i c p dng cho cc
php tnh theo CTHH v nh lut bo ton khi lng cc cht p dng cho c php tnh theo
PTHH. Trong phng php s hc ngi ta phn bit mt s phng php tnh sau y:
CO2 12 (16.2) 44
AH
a. Phng php t l.
im ch yu ca phng php ny l lp c t l thc v sau l p dng cch tnh
ton theo tnh cht ca t l thc tc l tnh cc trung t bng tch cc ngoi t.
Th d: Tnh khi lng ccbon ixit CO2 trong c 3 g cacbon.
Bi gii
=> x =
44.3
11
12
16.64
6,4 g
160
Vy iu ch c 6,4g ng.
b. Phng php tnh theo t s hp thc.
Dng c bn ca php tnh ny tnh theo PTHH tc l tm khi lng ca mt trong
nhng cht tham gia hoc to thnh phn ng theo khi lng ca mt trong nhng cht khc
nhau. Phng php tm t s hp thc gia khi lng cc cht trong phn ng c pht biu
nh sau:
Trang4
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
O
M
m1 m1 n1
m2 m2 n2
m KOH
56.3
168
AH
.C
Trong : m1 v m2 l khi lng cc cht, M1, M2 l khi lng mol cc cht cn n1, n2
l h s ca PTHH.
Vy khi tnh khi lng ca mt cht tham gia phn ng Ho hc theo khi lng ca
mt cht khc cn s dng nhng t s hp thc tm c theo PTHH nh th no ? minh
ho ta xt mt s th d sau:
Th d 1: Cn bao nhiu gam Ptat n da cho phn ng vi 10g st III clorua ?
Bi gii
PTHH
FeCL3 + 3KOH -> Fe(OH)3 + 3KCL
10g ?
Tnh t s hp thc gia khi lng Kali hirxit v st II clorua
MKOH = (39 + 16 + 1) = 56g
160
10,3g
162,5
m FeCl4
m KCl
162,5 162,5
74,5.3 223,5
162,5
1,86 g
223,5
Trang5
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
f=
162,5
0,727
223,5
.C
O
M
2. Phng php i s
AH
y
y
) O2 -> xCO2 + H2O (2)
4
2
Theo d kin bi ton, sau khi t chy amoniac th to thnh 100ml nit. Theo PTHH
(1) sau khi t chy hon ton amoniac ta thu c th tch nit nh hn 2 ln th tch amoniac
trong hn hp ban u, vy th tch amonac khi cha c phn ng l 100. 2 = 200ml. Do th
tch hiro ccbon khi cha c phn ng l 300 - 200 = 100ml. Sau khi t chy hn hp to
thnh (550 - 250) = 300ml, cacbonnic v (1250 - 550 - 300) = 400ml hi nc.
T ta c s phn ng:
CxHy + (x +
y
y
) O2 -> xCO2 + H2O
4
2
100ml
300ml 400ml
Theo nh lut Avogaro, c th thay th t l th tch cc cht kh tham gia v to thnh trong
phn ng bng t l s phn t hay s mol ca chng.
CxHy + 5O2 -> 3CO2 + 4 H2O
=> x = 3; y = 8
Vy CTHH ca hydrocacbon l C3H8
b. Gii bi ton tm thnh phn ca hn hp bng phng php i s.
Trang6
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v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
mAgCl = y .
M NaCl
M AgCl
M kcl
=x.
143
= x . 2,444
58,5
=y.
143
= y . 1,919
74,5
M AgCl
AH
mAgCl = x .
.C
O
M
(2)
x y 0,325
2,444 x 1,919 y 0,717
0,178
.100% = 54,76%
0,325
=> % NaCl =
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
O
M
9,2g
23,4g
ta c: 23,4 x 2M = 9,2(2M + 71)
suy ra: M = 23.
Kim loi c khi lng nguyn t bng 23 l Na.
Vy mui thu c l: NaCl
1,344
= 0,06 mol
22,4
AH
nH 2 SO 4 = nH 2 =
.C
11,2
= 0,2mol
56
nFeCl 2 = nFe =
11,2
= 0,2mol
56
S mol mui thu c hai phn ng trn bng nhau nhng khi lng mol phn t ca
FeCl3 ln hn nn khi lng ln hn.
mFeCl 2 = 127 * 0,2 = 25,4g
mFeCl 3 = 162,5 * 0,2 = 32,5g
Bi 4: Ho tan hn hp 2 mui Cacbonnat kim loi ho tr 2 v 3 bng dung dch HCl d thu
c dung dch A v 0,672 lt kh (ktc).
Hi c cn dung dch A thu c bao nhiu gam mui khc nhau?
Bi gii:
Bi 1: Gi 2 kim loi ho tr II v III ln lt l X v Y ta c phng trnh phn ng:
XCO3 + 2HCl -> XCl2 + CO2 + H2O
(1)
Y2(CO3)3 + 6HCl -> 2YCl3 + 3CO2 + 3H2O (2).
S mol CO2 thot ra (ktc) phng trnh 1 v 2 l:
nCO2
0,672
0,03mol
22,4
Theo phng trnh phn ng 1 v 2 ta thy s mol CO2 bng s mol H2O.
Trang8
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v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
n H 2O nCO2 0,03mol
O
M
.C
AH
8,96
0,4mol
22,4
nH 2
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
cha bit r phn ng xy ra l hon ton hay khng th vic s dng phng php ny cng
n gin ho cc bi ton hn.
AH
.C
O
M
(2)
Zn + CuSO4
ZnSO4 + Cu
Gi a l s mol ca FeSO4
V th tch dung dch xem nh khng thay i. Do t l v nng mol ca cc cht trong
dung dch cng chnh l t l v s mol.
Theo bi ra: CM ZnSO 4 = 2,5 CM FeSO 4 Nn ta c: nZnSO 4 = 2,5 nFeSO 4
Khi lng thanh st tng: (64 - 56)a = 8a (g)
Khi lng thanh km gim: (65 - 64)2,5a = 2,5a (g)
Khi lng ca hai thanh kim loi tng: 8a - 2,5a = 5,5a (g)
M thc t bi cho l: 0,22g
Ta c: 5,5a = 0,22 a = 0,04 (mol)
Vy khi lng Cu bm trn thanh st l: 64 * 0,04 = 2,56 (g)
v khi lng Cu bm trn thanh km l: 64 * 2,5 * 0,04 = 6,4 (g)
Dung dch sau phn ng 1 v 2 c: FeSO4, ZnSO4 v CuSO4 (nu c)
Ta c s phn ng:
0
NaOH d
FeSO4
t , kk
Fe(OH)2
1
Fe2O3
2
a
(mol)
2
a
= 3,2 (g)
2
t
CuSO4
Cu(OH)2
CuO
b
b
b
(mol)
mCuO = 80b = 14,5 - 3,2 = 11,3 (g) b = 0,14125 (mol)
Vy nCuSO 4 ban u = a + 2,5a + b = 0,28125 (mol)
CM CuSO 4 =
0,28125
= 0,5625 M
0,5
Trang10
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v**
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/iiVi]\
ViVV
.C
O
M
Bi 2: Nhng mt thanh st nng 8 gam vo 500 ml dung dch CuSO4 2M. Sau mt thi gian
ly l st ra cn li thy nng 8,8 gam. Xem th tch dung dch khng thay i th nng
mol/lit ca CuSO4 trong dung dch sau phn ng l bao nhiu?
Hng dn gii:
S mol CuSO4 ban u l: 0,5 x 2 = 1 (mol)
PTHH
(1)
Fe + CuSO4
FeSO4 + Cu
1 mol
1 mol
56g
64g lm thanh st tng thm 64 - 56 = 8 gam
M theo bi cho, ta thy khi lng thanh st tng l: 8,8 - 8 = 0,8 gam
0,8
= 0,1 mol Fe tham gia phn ng, th cng c 0,1 mol CuSO4 tham gia phn ng.
8
AH
Vy c
3,7
= 0,05 mol
74
4
S mol ca CaCO3 =
= 0,04 mol
100
S mol ca Ca(OH)2 =
Bi 3: Dn V lit CO2 (ktc) vo dung dch cha 3,7 gam Ca(OH)2. Sau phn ng thu c 4
gam kt ta. Tnh V?
Hng dn gii:
Theo bi ra ta c:
PTHH
CO2 + Ca(OH)2
CaCO3 + H2O
- Nu CO2 khng d:
Ta c s mol CO2 = s mol CaCO3 = 0,04 mol
Vy V(ktc) = 0,04 * 22,4 = 0,896 lt
- Nu CO2 d:
CO2 + Ca(OH)2
CaCO3 + H2O
0,05
0,05 mol
0,05
CO2 + CaCO3 + H2O
Ca(HCO3)2
0,01
(0,05 - 0,04) mol
Vy tng s mol CO2 tham gia phn ng l: 0,05 + 0,01 = 0,06 mol
V(ktc) = 22,4 * 0,06 = 1,344 lt
Bi 4: Ho tan 20gam hn hp hai mui cacbonat kim loi ho tr 1 v 2 bng dung dch HCl
d thu c dung dch X v 4,48 lt kh ( ktc) tnh khi lng mui khan thu c dung
dch X.
Bi gii: Gi kim loi ho tr 1 v 2 ln lt l A v B ta c phng trnh phn ng sau:
A2CO3 + 2HCl -> 2ACl + CO2 + H2O
(1)
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
4,48
0,2mol
22,4
AH
.C
O
M
Theo (1) v (2) ta nhn thy c 1 mol CO2 bay ra tc l c 1 mol mui cacbonnat chuyn
thnh mui Clorua v khi lng tng thm 11 gam (gc CO3 l 60g chuyn thnh gc Cl2 c
khi lng 71 gam).
Vy c 0,2 mol kh bay ra th khi lng mui tng l:
0,2 . 11 = 2,2 gam
Vy tng khi lng mui Clorua khan thu c l:
M(Mui khan) = 20 + 2,2 = 22,2 (gam)
Bi 5: Ho tan 10gam hn hp 2 mui Cacbonnat kim loi ho tr 2 v 3 bng dung dch HCl
d thu c dung dch A v 0,672 lt kh (ktc).
Hi c cn dung dch A thu c bao nhiu gam mui khc nhau?
Bi gii
Mt bi ton ho hc thng l phi c phn ng ho hc xy ra m c phn ng ho hc
th phi vit phng trnh ho hc l iu khng th thiu.
Vy ta gi hai kim loi c ho tr 2 v 3 ln lt l X v Y, ta c phn ng:
XCO3 + 2HCl -> XCl2 + CO2 + H2O
(1)
Y2(CO3)3 + 6HCl -> 2YCl3 + 3CO2 + 3H2O (2).
S mol cht kh to ra chng trnh (1) v (2) l:
n CO2
0,672
= 0,03 mol
22,4
Theo phn ng (1, 2) ta thy c 1 mol CO2 bay ra tc l c 1 mol mui Cacbonnat chuyn
thnh mui clorua v khi lng tng 71 - 60 = 11 (gam) ( mCO 60 g ; mCl 71g ).
3
S mol kh CO2 bay ra l 0,03 mol do khi lng mui khan tng ln:
11 . 0,03 = 0,33 (gam).
Vy khi lng mui khan thu c sau khi c cn dung dch.
m (mui khan) = 10 + 0,33 = 10,33 (gam).
Bi 6: Ho tan 20gam hn hp hai mui cacbonat kim loi ho tr 1 v 2 bng dung dch HCl
d thu c dung dch X v 4,48 lt kh ( ktc) tnh khi lng mui khan thu c dung
dch X.
Bi gii: Gi kim loi ho tr 1 v 2 ln lt l A v B ta c phng trnh phn ng sau:
Trang12
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/iiVi]\
ViVV
(1)
O
M
AH
.C
Theo (1) v (2) ta nhn thy c 1 mol CO2 bay ra tc l c 1 mol mui cacbonnat chuyn
thnh mui Clorua v khi lng tng thm 11 gam (gc CO3 l 60g chuyn thnh gc Cl2 c
khi lng 71 gam).
Vy c 0,2 mol kh bay ra th khi lng mui tng l:
0,2 . 11 = 2,2 gam
Vy tng khi lng mui Clorua khan thu c l:
M(Mui khan) = 20 + 2,2 = 22,2 (gam)
Bi 1: Nhng mt thanh kim loi M ho tr II vo 0,5 lit dd CuSO4 0,2M. Sau mt thi gian
phn ng, khi lng thanh M tng ln 0,40g trong khi nng CuSO4 cn li l 0,1M.
a/ Xc nh kim loi M.
b/ Ly m(g) kim loi M cho vo 1 lit dd cha AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 , nng mi mui l 0,1M.
Sau phn ng ta thu c cht rn A khi lng 15,28g v dd B. Tnh m(g)?
Hng dn gii:
a/ theo bi ra ta c PTHH .
M
+
CuSO4
MSO4
+
Cu
(1)
S mol CuSO4 tham gia phn ng (1) l: 0,5 ( 0,2 0,1 ) = 0,05 mol
tng khi lng ca M l:
mtng = mkl gp - mkl tan = 0,05 (64 M) = 0,40
gii ra: M = 56 , vy M l Fe
b/ ta ch bit s mol ca AgNO3 v s mol ca Cu(NO3)2. Nhng khng bit s mol ca Fe
(cht kh
Fe
Cu2+
Ag+ (cht oxh mnh)
0,1
0,1
( mol )
2+
Ag C Tnh oxi ho mnh hn Cu nn mui AgNO3 tham gia phn ng vi Fe trc.
PTHH:
Fe
+
2AgNO3
Fe(NO3)2
+
2Ag
(1)
Fe
+
Cu(NO3)2
+
Cu
(2)
Fe(NO3)2
Ta c 2 mc so snh:
- Nu va xong phn ng (1): Ag kt ta ht, Fe tan ht, Cu(NO3)2 cha phn ng.
Cht rn A l Ag th ta c: mA = 0,1 x 108 = 10,8 g
- Nu va xong c phn ng (1) v (2) th khi cht rn A gm: 0,1 mol Ag v 0,1 mol Cu
mA = 0,1 ( 108 + 64 ) = 17,2 g
theo cho mA = 15,28 g ta c: 10,8 < 15,28 < 17,2
vy AgNO3 phn ng ht, Cu(NO3)2 phn ng mt phn v Fe tan ht.
mCu to ra = mA mAg = 15,28 10,80 = 4,48 g. Vy s mol ca Cu = 0,07 mol.
+
Trang13
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v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
.C
O
M
nCO3
(1)
AH
Bi gii
Gi A v B ln lt l kim loi ho tr I v II. Ta c phng trnh phn ng sau:
(5)
(I)
(II).
Trang14
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v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
O
M
Ta c: xP + y Q = 5 (1)
x(P + 35,5n) + y(Q + 35,5m) = 5,71 (2)
Ly phng trnh (2) tr phng trnh (1) ta c:
x(P + 35,5n) + y(Q + 35,5m)- xP - yQ = 0,71
=> 35,5 (nx + my) = 0,71
1
2
0,71
.22,4 0,224 (lt)
355.2
=> th tch: V = nx + my =
.C
AH
a/ Nguyn tc:
Khi trong bi ton xy ra nhiu phn ng nhng cc phn ng cng loi v cng hiu sut th
ta thay hn hp nhiu cht thnh 1 cht tng ng. Lc lng (s mol, khi lng hay th
tch) ca cht tng ng bng lng ca hn hp.
b/ Phm vi s dng:
Trong v c, phng php ny p dng khi hn hp nhiu kim loi hot ng hay nhiu oxit
kim loi, hn hp mui cacbonat, ... hoc khi hn hp kim loi phn ng vi nc.
Bi 1: Mt hn hp 2 kim loi kim A, B thuc 2 chu k k tip nhau trong bng h thng tun
hon c khi lng l 8,5 gam. Hn hp ny tan ht trong nc d cho ra 3,36 lit kh H2 (ktc).
Tm hai kim loi A, B v khi lng ca mi kim loi.
Hng dn gii:
PTHH
2A + 2H2O
2AOH + H2 (1)
2B + 2H2O
2BOH + H2 (2)
t a = nA , b = nB
3,36
= 0,3 (mol)
22,4
8,5
M =
= 28,33
0,3
ta c: a + b = 2
M trung bnh:
(I)
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
4,48
= 0,2 (mol)
22,4
.C
O
M
0,2
= 0,4 M
0,5
AH
CM H 2 SO 4 =
Rn B l M CO3 d:
M CO3
M O + CO2 (2)
0,5
0,5
0,5
Theo phn ng (1): t 1 mol M CO3 to ra 1 mol M SO4 khi lng tng 36 gam.
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:
115,3 = mB + mmui tan - 7,2
Vy mB = 110,5 g
Theo phn ng (2): t B chuyn thnh B1, khi lng gim l:
mCO 2 = 0,5 * 44 = 22 g.
Vy mB 1 = mB - mCO 2 = 110,5 - 22 = 88,5 g
Tng s mol M CO3 l: 0,2 + 0,5 = 0,7 mol
Ta c M + 60 =
115,3
164,71 M = 104,71
0,7
24 *1 R * 2,5
R = 137
3,5
Vy R l Ba.
Bi 3: ho tan hon ton 28,4 gam hn hp 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi thuc phn
nhm chnh nhm II cn dng 300ml dung dch HCl aM v to ra 6,72 lit kh (ktc). Sau phn
ng, c cn dung dch thu c m(g) mui khan. Tnh gi tr a, m v xc nh 2 kim loi trn.
Hng dn gii:
nCO 2 =
6,72
= 0,3 (mol)
22,4
0,6
= 2M
0,3
Trang16
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/iiVi]\
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28,4
= 94,67
0,3
O
M
M = 34,67
.C
Gi A, B l KHHH ca 2 kim loi thuc phn nhm chnh nhm II, MA < MB
ta c:
MA < M = 34,67 < MB tho mn ta thy 24 < M = 34,67 < 40.
Vy hai kim loi thuc phn nhm chnh nhm II l: Mg v Ca.
Khi lng mui khan thu c sau khi c cn l: m = (34,67 + 71)* 0,3 = 31,7 gam.
AH
a/ Nguyn tc p dng:
Trong mi qu trnh bin i ho hc: S mol mi nguyn t trong cc cht c bo ton.
3,36
= 0,15 v
22,4
44a 30b
= 1,195 ---> a = 0,05 mol v b = 0,1 mol
(a b)29
0,9
.1000 = 1,5M
600
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
b/ V d:
.C
O
M
Bi 1: Ho tan 3,06g oxit MxOy bng dung dich HNO3 d sau c cn th thu c 5,22g
mui khan. Hy xc nh kim loi M bit n ch c mt ho tr duy nht.
Hng dn gii:
PTHH: MxOy + 2yHNO3 -----> xM(NO3)2y/x + yH2O
T PTP ta c t l:
AH
3,06
5,22
=
---> M = 68,5.2y/x
M x 16 y
M x 124 y
d=
MA
32n
=
= 4 ---> m = 2n.
MB
4m
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
.C
O
M
AH
Bi 2:
a/ Cho 13,8 gam (A) l mui cacbonat ca kim loi kim vo 110ml dung dch HCl 2M. Sau
phn ng thy cn axit trong dung dch thu c v th tch kh thot ra V1 vt qu 2016ml.
Vit phng trnh phn ng, tm (A) v tnh V1 (ktc).
b/ Ho tan 13,8g (A) trn vo nc. Va khuy va thm tng git dung dch HCl 1M cho ti
180ml dung dch axit, thu c V2 lit kh. Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra v tnh V2
(ktc).
Hng dn:
a/ M2CO3 + 2HCl ---> 2MCl + H2O + CO2
Theo PTHH ta c:
S mol M2CO3 = s mol CO2 > 2,016 : 22,4 = 0,09 mol
---> Khi lng mol M2CO3 < 13,8 : 0,09 = 153,33 (I)
Mt khc: S mol M2CO3 phn ng = 1/2 s mol HCl < 1/2. 0,11.2 = 0,11 mol
---> Khi lng mol M2CO3 = 13,8 : 0,11 = 125,45 (II)
T (I, II) --> 125,45 < M2CO3 < 153,33 ---> 32,5 < M < 46,5 v M l kim loi kim
---> M l Kali (K)
Vy s mol CO2 = s mol K2CO3 = 13,8 : 138 = 0,1 mol ---> VCO 2 = 2,24 (lit)
b/ Gii tng t: ---> V2 = 1,792 (lit)
Bi 3: Cho 28,1g qung lmt gm MgCO3; BaCO3 (%MgCO3 = a%) vo dung dch HCl d
thu c V (lt) CO2 ( ktc).
a/ Xc nh V (lt).
Hng dn:
a/ Theo bi ra ta c PTHH:
MgCO3 + 2HCl
(1)
MgCl2 + H2O + CO2
x(mol)
x(mol)
BaCO3 + 2HCl
BaCl2 + H2O + CO2
(2)
y(mol)
y(mol)
CO2
+
Ca(OH)2
CaCO3 + H2O
(3)
0,2(mol)
0,2(mol)
0,2(mol)
CO2 + CaCO3 + H2O
(4)
Ca(HCO3)2
m
Gi s hn hp ch c MgCO3.Vy BaCO3 = 0
S mol: nMgCO3 =
28,1
= 0,3345 (mol)
84
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
S mol: nBaCO3 =
28,1
= 0,143 (mol)
197
AH
.C
O
M
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CHUYN 2:
TAN - NNG DUNG DCH
Mt s cng thc tnh cn nh:
=
cht
.C
mct
. 100
mdm
m
C% = ct . 100%
mdd
0C
St
AH
C M .M
10 D
10 D.C %
M
Trang21
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AH
.C
O
M
Phn dng 1: Bi ton lin quan gia tan ca mt cht v nng phn trm
dung dch bo ho ca cht .
Bi 1: 400C, tan ca K2SO4 l 15. Hy tnh nng phn trm ca dung dch K2SO4 bo
ho nhit ny?
p s: C% = 13,04%
Bi 2: Tnh tan ca Na2SO4 100C v nng phn trm ca dung dch bo ho Na2SO4
nhit ny. Bit rng 100C khi ho tan 7,2g Na2SO4 vo 80g H2O th c dung dch bo
ho Na2SO4.
p s: S = 9g v C% = 8,257%
Phn dng 2: Bi ton tnh lng tinh th ngm nc cn cho thm vo dung dch
cho sn.
Cch lm:
Dng nh lut bo ton khi lng tnh:
* Khi lng dung dch to thnh = khi lng tinh th + khi lng dung dch ban u.
* Khi lng cht tan trong dung dch to thnh = khi lng cht tan trong tinh th + khi
lng cht tan trong dung dch ban u.
* Cc bi ton loi ny thng cho tinh th cn ly v dung dch cho sn c cha cng loi cht
tan.
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Tnh lng tinh th CuSO4.5H2O cn dng iu ch 500ml dung dch CuSO4 8%(D =
1,1g/ml).
p s: Khi lng tinh th CuSO4.5H2O cn ly l: 68,75g
Bi 2: iu ch 560g dung dch CuSO4 16% cn phi ly bao nhiu gam dung dch CuSO4
8% v bao nhiu gam tinh th CuSO4.5H2O.
Hng dn
* Cch 1:
Trong 560g dung dch CuSO4 16% c cha.
m
560.16
2240
=
= 89,6(g)
100
25
t mCuSO4.5H2O = x(g)
1mol(hay 250g) CuSO4.5H2O cha 160g CuSO4
Vy
m
x(g)
//
cha
160x
16x
=
(g)
250
25
(560 x).8
(560 x).2
=
(g)
100
25
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Ta c phng trnh:
(560 x).2
16x
+
= 89,6
25
25
160
.100% = 64%.
250
CuSO4). Vy C%(CuSO4) =
.C
O
M
AH
Phn dng 3: bi ton tnh lng cht tan tch ra hay thm vo khi thay i nhit
mt dung dch bo ho cho sn.
Cch lm:
- Bc 1: Tnh khi lng cht tan v khi lng dung mi c trong dung dch bo
ho t1(0c)
- Bc 2: t a(g) l khi lng cht tan A cn thm hay tch ra khi dung dch
ban u, sau khi thay i nhit t t1(0c) sang t2(0c) vi t1(0c) khc t2(0c).
- Bc 3: Tnh khi lng cht tan v khi lng dung mi c trong dung dch bo
ho t2(0c).
- Bc 4: p dng cng thc tnh tan hay nng % dung dch bo ho(C%
ddbh) tm a.
Lu : Nu yu cu tnh lng tinh th ngm nc tch ra hay cn thm vo do thay i
nhit dung dch bo ho cho sn, bc 2 ta phi t n s l s mol(n)
Bi 1: 120C c 1335g dung dch CuSO4 bo ho. un nng dung dch ln n 900C. Hi phi
thm vo dung dch bao nhiu gam CuSO4 c dung dch bo ho nhit ny.
Bit 120C, tan ca CuSO4 l 33,5 v 900C l 80.
p s: Khi lng CuSO4 cn thm vo dung dch l 465g.
Bi 2: 850C c 1877g dung dch bo ho CuSO4. Lm lnh dung dch xung cn 250C. Hi c
bao nhiu gam CuSO4.5H2O tch khi dung dch. Bit tan ca CuSO4 850C l 87,7 v
250C l 40.
p s: Lng CuSO4.5H2O tch khi dung dch l: 961,75g
Bi 3: Cho 0,2 mol CuO tan trong H2SO4 20% un nng, sau lm ngui dung dch n 100C.
Tnh khi lng tinh th CuSO4.5H2O tch khi dung dch, bit rng tan ca CuSO4
100C l 17,4g/100g H2O.
p s: Lng CuSO4.5H2O tch khi dung dch l: 30,7g
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.C
O
M
Bi 1: Cho 50ml dung dch HNO3 40% c khi lng ring l 1,25g/ml. Hy:
a/ Tm khi lng dung dch HNO3 40%?
b/ Tm khi lng HNO3?
c/ Tm nng mol/l ca dung dch HNO3 40%?
p s:
a/ mdd = 62,5g
b/ mHNO 3 = 25g
c/ CM(HNO 3 ) = 7,94M
AH
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O
M
CHUYN 3:
PHA TRN DUNG DCH
Loi 1: Bi ton pha long hay c dc mt dung dch.
AH
.C
a) c im ca bi ton:
- Khi pha long, nng dung dch gim. Cn c dc, nng dung dch tng.
- D pha long hay c c, khi lng cht tan lun lun khng thay i.
b) Cch lm:
C th p dng cng thc pha long hay c c
TH1: V khi lng cht tan khng i d pha long hay c c nn.
mdd(1).C%(1) = mdd(2).C%(2)
TH2: V s mol cht tan khng i d pha long hay c dc nn.
Vdd(1). CM (1) = Vdd(2). CM (2)
Nu gp bi ton bi ton: Cho thm H2O hay cht tan nguyn cht (A) vo 1 dung dch
(A) c nng % cho trc, c th p dng quy tc ng cho gii. Khi c th
xem:
- H2O l dung dch c nng O%
- Cht tan (A) nguyn cht cho thm l dung dch nng 100%
+ TH1: Thm H2O
Dung dch u C1(%)
C2(%) - O
C2(%)
H2O
O(%)
mdd .dau
m H 2O
mdd .dau
mctA
C1(%) C2(%)
100 - C2(%)
C1(%) C2(%)
Lu : T l hiu s nng nhn c ng bng s phn khi lng dung dch u( hay
H2O, hoc cht tan A nguyn cht) cn ly t cng hng ngang.
Bi ton p dng:
Bi 1: Phi thm bao nhiu gam H2O vo 200g dung dch KOH 20% c dung dch KOH
16%.
p s: mH2O(cn thm) = 50g
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O
M
Bi 2: C 30g dung dch NaCl 20%. Tnh nng % dung dch thu c khi:
- Pha thm 20g H2O
- C c dung dch ch cn 25g.
p s: 12% v 24%
.C
Bi 3: Tnh s ml H2O cn thm vo 2 lit dung dch NaOH 1M thu c dung dch mi c
nng 0,1M.
p s: 18 lit
AH
Bi 4: Tnh s ml H2O cn thm vo 250ml dung dch NaOH1,25M to thnh dung dch
0,5M. Gi s s ho tan khng lm thay i ng k th tch dung dch.
p s: 375ml
Bi 6: Lm bay hi 500ml dung dch HNO3 20%(D = 1,20g/ml) ch cn 300g dung dch.
Tnh nng % ca dung dch ny.
p s: C% = 40%
Loi 2:Bi ton ho tan mt ho cht vo nc hay vo mt dung dch cho sn.
a/ c im bi ton:
- Ho cht em ho tan c th l cht kh, cht lng hay cht rn.
- S ho tan c th gy ra hay khng gy ra phn ng ho hc gia cht em ho tan
vi H2O hoc cht tan trong dung dch cho sn.
b/ Cch lm:
- Bc 1: Xc nh dung dch sau cng (sau khi ho tan ho cht) c cha cht no:
Cn lu xem c phn ng gia cht em ho tan vi H2O hay cht tan trong dung
dch cho sn khng? Sn phm phn ng(nu c) gm nhng cht tan no? Nh rng:
c bao nhiu loi cht tan trong dung dch th c by nhiu nng .
. Nu cht tan c phn ng ho hc vi dung mi, ta phi tnh nng ca sn phm
phn ng ch khng c tnh nng ca cht tan .
- Bc 2: Xc nh lng cht tan(khi lng hay s mol) c cha trong dung dch
sau cng.
. Lng cht tan(sau phn ng nu c) gm: sn phm phn ng v cc cht tc dng
cn d.
. Lng sn phm phn ng(nu c) tnh theo ptt phi da vo cht tc dng
ht(lng cho ), tuyt i khng c da vo lng cht tc dng cho d (cn
tha sau phn ng)
- Bc 3: Xc nh lng dung dch mi (khi lng hay th tch)
. tnh th tch dung dch mi c 2 trng hp (tu theo bi)
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O
M
.C
AH
Bi 1: Cho 14,84g tinh th Na2CO3 vo bnh cha 500ml dung dch HCl 0,4M c dung dch
B. Tnh nng mol/lit cc cht trong dung dch B.
p s: Nng ca NaCl l: CM = 0,4M
Nng ca Na2CO3 cn d l: CM = 0,08M
Bi 2: Ho tan 5,6lit kh HCl ( ktc) vo 0,1lit H2O to thnh dung dch HCl. Tnh nng
mol/lit v nng % ca dung dch thu c.
p s:
- CM = 2,5M
- C% = 8,36%
Bi 3: Cho 200g SO3 vo 1 lt dung dch H2SO4 17%(D = 1,12g/ml) c dung dch A. Tnh
nng % dung dch A.
p s: C% = 32,985%
Bi 4: xc nh lng SO3 v lng dung dch H2SO4 49% cn ly pha thnh 450g dung dch
H2SO4 83,3%.
p s:
Khi lng SO3 cn ly l: 210g
Khi lng dung dch H2SO4 49% cn ly l 240g
Bi 5: Xc nh khi lng dung dch KOH 7,93% cn ly khi ho tan vo 47g K2O th
thu c dung dch 21%.
p s: Khi lng dung dch KOH 7,93% cn ly l 352,94g
Bi 6: Cho 6,9g Na v 9,3g Na2O vo nc, c dung dch A(NaOH 8%). Hi phi ly thm
bao nhiu gam NaOH c tinh khit 80%(tan hon ton) cho vo c dung dch 15%?
p s: - Khi lng NaOH c tinh khit 80% cn ly l 32,3g
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O
M
a/ c im bi ton.
Khi pha trn 2 hay nhiu dung dch vi nhau c th xy ra hay khng xy ra phn ng ho hc
gia cht tan ca cc dung dch ban u.
AH
.C
b/ Cch lm:
TH1: Khi trn khng xy ra phn ng ho hc(thng gp bi ton pha trn cc dung
dch cha cng loi ho cht)
Nguyn tc chung gii l theo phng php i s, lp h 2 phng trnh ton hc (1 theo
cht tan v 1 theo dung dch)
Cc bc gii:
- Bc 1: Xc nh dung dch sau trn c cha cht tan no.
- Bc 2: Xc nh lng cht tan(mct) c trong dung dch mi(ddm)
- Bc 3: Xc nh khi lng(mddm) hay th tch(Vddm) dung dch mi.
mddm
Dddm
Vddm =
+ Nu khng bit khi lng ring dung dch mi: Phi gi s s hao ht th tch do
s pha trn dung dch l khng ng k, c.
Vddm = Tng th tch cc cht lng ban u em trn
+ Nu pha trn cc dung dch cng loi cht tan, cng loi nng , c th gii bng
quy tc ng cho.
m1(g) dd C1(%)
C2 C3
C3(%)
m2(g) dd C2(%)
C3 C1
( Gi s: C1< C3 < C2 ) v s hao ht th tch do s pha trn cc dd l khng ng k.
m1
m2
C 2 C3
C 3 C1
Trang28
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O
M
V1(l) dd C1(M)
C 2 C3
C 3 C1
AH
V1
V2
C3 C1
V2(g) dd C2(M)
( Gi s: C1< C3 < C2 )
.C
C3(M)
+ Nu khng bit nng % v nng mol/lit m li bit khi lng ring (D) th p dng
s :
D 2 D3
V1(l) dd D1(g/ml)
D3(g/ml)
V2(l) dd D2(g/ml)
D3 D1
(Gi s: D1< D3 < D2) v s hao ht th tch do s pha trn cc dd l khng ng k.
V1
V2
D2 D3
D3 D1
TH2: Khi trn c xy ra phn ng ho hc cng gii qua 3 bc tng t bi ton loi 2
(Ho tan mt cht vo mt dung dch cho sn). Tuy nhin, cn lu .
- bc 1: Phi xc nh cng thc cht tan mi, s lng cht tan mi. Cn ch
kh nng c cht d(do cht tan ban u khng tc dng ht) khi tnh ton.
- bc 3: Khi xc nh lng dung dch mi (mddm hay Vddm)
Tac: mddm = Tng khi lng cc cht em trng khi lng cht kt ta hoc cht
kh xut hin trong phn ng.
- Th tch dung dch mi tnh nh trng hp 1 loi bi ton ny.
Th d: p dng phng php ng cho.
Mt bi ton thng c nhiu cch gii nhng nu bi ton no c th s dng c
phng php ng cho gii th s lm bi ton n gin hn rt nhiu.
Bi ton 1: Cn bao nhiu gam tinh th CuSO4 . 5H2O ho vo bao nhiu gam dung dch
CuSO4 4% iu ch c 500 gam dung dch CuSO4 8%.
Bi gii: Gii Bng phng php thng thng:
Khi lng CuSO4 c trong 500g dung dch bng:
Trang29
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mCuO4
500.8
40 gam
100
(1)
x.160
250
(2)
.C
m CuSO4
O
M
Gi x l khi lng tinh th CuSO4 . 5 H2O cn ly th: (500 - x) l khi lng dung dch
CuSO4 4% cn ly:
Khi lng CuSO4 c trong tinh th CuSO4 . 5H2O bng:
(500 x).4
(3)
100
AH
mCuSO4
H
C
40
250
100
8
500 x
500 x 56 14
4
64 - 8
Gii ra ta tm c: x = 33,33 gam.
Bi ton 2: Trn 500gam dung dch NaOH 3% vi 300 gam dung dch NaOH 10% th thu
c dung dch c nng bao nhiu%.
Bi gii: Ta c s ng cho:
500:
3
C%
300:
10
10 - C%
C% - 3%
=>
500 10 C
300 C 3
Gii ra ta c: C = 5,625%
Vy dung dch thu c c nng 5,625%.
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O
M
Bi ton 3: Cn trn 2 dung dch NaOH 3% v dung dch NaOH 10% theo t l khi
lng bao nhiu thu c dung dch NaOH 8%.
Bi gii:
Gi m1; m2 ln lt l khi lng ca cc dung dch cn ly. Ta c s ng cho sau:
10
10 - 8
=>
8 - 3
m1 10 8
83
m2
.C
m2
m1
AH
Vy t l khi lng cn ly l:
m1 2
m2 5
Bi ton p dng:
Bi 1: Cn pha ch theo t l no v khi lng gia 2 dung dch KNO3 c nng % tng
ng l 45% v 15% c mt dung dch KNO3 c nng 20%.
p s: Phi ly 1 phn khi lng dung dch c nng d 45% v 5 phn khi lng dung dch
c nng 15% trn vi nhau.
Bi 2: Trn V1(l) dung dch A(cha 9,125g HCl) vi V2(l) dung dch B(cha 5,475g HCl) c
2(l) dung dch D.
Coi th tch dung dch D = Tng th tch dung dch A v dung dch B.
a) Tnh nng mol/lit ca dung dch D.
b) Tnh nng mol/lit ca dung dch A, dung dch B (Bit hiu nng mol/lit ca dung
dch A tr nng mol/lit dung dch B l 0,4mol/l)
p s:
a) CM(dd D) = 0,2M
b) t nng mol/l ca dung dch A l x, dung dch B l y ta c:
x y = 0,4 (I)
V th tch: Vdd D = Vdd A + Vdd B =
0,25
0,15
+
= 2 (II)
x
y
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
.C
O
M
Bi 5: Trn 1/3 (l) dung dch HCl (dd A) vi 2/3 (l) dung dch HCl (dd B) c 1(l) dung dch
HCl mi (dd C). Ly 1/10 (l) dd C tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 d th thu c 8,61g kt
ta.
a) Tnh nng mol/l ca dd C.
b) Tnh nng mol/l ca dd A v dd B. Bit nng mol/l dd A = 4 nng d mol/l dd B.
p s: Nng mol/l ca dd B l 0,3M v ca dd A l 1,2M.
AH
Bi 6: Trn 200ml dung dch HNO3 (dd X) vi 300ml dung dch HNO3 (dd Y) c dung dch
(Z). Bit rng dung dch (Z) tc dng va vi 7g CaCO3.
a) Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch (Z).
b) Ngi ta c th iu ch dung dch (X) t dung dch (Y) bng cch thm H2O vo dung
dch (Y) theo t l th tch: VH 2 O : Vdd(Y) = 3:1.
Tnh nng mol/l dung dch (X) v dung dch (Y)? Bit s pha trn khng lm thay i
ng k th tch dung dch.
p s:
a) CMdd(Z) = 0,28M
b) Nng mol/l ca dung dch (X) l 0,1M v ca dung dch (Y) l 0,4M.
Bi 7: trung ho 50ml dung dch NaOH 1,2M cn V(ml) dung dch H2SO4 30% (D =
1,222g/ml). Tnh V?
p s: Th tch dung dch H2SO4 30% cn ly l 8,02 ml.
Bi 8: Cho 25g dung dch NaOH 4% tc dng vi 51g dung dch H2SO4 0,2M, c khi lng
ring D = 1,02 g/ml. Tnh nng % cc cht sau phn ng.
p s:
- Nng % ca dung dch Na2SO4 l 1,87%
- Nng % ca dung dch NaOH (d) l 0,26%
Bi 9:Trn ln 100ml dung dch NaHSO4 1M vi 100ml dung dch NaOH 2M c dung dch
A.
a) Vit phng trnh ho hc xy ra.
b) C cn dung dch A th thu c hn hp nhng cht no? Tnh khi lng ca mi cht.
p s: b) Khi lng cc cht sau khi c cn.
- Khi lng mui Na2SO4 l 14,2g
- Khi lng NaOH(cn d) l 4 g
Bi 10: Khi trung ho 100ml dung dch ca 2 axit H2SO4 v HCl bng dung dch NaOH, ri c
cn th thu c 13,2g mui khan. Bit rng c trung ho 10 ml dung dch 2 axit ny th cn
va 40ml dung dch NaOH 0,5M. Tnh nng mol/l ca mi axit trong dung dch ban u.
p s: Nng mol/l ca axit H2SO4 l 0,6M v ca axit HCl l 0,8M
Bi 11: Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch H2SO4 v dung dch NaOH bit rng:
C 30ml dung dch H2SO4 c trung ho ht bi 20ml dung dch NaOH v 10ml dung
dch KOH 2M.
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M
Ngc li: 30ml dung dch NaOH c trung ho ht bi 20ml dung dch H2SO4 v 5ml
dung dch HCl 1M.
p s: Nng mol/l ca dd H2SO4 l 0,7M v ca dd NaOH l 1,1M.
AH
.C
0,1 . 5 = 0,5mol.
1
. 2x = x hay 3y - x = 1 (2)
2
3 y x 1
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
70x
30 y
+
= 29 (I)
100
100
H2SO4(trong dd C) =
C %.mdd
29(50.1,27)
=
= 0,1879 mol
100 M
100.98
AH
.C
O
M
a) Nu 2 dung dch A v B c trn ln theo t l khi lng 7:3 th thu c dung dch
C c nng 29%. Tnh nng % ca dd A v dd B. Bit nng dd B bng 2,5 ln
nng dd A.
b) Ly 50ml dd C (D = 1,27g/ml) cho phn ng vi 200ml dd BaCl2 1M. Tnh khi lng
kt ta v nng mol/l ca dd E cn li sau khi tch ht kt ta, gi s th tch dd
thay i khng ng k.
Hng dn:
a/ Gi s c 100g dd C. c 100g dd C ny cn em trn 70g dd A nng x% v 30g dd B
nng y%. V nng % dd C l 29% nn ta c phng trnh:
Bi 15: Trn dd A cha NaOH v dd B cha Ba(OH)2 theo th tch bng nhau c dd C.
Trung ho 100ml dd C cn ht 35ml dd H2SO4 2M v thu c 9,32g kt ta. Tnh nng
mol/l ca cc dd A v B. Cn trn bao nhiu ml dd B vi 20ml dd A ho tan va ht 1,08g
bt Al.
p s: nH2SO4 = 0,07 mol; nNaOH = 0,06 mol; nBa(OH)2 = 0,04 mol.
CM(NaOH) = 1,2M; CM(Ba(OH) 2 ) = 0,8M.
Cn trn 20ml dd NaOH v 10ml dd Ba(OH)2 ho tan ht 1,08g bt nhm.
Trang34
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M .x
%A
= A
%B
M B .y
M A .x
.100%
M AxBy
-->
%A =
AH
.C
O
M
CHUYN 4:
XC NH CNG THC HO HC
-->
mA = nA x B y .MA.x
Lu :
- xc nh nguyn t kim loi hoc phi kim trong hp cht c th phi lp bng
xt ho tr ng vi nguyn t khi ca kim loi hoc phi kim .
- Ho tr ca kim loi (n): 1 n 4, vi n nguyn. Ring kim loi Fe phi xt thm
ho tr 8/3.
- Ho tr ca phi kim (n): 1 n 7, vi n nguyn.
- Trong oxit ca phi kim th s nguyn t phi kim trong oxit khng qu 2 nguyn t.
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Mt oxit nit(A) c cng thc NOx v c %N = 30,43%. Tm cng thc ca (A).
p s: NO2
Bi 2: Mt oxit st c %Fe = 72,41%. Tm cng thc ca oxit.
p s: Fe3O4
Bi 3: Mt oxit ca kim loi M c %M = 63,218. Tm cng thc oxit.
p s: MnO2
Bi 4: Mt qung st c cha 46,67% Fe, cn li l S.
a) Tm cng thc qung.
b) T qung trn hy iu ch 2 kh c tnh kh.
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/iiVi]\
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AH
.C
O
M
p s:
a) FeS2
b) H2S v SO2.
Bi 8: Mt oxit ca phi kim (X) c t khi hi ca (X) so vi hiro bng 22. Tm cng thc (X).
p s:
TH1: CO2
TH2: N2O
Phng php 2: Xc nh cng thc da trn phn ng.
Cch gii:
- Bc 1: t CTTQ
- Bc 2: Vit PTHH.
- Bc 3: Lp phng trnh ton hc da vo cc n s theo cch t.
- Bc 4: Gii phng trnh ton hc.
Mt s gi :
- Vi cc bi ton c mt phn ng, khi lp phng trnh ta nn p dng nh lut t
l.
- Tng qut:
C PTHH: aA + bB -------> qC + pD
(1)
Chun b:
a
b.MB
q.22,4
cho:
nA p
nB p
VC (l ) ktc
Theo(1) ta c:
a
n A. pu
b.M B
m B. pu
q.22,4
VC
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: t chy hon ton 1gam nguyn t R. Cn 0,7 lit oxi(ktc), thu c hp cht X. Tm
cng thc R, X.
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v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
p s: R l S v X l SO2
.C
O
M
Bi 2: Kh ht 3,48 gam mt oxit ca kim loi R cn 1,344 lit H2 (ktc). Tm cng thc oxit.
- y l phn ng nhit luyn.
- Tng qut:
Oxit kim loi A + (H2, CO, Al, C) ---> Kim loi A + (H2O, CO2, Al2O3, CO hoc
CO 2)
- iu kin: Kim loi A l kim loi ng sau nhm.
p s: Fe3O4
AH
Bi 3: Nung ht 9,4 gam M(NO3)n thu c 4 gam M2On. Tm cng thc mui nitrat
Hng dn:
- Phn ng nhit phn mui nitrat.
- Cng thc chung:
-----M: ng trc Mg---> M(NO2)n (r) + O2(k)
0
M(NO3)3(r) -----t ------ -----M: ( t Mg --> Cu)---> M2On (r) + O2(k) + NO2(k)
-----M: ng sau Cu------> M(r) + O2(k) + NO2(k)
p s: Cu(NO3)2.
Bi 4: Nung ht 3,6 gam M(NO3)n thu c 1,6 gam cht rn khng tan trong nc. Tm cng
thc mui nitrat em nung.
Hng dn: Theo ra, cht rn c th l kim loi hoc oxit kim loi. Gii bi ton theo 2
trng hp.
Ch :
TH: Rn l oxit kim loi.
Phn ng: 2M(NO3)n (r) ----t----> M2Om (r) + 2nO2(k) +
2n m
O2(k)
2
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/iiVi]\
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O
M
AH
.C
Bi 9: Ho tan hon ton 7,56g mt kim loi R cha r ho tr vo dung dch axit HCl, th thu
c 9,408 lit H2 (ktc). Tm kim loi R.
p s: R l Al
Bi 10: Ho tan hon ton 8,9g hn hp 2 kim loi A v B c cng ho tr II v c t l mol l 1
: 1 bng dung dch HCl dng d thu c 4,48 lit H2(ktc). Hi A, B l cc kim loi no trong
s cc kim loi sau y: ( Mg, Ca, Ba, Fe, Zn, Be )
p s:A v B l Mg v Zn.
Bi 11: Ho tan hon ton 5,6g mt kim loi ho tr II bng dd HCl thu c 2,24 lit H2(ktc).
Tm kim loi trn.
p s: Fe
Bi 12: Cho 4,48g mt oxit ca kim loi ho tr tc dng ht 7,84g axit H2SO4. Xc nh cng
thc ca oxit trn.
p s: CaO
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
ay
ay
ay
(mol)
Ta c ay = s mol CaCO3 = 0,07 mol.---> Khi lng kim loi = M.ax = 2,94g.
2M + 2nHCl ----> 2MCln + nH2 ax
0,5nax
Max 2,94
=28.Vy M = 28n ---> Ch
nax 0,0525
.C
ax 0,0525
3
x
=
= = ----> x = 3 v y = 4. Vy cng thc oxit l Fe3O4.
ay
0,07
y
4
Ta c:
O
M
(molTa c:
Tnh cht:
Cch lm:
-
AH
CHUYN 5:
BI TON V OXIT V HN HP OXIT
Bc 1: t CTTQ
Bc 2: Vit PTHH.
Bc 3: Lp phng trnh ton hc da vo cc n s theo cch t.
Bc 4: Gii phng trnh ton hc.
Bc 5: Tnh ton theo yu cu ca bi.
A - TON OXIT BAZ
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Cho 4,48g mt oxit ca kim loi ho tr tc dng ht 7,84g axit H2SO4. Xc nh cng
thc ca oxit trn.
p s: CaO
Bi 2: Ho tan hon ton 1 gam oxit ca kim loi R cn dng 25ml dung dch hn hp gm axit
H2SO4 0,25M v axit HCl 1M. Tm cng thc ca oxit trn.
p s: Fe2O3
Bi 3: C mt oxit st cha r cng thc, chia oxit ny lm 2 phn bng nhau.
a/ ho tan ht phn 1 cn dng150ml dung dch HCl 1,5M.
b/ Cho lung kh H2 d i qua phn 2 nung nng, phn ng xong thu c 4,2g st.
Tm cng thc ca oxit st ni trn.
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/iiVi]\
ViVV
p s: Fe2O3
.C
O
M
Bi 4: Ho tan hon ton 20,4g oxit kim loi A, ho tr III trong 300ml dung dch axit H2SO4 th
thu c 68,4g mui khan. Tm cng thc ca oxit trn.
p s:
Bi 5: ho tan hon ton 64g oxit ca kim loi ho tr III cn va 800ml dung dch axit
HNO3 3M. Tm cng thc ca oxit trn.
p s:
M R 96
.100% = 5,87%
M R 2016
C% =
AH
T =
NaOH
CO2
- Nu T 1 th ch c phn ng ( 2 ) v c th d CO2.
- Nu T 2 th ch c phn ng ( 1 ) v c th d NaOH.
- Nu 1 < T < 2 th c c 2 phn ng ( 1 ) v ( 2 ) trn hoc c th vit nh sau:
(1)/
CO2 + NaOH
NaHCO3
tnh theo s mol ca CO2.
(2)/
V sau : NaOH d + NaHCO3
Na2CO3 + H2O
Trang40
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/iiVi]\
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O
M
Hoc da vo s mol CO2 v s mol NaOH hoc s mol Na2CO3 v NaHCO3 to thnh sau
phn ng lp cc phng trnh ton hc v gii.
t n x,y ln lt l s mol ca Na2CO3 v NaHCO3 to thnh sau phn ng.
Bi tp p dng:
AH
.C
1/ Cho 1,68 lit CO2 (ktc) sc vo bnh ng dd KOH d. Tnh nng mol/lit ca mui thu
c sau phn ng. Bit rng th tch dd l 250 ml.
2/ Cho 11,2 lit CO2 vo 500ml dd NaOH 25% (d = 1,3g/ml). Tnh nng mol/lit ca dd mui
to thnh.
3/ Dn 448 ml CO2 (ktc) sc vo bnh cha 100ml dd KOH 0,25M. Tnh khi lng mui to
thnh.
T =
CO2
Ca (OH ) 2
- Nu T 1 th ch c phn ng ( 1 ) v c th d Ca(OH)2.
- Nu T 2 th ch c phn ng ( 2 ) v c th d CO2.
- Nu 1 < T < 2 th c c 2 phn ng (1) v (2) trn hoc c th vit nh sau:
(1)
CO2 + Ca(OH)2
CaCO3 + H2O
tnh theo s mol ca Ca(OH)2 .
(2) !
CO2 d + H2O + CaCO3
Ca(HCO3)2
Hoc da vo s mol CO2 v s mol Ca(OH)2 hoc s mol CaCO3 to thnh sau phn ng
lp cc phng trnh ton hc v gii.
t n x, y ln lt l s mol ca CaCO3 v Ca(HCO3)2 to thnh sau phn ng.
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Ho tan 2,8g CaO vo nc ta c dung dch A.
a/ Cho 1,68 lit kh CO2 hp th hon ton vo dung dch A. Hi c bao nhiu gam kt ta to
thnh.
b/ Nu cho kh CO2 sc qua dung dch A v sau khi kt thc th nghim thy c 1g kt ta th
c bao nhiu lt CO2 tham gia phn ng. ( cc th tch kh o ktc )
p s:
a/ mCaCO3 = 2,5g
b/ TH1: CO2 ht v Ca(OH)2 d. ---> VCO 2 = 0,224 lit
TH2: CO2 d v Ca(OH)2 ht ----> VCO 2 = 2,016 lit
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/iiVi]\
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O
M
.C
Bi 3: Dn V lit CO2(ktc) vo 200ml dung dch Ca(OH)2 1M, thu c 10g kt ta. Tnh v.
p s:
TH1: CO2 ht v Ca(OH)2 d. ---> VCO 2 = 2,24 lit.
TH2: CO2 d v Ca(OH)2 ht ----> VCO 2 = 6,72 lit.
AH
Bi 4: Cho m(g) kh CO2 sc vo 100ml dung dch Ca(OH)2 0,05M, thu c 0,1g cht khng
tan. Tnh m.
p s:
TH1: CO2 ht v Ca(OH)2 d. ---> mCO2 = 0,044g
TH2: CO2 d v Ca(OH)2 ht ----> mCO2 = 0,396g
Bi 5: Phi t bao nhiu gam cacbon khi cho kh CO2 to ra trong phn ng trn tc dng
vi 3,4 lit dung dch NaOH 0,5M ta c 2 mui vi mui hiro cacbonat c nng mol bng
1,4 ln nng mol ca mui trung ho.
p s:
V th tch dung dch khng thay i nn t l v nng cng chnh l t l v s mol. ---> mC
= 14,4g.
Bi 6: Cho 4,48 lit CO2(ktc) i qua 190,48ml dung dch NaOH 0,02% c khi lng ring l
1,05g/ml. Hy cho bit mui no c to thnh v khi lng lf bao nhiu gam.
p s: Khi lng NaHCO3 to thnh l: 0,001.84 = 0,084g
Bi 7: Thi 2,464 lit kh CO2 vo mt dung dch NaOH th c 9,46g hn hp 2 mui Na2CO3
v NaHCO3. Hy xc nh thnh phn khi lng ca hn hp 2 mui . Nu mun ch thu
c mui NaHCO3 th cn thm bao nhiu lt kh cacbonic na.
p s: 8,4g NaHCO3 v 1,06g Na2CO3. Cn thm 0,224 lit CO2.
Bi 8: t chy 12g C v cho ton b kh CO2 to ra tc dng vi mt dung dch NaOH 0,5M.
Vi th tch no ca dung dch NaOH 0,5M th xy ra cc trng hp sau:
a/ Ch thu c mui NaHCO3(khng d CO2)?
b/ Ch thu c mui Na2CO3(khng d NaOH)?
c/ Thu c c 2 mui vi nng mol ca NaHCO3 bng 1,5 ln nng mol ca Na2CO3?
Trong trng hp ny phi tip tc thm bao nhiu lit dung dch NaOH 0,5M na c 2
mui c cng nng mol.
p s:
a/ nNaOH = nCO2 = 1mol ---> Vdd NaOH 0,5M = 2 lit.
b/ nNaOH = 2nCO 2 = 2mol ---> Vdd NaOH 0,5M = 4 lit.
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O
M
c/
t a, b ln lt l s mol ca mui NaHCO3 v Na2CO3.
Theo PTHH ta c:
n
CO2 = a + b = 1mol (I)
V nng mol NaHCO3 bng 1,5 ln nng mol Na2CO3 nn.
.C
a
b
= 1,5 ---> a = 1,5b (II)
V
V
AH
Bi 9: Sc x(lit) CO2 (ktc) vo 400ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,5M th thu c 4,925g kt ta.
Tnh x.
p s:
TH1: CO2 ht v Ca(OH)2 d. ---> VCO 2 = 0,56 lit.
TH2: CO2 d v Ca(OH)2 ht ----> VCO 2 = 8,4 lit.
C - TON HN HP OXIT.
Cc bi ton vn dng s mol trung bnh v xc nh khong s mol ca cht.
1/ i vi cht kh. (hn hp gm c 2 kh)
Khi lng trung bnh ca 1 lit hn hp kh ktc:
MTB =
M 1V M 21V2
22 , 4V
MTB =
MTB =
Hoc: MTB =
Hoc:
M 1n1 M 2 ( n n1 )
n
M 1V1 M 2V2
V
M 1 x1 M 2 (1 x1 )
1
(x1l % ca kh th nht)
MTB ca hh =
mhh
nhh
Tnh cht 1:
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/iiVi]\
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MTB ca hh c gi tr ph thuc vo thnh phn v lng cc cht thnh phn trong hn hp.
O
M
Tnh cht 2:
MTB ca hh lun nm trong khong khi lng mol phn t ca cc cht thnh phn nh
nht v ln nht.
.C
<
mA
MA
nhh
AH
<
mB
MB
Tnh cht 3:
Hn hp 2 cht A, B c MA < MB v c thnh phn % theo s mol l a(%) v b(%)
Th khong xc nh s mol ca hn hp l.
mhh
MA
> nhh =
nA =
Nh vy nu X, Y tc dng vi A m cn d, th X, Y s c d tc dng ht vi hn hp A,
B
- Vi MA < MB, nu hn hp ch cha B th:
nB =
mhh
MB
< nhh =
mhh
M hh
mhh
M .n M 2 .n 2 ...M i .ni
= 1 1
n hh
n1 n2 ...ni
(*)
Trong :
- mhh l tng s gam ca hn hp.
- nhh l tng s mol ca hn hp.
- M1, M2, ..., Mi l khi lng mol ca cc cht trong hn hp.
- n1, n2, ..., ni l s mol tng ng ca cc cht.
Tnh cht: Mmin < M < Mmax
i vi cht kh v th tch t l vi s mol nn (*) c vit li nh sau:
M =
(**)
(***)
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v**
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/iiVi]\
ViVV
.C
(*)/
(**)/
M 1 .n1 M 2 .(n n1 )
n
M .V M 2 .(V V1 )
(**) M = 1 1
V
(***) M = M1x + M2(1 - x)
(*) M =
O
M
Trong : x1, x2, ..., xi l thnh phn phn trm (%) s mol hoc th tch (nu hn hp kh)
tng ng ca cc cht v c ly theo s thp phn, ngha l: 100% ng vi x = 1.
50% ng vi x = 0,5.
Ch : Nu hn hp ch gm c hai cht c khi lng mol tng ng M1 v M2 th cc cng
thc (*), (**) v (***) c vit di dng:
AH
(***)/
Trong : n1, V1, x l s mol, th tch, thnh phn % v s mol hoc th tch (hn hp kh)
ca cht th nht M1. n gin trong tnh ton thng thng ngi ta chn M1 > M2.
M1 M 2
v ngc li.
2
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Ho tan 4,88g hn hp A gm MgO v FeO trong 200ml dung dch H2SO4 0,45M(long)
th phn ng va , thu c dung dch B.
a/ Tnh khi lng mi oxit c trong hn hp A.
b/ tc dng va vi 2 mui trong dung dch B cn dng V(lit) dung dch NaOH 0,2M,
thu c kt ta gm 2 hirxit kim loi. Lc ly kt ta, em nung trong khng kh n khi
lng khng i thu c m gam cht rn khan(phn ng hon ton). Tnh V v m.
p s:
a/ mMgO = 2g v mFeO = 2,88g
b/ Vdd NaOH 0,2M = 0,9 lit v mrn = 5,2g.
Bi 2: ho tan 9,6g mt hn hp ng mol (cng s mol) ca 2 oxit kim loi c ho tr II
cn 14,6g axit HCl. Xc nh cng thc ca 2 oxit trn. Bit kim loi ho tr II c th l Be,
Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn, Ba.
p s: MgO v CaO
Bi 3: Kh 9,6g mt hn hp gm Fe2O3 v FeO bng H2 nhit cao, ngi ta thu c Fe
v 2,88g H2O.
a/ Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
b/ Xc nh thnh phn % ca 2 oxit trong hn hp.
c/ Tnh th tch H2(ktc) cn dng kh ht lng oxit trn.
p s:
b/ % Fe2O3 = 57,14% v % FeO = 42,86%
c/ VH 2 = 3,584 lit
Bi 4: Cho X v Y l 2 oxit ca cng mt kim loi M. Bit khi ho tan cng mt lng oxit X
nh nhau n hon ton trong HNO3 v HCl ri c cn dung dch th thu c nhng lng
Trang45
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v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
O
M
mui nitrat v clorua ca kim loi M c cng ho tr. Ngoi ra, khi lng mui nitrat khan
ln hn khi lng mui clorua khan mt lng bng 99,38% khi lng oxit em ho tan
trong mi axit. Phn t khi ca oxit Y bng 45% phn t khi ca oxit X. Xc nh cc oxit X,
Y.
p s:
AH
.C
Bi 6: Ho tan 26,2g hn hp Al2O3 v CuO th cn phi dng va 250ml dung dch H2SO4
2M. Xc nh % khi lng mi cht trong hn hp.
p s: % Al2O3 = 38,93% v % CuO = 61,07%.
Bi 7: Cho hn hp A gm 16g Fe2O3 v 6,4g CuO vo 160ml dung dch H2SO4 2M. Sau phn
ng thy cn m gam rn khng tan.
a/ Tnh m.
b/ Tnh th tch dung dch hn hp gm axit HCl 1M v axit H2SO4 0,5M cn dng phn
ng ht hn hp A.
p s:
a/ 3,2 < m < 4,8
b/ Vdd hh axit = 0,06 lit.
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/iiVi]\
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O
M
CHUYN 6:
AXIT TC DNG VI KIM LOI
AH
.C
Cch lm:
1/ Phn loi axit:
Axit loi 1: Tt c cc axit trn( HCl, H2SO4long, HBr,...), tr HNO3 v H2SO4 c.
Axit loi 2: HNO3 v H2SO4 c.
2/ Cng thc phn ng: gm 2 cng thc.
Cng thc 1: Kim loi phn ng vi axit loi 1.
Kim loi + Axit loi 1 ----> Mui + H2
iu kin:
- Kim loi l kim loi ng trc H trong dy hot ng ho hc Bktp.
- Dy hot ng ho hc Bktp.
K, Na, Ba, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Ni, Sn, Pb, H, Cu, Hg, Ag, Pt, Au.
c im:
- Mui thu c c ho tr thp(i vi kim loi c nhiu ho tr)
Th d: Fe + 2HCl ----> FeCl2 + H2
Cu + HCl ----> Khng phn ng.
Cng thc 2: Kim loi phn ng vi axit loi 2:
Kim loi + Axit loi 2 -----> Mui + H2O + Sn phm kh.
c im:
- Phn ng xy ra vi tt c cc kim loi (tr Au, Pt).
- Mui c ho tr cao nht(i vi kim loi a ho tr)
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Ho tan ht 25,2g kim loi R trong dung dch axit HCl, sau phn ng thu c 1,008 lit
H2 (ktc). Xc nh kim loi R.
p s:
Bi 2: Ho tan hon ton 6,5g mt kim loi A cha r ho tr vo dung dch axit HCl, th thu
c 2,24 lit H2 (ktc). Xc nh kim loi A.
p s: A l Zn.
Bi 3: Cho 10g mt hn hp gm Fe v Cu tc dng vi dung dch axit HCl, th thu c 3,36
lit kh H2 (ktc). Xc nh thnh phn % v khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp u.
p s: % Fe = 84%, % Cu = 16%.
Bi 4: Cho 1 hn hp gm Al v Ag phn ng vi dung dch axit H2SO4 thu c 5,6 lt H2
(ktc). Sau phn ng th cn 3g mt cht rn khng tan. Xc nh thnh phn % theo khi
lng cu mi kim loi trong hn hp ban u.
p s: % Al = 60% v % Ag = 40%.
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/iiVi]\
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AH
.C
O
M
Bi 5: Cho 5,6g Fe tc dng vi 500ml dung dch HNO3 0,8M. Sau phn ng thu c V(lit)
hn hp kh A gm N2O v NO2 c t khi so vi H2 l 22,25 v dd B.
a/ Tnh V (ktc)?
b/ Tnh nng mol/l ca cc cht c trong dung dch B.
Hng dn:
Theo bi ra ta c:
nFe = 5,6 : 56 = 0,1 mol
n
HNO3 = 0,5 . 0,8 = 0,4 mol
Mhh kh = 22,25 . 2 = 44,5
t x, y ln lt l s mol ca kh N2O v NO2.
PTHH xy ra:
8Fe + 30HNO3 ----> 8Fe(NO3)3 + 3N2O + 15H2O (1)
8mol
3mol
8x/3
x
Fe + 6HNO3 -----> Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O (2)
1mol
3mol
y/3
y
T l th tch cc kh trn l:
Gi a l thnh phn % theo th tch ca kh N2O.
Vy (1 a) l thnh phn % ca kh NO2.
Ta c: 44a + 46(1 a) = 44,5
a = 0,75 hay % ca kh N2O l 75% v ca kh NO2 l 25%
T phng trnh phn ng kt hp vi t l th tch ta c:
x = 3y (I)
8x/3 + y/3 = 0,1
(II)
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
O
M
PTHH xy ra:
Fe + 2HCl ---> FeCl2 + H2
Fe + H2SO4 ---> FeSO4 + H2
Theo phng trnh ta c: 0,25V + 0,75V = 0,08
---> V = 0,08 : 1 = 0,08 (lit)
AH
.C
Bi 7: ho tan 4,8g Mg phi dng bao nhiu ml dung dch hn hp HCl 1,5M v H2SO4
0,5M.
a/ Tnh th tch dung dch hn hp axit trn cn dng.
b/ Tnh th tch H2 thu c sau phn ng ktc.
p s:
a/ Vhh dd axit = 160ml.
b/ Th tch kh H2 l 4,48 lit.
Bi 8: Ho tan 2,8g mt kim loi ho tr (II) bng mt hn hp gm 80ml dung dch axit H2SO4
0,5M v 200ml dung dch axit HCl 0,2M. Dung dch thu c c tnh axit v mun trung ho
phi dng 1ml dung dch NaOH 0,2M. Xc nh kim loi ho tr II em phn ng.
Hng dn:
Theo bi ra ta c:
S mol ca H2SO4 l 0,04 mol
S mol ca HCl l 0,04 mol
S mol ca NaOH l 0,02 mol
t R l KHHH ca kim loi ho tr II
a, b l s mol ca kim loi R tc dng vi axit H2SO4 v HCl.
Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
Sau khi kim loi tc dng vi kim loi R. S mol ca cc axit cn li l:
S mol ca H2SO4 = 0,04 a (mol)
S mol ca HCl = 0,04 2b (mol)
Vit cc PTHH trung ho:
T PTP ta c:
S mol NaOH phn ng l: (0,04 2b) + 2(0,04 a) = 0,02
---> (a + b) = 0,1 : 2 = 0,05
Vy s mol kim loi R = (a + b) = 0,05 mol
---> MR = 2,8 : 0,05 = 56 v R c ho tr II ---> R l Fe.
Bi 9: Chia 7,22g hn hp A gm Fe v R (R l kim loi c ho tr khng i) thnh 2 phn
bng nhau:
- Phn 1: Phn ng vi dung dch HCl d, thu c 2,128 lit H2(ktc)
- Phn 2: Phn ng vi HNO3, thu c 1,972 lit NO(ktc)
a/ Xc nh kim loi R.
b/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp A.
Hng dn:
a/ Gi 2x, 2y (mol) l s mol Fe, R c trong hn hp A --> S mol Fe, R trong 1/2 hn hp A l
x, y.
Trang49
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
.C
O
M
AH
CHUYN 7:
AXIT TC DNG VI BAZ
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
T =
n
n
NaOH
H 2 SO4
AH
.C
O
M
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Cn dng bao nhiu ml dung dch KOH 1,5M trung ho 300ml dung dch A cha
H2SO4 0,75M v HCl 1,5M.
p s: Vdd KOH 1,5M = 0,6(lit)
Bi 2: trung ho 10ml dung dch hn hp axit gm H2SO4 v HCl cn dng 40ml dung dch
NaOH 0,5M. Mt khc ly 100ml dung dch axit em trung ho mt lng xt va ri c
cn th thu c 13,2g mui khan. Tnh nng mol/l ca mi axt trong dung dch ban u.
Hng dn:
t x, y ln lt l nng mol/lit ca axit H2SO4 v axit HCl
Vit PTHH.
Lp h phng trnh:
2x + y = 0,02 (I)
142x + 58,5y = 1,32 (II)
Gii phng trnh ta c:
Nng ca axit HCl l 0,8M v nng ca axit H2SO4 l 0,6M.
Bi 3: Cn bao nhiu ml dung dch NaOH 0,75M trung ho 400ml hn hp dung dch axit
gm H2SO4 0,5M v HCl 1M.
p s: VNaOH = 1,07 lit
Bi 4: trung ho 50ml dung dch hn hp axit gm H2SO4 v HCl cn dng 200ml dung
dch NaOH 1M. Mt khc ly 100ml dung dch hn hp axit trn em trung ho vi mt lng
dung dch NaOH va ri c cn th thu c 24,65g mui khan. Tnh nng mol/l ca mi
axit trong dung dch ban u.
p s: Nng ca axit HCl l 3M v nng ca axit H2SO4 l 0,5M
Bi 5: Mt dung dch A cha HCl v H2SO4 theo t l s mol 3:1, bit 100ml dung dch A c
trung ho bi 50ml dung dch NaOH c cha 20g NaOH/lit.
Trang51
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
AH
.C
O
M
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
O
M
AH
.C
Bi 7: Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch HNO3 v dung dch KOH bit:
- 20ml dung dch HNO3 c trung ho ht bi 60ml dung dch KOH.
- 20ml dung dch HNO3 sau khi tc dng ht vi 2g CuO th c trung ho ht bi 10ml
dung dch KOH.
p s: Nng dung dch HNO3 l 3M v nng dung dch KOH l 1M.
Trang53
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
O
M
CHUYN 8:
AXIT TC DNG VI MUI
AH
.C
Trang54
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
HCl
Na 2 CO3
O
M
T =
AH
.C
2HCl
2NaCl
+ H2O
CO2
Trang55
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
.C
O
M
y
2y
2y
y mol
- Dung dch thu c sau phn ng l: c 2y (mol) NaCl, c 2 cht tham gia phn ng u ht.
TH 5: x > 2y
C PTHH: Na2CO3 + 2HCl
+
CO2
2NaCl + H2O
y
2y
2y
y mol
- Dung dch thu c sau phn ng l: c 2y (mol) NaCl v cn d (x 2y) mol HCl.
AH
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
O
M
.C
C
O
AH
Bi 2:
a/ Cho 13,8 gam (A) l mui cacbonat ca kim loi kim vo 110ml dung dch HCl 2M. Sau
phn ng thy cn axit trong dung dch thu c v th tch kh thot ra V1 vt qu 2016ml.
Vit phng trnh phn ng, tm (A) v tnh V1 (ktc).
b/ Ho tan 13,8g (A) trn vo nc. Va khuy va thm tng git dung dch HCl 1M cho ti
180ml dung dch axit, thu c V2 lit kh. Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra v tnh V2
(ktc).
Hng dn:
a/ M2CO3 + 2HCl ---> 2MCl + H2O + CO2
Theo PTHH ta c:
S mol M2CO3 = s mol CO2 > 2,016 : 22,4 = 0,09 mol
---> Khi lng mol M2CO3 < 13,8 : 0,09 = 153,33 (I)
Mt khc: S mol M2CO3 phn ng = 1/2 s mol HCl < 1/2. 0,11.2 = 0,11 mol
---> Khi lng mol M2CO3 = 13,8 : 0,11 = 125,45 (II)
T (I, II) --> 125,45 < M2CO3 < 153,33 ---> 32,5 < M < 46,5 v M l kim loi kim
---> M l Kali (K)
Vy s mol CO2 = s mol K2CO3 = 13,8 : 138 = 0,1 mol ---> VCO 2 = 2,24 (lit)
b/ Gii tng t: ---> V2 = 1,792 (lit)
Bi 3: Ho tan CaCO3 vo 100ml hn hp dung dch gm axit HCl v axit H2SO4 th thu c
dung dch A v 5,6 lit kh B (ktc), c cn dung dch A th thu c 32,7g mui khan.
a/ Tnh nng mol/l mi axit trong hn hp dung dch ban u.
b/ Tnh khi lng CaCO3 dng.
Bi 4: Cho 4,2g mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr II. Ho tan vo dung dch HCl d, th c kh
thot ra. Ton b lng kh c hp th vo 100ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,46M thu c
8,274g kt ta. Tm cng thc ca mui v kim loi ho tr II.
p s:
- TH1 khi Ba(OH)2 d, th cng thc ca mui l: CaCO3 v kim loi ho tr II l Ca.
- TH2 khi Ba(OH)2 thiu, th cng thc ca mui l MgCO3 v kim loi ho tr II l Mg.
Trang57
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
44a 46b
= 45
ab
b = 0,01
AH
MTB hh G =
.C
O
M
Bi 5: Cho 1,16g mui cacbonat ca kim loi R tc dng ht vi HNO3, thu c 0,448 lit hn
hp G gm 2 kh c t khi hi so vi hiro bng 22,5. Xc nh cng thc mui (bit th tch
cc kh o ktc).
Hng dn:
Hn hp G gm c kh CO2 v kh cn li l kh X.
C dhh G/ H 2 = 22,5 --> MTB ca hh G = 22,5 . 2 = 45
M MCO 2 = 44 < 45 ---> Mkh X > 45. nhn thy trong cc kh ch c NO2 v SO2 c khi lng
phn t ln hn 45. Trong trng hp ny kh X ch c th l NO2.
t a, b ln lt l s mol ca CO2 v NO2.
Ta c h
nhh G = a + b = 0,02
a = 0,01
2m 2n
0,01 mol
n)H2O.
2MR + 60n
1,16g
PTHH:
R2(CO3)n + (4m 2n)HNO3 ---> 2R(NO3)m + (2m 2n)NO2 + nCO2 + (2m
2M R 60n
2m 2n
=
----> MR = 116m 146n
1,16
0,01
Lp bng: iu kin 1 n m 4
Theo PTHH ta c:
n
1
2
2
3
m
3
2
3
3
MR
56
Ch c cp nghim n = 2, m = 3 --> MR = 56 l ph hp. Vy R l Fe
CTHH: FeCO3
3
4
Bi 6: Cho 5,25g mui cacbonat ca kim loi M tc dng ht vi HNO3, thu c 0,336 lit kh
NO v V lit CO2. Xc nh cng thc mui v tnh V. (bit th tch cc kh c o ktc)
p s: Gii tng t bi 3 ---> CTHH l FeCO3
Bi 7: Ho tan 2,84 gam hn hp 2 mui CaCO3 v MgCO3 bng dung dch HCl d thu c
0,672 lt kh CO2 (ktc). Tnh thnh phn % s mol mi mui trong hn hp.
Bi gii
Cc PTHH xy ra:
(1)
CaCO3 + 2HCl
CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
(2)
MgCO3 + 2HCl
MgCl2 + CO2 + H2O
T (1) v (2) nhh = nCO 2 =
0,672
= 0,03 (mol)
22,4
2,84
x = 0,67
0,03
Trang58
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
2 mui
174
= 116 (g/mol) 2M + 60 < M < 2M + 80
1,5
500.3
= 1,5 (mol)
1000
AH
.C
O
M
Bi 8: Ho tan 174 gam hn hp gm 2 mui cacbonat v sunfit ca cng mt kim loi kim
vo dung dch HCl d. Ton b kh thot ra c hp th ti thiu bi 500 ml dung dch KOH
3M.
a/ Xc nh kim loi kim.
b/ Xc nh % s mol mi mui trong hn hp ban u.
Bi gii
cc PTHH xy ra:
(1)
M2CO3 + 2HCl
2MCl + CO2 + H2O
(2)
M2SO3 + 2HCl
2MCl + SO2 + H2O
Ton b kh CO2 v SO2 hp th mt lng ti thiu KOH sn phm l mui axit.
(3)
CO2 + KOH
KHCO3
(4)
SO2 + KOH
KHSO3
T (1), (2), (3) v (4)
Trang59
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
O
M
CHUYN 9:
DUNG DCH BAZ TC DNG VI MUI.
AH
.C
Bi tp: Cho t t dung dch NaOH (hoc KOH) hay Ba(OH)2 (hoc Ca(OH)2) vo dung dch
AlCl3 th c cc PTHH sau.
3NaOH + AlCl3
Al(OH)3 +
3NaCl ( 1 )
(2)
NaOH d + Al(OH)3
NaAlO2 + 2H2O
4NaOH
+ AlCl3
NaAlO2
+ 3NaCl + 2H2O ( 3 )
v:
3Ba(OH)2 + 2AlCl3
3BaCl2 ( 1 )
2Al(OH)3 +
(2)
Ba(OH)2 d + 2Al(OH)3
Ba(AlO2)2 + 4H2O
(3)
4Ba(OH)2
+ 2AlCl3
Ba(AlO2)2 + 3BaCl2 + 4H2O
Ngc li: Cho t t dung dch AlCl3 vo dung dch NaOH (hoc KOH) hay Ba(OH)2 (hoc
Ca(OH)2) ch c PTHH sau:
AlCl3 + 4NaOH
NaAlO2
+ 3NaCl + 2H2O
v 2AlCl3 + 4Ba(OH)2 ----> Ba(AlO2)2 + 3BaCl2 + 4H2O
Bi tp: Cho t t dung dch NaOH (hoc KOH) hay Ba(OH)2 (hoc Ca(OH)2) vo dung dch
Al2(SO4)3 th c cc PTHH sau.
(1)
6NaOH + Al2(SO4)3
2Al(OH)3 + 3Na2SO4
(2)
NaOH d
+ Al(OH)3
NaAlO2 + 2H2O
8NaOH + Al2(SO4)3
2NaAlO2 + 3Na2SO4 + 4H2O ( 3 )
V:
3Ba(OH)2 + Al2(SO4)3
2Al(OH)3 +
3BaSO4 ( 1 )
(2)
Ba(OH)2 d + 2Al(OH)3
Ba(AlO2)2 + 4H2O
(3)
4Ba(OH)2
+ Al2(SO4)3
Ba(AlO2)2 + 3BaSO4 + 4H2O
Ngc li: Cho t t dung dch Al2(SO4)3 vo dung dch NaOH (hoc KOH) hay Ba(OH)2
(hoc Ca(OH)2) th c PTHH no xy ra?
Al2(SO4)3 + 8NaOH
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
AH
.C
O
M
Al(OH)3
(3)
Al(OH)3 + OH
AlO2 + 2H2O
(4)
Trng hp 1: c kt ta ln nht th ch c cc phn ng (1,2,3 ).
Vy tng s mol OH- dng l: 0,11 + 0,06 x 2 + 0,09 x 3 = 0,5 mol (**)
T (*) v (**) ta c Th tch dd cn dng l: V = 0,5 : 0,04 = 12,5 (lit)
mKt ta = 0,06 x 58 + 0,09 x 78 = 10,5 g
Trng hp 2: c kt ta nh nht th ngoi cc p (1, 2, 3) th cn c p (4) na.
Khi lng Al(OH)3 tan ht ch cn li Mg(OH)2, cht rn cn li l: 0,06 x 58 = 3,48 g
V lng OH- cn dng thm cho p (4) l 0,09 mol.
Vy tng s mol OH- tham gia p l: 0,5 + 0,09 = 0,59 mol
Th tch dd C cn dng l: 0,59/ 0,04 = 14,75 (lit)
Bi 2: Cho 200ml dung dch NaOH vo 200g dung dch Al2(SO4)3 1,71%. Sau phn ng thu
c 0,78g kt ta. Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch NaOH tham gia phn ng.
p s:
TH1: NaOH thiu
S mol NaOH = 3s mol Al(OH)3 = 3. 0,01 = 0,03 mol ---> CM NaOH = 0,15M
TH2: NaOH d ---> CM NaOH = 0,35M
Bi 3: Cho 400ml dung dch NaOH 1M vo 160ml dung dch hn hp cha Fe2(SO4)3 0,125M
v Al2(SO4)3 0,25M. Sau phn ng tch kt ta em nung n khi lng khng i c cht
rn C.
a/ Tnh mrn C.
b/ Tnh nng mol/l ca mui to thnh trong dung dch.
p s:
a/ mrn C = 0,02 . 160 + 0,02 . 102 = 5,24g
b/ Nng ca Na2SO4 = 0,18 : 0,56 = 0,32M v nng ca NaAlO2 = 0,07M
Bi 4: Cho 200g dung dch Ba(OH)2 17,1% vo 500g dung dch hn hp (NH4)2SO4 1,32% v
CuSO4 2%. Sau khi kt thc tt c cc phn ng ta thu c kh A, kt ta B v dung dch C.
a/ Tnh th tch kh A (ktc)
b/ Ly kt ta B ra sch v nung nhit cao n khi lng khng i th c bao nhiu gam
rn?
c/ Tnh nng % ca cc cht trong C.
p s:
a/ Kh A l NH3 c th tch l 2,24 lit
b/ Khi lng BaSO4 = 0,1125 . 233 = 26,2g v mCuO = 0,0625 . 80 = 5g
c/ Khi lng Ba(OH)2 d = 0,0875 . 171 = 14,96g
mdd = Tng khi lng cc cht em trn - mkt ta - mkh
Trang61
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
AH
.C
O
M
Bi 6: Cho 200ml dung dch NaOH x(M) tc dng vi 120 ml dung dch AlCl3 1M, sau cng
thu c 7,8g kt ta. Tnh tr s x?
p s:
- TH1: Nng AlCl3 = 1,5M
- TH2: Nng AlCl3 = 1,9M
Bi 7: Cho 9,2g Na vo 160ml dung dch A c khi lng ring 1,25g/ml cha Fe2(SO4)3
0,125M v Al2(SO4)3 0,25M. Sau khi phn ng kt thc ngi ta tch kt ta v em nung nng
n khi lng khng i thu c cht rn.
a/ Tnh khi lng cht rn thu c.
b/ Tnh nng % ca dung dch mui thu c.
p s:
a/ mFe2O3 = 3,2g v mAl2O3 = 2,04g.
b/ Nng % ca cc dung dch l: C%(Na2SO4) = 12,71% v C%(NaAlO2) = 1,63%
Trang62
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
O
M
CHUYN 10:
HAI DUNG DCH MUI TC DNG VI
NHAU.
AH
.C
Cng thc 1:
Mui + Mui ---> 2 Mui mi
iu kin:
- Mui phn ng: tan hoc tan t trong nc.
- Sn phm phi c cht:
+ Kt ta.
+ Hoc bay hi
+ Hoc cht in li yu. H2O
V d: BaCl2 + Na2SO4 ---> BaSO4 + 2NaCl
Cng thc 2:
Cc mui ca kim loi nhm, km, st(III) ---> Gi chung l mui A
Phn ng vi cc mui c cha cc gc axit: CO3, HCO3, SO3, HSO3, S, HS, AlO2 ---> Gi
chung l mui B.
Phn ng xy ra theo quy lut:
Mui A + H2O ----> Hiroxit (r) + Axit
Axit + Mui B ----> Mui mi + Axit mi.
V d: FeCl3 phn ng vi dung dch Na2CO3
2FeCl3 + 6H2O -----> 2Fe(OH)3 + 6HCl
6HCl + 3Na2CO3 ---> 6NaCl + 3CO2 + 3H2O
PT tng hp:
2FeCl3 + 3H2O + 3Na2CO3 ---> 2Fe(OH)3 + 3CO2 + 6NaCl.
Cng thc 3:
Xy ra khi gp st, phn ng xy ra theo quy tc 2.
V d:
AgNO3 + Fe(NO3)2 ---> Fe(NO3)3 + Ag.
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
AH
S mol MgCl2 =
.C
O
M
Bi 3: Cho 500ml dung dch A gm BaCl2 v MgCl2 phn ng vi 120ml dung dch Na2SO4
0,5M d, thu c 11,65g kt ta. em phn dung dch c cn thu c 16,77g hn hp mui
khan. Xc nh nng mol/l cc cht trong dung dch.
Hng dn:
Phn ng ca dung dch A vi dung dch Na2SO4.
BaCl2 + Na2SO4 ----> BaSO4 + 2NaCl
0,05
0,05
0,05 0,1
mol
Theo (1) s mol BaCl2 trng dd A l 0,05 mol v s mol NaCl = 0,1 mol.
S mol Na2SO4 cn d l 0,06 0,05 = 0,01 mol
Bi 4: Cho 31,84g hn hp NaX, NaY (X, Y l 2 halogen 2 chu k lin tip) vo dung dch
AgNO3 d, thu c 57,34g kt ta. Tm cng thc ca NaX, NaY v tnh thnh phn % theo
khi lng ca mi mui.
Hng dn;
* TH1: X l Flo(F) --> Y l Cl. Vy kt ta l AgCl.
Hn hp 2 mui cn tm l NaF v NaCl
PTHH: NaCl + AgNO3 ---> AgCl + NaNO3
Theo PT (1) th nNaCl = nAgCl = 0,4 mol ---> %NaCl = 73,49% v %NaF = 26,51%.
* TH2: X khng phi l Flo(F).
Gi Na X l cng thc i din cho 2 mui.
PTHH:
Na X + AgNO3 --->
Ag X
+ NaNO3
(23 + X )
(108 + X )
31,84g
57,34g
Theo PT(2) ta c:
23 X
108 X
=
---> X = 83,13
31,84
57,34
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
AH
.C
O
M
Trang65
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
O
M
CHUYN 11:
BI TON HN HP KIM LOI.
nhit cao
Kh phn ng
AH
.C
K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Zn Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Au Pt
Khng tc dng vi nc nhit thng
Tc dng vi nc
K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Zn Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Au Pt
Khng tc dng.
K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Zn Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Au Pt
Kim loi ng trc y kim loi ng sau ra khi mui
K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Zn Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Au Pt
H2, CO khng kh c oxit
Ch :
- Cc kim loi ng trc Mg phn ng vi nc nhit thng to thnh dd Kim v
gii phng kh Hidro.
- Tr Au v Pt, cc kim loi khc u c th tc dng vi HNO3 v H2SO4 c nhng
khng gii phng Hidro.
K
Na Ba Ca
NGHA CA DY HOT NG HO HC
Mg Al Zn Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Hg Ag
Pt
Au
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
O
M
Ba + 2H2O
Ba(OH)2 +
Ba(OH)2 + CuSO4
Cu(OH)2
Trc tin:
AH
.C
- Kim loi ng trc H tc dng vi dung dch axit HCl, H2SO4 long to mui v gii
phng H2.
Kim loi + Axit ----> Mui + H2
Lu : Kim loi trong mui c ho tr thp (i vi kim loi a ho tr)
- K t Mg tr i kim loi ng trc y c kim loi ng sau ra khi mui ca chng.
theo quy tc:
Cht kh mnh + cht oxi ha mnh
cht oxi ho yu + cht kh yu.
Lu : nhng kim loi u dy (kim loi tc dng c vi nc) th khng tun theo quy tc
trn m n xy ra theo cc bc sau:
Kim loi kim (hoc kim th) + H2O
Dung dch baz + H2
Sau : Dung dch baz + dung dch mui
Mui mi + Baz mi (*)
iu kin(*): Cht to thnh phi c t nht 1 cht kt ta (khng tan).
VD: cho Ba vo dung dch CuSO4.
H2
+
BaSO4
MTB =
M 1V M 21V2
22 , 4V
MTB =
Hoc:
Hoc:
MTB =
MTB =
M 1V1 M 2V2
V
M 1n1 M 2 ( n n1 )
n
M 1 x1 M 2 (1 x1 )
1
(x1l % ca kh th nht)
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
O
M
hh
.C
nhh
<
mA
MA
AH
<
mB
MB
Tnh cht 3:
Hn hp 2 cht A, B c MA < MB v c thnh phn % theo s mol l a(%) v b(%)
Th khong xc nh s mol ca hn hp l.
mhh
MA
> nhh =
nA =
Nh vy nu X, Y tc dng vi A m cn d, th X, Y s c d tc dng ht vi hn hp A,
B
- Vi MA < MB, nu hn hp ch cha B th:
nB =
mhh
MB
< nhh =
mhh
M hh
M +
n HCl
M Cl n +
22,2
22,2
M
M
13,44
22,2 n
Theo bi ra:
. = nH 2 =
= 0,6 (mol)
22,4
M 2
n
H2
2
22,2 n
.
M 2
Trang68
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
22,22 x 3(1 x)
= 0,6
56 x 27(1 x).2
O
M
C
O
35,5.2,4
22,2
( M + 35,5. n ) = 22,2 +
.22,2 = 64,8 gam.
44,4
M
AH
m=
.C
V d 2: Khi cho 3,1 gam hn hp hai kim loi kim thuc hai chu k lin tip tc dng ht vi
nc ta thu c 1,12 lt H2 (ktc). Xc nh hai kim loi v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng
ca hn hp.
Bi gii
V phn ng xy ra hon ton nn ta c th thay th hn hp hai kim loi kim bng mt kim
loi tng ng A c ho tr 1 (kim loi kim)
(1)
2 A + 2H2O
2 A OH + H2
Theo (1) n A = 2nH 2 = 2
A =
1,12
= 0,1 (mol)
22,4
3,1
= 31 g/mol
0,1
Na = 23 < A = 31 < K = 39
23 39
Mt khc: A = 31 =
s mol hai cht bng nhau ngha l trong 1 mol hn hp
2
0,5.23
.100 = 37,1% v % K = (100 - 37,1)% = 62,9%.
31
Nhn xt: S dng cc i lng trung bnh s cho php chng ta gii quyt nhanh cc
bi tp ho hc.
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
O
M
a/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp.
b/ Tnh th tch dung dch axit HCl dng.
p s:
a/
b/
.C
AH
Bi 4: Ho tan hon ton 15,3g hn hp gm Mg v Zn bng dung dch axit HCl 1M th thu
c 6,72 lit H2 (ktc).
a/ Xc nh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u.
b/ Tnh th tch dung dch axit HCl cn dng.
p s:
a/ mMg = 2,46g v mZn = 12,84g v
b/ Vdd HCl 1M = 0,6 lit.
Bi 5: A l hn hp gm: Ba, Al, Mg.
- Ly m gam A cho tc dng vi nc ti khi ht phn ng thy thot ra 3,36 lit H2 (ktc).
- Ly m gam A cho vo dung dch xt d ti khi ht phn ng thy thot ra 6,72 lt H2
(ktc).
- Ly m gam A ho tan bng mt lng va dung dch axit HCl th thu c mt dung
dch v 8,96 lit H2 (ktc).
Hy tnh m gam v thnh phn % theo khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp.
p s:
m = 24,65g trong mBa = 19,55g, mAl = 2,7g, mMg = 2,4g.
Bi 3: Ho tan hn hp gm Fe, Zn trong 500ml dung dch HCl 0,4M c dung dch A v
10,52g mui khan.
a/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi kim loi.
b/ Tnh th tch dung dch B gm NaOH 0,02M v Ba(OH)2 cn dng trung ho dung dch
A.
p s:
a/ %Fe = 46,28% v %Zn = 53,72%
b/ Vdd B = 1(lit)
Bi 7: Ho tan ht 12g hn hp A gm Fe v kim loi M (ho tr II khng i) vo 200ml dung
dch HCl 3,5M thu c 6,72 lit kh (ktc). Mt khc ly 3,6g kim loi M tan ht vo 400ml
dung dch H2SO4 nng 1M th H2SO4 cn d.
a/ Xc nh kim loi M.
b/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca Fe, M trong hn hp.
p s:
a/ M l Mg.
b/ %Mg = 30% v %Fe = 70%.
Trang70
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v**
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/iiVi]\
ViVV
AH
.C
O
M
+
3+
2M +
6H
2M
+ 3H2
(2)
+
2Trong dd D c cc Ion: H d , Cl , SO4 , Mg2+, M3+.
Trung ho dd D bng Ba(OH)2.
H+
+ OH
H2O
(3)
2+
2Ba
+ SO4
BaSO4
(4)
Theo bi ra ta c:
S mol OH- = 2 s mol Ba(OH)2 = 0,05 . 1 . 2 = 0,1 mol
S mol Ba2+ = s mol Ba(OH)2 = 0,05 mol.
b/ S mol H+ trong dd B = 0,125C1 + 2 . 0,125C2
s mol H+ tham gia cc phn ng (1,2,3) l: 0,0625 . 2 + 0,1 = 0,225 mol
( V s mol ca H2 thot ra = 0,0625 mol )
Ta c: 0,125C1 + 2 . 0,125C2 = 0,225 (*)
Mt khc , s mol Ba2+ = 0,05 mol > s mol ca BaSO4 = 0,0375 mol.
Nh vy chng t SO42- phn ng ht v Ba2+ cn d.
Do s mol ca SO42- = s mol ca BaSO4 = 0,0375 mol.
Nn ta c nng mol/ lit ca dd H2SO4 l: C2 = 0,0375 : 0,125 = 0,3M
V s mol ca H2SO4 = s mol ca SO42- = 0,0375 (mol)
Thay v ( * ) ta c: C1 = 1,2 M
c/ PTP ho tan M trong HCl.
Trang71
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v**
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/iiVi]\
ViVV
O
M
.C
2M + 6HCl
2MCl3 + 3H2 (5)
S mol HCl = 0,2 x 1 = 0,2 mol
Theo (5): S mol ca kim loi M 0,2 : 3 (V theo bi ra M b ho tan ht)
Do NTK ca M l: AM 1,35 : ( 0,2 : 3 ) = 20,25
V M l kim loi ho tr III nn M phi l: Al (nhm)
Gi x, y ln lt l s mol ca Mg v Al trong 1,275 g hn hp A
Ta c: 24x + 27y = 1,275 (I)
Theo PT (1, 2): x + 1,5 y = 0,0625 (II)
Gii h pt (I) v (II) ta c: x = y = 0,025.
Vy khi lng ca cc cht trong hn hp l: mMg = 0,6 g v mAl = 0,675 g.
AH
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
O
M
.C
C
O
AH
O
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
O
M
.C
C
O
AH
a, b ln lt l s mol ca A v A2O
Vit PTHH:
Theo phng trnh phn ng ta c:
a.MA + b(2MA + 16) = 17,2 (I)
(a + 2b)(MA + 17) = 22,4 (II)
Ly (II) (I): 17a + 18b = 5,2 (*)
Khi lng trung bnh ca hn hp:
MTB = 17,2 : (a + b)
Tng ng: MTB = 18.17,2 : 18(a + b).
Nhn thy: 18.17,2 : 18(a + b) < 18.17,2 : 17a + 18b = 18.17,2 : 5,2
---> MTB < 59,5
Ta c: MA < 59,5 < 2MA + 16 ---> 21,75 < MA < 59,5.
Vy A c th l: Na(23) hoc K(39).
Gii h PT ton hc v tnh ton theo yu cu ca bi.
p s:
a/
- Vi A l Na th %Na = 2,67% v %Na2O = 97,33%
- Vi A l K th %K = 45,3% v %K2O = 54,7%
b/
- TH: A l Na ----> Vdd axit = 0,56 lit
- TH: A l K -----> Vdd axit = 0,4 lit.
Bi 2: Ho tan hon ton 3,1g hn hp 2 kim loi kim trong nc thu c dung dch A.
trung ho dung dch A phi dng 50ml dung dch HCl 2M, sau phn ng thu c dung dch B.
a/ Nu c cn dung dch B th s thu c bao nhiu gam hn hp mui khan?
b/ Xc nh 2 kim loi kim trn, bit rng t l s mol ca chng trong hn hp l 1 : 1.
p s:
a/ mMui = 6,65g
b/ 2 kim loi l: Na v K.
Bi 3: Cho 6,2g hn hp 2 kim loi kim thuc 2 chu k lin tip trong bng tun hon phn
ng vi H2O d, thu c 2,24 lit kh (ktc) v dung dch A.
a/ Tnh thnh phn % v khi lng tng kim loi trong hn hp ban u.
b/ Sc CO2 vo dung dch A thu c dung dch B. Cho B phn ng vi BaCl2 d thu c
19,7g kt ta. Tnh th tch kh CO2 b hp th.
Hng dn:
a/ t R l KHHH chung cho 2 kim loi kim cho
MR l khi lng trung bnh ca 2 kim loi kim A v B, gi s MA < MB
---.> MA < MR < MB .
Vit PTHH xy ra:
Theo phng trnh phn ng:
nR = 2nH 2 = 0,2 mol. ----> MR = 6,2 : 0,2 = 31
Theo ra: 2 kim loi ny thuc 2 chu k lin tip, nn 2 kim loi l:
A l Na(23) v B l K(39)
Trang74
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v**
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/iiVi]\
ViVV
.C
O
M
AH
Bi 4: Hai kim loi kim A v B c khi lng bng nhau. Cho 17,94g hn hp A v B tan
hon ton trong 500g H2O thu c 500ml dung dch C(d = 1,03464g/ml). Tm A v B.
Bi 5: Mt hn hp X gm 2 kim loi A, B thuc 2 chu k lin tip trong bng tun hon, c
khi lng l 8,5g. Cho X phn ng ht vi nc cho ra 3,36 lit kh H2(ktc)
a/ Xc nh 2 kim loi v tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u.
b/ Thm vo 8,5g hn hp X trn, 1 kim loi kim th D c hn hp Y, cho Y tc dng vi
nc thu c dung dch E v 4,48 lit kh H2 (ktc). C cn dung dch E ta c cht rn Z c
khi lng l 22,15g. Xc nh D v khi lng ca D.
p s:
a/ mNa = 4,6g v mK = 3,9g.
b/ kim loi D l Ba. --> mBa = 6,85g.
Bi 6: Ho tan 23g mt hn hp gm Ba v 2 kim loi kim A, B thuc 2 chu k k tip nhau
trong bng tun hon vo nc thu c dung dch D v 5,6 lit H2 (ktc).
Nu thm 180ml dung dch Na2SO4 0,5M vo dung dch D th cha kt ta ht c
Ba(OH)2. Nu thm 210ml dung dch Na2SO4 0,5M vo dung dch D th dung dch sau phn
ng cn d Na2SO4. Xc nh 2 kim loi kim trn.
p s: 2 kim loi kim l Na v K.
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
AH
.C
O
M
x
x
x
x
(mol)
Fe
+
CuSO4
FeSO4
+
Cu (2)
Trang76
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v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
.C
O
M
y
y
y
y
(mol)
V khi lng dung dch gim 0,11 g. Tc l khi lng 2 thanh kim loi tng 0,11 g
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c: (160y 152y) + (160x 161x) = 0,11
Hay
8y x = 0,11 (I)
Mt khc: nng mui Zn = 2,5 ln nng mui Fe
* Nu l nng mol/lit th ta c x : y = 2,5 (II) (V th tch dung dch khng i)
* Nu l nng % th ta c 161x : 152y = 2,5 (II) / (Khi lng dd chung)
Gii h (I) v (II) ta c:
x = 0,02 mol v y = 0,05 mol .
mCu = 3,2 g v mZn = 1,3 g
/
Gii h (I) v (II) ta c:
x = 0,046 mol v y = 0,0195 mol
mCu = 2,944 g v mZn = 1,267 g
AH
Bi ton 1: Nhng 2 kim loi vo cng 1 dung dch mui ca kim loi hot ng ho hc yu
hn (cc kim loi tham gia phn ng phi t Mg tr i).
Trng hp 1: Nu cho 2 kim loi trn vo 2 ng nghim ng cng 1 dung dch mui th lc
ny c 2 kim loi ng thi cng xy ra phn ng.
V d: Cho 2 kim loi l Mg v Fe vo 2 ng nghim cha dung dch CuSO4
Xy ra ng thi cc phn ng:
Mg
+
CuSO4
MgSO4
+ Cu
Fe
+
CuSO4
FeSO4
+
Cu
Trng hp 2:
- Nu cho hn hp gm 2 kim loi l: Mg v Fe vo cng mt ng nghim th lc ny xy ra
phn ng theo th t ln lt nh sau:
Mg
+
CuSO4
MgSO4
+ Cu ( 1 )
- Phn ng (1) s dng li khi CuSO4 tham gia phn ng ht v Mg dng vi lng va
hoc cn d. Lc ny dung dch thu c l MgSO4; cht rn thu c l Fe cha tham gia
phn ng Cu va c sinh ra, c th c Mg c d.
- C phn ng (2) xy ra khi CuSO4 sau khi tham gia phn ng (1) cn d (tc l Mg ht)
Fe
+
CuSO4
FeSO4
+
Cu ( 2 )
- Sau phn ng (2) c th xy ra cc trng hp l:
+ C Fe v CuSO4 u ht: dung dch thu c sau 2 phn ng l: MgSO4, FeSO4; cht rn
thu c l Cu.
+ Fe cn d v CuSO4 ht: dung dch thu c sau 2 phn ng l: MgSO4, FeSO4; cht rn
thu c l Cu v c th c Fe d.
+ CuSO4 cn d v Fe ht: dung dch thu c sau 2 phn ng l : MgSO4 , FeSO4 v c th
c CuSO4 cn d ; cht rn thu c l Cu.
Gii thch: Khi cho 2 kim loi trn vo cng 1 ng nghim cha mui ca kim loi hot ng
ho hc yu hn th kim loi no hot ng ho hc mnh hn s tham gia phn ng trc vi
mui theo quy c sau:
Kim loi mnh + Mui ca kim loi yu hn
Mui ca kim loi mnh hn +
Kim loi yu
Trang77
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v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
O
M
Trng hp ngoi l:
Fe ( r ) + 2FeCl3 ( dd )
3FeCl2 ( dd )
Cu ( r ) + 2FeCl3 ( dd )
2FeCl2 ( dd ) + CuCl2 ( dd )
.C
AH
Nn c cc phn ng.
Mg + 2AgNO3
Mg(NO3)2 + 2Ag (1)
Mg + Cu(NO3)2
Cu(NO3)2 + Cu (2)
Fe + 2AgNO3
Fe(NO3)2 + 2Ag (3)
Fe + Cu(NO3)2
Fe(NO3)2 + Cu (4)
Cu b
C cc trng hp c th xy ra nh sau.
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
.C
O
M
AH
Bi tp: Mt thanh kim loi M ho tr II c nhng vo trong 1 lit dung dch CuSO4 0,5M.
Sau mt thi gian ly thanh M ra v cn li, thy khi lng ca thanh tng 1,6g, nng
CuSO4 gim cn bng 0,3M.
a/ Xc nh kim loi M
b/ Ly thanh M c khi lng ban u bng 8,4g nhng vo hh dung dch cha AgNO3 0,2M
v CuSO4 0,1M. Thanh M c tan ht khng? Tnh khi lng cht rn A thu c sau phn ng
v nng mol/lit cc cht c trong dung dch B (gi s th tch dung dch khng thay i)
Hng dn gii:
a/ M l Fe.
b/ s mol Fe = 0,15 mol; s mol AgNO3 = 0,2 mol; s mol CuSO4 = 0,1 mol.
(cht kh
Fe
Cu2+
0,15
0,1
0,2
( mol )
2+
Ag C Tnh o xi ho mnh hn Cu nn mui AgNO3 tham gia phn ng vi Fe trc.
PTHH :
Fe
+
2AgNO3
Fe(NO3)2
+
2Ag
(1)
Fe
+
CuSO4
FeSO4
+
Cu
(2)
Theo bi ra ta thy, sau phn ng (1) th Ag NO3 phn ng ht v Fe cn d: 0,05 mol
Sau phn ng (2) Fe tan ht v cn d CuSO4 l: 0,05 mol
Dung dch thu c sau cng l: c 0,1 mol Fe(NO3)2; 0,05 mol FeSO4 v 0,05 mol CuSO4 d
Cht rn A l: c 0,2 mol Ag v 0,05 mol Cu
mA = 24,8 g
V th tch dung dch khng thay i nn V = 1 lit
Vy nng ca cc cht sau phn ng l :
CM [ Fe (NO 3 ) 2 ] = 0,1M ; CM [ CuSO 4 ] d = 0,05M ; CM [ Fe SO 4 ] = 0,05M
+
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Nhng mt thanh kim loi M ho tr II vo 0,5 lit dd CuSO4 0,2M. Sau mt thi gian
phn ng, khi lng thanh M tng ln 0,40 g trong khi nng CuSO4 cn li l 0,1M.
a/ Xc nh kim loi M.
b/ Ly m(g) kim loi M cho vo 1 lit dd cha AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 , nng mi mui l 0,1M.
Sau phn ng ta thu c cht rn A khi lng 15,28g v dd B. Tnh m(g)?
Trang79
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v**
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/iiVi]\
ViVV
.C
O
M
Hng dn gii:
a/ theo bi ra ta c PTHH .
Fe
+
CuSO4
FeSO4
+
Cu
(1)
S mol Cu(NO3)2 tham gia phn ng (1) l: 0,5 (0,2 0,1) = 0,05 mol
tng khi lng ca M l:
mtng = mkl gp - mkl tan = 0,05 (64 M) = 0,40
gii ra: M = 56, vy M l Fe
b/ ta ch bit s mol ca AgNO3 v s mol ca Cu(NO3)2. Nhng khng bit s mol ca Fe
(cht kh
Fe
Cu2+
Ag+ (cht oxh mnh)
0,1
0,1
( mol )
2+
Ag C Tnh oxi ho mnh hn Cu nn mui AgNO3 tham gia phn ng vi Fe trc.
PTHH:
Fe
+
2AgNO3
Fe(NO3)2
+
2Ag
(1)
Fe
+
CuSO4
FeSO4
+
Cu
(2)
Ta c 2 mc so snh:
- Nu va xong phn ng (1): Ag kt ta ht, Fe tan ht, Cu(NO3)2 cha phn ng.
Cht rn A l Ag th ta c: mA = 0,1 x 108 = 10,8 g
- Nu va xong c phn ng (1) v (2) th khi cht rn A gm: 0,1 mol Ag v 0,1 mol Cu
mA = 0,1 ( 108 + 64 ) = 17,2 g
theo cho mA = 15,28 g ta c: 10,8 < 15,28 < 17,2
vy AgNO3 phn ng ht, Cu(NO3)2 phn ng mt phn v Fe tan ht.
mCu to ra = mA mAg = 15,28 10,80 = 4,48 g. Vy s mol ca Cu = 0,07 mol.
Tng s mol Fe tham gia c 2 phn ng l: 0,05 ( p 1 ) + 0,07 ( p 2 ) = 0,12 mol
Khi lng Fe ban u l: 6,72g
AH
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
BI TON HN HP MUI
M 1V M 21V2
22 , 4V
MTB =
.C
O
M
CHUYN 12:
MTB =
M 1 x1 M 2 (1 x1 )
1
(x1l % ca kh th nht)
M 1n1 M 2 ( n n1 )
n
Hoc:
MTB =
MTB =
M 1V1 M 2V2
V
Hoc:
AH
hh
hh
Tnh cht 3:
Hn hp 2 cht A, B c MA < MB v c thnh phn % theo s mol l a(%) v b(%)
Th khong xc nh s mol ca hn hp l.
mB
MB
<
nhh
<
mA
MA
nA =
mhh
MA
> nhh =
mhh
M hh
Nh vy nu X, Y tc dng vi A m cn d, th X, Y s c d tc dng ht vi hn hp A,
B
- Vi MA < MB, nu hn hp ch cha B th:
Trang81
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v**
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/iiVi]\
ViVV
nB =
mhh
MB
< nhh =
mhh
M hh
.C
O
M
AH
Bi 1: Cho 5,68g hn hp gm CaCO3 v MgCO3 ho tan vo dung dch HCl d, kh CO2 thu
c cho hp th hon ton bi 50ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,9M to ra 5,91g kt ta. Tnh khi
lng v thnh phn % theo khi lng mi mui trong hn hp.
p s: mMgCO 3 = 1,68g v m CaCO 3 = 4g
Bi 2: Ho tan hon ton 27,4g hn hp gm M2CO3 v MHCO3 (M l kim loi kim) bng
500ml dung dch HCl 1M thy thot ra 6,72 lit kh CO2 (ktc). trung ho axit d phi dng
50ml dung dch NaOH 2M.
a/ Xc nh 2 mui ban u.
b/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi mui trong hn hp ban u.
p s:
a/ M l Na ---> 2 mui l Na2CO3 v NaHCO3
b/ %Na2CO3 = 38,6% v %NaHCO3
Bi 3: Ho tan 8g hn hp A gm K2CO3 v MgCO3 vo dung dch H2SO4 d, kh sinh ra c
sc vo 300ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,2M, thu c m(g) kt ta.
Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi mui trong hn hp A m t gi tr cc tiu(nh
nht) v cc i(ln nht).
p s:
- Khi lng kt ta l cc tiu(nh nht) khi CO2 l cc i. Tc l %K2CO3 = 0% v
%MgCO3 = 100%.
- Khi lng kt ta l cc i(ln nht) khi nCO2 = nBa(OH)2 = 0,06 mol. Tc l %K2CO3
= 94,76% v %MgCO3 = 5,24%.
Bi 4: Cho 4,2g mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr II. Ho tan vo dung dch HCl d, th c kh
thot ra. Ton b lng kh c hp th vo 100ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,46M thu c
8,274g kt ta. Tm cng thc ca mui v kim loi ho tr II.
p s:
- TH1 khi Ba(OH)2 d, th cng thc ca mui l: CaCO3 v kim loi ho tr II l Ca.
- TH2 khi Ba(OH)2 thiu, th cng thc ca mui l MgCO3 v kim loi ho tr II l Mg.
Bi 5: Ho tan ht 4,52g hn hp gm 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi A, B k tip nhu trong
phn nhm chnh nhm II bng 200ml dung dch HCl 0,5M. Sau phn ng thu c dung dch
C v 1,12 lit kh D (ktc).
a/ Xc nh 2 kim loi A, B.
b/ Tnh tng khi lng ca mui to thnh trong dung dch C.
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/iiVi]\
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.C
O
M
AH
Bi 6: Cho 10,8g hn hp gm 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi k tip nhau trong phn nhm
chnh nhm II tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 long d, thu c 23,64g kt ta. Tm cng thc
ca 2 mui trn v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca mi mui trong hn hp ban u.
%MgCO3 = 58,33% v %CaCO3 = 41,67%.
n
Nh vy: HCO3 x y (mol ) ; Theo PT (1) th n NaHCO3 = n Na2CO3 = x (mol)
Gi a, b l s mol ca HCO3 tham gia phn ng vi dung dch HCl v dung dch Ba(OH)2
(2)
Giai on 2: HCO3 + HCl
Cl + H2O + CO2
Mol:
a
a
a
a
n
Theo bi ra: HCl = 0,1.1,5 = 0,15 ( mol )
n
HCl ( P 2 ) = n CO2 = a =
1,008
= 0,045 ( mol )
22,4
Sau phn ng (1) th ton b Na2CO3 chuyn thnh NaHCO3. Khi cho dung dch B tc dng
vi dung dch Ba(OH)2 d xy ra phn ng sau:
(3)
HCO3 + Ba(OH)2
BaCO3 + OH + H2O
Mol : b
b
b
b
n
BaCO3 = b =
29,55
= 0,15 ( mol )
197
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
AH
.C
O
M
Bi 8: Cho 28,1g qung lmt gm MgCO3; BaCO3 (%MgCO3 = a%) vo dung dch HCl d
thu c V (lt) CO2 ( ktc).
a/ Xc nh V (lt).
b/ Sc V (lt) CO2 va thu c vo dung dch nc vi trong. Tnh khi lng kt ta ti a
thu c bit s mol Ca(OH)2 = 0,2 (mol) v khi lng ca mi cht c trong hn hp ban
u.
Hng dn:
a/ Theo bi ra ta c PTHH:
MgCO3 + 2HCl
MgCl2 + H2O + CO2
(1)
x(mol)
x(mol)
BaCO3 + 2HCl
BaCl2 + H2O + CO2
(2)
y(mol)
y(mol)
CO2
+
Ca(OH)2
CaCO3 + H2O
(3)
0,2(mol)
0,2(mol)
0,2(mol)
CO2 + CaCO3 + H2O
(4)
Ca(HCO3)2
m
Gi s hn hp ch c MgCO3.Vy BaCO3 = 0
S mol: nMgCO3 =
28,1
= 0,3345 (mol)
84
28,1
= 0,143 (mol)
197
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
AH
.C
O
M
KCl +
H2O + CO2 (4)
Theo bi ra ta c: S mol CO2 = 0,1 mol.
Theo PTP ( 3 v 4 ) th: S mol HCl ( p ) = S mol CO2 = 0,1 mol.
Khi thm dd Ca(OH)2 d vo dd D thu c kt ta B , chng t HCl tham gia phn ng ht.
Trong D ch cha Mui clo rua v mui hir cacbonat (cn li sau phn ng 3 v 4)
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Theo PTP:
NaHCO3 + Ca(OH)2
CaCO3 + NaOH + H2O (5)
KHCO3 + Ca(OH)2
CaCO3 + KOH + H2O (6)
T cc PT (1, 2, 3, 4) ta c: x + y = 0,3 (I)
Theo bi ra ta c: 106 x + 138 y = 35 (II)
Gii h PT (I) v (II): ta c x = 0,2 ; y = 0,1.
Khi lng ca cc cht trong hn hp ban u l: mNa 2 CO 3 = 21,2 g ; mK 2 CO 3 = 13,8 g
Theo PT (5,6) S mol CaCO3 = S mol (NaKHO3 + KHCO3) cn li sau phn ng (3,4)
Theo PT (3,4) S mol NaHCO3 + KHCO3 phn ng = S mol CO2 gii phng = 0,1 mol
Vy s mol NaHCO3 + KHCO3 cn li l: 0,3 0,1 = 0,2 mol
Khi lng CaCO3 to thnh l: 0,2 x 100 = 20 g
b/ khi thm m(g) NaHCO3 vo hn hp A
giai on 1: ch c Na2CO3 v K2CO3 phn ng nn s mol ca HCl vn l: x + y = 0,3 mol
s mol HCl phn ng giai on 2 vn l: 0,1 mol
Do s mol CO2 vn l 0,1 mol. Vy VCO 2 = 0,1 x 22,4 = 2,24 lit
Nu gi s mol ca NaHCO3 thm vo l b (mol)
Th tng s mol NaHCO3 + KHCO3 cn li sau giai on 2 l: (0,2 + b) mol
Theo bi ra ta c: 0,2 + b = 30 : 100 = 0,3. Vy b = 0,1 (mol)
Khi lng NaHCO3 thm vo l: 0,1 x 84 = 8,4 g
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
AH
.C
O
M
Bi 13: Cho 9,2g hn hp A gm 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi k tip nhau trong phn nhm
chnh nhm II. Ho tan hon ton hn hp a trong dung dch HCl thu c kh B, cho ton b
kh B hp th ht bi 550ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,2M thu c 19,7g kt ta. Xc nh 2 mui
cacbonat v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca chng trong hn hp u.
p s:
TH1: Ba(OH)2 d --> 2 mui l: MgCO3 v CaCO3
%MgCO3 = 45,65% v %CaCO3 = 54,35%
TH2: Ba(OH)2 thiu --> 2 mui l: MgCO3 v BeCO3
%MgCO3 = 44% v %BeCO3 = 56%
Bi 14: Mt hn hp X gm 2 kim loi A, B thuc 2 chu k lin tip trong bng tun hon, c
khi lng l 8,5g. Cho X phn ng ht vi nc cho ra 3,36 lit kh H2(ktc)
a/ Xc nh 2 kim loi v tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u.
b/ Thm vo 8,5g hn hp X trn, 1 kim loi kim th D c hn hp Y, cho Y tc dng vi
nc thu c dung dch E v 4,48 lit kh H2 (ktc). C cn dung dch E ta c cht rn Z c
khi lng l 22,15g. Xc nh D v khi lng ca D.
c/ trung ho dung dch E trn cn bao nhiu lt dung dch F cha HCl 0,2M v H2SO4
0,1M. Tnh khi lng kt ta thu c.
p s:
a/ mNa = 4,6g v mK = 3,9g.
b/ kim loi D l Ba. --> mBa = 6,85g.
c/ S mol BaSO4 = s mol Ba(OH)2 = s mol Ba = 0,05mol.
---> khi lng ca BaSO4 = 0,05 . 233 = 11,65g.
Bi 15: Ho tan 23g mt hn hp gm Ba v 2 kim loi kim A, B thuc 2 chu k k tip nhau
trong bng tun hon vo nc thu c dung dch D v 5,6 lit H2 (ktc).
a/ Nu trung ho 1/2 dung dch D cn bao nhiu ml dung dch H2SO4 0,5M? C cn dung dch
thu c sau khi trung ho th c bao nhiu gam mui khan?
b/ Nu thm 180ml dung dch Na2SO4 0,5M vo dung dch D th cha kt ta ht c
Ba(OH)2. Nu thm 210ml dung dch Na2SO4 0,5M vo dung dch D th dung dch sau phn
ng cn d Na2SO4. Xc nh 2 kim loi kim trn.
p s:
a/ mhh mui = 23,75g
b/ 2 kim loi kim l Na v K.
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
yz
2
mol
yz
= 4,305 : 143,5 = 0,03 (III)
2
S mol AgCl =
Ta c h PT.
mmui ban u = 42x + 58,5y + 103z = 4,82 (I)
mmui khan = 42x + 58,5(y + z) = 3,93
(II)
yz
2
AH
.C
O
M
Bi 1: Mt hn hp 3 mui NaF, NaCl, NaBr nng 4,82g. Ho tan hon ton trong nc c
dung dch A. Sc kh Cl2 vo dung dch A ri c cn, thu c 3,93g mui khan. Ly mt na
lng mui khan ny ho tan trong nc ri cho phn ng vi dung dch AgNO3 d, thu c
4,305g kt ta. Vit cc phn ng xy ra v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi mui trong
hn hp ban u.
Hng dn:
PTHH xy ra:
Cl2 + 2NaBr ---> 2NaCl + Br2
(1)
z
z
mol
T PT (1) --> Trong 3,93g hn hp c cha x(mol) NaF v (y + z) mol NaCl.
Phn ng to kt ta:
AgNO3
+ NaCl ----> NaNO3 + AgCl (2)
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
O
M
.C
AH
Bi 4: Chia 8,84 gam hn hp MCl v BaCl2 thnh 2 phn bng nhau. Ho tan phn 1 vo nc
ri cho phn ng vi AgNO3 d thu c 8,61g kt ta. em in phn nng chy phn 2 n
hon ton thu c V lit kh X ktc. Bit s mol MCl chim 80% s mol trong hn hp ban
u.
a/ Xc nh kim loi M v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi cht trong hn hp u.
b/ Tnh V?
Hng dn:
Gi s mol MCl v BaCl2 trong 8,84g hn hp l 2x v 2y (mol)
Cc PTHH xy ra:
MCl + AgNO3 ---> AgCl + MNO3
BaCl2 + 2AgNO3 ----> Ba(NO3)2 + 2AgCl
Phn 2:
2MCl -----> 2M + Cl2
BaCl2 ------> Ba + Cl2
Ta c: nAgCl = x + 2y = 8,61 : 143,5 = 0,06 mol
---> nCl 2 = (x + 2y) : 2 = 0,03 mol
Vy th tch kh Cl2 thu c ktc l:
V = 0,03 . 22,4 = 0,672 lit
- V MCl chim 80% tng s mol nn ta c: x = 4y ---> x = 0,04 v y = 0,01.
mhh X = (M + 35,5).2x + (137 + 71).2y = 8,84 ---> M = 23 v M c ho tr I, M l Na.
%NaCl = 52,94% v %BaCl2 = 47,06%.
Bi 5: Mt hp cht ho hc c to thnh t kim loi ho tr II v phi kim ho tr I. Ho tan
9,2g hp cht ny vo nc c 100ml dung dch. Chia dung dch ny thnh 2 phn bng
nhau. Thm mt lng d dung dch AgNO3 vo phn 1, thy to ra 9,4g kt ta. Thm mt
lng d dung dch Na2CO3 vo phn 2, thu c 2,1g kt ta.
a/ Tm cng thc ho hc ca hp cht ban u.
b/ Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch pha ch.
Hng dn.
- t R l KHHH ca kim loi ho tr II v X l KHHH ca phi kim c ho tr I
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.C
AH
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AH
.C
O
M
Bi 8: Cho 31,84g hn hp NaX v NaY (X, Y l hai halogen thuc 2 chu k lin tip) vo
dung dch AgNO3 c d thu c 57,34g kt ta. Tm cng thc ca NaX v NaY v thnh
phn % theo khi lng ca mi mui trong hn hp ban u.
Hng dn:
Gi R l halogen tng ng ca X v Y.
Cng thc tng ng ca 2 mui NaX, NaY l Na R
Na R + AgNO3 ---> Ag R + NaNO3
C 1 mol kt ta Ag R nhiu hn 1 mol Na R l: 108 23 = 85g
Vy s mol Na R phn ng l: (57,34 31,84) : 85 = 0,3 mol
Ta c: Khi lng mol ca Na R l: 31,84 : 0,3 = 106,13
---> Khi lng mol ca R = 106,13 23 = 83,13.
Vy X l Br v Y l I.
---> %mNaI = 9,43% v %mNaBr = 90,57%
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CHUYN 13:
BI TP TNG HP V TNH THEO PTHH
na
mb
+
= 1,792 : 22,4 = 0,08 mol ----> na + mb = 0,16 (I)
2
2
S mol H2 =
AH
.C
Phn 2:
Tc dng vi NaOH d ch c 1 kim loi tan, gi s A tan.
A + (4 n)NaOH + (n 2)H2O ---> Na4 nAO2 + n/2 H2
a (mol)
na/2 (mol)
S mol H2 = na/2 = 1,344 : 22,4 ---> na = 0,12 (II)
Thay vo (I) --> mb = 0,04.
Mt khc khi lng B trong mi phn:
mB = 4/13.m1/3 hh
Phn 3:
Vit PTHH:
mhh oxit = (2MA + 16n).a/2 + (2MB + 16m).b/2 = 2,84
= MA + MB + 8(na + mb) = 2,84 ---> MA + MB = 1,56 (g) (*)
mB = 4/13. 1,56 = 0,48 (g) ----> mA = 1,08 (g)
---> MA = 1,08n : 0,12 = 9n --> n = 3 v MA = 27 l ph hp. Vy A l Al
---> MB = 0,48m : 0,04 = 12m --> m = 2 v MB = 24 l ph hp. Vy B l Mg.
Bi 2: Nung a(g) hn hp A gm MgCO3, Fe2O3 v CaCO3 nhit cao n khi lng
khng i, thu c cht rn B c khi lng bng 60% khi lng hn hp A. Mt khc ho
tan hon ton a(g) hn hp A trong dung dch HCl thu c kh C v dung dch D. Cho dung
dch D tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, lc ly kt ta, nung n khi lng khng i, thu
c 12,92g hn hp 2 oxit.
Cho kh C hp th hon ton vo 2 lit dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,075M, sau khi phn ng xong, lc
ly dung dch, thm nc vi trong d vo trong dung dch thu c thm 14,85g kt ta.
a/ Tnh th tch kh C ktc.
b/ Tnh % khi lng cc cht trong hn hp A.
Hng dn:
t s mol MgCO3, Fe2O3, CaCO3 ln lt l x, y, z (mol) trong hn hp A.
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.C
O
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`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
AH
.C
O
M
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
O
M
.C
C
AH
PTHH xy ra
Gi s hn hp ch cha mnh Zn ---> x = 0.
Vy y = 9,86 : 65 = 0,1517 mol
Gi s hn hp ch Mg ---> y = 0
Vy x = 9,86 : 24 = 0,4108 mol
0,1517 < nhh kim loi < 0,4108
V x > 0 v y > 0 nn s mol axit tham gia phn ng vi kim loi l:
0,3034 < 2x + 2y < 0,8216 nhn thy lng axit dng < 0,86 mol.
Vy axit d --> Do Zn v Mg phn ng ht.
Sau khi ho tan ht trong dung dch c.
x mol MgX2 ; y mol ZnX2 ; 0,86 2(x + y) mol HX v 0,43 mol SO4.
Cho dung dch tc dng vi dung dch baz.
HX
+
ROH ---> RX +
H2O.
0,86 2(x + y) 0,86 2(x + y)
mol
MgX2
+ 2ROH ----> Mg(OH)2 + 2RX
x
2x
x
mol
ZnX2
+
2ROH ----> Zn(OH)2 + 2RX
y
2y
y
mol
Ta c nROH phn ng = 0,86 2(x + y) + 2x + 2y = 0,86 mol
Vy nROH d = 0,96 0,86 = 0,1mol
Tip tc c phn ng xy ra:
Zn(OH)2 + 2ROH ----> R2ZnO2 + 2H2O
b: y
0,1
mol
P: y1
2y1
mol
cn: y y1
0,1 2y1
mol
( iu kin: y y1)
Phn ng to kt ta.
Ba(OH)2 + H2SO4 ---> BaSO4 + 2H2O
b: 0,06
0,43
0
mol
p: 0,06
0,06
0,06
mol
cn: 0
0,43 0,06
0,06
mol
Nung kt ta.
Mg(OH)2 -----> MgO + H2O
x
x
mol
Zn(OH)2 -------> ZnO + H2O
y y1
y y1
mol
BaSO4 ----> khng b nhit phn hu.
0,06 mol
Ta c: 40x + 81(y y1) + 233.0,06 = 26,08
---> 40x + 81(y y1) = 12,1
(II)
Khi y y1 = 0 ---> y = y1 ta thy 0,1 2y1 0 ---> y1 0,05
Vy 40x = 12,1 ---> x = 12,1 : 40 = 0,3025 mol
Thay vo (I) ta c y = 0,04 ( y = y1 0,05) ph hp
Vy mMg = 24 . 0,3025 = 7,26g v mZn = 65 . 0,04 = 2,6g
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AH
.C
Bi 5: Cho X l hn hp ca 3 cht gm kim loi R, oxit v mui sunfat ca kim loi R. bit R
c ho tr II khng i trong cc hp cht. Chia 29,6 gam X thnh 2 phn bng nhau.
Phn 1: em ho tan trong dung dch H2SO4 long d thu c dung dch A, kh B. lng kh
B ny va kh ht 16g CuO. Sau cho dung dch A tc dng vi dung dch KOH d
cho n khi kt thc phn ng thu c kt ta C. Nung C n khi lng khng i th thu
c 14g cht rn.
Phn 2: Cho tc dng vi 200ml dung dch CuSO4 1,5M. Sau khi phn ng kt thc tch b
cht rn, c cn phn dung dch th thu c 46g mui khan.
a/ Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
b/ Xc nh kim loi R.
c/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng cc cht trong X. Bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton.
Hng dn:
t x, y, z l s mol R, RO, RSO4 trong 1/2 hh X ta c:
x.MR + (MR + 16).y + (MR + 96).z = 14,8g
phn 1;
Vit cc PTHH xy ra;
dd A c RSO4 = (x + y + z) mol v H2SO4 d
Kh B l H2 = x mol
H2 + CuO -----> Cu + H2O
x
x
x
mol
nCuO = x = 16 : 80 = 0,2 mol
dd A + KOH d
H2SO4 + 2KOH ----> K2SO4 + H2O
RSO4 + 2KOH ----> K2SO4 + R(OH)2
R(OH)2 ------> RO
+ H2O
(x + y + z)
(x + y + z)
mol
Ta c: (MR + 16). (x + y + z) = 14 (II).
Thay x = 0,2 vo (I, II) --> z = 0,05
Phn 2:
R + CuSO4 ----> RSO4 + Cu
b: 0,2
0,3
mol
p: 0,2
0,2
0,2 mol
S mol CuSO4 d = 0,3 0,2 = 0,1 mol
Tng s mol RSO4 = (0,2 + z) mol
mMui khan = mRSO 4 + mCuSO 4 = 0,1.160 + (MR + 96)(0,2 + z) = 46.
Thay z = 0,05 ---> MR = 24, R c ho tr II ---> R l Mg
Thay cc gi tr vo tnh c y = 0,1.
mMg = 4,8g --> %Mg = 32,43%
mMgO = 4,0g --> %MgO = 27,03%
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Bi 7:
1. Ho tan va axit ca kim loi M c cng thc MO vo dung dch H2SO4 long nng
4,9% c dung dch ch cha mt mui tan c nng 7,6 %.
a) Cho bit tn kim loi M.
b) Tnh khi lng dung dch H2SO4 dng
2. Hp th ton b hn hp gm kh CO2 v hi H2O vo 900 ml dung dch Ca(OH)2 1M, thu
c 40 gam kt ta. Tch b phn kt ta, thy khi lng dung dch tng 7,8 gam so vi khi
lng dung dch Ca(OH)2 ban u.
Hy tm khi lng CO2 v khi lng H2O em dng.
Hng dn:
Gi x l s mol MO
MO + H2SO4 MSO4 + H2O
Khi lng cht tan MSO4 l: (M+96)x.
Khi lng MO l:
(M+16)x.
Khi lng H2SO4 ban u:
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m=
m=
( M 96) x
2000 x ( M 16) x
2000x + (M + 16)x
O
M
98 x.100
2000 x
4,9
.100 7,69
(x=1)
Do x c nhiu gi tr nn c rt nhiu gi tr khi lng dung dch H2SO4 tng ng.
2,
a . Khi s mol CO2 s mol Ca(OH)2
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O
40
= 0,4 mol
100
S mol CaCO3 =
AH
.C
m = 2000 (g)
0,9
0,9
40
0,4 t 0,5
100
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
.C
C
AH
NaOH + CO2
NaHCO3.
(3)
a
a
a
2NaOH + CO2
Na2CO3 + H2O.
(4)
2b
b
b
S mol NaOH: nNaOH = 0,5. 1 = 0,5 mol
Gi a, b ln lt l s mol CO2 tham gia phn ng (3) v (4).
Theo phng trnh v bi ta c:
nNaOH = a + 2b = 0,5 mol
(5).
mmui = 84 a + 106 b = 29,6 g (6)
Gii (5) v (6) ta c: a = 0,1mol ; b = 0,2mol.
S mol CO2 to thnh (2):
nCO2 = a + b = 0,1 + 0,2 = 0,3 mol.
Theo pt (2):
nMCO3= nCO2 = 0,3 mol.
Khi lng phn t ca mui ban u:
25,2
MMCO3
= 84.
0,3
M + 60 = 84 M = 24 vC.
Vy M l Mg suy ra CTHH ca mui cn tm: MgCO3
Lu : HS c th bin lun chng minh xy ra c (3) v (4).
Ta thy:
O
M
Cc PTHH:
MCO3 + 2 HCl
29, 6
29, 6
< nmui <
106
84
0,28 mol < nmui < 0,35 mol.
M nCO2 = nmui.
: 0,28 < nCO2 < 0,35.
0,5 nNaOH
0,5
2
0, 35 nCO2
0, 28
21.9 x100
= 300g.
7,3
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300
= 289ml = 0,289 (lit)
1,038
Vdd HCl =
2,24
= 0,1mol
22,4
nH
AH
.C
O
M
56x + Ay = 4
(a)
x + y = 0,1
Ay - 56y = - 1,6
1,6
56 - A
1,6
0,1 M A 40
0<
56 - A
y
O2
(1)
2AO (*)
2A
n O2 =
0,7
= 0,03125mol
22,4
1,2 0,03125
<
(do oxi d)
2A
1
x y 0,1 y 0,05
2,8
.100% = 70%
4
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
MgO + CO2(k)
(B)
(1)
O
M
MgCO3
CaCO3
Ca0 + CO2(k)
(2)
(B)
t
BaCO3 BaO + CO2;k)
(3)
(B)
CO2(k) + Ca (OH)2(dd) ----> CaCO3(r) + H2O(l) (4)
(B)
2CO2(k) + Ca(OH)2(dd) ----> Ca(HCO3)2(dd)
(5)
(B)
(C)
AH
.C
t0
nCaO =
11,2
= 0,2 mol
56
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
CaO + H2O
0,2
Ca(OH)2 (1)
0,2
mol
O
M
nCO2 = nCaCO3 =
2,5
= 0,025 mol
100
Theo (2)
.C
CO2 + Ca(OH)2
(2)
CaCO3 + H2O
Trng hp 1: Ca(OH)2 d v CO2 phn ng ht th:
VCO2 = 0,025 . 22,4 = 0,56 Lt.
AH
Trng hp 2:
CO2 d, Ca(OH)2 phn ng ht c thm phn ng:
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O
Ca(HCO3)2
(3)
Theo (1) nCO2 = nCa(OH)2 = nCaCO3 = 0,2 mol.
nCaCO3 phn ng (3): = 0,2 - 0,025 = 0, 175 mol.
Theo (3) nCO2 = nCaCO3 = 0,175 Mol.
Tng nCO2 (2) v (3) l: 0,2 + 0,175 = 0,375 mol.
VCO2 = 0,375 . 22,4 = 8,4 Lt.
2. Cc phn ng xy ra:
MgCO3 + 2 HCl
MgCl2 + CO2 + H2O (1)
BaCO3 + 2 HCl
BaCl2 + CO2 + H2O (2)
Khi sc CO2 vo dd A c th xy ra cc phn ng :
CO2 + Ca(OH)2
CaCO3 + H2O (3)
2 CO2 + Ca(OH)2
(4)
Ca(HCO3)2
lng kt ta CaCO3 thu c l ln nht th ch xy ra phn ng (3).
Khi : nCO2 = nCa(OH)2 = 0,2mol.
Theo bi khi lng MgCO3 c trong 28,1 g hn hp l:
2,81.a
= 0,281a
100
28,1 0,281a
nBaCO3 =
197
mMgCO3 =
nMgCO3 =
0,281a
84
= 0,2.
84
197
28,1
= 0,143 mol.
197
Ta c:
nCO2 < nCa(OH)2.
Theo (3): nCaCO3 = nCO2 = 0,143 mol.
m CaCO3 = 0,143 . 100 = 14,3g.
Khi a = 100% ngha l hn hp ch ton mui MgCO3 khi :
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/iiVi]\
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28,1
= 0,334 > nCa(OH)2 = 0,2 mol.
84
O
M
nCO2 =
.C
(5)
AH
Bi 12: Ho tan 7,74g hn hp 2 kim loi Mg, Al trong 500ml dung dch hn hp cha HCl 1M
v H2SO4 0,38M (long). Thu c dung dch A v 8,736 lt kh H2(ktc).
a. Kim loi tan ht cha? gii thch?
b. Tnh khi lng mui c trong dung dch A?
Hng dn:
n HCl = 0,5 mol ; n H 2 SO4 = 0,19 mol ; n H 2 = 0,39 mol
a/ Cc P.T.H.H: Mi PTHH ng cho.
Mg + 2 HCl
MgCl2
+ H2
(1)
2 Al + 6 HCl
2AlCl3
+ 3H2
(2)
Mg + H2SO4
MgSO4
+ H2
(3)
2 Al
+ 3 H2SO4
Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2
(4)
T 1,2 :
n H2 =
1
1
n HCl = .0,5 = 0,25 (mol).
2
2
T 3, 4
n H 2 = n H 2 SO4 = 0,19 (mol)
Suy ra: Tng n H 2 = 0,25 + 0,19 = 0,44 (mol)
Ta thy:
0,44 > 0,39
Vy: Axt d, kim loi tan ht.
b/ Theo cu a: Axt d.
* TH1: Gi s HCl phn ng ht, H2SO4 d:
n HCl = 0,5 mol n H 2 =0,25 mol
(1,2)
n H 2 = 0,39 - 0,25 = 0,14 (mol) suy ra n H 2 SO4 = 0,14 mol
(3,4)
(p)
Theo nh lut BTKL:
m mui = 7,74 + 0,5 .35,5 + 0,14 .96 = 38,93g
(A)
* TH2: Gi s H2SO4 phn ng ht, HCl d
Suy ra n H 2 SO4 = 0,19 mol suy ra n H 2 = 0,19 mol
3,4
n H 2 = 0,39 0,19 = 0,2 (mol) suy ra n HCl = 0,2.2 =0,4 (mol)
(1,2)
(p )
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O
M
AH
.C
2b x
mol
Ta c:
Khi lng ca axit H2SO4 trong dd 90% l:
m = 15,3 . 0,9 = 13,77 (g)
Khi lng ca axit H2SO4 trong dd 85% vn l 13,77(g). V khi pha long bng H2O th khi
lng cht tan c bo ton.
Khi lng dd H2SO4 85% l: (15,3 + 18c)
Ta c: C% =
13,77
.100% = 85%
(15,3 18c)
3,2
= 64. Vy R l Cu.
0,05
Trang104
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/iiVi]\
ViVV
2b x
) = 6,08
2
(IV)
AH
.C
40a + 102(
O
M
Trang105
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v**
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/iiVi]\
ViVV
O
M
CHUYN 14:
NHN BIT - PHN BIT CC CHT.
I/ Nguyn tc v yu cu khi gii bi tp nhn bit.
AH
.C
- Mun nhn bit hay phn bit cc cht ta phi da vo phn ng c trng v c cc hin
tng: nh c cht kt ta to thnh sau phn ng, i mu dung dch, gii phng cht c
mi hoc c hin tng si bt kh. Hoc c th s dng mt s tnh cht vt l (nu nh
bi cho php) nh nung nhit khc nhau, ho tan cc cht vo nc,
- Phn ng ho hc c chn nhn bit l phn ng c trng n gin v c du hiu
r rt. Tr trng hp c bit, thng thng mun nhn bit n ho cht cn phi tin hnh
(n 1) th nghim.
- Tt c cc cht c la chn dng nhn bit cc ho cht theo yu cu ca bi, u
c coi l thuc th.
- Lu : Khi nim phn bit bao hm so snh (t nht phi c hai ho cht tr ln) nhng
mc ch cui cng ca phn bit cng l nhn bit tn ca mt s ho cht no .
II/ Phng php lm bi.
1/ Chit(Trch mu th) cc cht vo nhn bit vo cc ng nghim.(nh s)
2/ Chn thuc th thch hp(tu theo yu cu bi: thuc th tu chn, han ch hay khng
dng thuc th no khc).
3/ Cho vo cc ng nghim ghi nhn cc hin tng v rt ra kt lun nhn bit, phn bit
c ho cht no.
4/ Vit PTHH minh ho.
III/ Cc dng bi tp thng gp.
- Nhn bit cc ho cht (rn, lng, kh) ring bit.
- Nhn bit cc cht trong cng mt hn hp.
- Xc nh s c mt ca cc cht (hoc cc ion) trong cng mt dung dch.
- Tu theo yu cu ca bi tp m trong mi dng c th gp 1 trong cc trng hp sau:
+ Nhn bit vi thuc th t do (tu chn)
+ Nhn bit vi thuc th hn ch (c gii hn)
+ Nhn bit khng c dng thuc th bn ngoi.
1. i vi cht kh:
- Kh CO2: Dng dung dch nc vi trong c d, hin tng xy ra l lm c nc vi
trong.
- Kh SO2: C mi hc kh ngi, lm phai mu hoa hng hoc Lm mt mu dung dch nc
Brm hoc Lm mt mu dung dch thuc tm.
5SO2 + 2KMnO4 + 2H2O
2H2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4
- Kh NH3: C mi khai, lm cho qu tm tm t ho xanh.
- Kh clo: Dng dung dch KI + H tinh bt th clo lm dung dch t mu trng chuyn
thnh mu xanh.
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ViVV
AH
.C
O
M
Cl2 + KI
2KCl + I2
- Kh H2S: C mi trng thi, dng dung dch Pb(NO3)2 to thnh PbS kt ta mu en.
- Kh HCl: Lm giy qu tm t ho hoc sc vo dung dch AgNO3 to thnh kt ta
mu trng ca AgCl.
- Kh N2: a que dim vo lm que dim tt.
- Kh NO ( khng mu ): ngoi khng kh ho mu nu .
- Kh NO2 ( mu nu ): Mi hc, lm qu tm tm t ho .
4NO2 + 2H2O + O2
4HNO3
2. Nhn bit dung dch baz (kim): Lm qu tm ho xanh.
- Nhn bit Ca(OH)2:
Dng CO2 sc vo n khi xut hin kt ta th dng li.
Dng Na2CO3 to thnh kt ta mu trng ca CaCO3
- Nhn bit Ba(OH)2:
Dng dung dch H2SO4 to thnh kt ta mu trng ca BaSO4.
3. Nhn bit dung dch axt: Lm qu tm ho
- Dung dch HCl: Dng dung dch AgNO3 lm xut hin kt ta mu trng ca AgCl.
- Dung dch H2SO4: Dng dung dch BaCl2 hoc Ba(OH)2 to ra kt ta BaSO4.
- Dung dch HNO3: Dng bt ng v un nhit cao lm xut hin dung dch mu
xanh v c kh mu nu thot ra ca NO2.
- Dung dch H2S: Dng dung dch Pb(NO3)2 xut hin kt ta mu en ca PbS.
- Dung dch H3PO4: Dng dung dch AgNO3 lm xut hin kt ta mu vng ca Ag3PO4.
4. Nhn bit cc dung dch mui:
- Mui clorua: Dng dung dch AgNO3.
- Mui sunfat: Dng dung dch BaCl2 hoc Ba(OH)2.
- Mui cacbonat: Dng dung dch HCl hoc H2SO4.
- Mui sunfua: Dng dung dch Pb(NO3)2.
- Mui phtphat: Dng dung dch AgNO3 hoc dng dung dch CaCl2, Ca(OH)2 lm xut
hin kt ta ma trng ca Ca3(PO4)2.
5. Nhn bit cc oxit ca kim loi.
* Hn hp oxit: ho tan tng oxit vo nc (2 nhm: tan trong nc v khng tan)
- Nhm tan trong nc cho tc dng vi CO2.
+ Nu khng c kt ta: kim loi trong oxit l kim loi kim.
+ Nu xut hin kt ta: kim loi trong oxit l kim loi kim th.
- Nhm khng tan trong nc cho tc dng vi dung dch baz.
+ Nu oxit tan trong dung dch kim th kim loi trong oxit l Be, Al, Zn, Cr..
+ Nu oxit khng tan trong dung dch kim th kim loi trong oxit l kim loi kim th.
Nhn bit mt s oxit:
- (Na2O; K2O; BaO) cho tc dng vi nc--> dd trong sut, lm xanh qu tm.
- (ZnO; Al2O3) va tc dng vi dung dch axit, va tc dng vi dung dch baz.
- CuO tan trong dung dch axit to thnh ung dch c mu xanh c trng.
- P2O5 cho tc dng vi nc --> dd lm qu tm ho .
- MnO2 cho tc dng vi dd HCl c c kh mu vng xut hin.
- SiO2 khng tan trong nc, nhng tan trong dd NaOH hoc dd HF.
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/iiVi]\
ViVV
Bi tp p dng:
O
M
Bi 1: Ch dng thm mt ho cht, nu cch phn bit cc oxit: K2O, Al2O3, CaO, MgO.
.C
Bi 2: C 5 mu kim loi Ba, Mg, Fe, Al, Ag nu ch dng dung dch H2SO4 long c th nhn
bit c nhng kim loi no. Vit cc PTHH minh ho.
AH
CHUYN 15:
TCH - TINH CH CC CHT
tch v tinh ch cc cht ta c th:
1/ S dng cc phng php vt l.
- Phng php lc: Dng tch cht khng tan ra khi hn hp lng
- Phng php c cn: Dng tch cht tan rn (Khng ho hi khi gp nhit cao) ra
khi dung dch hn hp lng.
- Phng php chng ct phn on: Dng tch cc cht lng ra khi hn hp lng nu
nhit ng c ca chng cch bit nhau qu ln.
- Phng php chit: Dng tch cc cht lng ra khi hn hp lng khng ng nht.
2/ S dng phng php ho hc.
- S tch:
AX
Tch
hh A,B + X
bng
p tch
PP vt l
+Y
(P ti to)
XY
Tch bng
phng php
vt l
(A)
(B)
Lu : Phn ng c chn tch phi tho mn 3 yu cu:
- Ch tc dng ln mt cht trong hn hp cn tch.
- Sn phm to thnh c th tch d dng khi hn hp
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ViVV
O
M
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 2: Tch cc kim loi sau y ra khi hn hp bt gm: Cu, Fe, Al, Ag.
.C
Bi 3: Bng phng php ho hc hy tch 3 mui KCl, AlCl3 v FeCl3 ra khi nhau trong mt
dung dch.
AH
Bi 4: Tch ring tng cht nguyn cht t hn hp cc oxit gm: MgO, CuO, BaO.
Bi 7: Tch ring N2, CO2 dng tinh khit ra khi hn hp: N2, CO, CO2, O2 v hi H2O.
Mt s lu :
Kt qu thu c kh
p ngc ng thu
Nh hn khng kh
Nga ng thu
Nng hn khng kh
y nc
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.C
O
M
CHUYN 16:
VIT PHNG TRNH HO HC
IU CH CHT V C V
THC HIN S CHUYN HO
AH
O
+A
CO2
+D
+B
+E
+A
CaCO3
+C
Na2CO3
2/ Xc nh cc cht A, B, C, D, E, F, M v hon thnh cc phng trnh ho hc theo s
sau:
NaOH
A
C
+HCl (d d )
+ F,kk,t0
( dd )
H ,t
D
M
2
+ Fe,t0
+ Cl2 ,t0
+ Cl2 ,t0
B
t
CO ,t
E
D
M.
+ NaOH( dd )
Trang110
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/iiVi]\
ViVV
t0
pnc
M.
.C
M
+Z
+ NaOH
O
M
+Y+Z
AH
(4)
(9)
FeCl3
( 6)
Fe(NO3)3
Fe2O3
Fe(OH)3
(7)
(8)
(5)
( 11 )
( 10 )
Fe
+ H2O
(1)
(2)
+H2SO4
(3)+E
+G
(6)
+ H2SO4
(4)
H
(5) +F
D
Bit H l mui khng tan trong axt mnh, A l kim loi hot ng ho hc mnh, khi chy
ngn la c mu vng.
6/ Hon thnh dy bin ho sau ( ghi r iu kin nu c )
FeSO4
(2)
Fe(OH)2
(3)
Fe2O3
(1)
Fe
(7)
(8)
(9)
(4)
Fe
(10)
(5)
Fe2(SO4)3
(6)
Fe(OH)3
Fe3O4
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ViVV
7/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng theo s bin ho sau( ghi r iu kin nu c )
BaCO3
(1)
(8)
Ba(OH)2
(9)
(6)
BaCl2
(4)
(7)
BaCO3
(5)
BaO
.C
Ba
(3)
O
M
(2)
AH
Ba(HCO3)2
(8)
(9)
(6)
CaCl2
Ca(OH)2
(4)
(7)
CaCO3
CaO
(5)
Ca(HCO3)2
(1)
Ca
(3)
(2)
8/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng theo s bin ho sau( ghi r iu kin nu c )
CaCO3
(1)
+H2 O
+G
(9)
+ H
(3)
(8)
B
(4)
+ G
(6)
(7)
+H
(5)
D
9/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng theo s bin ho sau( ghi r iu kin nu c )
K2CO3
(2)
(1)
(3)
(8)
KOH
(9)
(4)
KCl
(6)
KNO3
(5)
(7)
KNO 2
KHCO3
10/ Al
(1)
Al2O3
(2)
AlCl3
(3)
Al(NO3)3
(4)
Al(OH)3
(5)
Trang112
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ViVV
Fe2O3
Y+Z
+O2,t0
X2
(4)
4FeCl2 + 8KOH + 2H2O + O2
4Fe(OH)3 + 8KCl
(3)
.C
(5)
AH
FeCl2
+ 4H2O
O
M
Al 2O3
+Fe,t0
C +Y hoc Z
A+G
Bit A l cht kh c mi xc c trng v khi sc A vo dung dch CuCl2 c cht kt ta
to thnh.
13/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
KClO3
t0
A+B
A + MnO2 + H2SO4
C+D+E+F
A pnc
G+C
G + H2O
L+M
0
C+L t
KClO3 + A + F
14/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
KClO3
t0
A+B
A + KMnO4 + H2SO4
A pnc
C+D
D + H2O
E + ...
0
C+E t
...
C + ...
Trang113
`i`i`iiv
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/iiVi]\
ViVV
F
Fe
H
K
F
L
H + BaSO4
.C
M+C
G
I
O
M
O
AH
FeCl 2 + B + C
FeCl2 + D + E
FeCl3
M+D
M
G
H
16/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh ho hc theo s phn ng sau.
Fe(OH)3 + A
FeCl2 + F
Fe2(CO3)3
Fe(OH)3 + G ( k )
NaOH
NaCl
Cl2
NaCl
HCl
CaCl2
CaCO3
Na2CO3
Na2SO4
CaCO3
NaCl
BaCl2
A
C
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
F l FeO;
.C
O
M
AH
2/ t cacbon trong khng kh nhit cao c hn hp A1. Cho A1 tc dng vi CuO nung
nng c kh A2 v hn hp A3. Cho A2 tc dng vi dung dch Ca(OH)2 th thu c kt ta
A4 v dung dch A5. Cho A5 tc dng vi Ca(OH)2 li thu c A4. Cho A3 tc dng vi H2SO4
c nng thu c kh B1 v dung dch B2. Cho B2 tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d c kt
ta B3. Nung B3 n khi lng khng i c cht rn B4.
t0 2CO
2C + O2
t0 2CO2
2CO + O2
PTHH :
Hn hp kh A1 gm CO v CO2
- Cho A1 tc dng vi CuO
PTHH :
0
CO + CuO t Cu + CO2
(3)
Kh A2 l CO2
Hn hp A3 l Cu v c th c CuO d.
- Cho A2 tc dng vi dd Ca(OH)2
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 Ca CO3 + H2O
(4)
(5)
Kt ta A4 l CaCO3
dung dch A5 l Ca(HCO3)2
- Cho A5 tc dng vi Ca(OH)2 thu c A4
Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3 + 2H2O (6)
Trang115
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/iiVi]\
ViVV
0
Cu + 2H2SO4 t CuSO4 + 2H2O + SO2
(7)
0
CuO + H2SO4 t CuSO4 + H2O
(8)
O
M
.C
(9)
AH
- Kt ta B3 l Cu(OH)2
- Nung B3 n khi lng khng i c B4.
t0 CuO + H2O
Cu(OH)2
B4 l CuO
(10)
Theo phn ng 1 10 ta c :
B1 : SO2
A2 : CO2
B2 : CuSO4
B3 : Cu(OH)2
A4 : CaCO3
B4 : CuO
A1 : CO; CO2
A5 : Ca(HCO3)2
3/ Hn hp A gm Fe3O4, Al, Al2O3, Fe.
Cho A tan trong dung dch NaOH d, thu c cht rn B, dung dch C v kh D. Cho kh D
d tc dng vi A nung nng c cht rn A1. Dung dch C cho tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4
long d c dung dch C1. Cht rn A1 tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 c nng (va ) thu
c dung dch E v kh F. Cho E tc dng vi bt Fe d c dung dch H. Vit cc PTHH
xy ra.
4/ t chy cacbon trong oxi nhit cao c hn hp kh A. Cho A tc dng vi FeO
nung nng c kh B v hn hp cht rn C. Cho B tc dng vi dung dch nc vi trong thu
c kt ta K v dung dch D, un si D li thu c kt ta K. Cho C tan trong dung dch
HCl, thu c kh v dung dch E. Cho E tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d c kt ta
hiroxit F. Nung F trong khng kh ti khi lng khng i thu c cht rn G. Xc nh cc
cht A, B, C, D, K, E, F. Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
Trang116
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/iiVi]\
ViVV
O
M
A10
t
A10
A11 + A8
t
A11 +
A4
A1 + A8
0
.C
AH
7/ C cc phn ng sau:
MnO2
+
HCl
Kh A
Na2SO3 + H2SO4 ( l )
Kh B
FeS +
HCl
Kh C
NH4HCO3 + NaOHd
Kh D
Na2CO3 + H2SO4 ( l )
Kh E
c. Xc nh cc kh A, B, C, D, E.
d. Cho A tc dng C , B tc dng vi dung dch A, B tc dung vi C, A tc dung dch
NaOH iu kin thng, E tc dng dung dch NaOH. Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
e. C 3 bnh kh A, B, E mt nhn. Bng phng php ho hc hy phn bit cc kh.
8/ Mt hn hp X gm cc cht: Na2O, NaHCO3, NH4Cl, BaCl2 c s mol mi cht bng nhau.
Ho tan hn hp X vo nc, ri un nh thu c kh Y, dung dch Z v kt ta M. Xc nh
cc cht trong Y, Z, M v vit phng trnh phn ng minh ho.
9/ Nhit phn mt lng MgCO3 trong mt thi gian thu c mt cht rn A v kh B. Cho
kh B hp th hon ton vo dung dch NaOH thu c dung dch C. Dung dch C c kh nng
tc dng c vi BaCl2 v KOH. Cho A tc dng vi dung dch HCl d li thu c kh B v
mt dung dch D. C cn dung dch D
c mui khan E. in phn nng chy E c kim loi M.
Xc nh A, B, C, D, E, M v Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra trong th nghim trn.
10/ Cho BaO vo dung dch H2SO4 long ,sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c kt ta
A v dung dch B. Cho nhm d vo dung dch B thu c kh E v dung dch D. Ly dung
dch D cho tc dng vi dung dch Na2CO3 thu c kt ta F. Xc nh cc cht A,B,C,D,F .
Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
11/ Tm cc cht A,B,C,D,E (hp cht ca Cu) trong s sau v vit phng trnh ho hc:
Trang117
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v**
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/iiVi]\
ViVV
D
Cu
O
M
Cu(OH)2
(2)
CuCl2
(3)
CuCl2
(5)
D- CuO
Cu(NO3)2
(6)
(4)
CuO
(7)
Cu(NO3)2
Cu(OH)2
(8)
CuSO4
2AgCl + Cu(NO3)2
2CuO + 4 NO2 + O2
t0
(3) 2Cu(NO3)2
Cu
E - CuSO4
(1)
C - Cu(NO3)2
B- CuCl2
AH
A - Cu(OH)2
.C
S v cc PTHH xy ra:
t0
(4) CuO + H2
Cu + H2O
2AgCl + Cu(NO3)2
Cu(OH)2 + 2 NaNO3
CuSO4 + 2H2O
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
nng c cht rn E. Cho E tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d thy tan mt phn v cn li
cht rn G. Ho tan ht G trong lng d dung dch H2SO4 long. Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
.C
O
M
15/ Cht rn A mu xanh lam tan c trong nc to thnh dung dch. Khi cho thm NaOH
vo dung dch to ra kt ta B mu xanh lam . Khi nung nng cht B b ho en. Nu sau
tip tc nung nng sn phm trong dng kh H2 th to ra cht rn C mu . Cht rn C tc
dng vi mt axt v c m c to ra dung dch ca cht A ban u. Hy cho bit A l cht
no. Vit tt c cc PTHH xy ra.
AH
PHN B. HO HC HU C
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
m
Khoiluonghonhop
= hh
Tongsomol
n hh
AH
M =
.C
O
M
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
- Nu s mol H+(d) < s mol CO32- ----> Phn ng ch bin i mt phn mui trung tnh
ra mui axit, ngha l to ra hai mui.
.C
O
M
AH
CHUYN 17:
VIT NG PHN CTCT, VIT PTHH
THEO CHUI PHN NG - IU CH,
NHN BIT - PHN BIT - TCH CC
CHT HU C.
Bi 1: Vit cc cng thc cu to c th c ng vi cng thc phn t C5H10:
CH2 = CH - CH2 - CH2 - CH3
CH2 = C - CH2 - CH3
|
CH3
CH3 - CH = CH- CH2 - CH3
CH3 - C= CH - CH3
|
CH3
CH2
CH2
CH2 = CH - CH - CH3
|
CH3
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH
CH - CH2 - CH3
CH3
CH2
CH2
CH3
CH
CH2
C
CH3
CH2
CH
CH3
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Bi 2:
1. A, B, D, F, G, H, I l cc cht hu c tho mn cc s phn ng sau:
t
, xt
, xt
A
B + C ; B + C t
D
; D + E t
F ;
, xt
, xt
t
F + O2 t
G + E ; F + G t
H + E
;
H + NaOH
I+F
G+L
I + C
Xc nh A, B, D, F, G, H, I, L. Vit phng trnh ho hc biu din s phn ng trn.
2. Vit cng thc cu to cc ng phn ca A ng vi cng thc phn t C5H12. Xc nh
cng thc cu to ng ca A bit rng khi A tc dng vi clo( askt ) theo t l 1 : 1 v s mol
to ra mt sn phm duy nht.
3. T nguyn liu chnh l vi, than , cc cht v c v iu kin cn thit. Vit s
phn ng iu ch cc ru CH3OH; C2H5OH; CH3 CH2 CH2OH v cc axit tng ng.
0
AH
.C
O
M
Bi 3:
1/ Vit cng thc cu to c th c ng vi cng thc phn t : C5H12 , C3H6O2 , C3H7O
2/ C cc cht ng ring bit trong cc l mt nhn gm: Ru etylic, axit axtic, benzen,
dung dch NaOH, dung dch H2SO4, dung dch Ba(OH)2. Bng phng php ho hc hy phn
bit cc cht ng trong mi l trn.
Bi 4: Hon thnh s bin ho sau (ghi r iu kin nu c)
( 3)
( 4)
B
C
Cao su buna
(2)
(1)
CaC2
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
D
Ru etylic
E
F
G
10
CH3Cl
Bit F l: CH3COONa
Bi 5:
1/ a - Vit cng thc cu ti c th c ca C4H8, C2H4O2, C3H8O.
b - C cc cht kh sau C2H6, C2H2, C2H4, CO2, N2, O2. Bng phng php ho hc hy
phn bit cc cht trn.
2/ Vit PTP theo s bin ho sau (Ghi r iu kin nu c):
CH3COOH
2
1
C2H2
CH3CHO
4
3
5
CH3COOC2H5
C2H5OH
C2H5OH
3/ T than , vi, cc cht v c v cc iu kin cn thit. Vit cc PTP
(Ghi r iu kin) iu ch Vinyl clorua, Poly etilen, Cao su buna.
Bi 6:
C
D
F
b. Vit tt c cc ng phn c th c ng vi cng thc phn t : C3H6O2
2
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Bi 7:
1. C cc cht: H2O, ru etylic, axit axtic v axit cacbonic. Sp xp theo th t gim dn
v tnh axit, t dn ra cc phng trnh phn ng minh ho cho trt t sp xp .
2. T kh thin nhin, cc cht v c v iu kin cn thit vit cc phng trnh phn ng
iu ch axtilen, ru etylic, axit axtic, poli vinyl clorua (PVC), cao su buna.
.C
AH
B
E
0
+Y, (t ,xt)
+X
(t0,xt)
0
D ( t0,xt )
F ( T ; H 2 SO 4 c )
CH3 COOC2H5
Bit A l thnh phn chnh ca kh bn ao, D ch c 1 nhm chc l: CHO, G l PE
Bi 10: Vit cc phng trnh ho hc th hin theo s chuyn ho sau.
(1)
( 2)
( 3)
( 4)
( 5)
( 6)
CaCO3
CaO
CaC2
C2H2
C2H4
C2H5OH
CH3COOH
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10 )
CH3COONa CH4 CO2 Ba(HCO3)2.
Bi 11:
1/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh ho hc theo dy bin ho sau .
a/ CaC2
CH = CH
CH2 = CH2
CH3 CH2 OH
CH3 COOH
CH3 COONa
CH4
CH3Cl
b/ CH3 COOH
CH3 COOC2H5
CH3 CH2 OH
CO2 A B
ASKT ,Clorofin
+H2 O
+O2
Lenmen
XT
XT, T
Xt : CaO, T
CH4
Crcking,T
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H , Ni ,t
C4H6
C4H10
2
CH4 1500
c F
.C
O
M
CaC2
(2)
(5)
AH
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
D
Ru etylic
E
F
G
Bit G (thnh phn chnh ca kh bn ao)
3/ Bng phng php ho hc hy phn bit cc dung dch ng trong cc l mt nhn cha
ring bit cc dung dch: CH3COOH, HCOOH, C2H5OH, C6H6.
4/ Hy xc nh cng thc cu to c th c ca cc hp cht hu c ng vi cng thc tng
qut: CXHYOZ khi x 2. Bit rng cc hp cht u tc dng c vi kali v khng phi l
hp cht a chc.
5/ Cho mt hir cacbon A, t chy hon ton 1 mol A cn 6 mol oxi. Xc nh cng thc
phn t, vit cng thc cu to v gi tn A. Bit A th kh.
Bi 14:
1/Xc nh cc cht A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H v hon thnh s bin ho sau (ghi r iu kin
nu c)
C
(3)
(2)
(4)
Ln men gim
Ln men
A (1)
B
+ Cl 2 , askt
G
(8)
H
(5)
(7)
+ H2 , xt Ni, t
E
(6)
F
Bit: E l nguyn liu chnh sn xut cao su buna.
G l thnh phn chnh ca kh bn ao.
2/ Cho mt ru no X, t chy hon ton mt mol X cn 3 mol oxi. Xc nh cng thc
phn t, vit cng thc cu to v gi tn X.
3/ Bng phng php ho hc hy tch ring CO2 v C2H6 ra khi hn hp kh CO2, C2H2,
C2H4 v C2H6.
4/ C 4 l mt nhn cha ring bit cc kh CO2 ,CH4 ,C2H4 v C2H2.Bng phng php ho
hc hy nhn bit cc nm trong mi l. Vit phng trnh ho hc minh ho (nu c).
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Bi 15:
1/ Vit cng thc cu to cc ng phn ng vi cng thc phn t: C3H6O2, C3H8O, C3H6,
C5H10
2/ Cht A c cng thc phn t C2H6 .Xc nh cng thc cu to ca cc cht B, C, D, E, F v
hon thnh cc phng trnh ho hc theo s phn ng sau:
Na CO
Cl , ASKT
O , XT
Ca (OH )
NaOH
C2H6
B
C
D
E
F
NaOH , Xt:CaO ,t
CH4
3/ t chy 1 lt hn hp gm 2 Hir cacbon th kh thu c 1,6 lt kh CO2 v 1,4 lt hi
nc. Cc th tch o cng iu kin nhit v p sut. Xc nh 2 cht v thnh phn % v
s mol ca mi cht trong hn hp.
4/ Bng phng php ho hc hy nu cch phn bit 4 cht kh sau: CH4, C2H2, SO2v CO2.
3
AH
.C
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CHUYN 18:
TON HIROCACBON
n >1
AH
+ 2;
C n H2 n
C n H2 n ; n > 2
C n H2 n
C n H2 n
.C
Cng thc phn t tng qut v cng thc phn t ca cht tng ng vi hn hp.
- 2
; n >2
- 6
; n >6
1/ Phn ng cng:
Hirocacbon c ni , Xiclopropan, xiclobutan mi c phn ng cng.
- Cng H2: vi cht xc tc l Ni hoc Pt nung nng.
CnH2n + 2 2k + kH2 ----> CnH2n + 2
C n H2 n + 2 - 2 k + k H2 ----> C n H2 n + 2
1mol
k mol
1mol
H qu:
- gim s mol ca hn hp lun lun bng s mol H2 tham gia phn ng.
- Tng s mol hirocacbon sn phm v s mol hirocacbon nguyn liu (d) lun lun
bng s mol hirocacbon nguyn liu ban u.
2/ Phn ng cng Br2:
C n H2 n + 2 - 2 k + k Br2 ----> C n H2 n
H qu:
-
+ 2- 2k
Br2 k
1
s mol Br2.
k
3/ Phn ng chy:
y
y
)O2 ----> x CO2 + H2O
4
2
2 k + (3 n + 1 - k )/2 O2 ----> n CO2 + ( n + 1 - k ) H2O.
CxHy + (x +
C n H2 n
+ 2-
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.C
O
M
H qu:
*) k = 0, ta c:
C n H2 n + 2 + (3 n + 1)/2 O2 ----> n CO2 + ( n + 1) H2O
x mol
n x mol ( n + 1)x mol
----> x = ( n + 1)x - n x
= s mol H2O s mol CO2
Vy ta c: C n H2 n + 2 chy <---> s mol H2O > s mol CO2
v s mol C n H2 n + 2 = s mol H2O - s mol CO2
*) k = 2, ta c:
C n H2 n - 2 + (3 n - 1)/2 O2 ----> n CO2 + ( n - 1) H2O
x mol
n x mol ( n - 1)x mol
----> x = n x - ( n + 1)x
= s mol CO2 - s mol H2O
Vy ta c: C n H2 n - 2 chy <---> s mol H2O < s mol CO2
v s mol C n H2 n - 2 = s mol CO2 - s mol H2O
AH
*) k = 1, ta c:
C n H2 n + 3 n /2 O2 ----> n CO2 + n H2O
C n H2 n chy <--> s mol H2O = s mol CO2
*) Ch :
- Hn hp hirocacbon th kh th: n 4 v n 4
- Ch c nhng Ankyn 1 (c ni 3 u mch) mi c phn ng th AgNO3/NH4OH.
- Ngoi tr CH CH, cc ankyn cn li khi b hyrat ho cho sn phm chnh l xtn.
- Nu hircacbon b hyrat ho m to ra ru n chc no th hirocacbon ny chnh l
anken (hay olefin)
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1:
1. Hn hp A gm mtan, axtylen theo t l th tch l 1:1
a/ Tinh ch CH4 t hn hp
b/ Tinh ch C2H2 t hn hp
2. Hn hp A gm axtylen v hidro c t khi so vi hidro bng 4.
a/ Tnh % v th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp A,
b/ t nng hn hp trong bnh kn c t bt Ni lm xc tc thu c hn hp kh B.
- Cho 1/2 khi lng B i qua dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 thy to thnh 0,12g kt ta mu
vng. Tnh khi lng ca C2H2 trong hn hp B.
- Cho 1/2 lng kh B qua dung dch nc Brm thy bnh nng thm 0,041(g). Tnh khi
lng ca tylen c trong hn hp B.
Hng dn:
1.
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.C
C
26 x 2(1 x)
=4
2
Ta c:
O
M
Ni
> C2H4
to
Ni
C2H2 + 3H2 0 > C2H6
t
AH
-> x = 0, 25
Ta c: C2H2 chim 25%; v H2Chim 75%
b. t nng hn hp
nC2H2 = nC2Ag2 =
C2H2 + H2
0,12
= 0,0005 (mol)
240
0,026
). 2 = 0,056 (g)
2
1,4.160
= 28 (g)
8
`i`i`iiv
v**
`
/iiVi]\
ViVV
xCO2 +
y
H2O
2
y
)V0
4
x+
O
M
VO2
y
) O2
4
y
4
O
C
n
-> n=2 Vy C l C2H4
2
n
2
nCO2 + nH2O
n
)O2
2
AH
C, Ta c : CnH2n + (n+
.C
VCxHy
V0
x, y phi tho mn iu kin :
x, y l nhng s nguyn dng
2x-2 y 2x+2
Ch c nghim x=y=2 tho mn . Vy B l C2H2
2,8
= 0, 125 mol
22,4
20
= 0, 125
100
t chy 5,6 lt hn hp
CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2h2O
2x
2x
C2H4 + 3O2-> 2CO2 + 2H2O
2y
4y
2C2H2 + O2 -> 4 CO2 + 2 H2O
2z
4z
Ta c: n CO2 = 2x + 4y + 4z = 0,375 + y
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AH
Gii h ta c: y = 0,025
x = z = 0, 05
% CH4 = 40%
% C2H4 = 20%
% C2H2 = 40%
.C
x y z 0,125
y 2 z 0,125
40.(0,126 2 y )
.100 1,57
(0,375 y ).44 175,2
Ta c h phng trnh
O
M
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O
M
AH
.C
V:
39,4
0,2(mol)
197
= 0,2 (mol)
n BaCO =
3
n CO
10,8
0,6(mol )
18
n
0,2 1
1
Suy ra: T s CO
khng tn ti hir cc bon no no nh vy v t s nh nht l
n H O 0,6 3
2
Trong khi: n H O =
2
CH4 chy
* Trng hp 2:
- Nh vy NaOH khng d. Ngha l NaOH phn ng ht. ng thi to ra c mui axt v
mui trung ho (c phn ng (1) v (2) u xy ra, lng CO2 phn ng hon ton, lng CO2
b gi li hon ton)
- Theo phng trnh (1) n NaOH ban u = 0,35 . 2 = 0.7 (mol)
nNaOH = 2. n Na CO = 2 . n BaCO = 2 . 0,2 = 0,4 (mol)
2
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.C
O
M
n5
n 1 0,6
Vy hir cc bon cn tm c cng thc ho hc C5H12
5,376
= 0,24 mol
22,4
C
O
nx =
2,688
= 0,12 mol
22,4
1/ S mol cc cht =
AH
7,2
= 30
0,24
2/ Cc PTHH c th xy ra gm:
CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O
CxHyOz + (x +
(1)
y
z
y
- )O2 -> xCO2 + H2O
2
2
2
(2)
(3)
(4)
70,92
= 0,36 mol
197
lng CO2 do CH4 to ra theo PT (1) = nCH = 0,12 mol. Do lng CO2 do X to ra
4
X=
= 0,36
0,24
=1
0,24
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0,48
=2
0,24
O
M
nCO2
d
do X to ra = 0,6 - 0,12 = 0,48 mol
12 . 2 + y + 16z = 30
<=> 24 + y + 16z = 30
<=> y + 16z = 6
Cp nghim duy nht z = 0 ; y = 6
H H
CTPT l C2H6
CTCT l
H-C-C-H
.C
ta c
H H
AH
7
th tch ca hn
3
35,2
=1,1 mol
32
14,4
n H 2O =
= 0,8 mol
18
n O2 =
hp kh ban u.
a. Tnh % th tch ca hn hp kh ban u.
b. Xc nh CTPT v CTCT c th c ca cc hidrocacbonat ni trn.
CnH2n +
Gii h PT ta c a = 0,2
b = 0,1
% CnH2n =0,2/0,3 x 100% 66,7%
a. % CmH2m + 2 = 100% - 66,7% = 33,3 %
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7
( a +b)
3
7
0,2n + 0,1m = x 0,3
3
O
M
b. na + mb =
2n + m = 7
.C
n
2
3
m
3
1
Cc hirocacbon c CT: C2H4 v C3H8
C3H6 v CH4
hp A
5
O2 2CO2 + H2O
2
(2)
C2H2 +
AH
(3)
(4)
0,616
6,8
= 0,0275mol v n Br 2 =
= 0,0425mol
22,4
160
PT
(3)
(4)
ta
PT:
a + b = 0,0275
a = 0,0125mol
{
a + 2b = 0,0425
b = 0,015mol
0,05
.100% = 45,45%
0,11
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0,05.28
.100% = 47,3%
2,96
.C
O
M
m1 = 0,22.44= 9,68(g)
n H 2 O = 2n C 2 H 4 + 2n C 2 H 2 = 2.0,05 + 0,06 = 0,16 (mol)
m2 = 0,16.18 = 2,88(g)
CnH2n + 2 +
Br2
Khng phn ng
X:
AH
Y: CmH2m
+ Br2
CmH2mBr2
Gi s mol X, Y trong hn hp ln lt l a v b ta c:
a + b =
3,36
= 0,15 (mol)
22,4
nY = nBrom = b =
8
= 0,05 (mol
160
a = 0,1 mol
13 .
3,36
= 6,5
6,72
Rt gn: 2n + m = 9
V cn tho mn iu kin 2 n; m 4. ( m, n nguyn dng)
Ch hp l khi n = m = 3
Vy cng thc phn thc phn t X l C3H8; Y l C3H6.
Bi 10: Mt hn hp gm kh Metan, Etilen c th tch 5 lt c trn ln vi 5 lt kh Hiro ri
nung n 2500C c bt kn xc tc cho n khi phn ng kt thc. Sau khi tr li nhng iu
kin lc u. V nhit v p sut th tch tng cng ch cn li 8 lt c dn qua dung dch
nc Brom. Hi
1) Dung dch Brom c b mt mu khng ?
2) Tnh thnh phn % theo th tch ca CH4 v C2H4 trong hn hp lc u
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3) Nu thay C2H4 bng cng th tch ca C2H2 th sau phn ng th tch tng cng bng
bao nhiu ?
Ni C2H6
t0
.C
PTHH : C2H4+ H2
O
M
Hng dn:
a) Khi trn hn hp kh CH4; C2H4 vi kh H2 n khi phn ng kt thc c ngha phn
ng xy ra hon ton v ch c C2H4 phn ng vi H2.
AH
M theo bi ra : nC2H4 < nH2 nn sau phn ng c H2 (d) v CH4 ; C2H6 l nhng cht
khng phn ng vi dd Brom. Nn Brom khng mt mu.
b) Theo phn ng trn : Vh hp gim = VC2H4 phn ng.
Theo PTHH :
t0
y
H2O
2
y
a
.a
2
y
- Lp c h thc a(mol) CxHy => .a(mol) H2O
2
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m
m
v MH 2 O =
= 18 => a.MA = 9.a.y => MA = 9y.
y
a
a
2
18
16
O
M
M MA =
19
171
.C
2
V nu M = 156, y = 17 th x = 11,5 (loi). Vy ch c y = 18, x = 12 v M = 162 l ph
hp.
Cng thc phn t ca A l: C12H18
Cng thc n gin nht l: (C2H3)n
AH
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AH
.C
O
M
CnH2n + 2 +
Br2
Khng phn ng
Y: CmH2m
+ Br2
CmH2mBr2
Gi s mol X, Y trong hn hp ln lt l a v b ta c:
a + b =
3,36
= 0,15 (mol)
22,4
nY = nBrom = b =
8
= 0,05 (mol
160
a = 0,1 mol
3,36
= 6,5
6,72
Rt gn: 2n + m = 9
V cn tho mn iu kin: 1 n 4 v 2 m 4 ( m, n nguyn dng)
Ch hp l khi n = m = 3
Vy cng thc phn thc phn t X l C3H8; Y l C3H6.
2/ Ta c cc PTHH xy ra:
C3H8 + 5O2 ----> 3CO2 + 4H2O
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.C
O
M
0,1
0,3 mol
2C3H6 + 9O2 -----> 6CO2 + 6H2O
0,05
0,15 mol
CO2 + 2NaOH -----> Na2CO3 + H2O
0,45
0,9
0,45 mol
BaCl2 + Na2CO3 ----> BaCO3 + 2NaCl
0,45
0,45 -----> 0,45 mol
mrn = 0,45 . 197 = 88,65g
AH
CHUYN 19:
TNH CHT - IU CH ANCOL
Cng thc phn t tng qut v cng thc phn t ca cht tng ng vi hn hp
ru.
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O
M
H qu:
Ru no hay ete no chy ----> s mol H2O > s mol CO2. V s mol ru no hay ete no tham
gia phn ng = s mol H2O s mol CO2.
Bi tp p dng:
3n
t0
O2
n CO2 + ( n + 1) H2O
2
(1)
C n H2 n + 1OH +
AH
.C
Khi cho sn phm thu c qua bnh 1 ng H2SO4 th H2O b hp th v qua bnh 2 ng
KOH th CO2 b gi li theo phng trnh.
(2)
CO2 + 2KOH
K2CO3 + H2O
Phn ng ru tc dng vi Na
(3)
2C n H2 n + 1OH + 2Na
2C n H2 n + 1ONa + H2
Theo (3) s mol hn hp 2 ru l.
0,672
= 0,06 (mol)
22,4
3,075
M hh =
= 51,25 = 14 n + 18
0,06
nhh = 2.nH 2 = 2
Theo (1) ta c:
Khi lng bnh 1 tng = mH 2 O = 0,06(2,375 + 1).18 = 3,645 g
Khi lng bnh 2 tng = mCO 2 = 0,06 . 2,375 . 44 = 6,27 g
nH
3,92
= 0,175 (mol)
22,4
PT phn ng:
2C2H5OH + 2Na 2C2H5ONa + H2
(1)
2CnH2n+1 COOH +2Na 2CnH 2n+1COONa + H2 (2)
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3x 2
O2 xCO2 + xH2O
(5)
2
147,75
Cht kt ta l BaCO3 nBaCO3 =
= 0,75 (mol)
197
PT: CO2 + Ba(OH)2 BaCO3 + H2O (6)
17,1
= 0,95 (mol)
18
C
O
AH
nH2O =
.C
CxH2xO2 +
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CnH2n(OH)2 +
2 CO2 + 3 H2O
to
3n 1
O2
2
(3)
to
(4)
O
M
C2H5OH + 3 O2
0,1 a
2,8
+ =
= 0,125 (mol) a = 0,2 mol.
2,2 2
22,4
n H2 =
0,1
0,2
8,96
.2+
.n =
= 0,4 (mol). n = 3.
2
2
22,4
AH
n CO2 =
0,1
0,2
.3 +
. 4 = 0,55 (mol).
2
2
n H2O =
.C
OH
OH
Bi 4 : t chy hon ton 23g mt ru no n chc A, thu c 44g CO2 v 27g H2O.
a/ Xc nh CTPT, CTCT ca A
b/ Hn hp X gm A v B l ng ng ca nhau. Cho 18,8g hn hp X tc dng vi Na d, thu c
5,6 lit H2 (ktc). Xc nh CTPT, CTCT ca A, B v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca A, B trong
X.
c/ t chy hon ton hn hp X ri cho ton b sn phm i qua bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 d, thu
c 35g kt ta. Tnh khi lng hn hp X em t chy.
Hng dn :
a/ S mol CO2 = 1 mol v s mol ca H2O = 1,5 mol. Nhn thy s mol ca H2O > s mol ca CO2 ----> Ru A l ru no.
nH 2 O : nCO 2 =
n 1
= 1,5 ----> n = 2. CTPT ca A l C2H6O v CTCT l CH3 CH2 OH.
n
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.C
O
M
AH
a mol
n a mol
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 ----> CaCO3 + H2O
n a mol
n a mol
S mol ca CaCO3 = n a = 35 : 100 = 0,35 mol ----> a = 0,35 : n = 0,35 : 1,4 = 0,25.
Ta c: mX = (14 n + 18)a = 14 n a + 18a = 14.0,35 + 18.0,25 = 9,4g.
Bi 5:
1 - Trong bnh kn 150 0C cha hn hp kh gm 1 th tch axetilen v 2 th tch oxi. t
chy axetilen bng chnh kh oxi trong bnh. Sau khi phn ng kt thc a bnh v nhit
ban u th p sut trong bnh thay i nh th no?
2 - Trn 12,4 g hn hp hai ru CH3OH v C2H5OH vi 3 g axit CxHyCOOH ri em t th
thu c 13,44 l kh CO2 (KTC). Nu em 3 g oxit trn trung ho bi dung dch KOH 0,5 M
th cn 100 ml DD KOH.
a. Tm CTHH ca axit trn.
b. Tnh % khi lng hn hp ru ban u.
c. Vit PTHH cc phn ng Este ho gia cc cht trn.
Hng dn:
1 - 1500C nc th hi.
Gi V l th tch ca C2H2
th VO 2 = 2V
Th tch hn hp C2H2 v O2 trong bnh bng 3V
PTHH:
2C2H2(k) + 5O2(k) 4CO2(k) + 2H2O(h)
2 mol
5 mol
4 mol
2 mol
Vl
2,5 V l
2Vl
Vl
xl
2 Vl
yl
zl
4
5
8
5
x= V y= V
z =
4
V
5
4
1
2
5
5
8
4
1
13
Vhh sau phn ng = ( V + V + V ) = V
5
5
5
5
VC 2 H cn d = V - V = V
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3
= 60
0,05
13,44
= 0,6 (mol)
22,4
O
M
.C
Nco 2 =
12 x + y + 45 = 60
12x + y = 15
x = 1 v y = 3
----> CTHH ca axit l: CH3COOH.
b. Tnh phn khi lng ca hn hp ru ban u:
MC x H y COOH =
AH
13
5 = 86,7 (%)
Ta c: a =
100.
Pd
n
V
= d = d
Ps
ns
Vs
0,1.32
. 100%
12,4
25,8 %
H2SO4(c), t0
H2SO4(c), t
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CHUYN 20:
TNH CHT, IU CH AXIT V ESTE
Cng thc phn t tng qut ca axit v este a chc no, mch h.
.C
MOH ---->
RCOOM + H2O
RCOOM + R/OH
RCOOH
R C O R/
AH
Hn hp: C. n H2 n + 2 - 2 k O2 k vi n , k > 1.
k = 1: ---> este v axit u n chc no c cng thc phn t l:
CnH2nO2 vi axit th n 1 v este th n 2.
Hn hp: C. n H2 n O2 vi axit th n > 1 v este th n > 2.
- Nu mt trong hai gc ru hoc axit l n chc th este mch h. Nu ru v axit u
a chc th este mch vng.
- Axit v este u tc dng vi dung dch kim gi chung l phn ng x phng ho, u to
ra mui kim ca axit hu c.
O
- Este c phn ng thu phn trong mi trng axit H2SO4 to ra ru v axit.
- Phn ng chy ca axit v este n chc no u to ra CO2 v H2O c s mol bng nhau.
- Tng qut, mt cht c cng thc phn t l CnH2nOx v mch h th CnH2nOx c mt ni
trong cng thc cu to v khi chy to ra CO2 v H2O c s mol bng nhau.
Bi ton p dng:
Bi 1: t chy 3(g) mt hp cht hu A c trong khng kh thu c 4,4g CO2 v 1,8g H2O.
a. Xc nh CTPT ca hp cht hu c A. Bit rng t khi ca A so vi H2 l 30. Vit CTCT
c th c ca A.
b. Nu em ton b lng kh CO2 trn tc dng vi 100 ml dd NaOH 1,5M th thu c
mui g? Tnh khi lng ca mi mui.
Hng dn;
a.V t chy hp cht hu c A thu c CO2 v H2O nn chc chn trong A phi cha hai
nguyn t l C v H c th c O.
S mol sn phm.
4,4
0,1mol => nC nCO2 0,1mol => mC 0,1.12 1,2 g
44
1,8
n H 2O
0,1mol n H 2n H 2O 0,2mol m H 0,2.1 0,2 g
18
Ta c: mC m H 2,4 0,2 2,6( g ) m A 6 g
nCO2
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.C
Cng thc n gin nht ca A l CH2O. t cng thc tng qut ca A l ( CH2O)n c mA
=30n
Theo cng thc dA/ H = 30.2 = 60 =>30n = 60 => n = 2.
Vy cng thc phn t ca A l C2H4O2.
b. n NaOH 0,1.1,5 0,15mol .
Phng trnh phn ng: CO2 + NaOH NaHCO3
Trc phn ng:
0,1
0,15
Phn ng:
0,1
0,1
Sau phn ng :
0
0,05
0,1
Tip tc c phn ng: NaHCO3 + NaOH
Na2CO3 + H2O
Trc phn ng: 0,1
0,05
0,05
0,05
Sau phn ng
0,05
0
0,05
Ta thu c 2 mui: NaHCO3 v Na2CO3 c khi lng l:
m NaHCO3 0,05.84 4,2 g
AH
(0.05mol)
Tnh nY=
y z
4 2
(x+ - )O2
0.25mol
4.4
0.5mol
88
nCO2=0.05x
t0
xCO2+
0.05x
y
H2O.
2
y
0.05
2
(1)
5.6
0.25(mol )
22.4
y
nH2O=0.05
2
nO2=
y
y=2x
2
(2)
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y
4
nO2=(x+ -
z
)0.05=0.25
2
(3)
AH
4
= 2 nguyn t C
2
.C
O
M
Bi 3: t chy hon ton 3 gam cht A, thu c 2,24 lt CO2 ( ktc) v 1,8g nc. T khi
Hng dn: Ta c.
2,24
0,1mol mC = 1,2g
22,4
1,8
nH O
0,1mol m H 0,2g
18
mO = 3 - (1,2 + 0,2) = 1,6g
t cng tc ca A l: CxHyO2, theo bi ra ta c:
MA = 3,75 . 16 = 60 (g)
12 y
y 162 60
Ta c:
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