PowerLineComunication DK ThietBiDien CDN Co Dien BN

i
I HC THI NGUYN
TRNG I HC K THUT CNG NGHIP
LUN VN THC S KHOA HC K THUT

CHUYN NGNH : K THUT IN T
TN TI:
NGHIN CU, S DNG CNG NGH PLC

THIT K B IU KHIN THIT B IN
NG DNG TI TRNG CAO NG NGH
C IN V XY DNG BC NINH
CHUYN NGNH : K THUT IN T

HC VIN
: HONG THU H
LP
: KTT-K13
S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
ii
LI CAM OAN
Tn ti l: Hong Thu H
Hc vin lp: Cao hc kho 13 - K thut in t Trng i hc K thut Cng nghip i hc Thi Nguyn
Xin cam oan ti: Nghin cu, s dng cng ngh PLC thit k b iu
khin thit b in ng dng ti trng CN c in v xy dng Bc Ninh
c s hng dn ca PGS.TS. Nguyn Thanh H l cng trnh nghin cu ca
ring ti. Tt c s liu, kt qu nu trong lun vn l trung thc, ng nh
trong cng v cha tng c ai cng b. Cc ti liu tham kho u c
ngun gc, xut x r rng.
Thi Nguyn, ngy 20 thng 11 nm 2012
Hc vin
Hong Thu H
iii
LI CM N
Trong sut qu trnh hc tp v lm lun vn tt nghip, ti nhn c
s gip tn tnh ca cc thy gio, c gio trong b mn in t vin thng Khoa in t - Trng i hc K thut Cng nghip i hc Thi Nguyn. Ti
xin by t lng bit n n vi cc thy gio, c gio trong khoa v khoa Sau i
hc v s gip tn tnh ny. Ti c bit cm n thy gio PGS.TS. Nguyn
Thanh H tn tnh gip , hng dn ti trong thi gian thc hin ti ny.
Ti xin cm n s gip , ng vin ca gia nh, bn b, ng nghip trong sut
thi gian qua.
Mc d c gng , song do iu kin thi gian v kinh nghim thc t ca
bn thn cn t, cho nn ti khng th trnh khi thiu st. V vy, ti rt mong
nhn c s ng gp kin ca cc thy gio, c gio v cc bn ng nghip.
Ti xin chn thnh cm n!
Tc gi lun vn
Hong Thu H
iv
MC LC
Ni dung
Li cam oan
Trang
i
Li cm n.
ii
Mc lc..
Danh mc cc k hiu v ch vit tt
Danh mc cc bng biu
iii
viii
xi
Danh mc cc hnh v...

Li ni u.
xii
xvi
Chng 1
TNG QUAN V CNG NGH PLC

1.1 Lch s pht trin cng ngh PLC.................................................................... 1
1.1.1 Khi nim PLC. .......................................................................................... 1
1.1.2. Mt s thnh tu t c ca PLC ......................................................... 5
1.1.3. Phn loi cng ngh ................................................................................. 6
1.1.3.1. Phn loi theo mc in p ................................................................ 6
1.1.3.2. Phn loi theo tc bt .................................................................... 7
1.1.3.3. Phn loai theo phm vi ....................................................................... 7
1.1.3.4. Phn loi theo phng thc iu ch................................................. 8
1.2. Nguyn l c bn v s khi ca h thng truyn thng tin trn ng cp
in lc ................................................................................................................... 9
1.2.1. Nguyn l c bn ca h thng ................................................................ 9
1.2.2. S khi ca h thng. ......................................................................... 10
1.2.2.1. Khi cch ly (Power Line Isolation) ................................................ 10
1.2.2.2. Khi iu ch tn hiu (Signal Modulation) .................................... 11
1.2.2.3 . Khuch i ca b pht v b thu (Signal Amplification) ........... 11
1.2.2.4. Khi gii iu ch tn hiu (Signal Demodulation) ........................ 11
1.3. Cc giao thc truyn thng qua ng dy in lc .................................... 11

1.3.1. X10 .......................................................................................................... 12
1.3.2.Lonwork ................................................................................................... 13
1.3.3. CEBus ..................................................................................................... 14
1.3.4. HomePlug ................................................................................................ 16
1.4. Mt s ng dng thc tin ca PLC ............................................................. 17
1.4.1. ng dng trong cc h thng qun l, gim st li in v cng t. ... 18
1.4.2. Truyn thng ng di tc cao ........................................................ 18
1.4.3. Mng truy cp Internet s dng cng ngh PLC .................................... 19
1.4.4. ng dng trong gia nh Intelligent home ........................................... 19
1.5. Kt lun chng ............................................................................................ 20
Chng 2
MT S K THUT TRIN KHAI TRN H THNG PLC

2.1. c tnh knh truyn ng cp in ........................................................... 24
2.1.1. S gii hn bng thng ........................................................................... 25
2.1.2. Nhiu trn ng cp in ...................................................................... 26
2.1.2.1. Nhiu tn s 50Hz. ........................................................................... 27
2.1.2.2. Nhiu xung t bin. ......................................................................... 27
2.1.2.3. Nhiu xung tun hon....................................................................... 27
2.1.2.4. Nhiu xung ko di ........................................................................... 28
2.1.2.5. Nhiu chu k khng ng b ............................................................ 29
2.1.2.6. Nhiu sng radio .............................................................................. 29
2.1.2.7. Nhiu nn .......................................................................................... 29
2.1.3. Tr khng ng truyn v s phi hp tr khng.29
2.1.4. Suy hao trn li in ............................................................................. 30
2.1.5. Hin tng sng dng ............................................................................. 31
vi
2.1.6 S pht x sng in t v kh nng gy nhiu ....................................... 32

2.2. Ghp ni vi li in x l tn hiu ......................................................... 33
2.2.1. Mch ghp tn hiu .................................................................................. 33
2.2.1.1. Mch ghp dung khng C ................................................................. 34
2.2.1.2 Mch ghp kt hp cm khng v dung khng L-C .......................... 36
2.2.1.3. Mch phi ghp R-L-C phc tp ...................................................... 37
2.2.2. Cc b lc tng t ................................................................................. 37
2.2.2.1. Mch lc RC ..................................................................................... 37
2.2.2.2. Mch lc LC ..................................................................................... 38
2.2.2.3 Cc mch lc bc cao khc ............................................................... 39
2.3. Cc phng thc m ha............................................................................... 40
2.3.1 M xon .................................................................................................... 40
2.3.2. M Reed Solomon ................................................................................ 44
2.4. Cc phng thc iu ch tn hiu................................................................ 48
2.4.1 Tng quan v k thut iu ch trong vin thng. .................................. 48
2.4.2 iu ch dng kho dch bin ASK. .................................................. 50
2.4.3 iu ch dng kho dch tn s FSK. .................................................... 51
2.4.4 iu ch dng kho dch pha PSK v kho dch pha vi phn DPSK..... 52
2.4.5 Cc dng iu ch s dng trong vin thng in lc. .......................... 53
2.4.5.1 S dng iu ch gim xuyn nhiu. .............................................. 53
2.4.5.2 S dng iu ch tng tc truyn d liu. ................................. 55
2.5. K thut tri ph............................................................................................ 56
2.5.1. Tri ph dy trc tip .............................................................................. 57
2.5.1.1. Tri ph dy trc tip kiu BPSK ................................................... 57
2.5.1.2.Tri ph dy trc tip kiu QPSK ..................................................... 61
2.5.2. Tri ph nhy tn FH-SS (Frequence Hopping Spread Spectrum) ........ 63
2.6. Cng ngh OFDM ......................................................................................... 64
vii
2.6.1. Nguyn tc c bn ca OFDM............................................................... 65

2.6.2. Tnh trc giao .......................................................................................... 66
2.6.3 H thng OFDM ...................................................................................... 68
2.6.4 Chng nhiu lin k hiu (ISI) bng cch s dng khong bo v ........ 70
2.7 Kt lun chng ............................................................................................. 71
Chng 3
NG DNG CNG NGH PLC
THIT K B IU KHIN THIT B IN
3.1 Gii thiu........................................................................................................ 72
3.1.1 Lch s trng .......................................................................................... 72
3.1.2 C s h tng ca trng ......................................................................... 72
3.1.3 Thc trng h thng in ca nh trng. ............................................... 73
3.1.3.1 .Cc thit b in: .............................................................................. 73
3.1.3.2. Nhng bt cp ca h thng in hin nay:..................................... 74
3.1.4. Cc yu cu trong thit k ....................................................................... 75
3.2 Modem truyn thng Philip TDA5051 ........................................................... 76
3.2.1. Modem truyn thng trn ng dy in.............................................. 76
3.2.2. Modem truyn thng Philip TDA5051 ................................................... 77
3.2.3. Kt ni modem Philips TDA5051A ....................................................... 81
3.3. B vi iu khin PIC16F877 ........................................................................ 82
3.3.1 Gii thiu v vi iu khin PIC16F877 .................................................. 82
3.3.2 Mch iu khin ....................................................................................... 85
3.3.3 Giao tip iu khin ................................................................................. 87
3.3.4 Lp trnh PIC16F877 ............................................................................. 88
3. 4. Mch np PIC16F877 .................................................................................. 90
3.5 S mch ..................................................................................................... 91
3.5.1 Khi cp ngun ........................................................................................ 91
3.5.2. Mch ghp ............................................................................................... 91
viii
3.5.3. Mch lc .................................................................................................. 92

3.5.4. Mch ng b.......................................................................................... 93
3.5.5. Tng hp mch ....................................................................................... 93
3.5.6. Bng mch in (PCB Printed circuir broad) .......................................... 95
3.5.7 Nguyn l hot ng ca h thng.......................................................... 97
3.6 . Cc kt qu thu c .................................................................................... 99
3.7 . Kt lun chng ......................................................................................... 100
Kt lun v kin ngh 101
Ti liu tham kho 103
Ph lc 1 105
Ph lc 2 111
ix
DANH MC CC K HIU, CH VIT TT
K
hiu
Ting Anh
Ting Vit
ASIC
Application Specific Intergrate Circuit
Mch tch hp ng dng c bit
AM
Amplitude Modulation
iu bin
AMR
Automated Meter Reading
T ng c cng t
AMM
Automated Meter Management
T ng qun l cng t
ASK
Amplitude Shift Keying
Kha dch bin
BER
Bit Error Rate
T l li bit
BPSK
Binary Phase Shift Keying
Kha dch pha nh phn
BSC
Base Station Control
iu khin trm gc
BSK
Binary Shift Keying
Kho dch pha c hai
BTS
Base Transceiver Station
Trm thu pht gc
CDMA
Code Divission Multiplex Access
a truy nhp phn chia theo m
CEPT
Conference of European Posts and

Telecommunication Administrations
Hi ngh v qun l bu chnh vin

thng Chu u
CIS
Customer Information Service
Dch v thng tin khch hng
DCU
Data Concentration Unit
n v tp trung d liu
DM
Delta Modulation
iu tn
DS
Direct Sequence
Chui trc tip
DSSS
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Tri ph dy trc tip
DPSK
Differential Phase Shift Keying
Kha dch pha vi phn
EPRI
Electrical Power research Institution
Vin nghin cu in nng
FFH
Fast Frequency Hopping
Nhy tn nhanh.
FH
Frequency Hopping
Nhy tn
FHSS
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
Tri ph nhy tn
FM
Frequency Modulation
iu tn
FSK
Frequency Shift Keying
Kha dch tn
FDM
Frequency Division Multiplexing
a truy nhp theo tn s
FPGA
Field Programmable Gate Array
Phm vi c th lp trnh cng mng
GSM
Global System for Mobile
in thoi di ng ton cu
communication
HCS
Host Center Station
Trm my ch trung tm
HLR
Home Local Register
Thanh ghi nh v thng tr
HPR
High Power Radio
Knh v tuyn cng sut cao
IMEI
International Mobile Equipment
Nhn dng thit b di ng quc t
Identifier
International Mobile Subscriber
Nhn dng thu bao di ng quc
Identifier
ISDN
Intergrated Service Digital Network
Mng s t hp dch v
ISI
Inter Symbol Interference
Nhiu ISI
LAN
Local Area Network
Mng khu vc
LPR
Low Power Radio
Knh v tuyn cng sut thp
MIU
n v giao tip ng h
n v giao tip ng h .
MS
Mobile Station
My di ng
MSC
Mobile Switching Center
Trung tm chuyn mch di ng
OFDM
Orthogonal Frequency Division
iu ch a sng mang
IMSI
Multiplexing
PC
Personal Computer
My tnh c nhn
PCM
Pulse Code Modulation
iu ch xung m
PIN
Personal Identification Number
S nhn dng c nhn
PLC
Power Line Communication
Truyn thng trn ng cp in
PLL
Phase Locked Loop
Vng kha pha
PLM
Power Line Modem
Modem in lc
PRBS
Pseudo Random Binary Sequence
Chui nh phn gi ngu nhin
PSK
Phase Shift Keying
Kha dch pha
PSTN
Public Switching Telephone

Netwwork
Mng chuyn mch in thoi cng

cng
QAM
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
iu ch bin cu phng
Q-PSK
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
Kho dch pha cu phng
RF
Radio Frequency
Tn s v tuyn
RMR
Remote Meter reading
c cng t t xa
RTU
Remote Tranceiver Unit
Thit b pht t xa mt chiu
xi
SF
Selective Fading
Pha nh la chn
Smart
IMS
Smart Integrated Metering System
H thng o lng tch hp thng

minh
SIM
Subscriber Identifier Modul
n v nhn dng thu bao
SSMA
Spread Spectrum Multiple Access
a truy nhp tri ph
VLR
Visitor Local Register
Thanh ghi nh v tm tr
WLL
Wireless Local Loop
Truy nhp khng dy ni ht
xii
DANH MC BNG BIU

Bng 2.1 Quy lut v trng thi pha ca phng php iu ch QPSK
62
Bng 3.1 M t cc chn ca TDA5051
79
xiii
DANH MC HNH V
Hnh 1.1: H thng truyn thng tin trn ng dy in lc
Hnh 1.2: Truyn thng tin qua ng dy in
Hnh 1.3 Ghp v tch tn hiu ra khi ng dy in
Hnh 1.4: S khi ca h thng
10
Hnh 1.5: X10 timing on 60Hz waveform
12
Hnh 1.6: X10 packet format
13
Hnh 1.7: CEBus spread spectrum chirp
15
Hnh 1.8: ng dng PLC trong qun l in
18
Hnh 1.9: Mng thng tin PLC
19
Hnh 1.10: M hnh ng dng PLC trong gia nh Intelligent home
19
Hnh 2.1: Ph tn PLC ca thng tin ni b
24
Hnh 2.2: V d v s mo tn hiu trn li in
25
Hnh 2.3: Cc bng tn trong tiu chun CENELEC
26
Hnh 2.4: Xung nhiu xut hin khi bt n
27
Hnh 2.5: Nhiu xung tun hon
28
Hnh 2.6: Nhiu pht ra khi chy my ht bi v ph tn ca n
28
Hnh 2.7: Suy hao trong gia nh ti tn s 130 KHz
31
Hnh 2.8: Hin tng sng dng
31
Hnh 2.9: Mch ghp dung khng
34
Hnh 2.10: Mch ghp kt hp LC
36
Hnh 2.11: Cc mch lc RC
38
Hnh 2.12: Cc mch lc LC n gin
38
Hnh 2.13: Cc mch cng hng LC
38
xiv
Hnh 2.14: Mch lc thng di dng vi mch HA17741
39
Hnh 2.15: V d b m ha m chp t l
40
Hnh 2.16: S cy biu din b m ha m xon hnh 2.23
41
Hnh 2.17: S li biu din b m ha m xon hnh 2.23
42
Hnh 2.18: S li gii m
43
Hnh 2.19: ng sng v kt qu gii m
44
Hnh 2.20: H thng s dng m RS
45
Hnh 2.21. B m ho Reed-Solomon
46
Hnh 2.22. Cc dng tn hiu c iu ch ASK, PSK, FSK
49
Hnh 2.23. Ph cng sut tn hiu khi iu ch s
50
Hnh 2.24: Hiu sut ca mt s k thut iu ch khc nhau trong vic

lm gim nhiu
54
Hnh 2.25: S m hnh h thng thng tin tri ph
56
Hnh 2.26: Tri ph chui trc tip DSSS
57
Hnh 2.27: S tri ph trc tip kiu BPSK
59
Hnh 2.28: S tri ph trc tip n gin
59
Hnh 2.29: S gii iu ch tri ph dng n gin
60
Hnh 2.30: Tri ph dy trc tip iu ch pha 4 mc
62
Hnh 2.31: Tri ph nhy tn FHSS
64
Hnh 2.32: S m hnh h thng tri ph nhy tn
64
Hnh 2.33: Ph ca tn hiu FDM v OFDM
65
Hnh 2.34: a. Tc ng ca nhiu i vi h thng n sng mang
66
b. Tc ng ca nhiu n h thng a sng mang

Hnh 2.35: Ph ca cc sng mang trc giao
67
Hnh 2.36: S nguyn l to mt k hiu OFDM
68
xv
Hnh 2.37: S mt h thng OFDM
69
Hnh 2.38: nh hng ca ISI
70
Hinh 2.39: Chn khong bo v l khong trng
70
Hnh 2.40: Chn khong bo v Cyclic prefix
71
Hnh 3.1: S khi ca TDA5051A
78
Hnh 3.2. S chn ca TDA5051A
78
Hnh 3.3: Quan h gia DATAIN v DATAOUT
80
Hnh 3.4: Ph tn hiu
81
Hnh 3.5: Modem in Philips TDA5051A
82
Hnh 3.6: Hnh nh PIC16F877
83
Hnh 3.7: S chn ca PIC16F877
84
Hnh 3.8: S mch ca khi iu khin
86
Hnh 3.9 Mch giao tip iu khin
87
Hnh 3.10 Mch giao tip USB
88
Hnh 3.11: S hot ng ca vi iu khin PIC16F877
89
Hnh 3.12: S mch np JDM
90
Hnh 3.13: S cp ngun
91
Hnh 3.14: Mch ghp s dng bin p
92
Hnh 3.15: Mch lc
92
Hnh 3.16: Mch ng b
93
Hnh 3.17: Mch tng hp
94
Hnh 3.18. Mch in Slaver
95
Hnh 3.19. Mch in Maste
95
Hnh 3.20 : Mch thc ca cc modul PLC
96
xvi
Hnh 3.21 Boar Master
96
Hnh 3.22 Boar Slaver
97
Hnh 3.23: S tng quan ca h thng PLC
98
Hnh 3.24: S khi ca h thng c topology (cu trc) hnh sao.
98
xvii
LI NI U
Vi s pht trin ca khoa hc cng ngh thng tin chng ta ang chng
kin s xut hin hng lot cc dch v vin thng mi a dng, an ton, cht lng
cao p ng nhu cu truyn thng cho cc doanh nghip v ngi tiu dng. Nh:
o lng iu khin t xa, gim st hot ng hay iu khin nh thng minh....
Cng vi s pht trin , t ng ha cc h thng l yu cu cp thit
nhm gii phng sc lao ng trc tip, nng cao an ton v tit kim nng
lng. Vi s pht trin ca khoa hc cng ngh, vic trang b t ng ha cho cc
h thng mi kh n gin. Vn t ra l phi ci tin c (t ng ha) cho
cc h thng c ng thi phi tn dng c trang thit b sn c tit kim chi
ph. C th, vi h thng in ca trng CN c in v xy dng BN hin nay,
vic s dng in hon ton ph thuc vo thc ca ngi s dng nn khng
trnh khi lng ph v ch c bit l khu vc ging ng ni dnh cho HS-SV.
khc phc cc nhc im , ti ny ny s thit k b iu khin thit b in
cho tng phng hc cng nh phng lm vic qun l vic s dng in nng
hp l hn.
thc hin qu trnh t ng ha th vic truyn thng tin l yu cu rt
quan trng. Truyn thng tin i xa c nhiu phng n nh: truyn thng qua
ng dy in thoi, qua ng dy Internet v truyn thng qua ng dy in
lc. Trong Cng ngh PLC gip gim chi ph u t do tn dng c h thng
ti in sn c.
c s hng dn tn tnh ca thy gio PGS.TS Nguyn Thanh H
Cng cc thy c gio trong Khoa in t - trng i hc K thut Cng nghip
i hc Thi Nguyn, ti xin hon thnh lun vn tt nghip cao hc vi ni dung:
Nghin cu, s dng cng ngh PLC thit k b iu khin thit b in
ng dng ti trng CN c in v xy dng Bc Ninh . ti gm cc ni
dung chnh nh sau:
Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh PLC Trnh by nguyn l c bn v
s i khi ca mt h thng thng tin PLC bt k; Ch ra cc ng dng c bn ca
xviii
PLC; Phn tch r c im ca knh truyn in lc vi cc yu t nhiu v suy

hao tc ng. trn c s ch ra nhng k thut ci tin trn PLC nh phi ghp
li in, m ha v iu ch thng tin.
Chng 2: Mt s k thut trin khai trn h thng PLC- Phn tch cc
yu t nh hng n h thng PLC; Mt s k thut nhm lm gim nh hng
ca nhiu v suy hao tn hiu n cht lng ca h thng PLC bao gm phi ghp
li in, m ha, iu ch, tri ph
Chng 3: Thit k b iu khin thit b in s dng cng ngh PLC
Trn c s cc kin thc c c t chng 1 v 2 chng ny ng dng vi iu
khin PIC thit k b iu khin thit b in thng qua ng dy in lc.
Cui cng l nhng phn tch nh gi nhm rt ra kt lun v hng pht
trin ca ti.
Do y l mt ti cn mi, c hon thnh trong mt thi gian ngn v
iu kin tip cn nghin cu, cng vi nng lc bn thn cn hn ch nn c th
cha cp c ht cc vn lin quan n ti mt cch y , su sc v
cng khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st trong qu trnh nghin cu, trnh by.
Knh mong cc thy, c gio v cc bn quan tm n ni dung ca ti, gp
kin ti c iu kin tip thu v pht trin ti cng nh b xung thm kin
thc cho bn thn c y , ng n v lun vn ca ti c hon thin
hn.
Ti xin chn thnh cm n!
Thi Nguyn, ngy 20 thng 11 nm 2012
Ngi thc hin
Hong Thu H
Chng 1
TNG QUAN V CNG NGH (PLC)
(POWER LINE COMMUNICATION )
1.1 Lch s pht trin cng ngh PLC
1.1.1 Khi nim PLC.
Power line communication PLC l cng ngh truyn tn hiu thng tin trn
ng dy in lc.
Cng ngh truyn thng PLC s dng mng li ng dy cung cp in
nng cho mc ch truyn ti thng tin nhm tit kim chi ph u t.
Hnh 1.1 H thng truyn thng tin trn ng dy in lc

u im ca cng ngh PLC.
Mt u im ni bt ca PLC l tnh kinh t do vic s dng mng in li
sn. Hin nay, ti Vit Nam nhu cu truy cp Internet bng rng tr nn rt bc
thit, trong khi Internet tc cao ADSL chi ph cng khng nh.
Cc modem PLC cho php nhn v gi cc tn hiu thng tin ti cc cm
in trn tng nh. Nh vy, ton b mng in trong ta nh s tr thnh mt
mng LAN truy cp ni b. Cung cp ng truyn tn hiu bng thng rng,

khng phi i cp quang n tng nh, khai thc kh nng to ln ca mng in
hin c, gii quyt vn a ng truyn bng thng rng n h gia nh. Vic
s dng mng in hin c s cho php ph cp thng tin d dng n mi vng,
mi nh. Ch cn c mt ng cp quang ni ti trm bin p, c mt khu vc dn
c ln s c kh nng truy cp Internet bng thng rng v cc dch v truyn thng
khc.
y l mt gii php hu hiu cho vic gii quyt vn dch v bng thng
rng ti h gia nh hay b qu ti do gp d liu nhiu ng thu bao. D dng
ci t v trin khai mng, ch cn ni ng cp quang n trm bin p, lp
modem ti trm, thit lp h thng ti h gia nh v lp modem PLC ti ni truy
cp, cung cp tc truy cp d liu cao (10 - 45Mbps) trong di tn (1,7 - 30Mhz).
Ngoi ra, n cn c tnh tng thch cao vi cc cng ngh mng khc.
Do , cng ngh PLC khc phc c nhng hn ch v c s h tng ca
h thng thng tin v truyn thng Vit Nam, ph cp cc dch v bng thng
rng n mi ngi dn.
Qu trnh pht trin ca cng ngh PLC
Ra i vo nhng thp nin 80 ca th k 20, cng ngh truyn tn hiu trn
ng dy in u tin c nghin cu v pht trin ti M vi d n mang tn
X10. Cng ngh X10 s dng sng mang tn s 120Khz v in p tn hiu 4V
truyn tn hiu iu khin. Cc sn phm s dng cng ngh X10 c u im l d
lp t, gi thnh thp v khng phi i thm dy iu khin. Tuy nhin cc sn
phm X10 c im yu l chu tc ng rt ln ca nhiu ng truyn, tnh bo
mt ca thit b s dng cng ngh X10 khng cao, tc truyn thp, kh nng
bo ton thng tin thp (70-80%). T n nay cng ngh PLC khng ngng
c nghin cu v pht trin. Nm 2002 nh du mt bc ngot ln ca cng
ngh PLC khi chun UPB & PLCBUS ra i. Cng ngh UPB & PLCBUS s dng
sng mang c di tn t 4-40Khz, in p tn hiu 40V truyn tn hiu iu
khin. Khng ging nh X10 s dng tn s sng mang c nh 120Khz, cc thit
b s dng cng ngh UPB & PLCBUS s chn ra trong di tn 4-40Khz mt tn s

t b can nhiu t ng truyn nht ti thi im truyn truyn tn hiu iu
khin. Do bng thng ng truyn c m rng cho php nhiu thit b cng
truyn tn hiu iu khin cng mt lc m khng b nh hng ln nhau. Mt khc,
vi in p tn hiu ln ti 40V cng ngh UPB&PLCBUS gn nh hon ton
khng b nh hng bi can nhiu ln trn ng truyn. H thng s dng cng
ngh UPB&PLCBUS c chung c im: tc truyn cao, d lp t, khng cn
i dy iu khin, d thm mi thit b, khng cn b lc, khng cn tch ring
ng cp ngun, kh nng bo ton thng tin cao (99,98%) tng ng vi cc
thit b s dng cng ngh IBUS nh EIB, Cbus. Cc thit b UPB&PLCBUS; c
xy dng vi ID CODE v LINK PASSWORD ngn chn vic iu khin thit b
t cc h thng khng c php hoc t h thng khc cc khu vc ln cn. Vi
ID CODE v LINK PASSWORD ca cng ngh UPB&PLCBUS. Nhc im ca
cng ngh UPB&PLCBUS l kh ci t hn so vi thit b X10 do phi ci ID
CODE v LINK PASSWORD cho tng thit b.
c th truyn thng tin qua phng tin truyn dn l ng dy dn
in, cn phi c cc thit b u cui l PLC modem, cc modem ny c chc nng
bin i tn hiu t cc thit b vin thng truyn thng nh my tnh, in thoi
sang mt nh dng ph hp truyn qua ng dy dn in. Qu trnh truyn
thng tin qua ng dy in lc c m t nh hnh 1.2
Hnh 1.2: Truyn thng tin qua ng dy in

Vi qu trnh truyn thng tin nh vy, nhng ai cn s dng cc dch v vin
thng nh trn c th dng tt c cc dch v thng qua mt in m khng cn
lp t cp mi. Cng ngh ny tuy cn mi m vi khch hng nhng thc ra
c s dng t u th k 20, cho cc mc ch truyn thng tin ca ni b ngnh
in. V d nh h thng CFS (Carrier Frequency System), s dng cc my pht
10W truyn thng tin bo v, o c trn ng dy cao th vi khong cch ln
ti 500km hay h thng RCS (Ripple Carrier Signalling) s dng trong qun l ti
ca h thng truyn ti in h th v trung th. Hay hin nay, cng ngh PLC c
s dng cho cc ng dng trong nh nh h thng gim st, cnh bo, t ng ho...
tng truyn tn hiu thng tin trn ng dy ti in c s dng t
lu bng cch s dng phng thc iu ch bt tt sng mang tin (turn on turn
off carrier). Ging nh cc cng ty in lc trn th gii, t lu Tng cng ty in
lc Vit Nam s dng k thut ny truyn ti cc thng tin phc v ngnh
in, nhng vi cch ny tc truyn tin rt thp. Ngy nay vi s pht trin
nhanh chng ca cng ngh, c bit l cng ngh sn xut vi mch tch hp gi r
cho tng ng dng c bit ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) cho
php PLC c nhng bc pht trin nhy vt v tr thnh mt trong nhng cng
ngh truy cp bng rng v tc cao y ha hn.
1.1.2. Mt s thnh tu t c ca PLC

tng v vic gi tn hiu thng tin trn cng mt cp dy c s dng
phn phi in cng bt ngun t xa xa nh in bo, tuy nhin s lng thit b
truyn thng c ci t trn h thng dy dnh ring vt xa s lng ci t trn
dy in ngun AC m khng c bt c l do no. Cho n my thp k gn y
con ngi th ngh n s lng ph ca vic c b qua kh nng giao tip ca ngun
in AC. Trong nm 1920 c t nht hai bng sng ch c cp cho cng ty in
bo in thoi ca M AT&T trong lnh vc ca "Truyn tn hiu qua cc mch
cung cp. Bng sng ch Hoa K s 1.607.668 v 1.672.940, np trong nm 1924
a ra h thng truyn v nhn tn hiu truyn thng qua Dng in xoay chiu
ba pha. Cho n thi im hin ti, c th k n mt s thnh tu ca PLC nh
sau:
Cng ngh PLC bng thng rt thp (ln n 25 bps)
- Turtle (Tryn dn bng siu hp) Thng hiu thuc s hu ca mng truyn
thng Turtle ca M.
- PFPM (iu pha tn s cng sut).
- Ripple Control (iu tn qua ng in).
Bng thng trung bnh baud: (ln n 9.600 bps)
- Echonet
- Archnet
- Cng ngh bn dn, Australia.
- National Semiconductor. (LM1893 / LM 2893)
- Itran
Bng thng (Hn 9.600, ch yu s dng cho IT)
- Inari (Da tren chipset IPL0202) 2 MBps.
- Altcom (da trn chipset AN1000) 115kbps
- Intellon (INT51X1 Chipset) 14 MBps.

- Texas Instruments. (Da trn DSP t 200Mbps)
Tt c cc cng ngh c lit k trn vn cn trong giai on "th
nghim". S mt mt thi gian cho cc cng ngh ny s c ng gi thnh sn
phm cui cng v chng minh cho s ha hn v bng thng.
1.1.3. Phn loi cng ngh

1.1.3.1. Phn loi theo mc in p
- Mc in p cao (110-500kV): kt ni cc nh my in vi cc khch hng
ln, cc khu vc tiu th in nng vi ng truyn ti di t vi chc kilomet n
vi trm kilomet.
- Mc in p trung bnh (10-30KV): Cung cp cho cc khu dn c rng, cc
khu cng nghip, khu th, khong cch truyn ti ngn hn t vi kilomet n vi
chc kilomet.
- Mc in p thp (110V-380V): Cung cp in nng cho cc khch hng l
cc h gia nh, c quan, trng hcvi khong cch truyn ti ngn t vi trm
mt n vi kilomet. H thng li in h th kt ni n tt c cc khch hng, do
vy ng dng ca cng ngh PLC cho mng truy nhp s dng mng h th c tim
nng rt ln.
V thc t truyn dn tn hiu trn li in th thp thc hin trc tip trn
mng m phn ln cc thit b in vn hnh, tp m v mo trn nhng mng ny
rt cao. Mt khc cc c tnh vt l trn mng ny thay i theo mi ti c bt
hay tt, v vy mi cng ngh PLC li in h th cn c gii php khc phc
nhng vn vt l nh vy.
1.1.3.2. Phn loi theo tc bt

- PLC bng hp tc bt thp: ng dng PLC u tin c dng cho
phm vi t ng trong lnh vc cung cp in nng. Phm vi ny ch yu cu tc
bt thp. V l do v v l do quy nh, ngi ta xc nh gii tn c th dng

cho yu cu t ng trong nh v trong lnh vc cung cp in nng. Di tn
nm trong khong t 3KHz n 148.5KHz (Tiu chun CENELEC chu u) hoc
t 3KHz n 450KHz (Tiu chun M v Nht).
- PLC bng rng tc cao: V gii tn c quy nh bi CENELEC ch
cho php truyn dn tc tng i thp, cc nghin cu cho gii tn cao ang
c thc hin. Vn chnh ca di tn ny l tn hiu tn s cao t trn dy dn
s suy hao ln. Di tn MHz cng xung t vi tn s dng cho cc dch v khc
chng hn nh an ninh, iu khin khng lu, cac dch v pht thanh qung b, dch
v qung co khc l l do ti sao cn phi ra cc quy nh thng nht.
Hin nay di tn t 1 10 MHz c dng cho cc ng dng ngoi nh (Outdoor),
cn di tn t 10 30 MHz dnh cho cc ng dng trong nh (Inhouse).
1.1.3.3. Phn loai theo phm vi

- PLC trong nh (In House PLC): H thng PLC trong nh dng cc cp
in trong nh truyn dn gia cc thit b PLC khc nhau trong nh. H thng
trong nh c th hot ng nh mng ring m khng c bt k mt kt ni ra bn
ngoi.
- Last mile PLC: L mng truy nhp ni ht cho php kt ni gia mng
trc truyn thoi v s liu v im cung cp cho tng khch hng thng qua cc
im kt ni n nh khch hng. Trong nhiu trng hp trm h p s c dng
nh im kt ni mng trc v mng in h th s c dng kt ni n nh
khch hng. im kt ni mng trc cng c th c t chc trm bin p trung
th hoc nhng im thch hp khc.
Ti Chu u, ETSI xc nh k hoch phn b bng tn t 1,6 Mhz n 10
Mhz c n nh dnh ring (hoc u tin) cho truy nhp ni ht, di tn t 10
Mhz n 30 Mhz c u tin dnh cho ng dng mng gia nh (in-house).
1.1.3.4. Phn loi theo phng thc iu ch

Bn k thut khc nhau c th c s dng cho truyn thng qua ng dy
in lc. Vi mt PLL (vng kha pha), qu trnh truyn ti c th c thc hin
vi cc k thut iu ch s Kha dch bin (ASK), kha dch tn s (FSK) hoc
kha dch pha (PSK). y l mt cng ngh ni ting v khng tn km, nhng
hiu qu b hn ch.
K thut th hai l da trn nguyn l tri ph vi mt b tng quan. y,
tn hiu pht chim bng thng ln hn ng k bng thng ti thiu cn thit
gi cc thng tin v vy n c tri ra v c iu ch. u thu cn bit mu pht
v tn hiu c ly mu thng xuyn. Bng thng thp s lm tng tnh nhy cm
vi hin tng mo tn hiu do cn phi thay i (My thu hnh l mt v d ph
bin ca bin dng mo tn hiu).
K thut th ba kt hp lm vic DSP trong mt di hp v s dng ch hai
tn s sng mang hot ng vi b trit nhiu xung v mt c ch iu chnh thch
ng vi mo tn hiu.
K thut th t kt hp iu ch ca mt tn s thp, xung cng cao trong
dng in lin lc. Cc loi hnh giao tip nh vy c th nghim bi cc
cng ty phn phi qun l trnh cc li ca ti ca h Trong s cc cng ngh
PLC c sn, k thut ny ha hn vic truyn tn hiu qua my bin p v do c
th thc hin trn mt khong cch di hn.
1.2. Nguyn l c bn v s khi ca h thng truyn thng tin trn ng

cp in lc
1.2.1. Nguyn l c bn ca h thng
tng ca cng ngh PLC l ghp tn hiu s liu c tn s cao vo ng
cp in c tn hiu c bn l 50/60Hz a n khi s l tn hiu. Vic ghp tn
hiu l mt kha cnh quan trng ca cng ngh PLC. Tn hiu thng tin cn truyn
phi nm trong di tn cao hn nhiu tn s ca dng in chnh v cc hi ca n.
ng thi, tn hiu phi c cng sut ln a vo ng cp in. Mt bin

p c c tnh thng cao c th c dng ghp tn hiu vo dng in chnh. B
lc thng cao m bo dng in chnh v cc hi ca n c cch ly khi modem.
T b chuyn i A/D
v lc thng thp
Tng cng sut

pha pht
Cp in
Bo v qu p
Bin p vi b lc thng cao
a. Ghp tn hiu vo ng dy in
Cp in
Bin p vi b lc
thng cao
Dng in chnh
B lc di vo
X l s
liu
b.Tch tn hiu ra khi ng dy in
Hnh 1.3 Ghp v tch tn hiu ra khi ng dy in

Pha thu, b lc c dng cch ly tn hiu in v tn hiu s liu. B lc
thng cao s chn li tn hiu dng in chnh 50/60Hz, cho qua tn hiu tn s cao
a n khi x l s liu.
Phng php nh trn lm vic tt vi di tn nh hn 150KHz, nhng i
vi di tn cao hn, cn c cc mch ph cho php ghp tn hiu qua bin p.
Vic ghp tn hiu cng phi m bo bo v modem khng b ph hng trong qu
trnh qu ca dng in chnh.
10
1.2.2. S khi ca h thng.
Hnh 1.4: S khi ca h thng.
1.2.2.1. Khi cch ly (Power Line Isolation)

Mt phn quan trng ca b pht v thu tn hiu trn ng dy in lc l
giao din giao tip vi ng dy in lc. Bi v mch ca chng ta phi giao tip
vi li in 220V- 50Hz, nu khng c s cch ly cn thn, nhng phn cn li
ca mch in c th d dng b chy.
tng cho mch cch ly l c th hon ton ngn chn tn hiu 50Hz, cho
cc tn hiu thng tin i qua. Tn hiu thng tin trong trng hp ny l cc tn hiu
iu ch tn s. Trong mch in ny, tn s sng mang c th c thit lp xung
quanh gi tr 70KHz. Bi v cc tn hiu vo c mt tn s gii hn trong khong t
500Hz n 5KHz mch cch ly s phi cho php cc tn hiu trong khong t
65KHz n 75KHz. Mch cch ly l mt t in 10nF c ni vi mt bin p m
tn. Mch ny hon ton ngn chn cc tn hiu 50Hz v cho tn hiu trong khong
50KHz n 80KHz i qua. Bng vic t mch cch ly ny gia ng dy in lc
v phn cn li ca mch in, chng ta chc chn rng tn hiu in p 220V s
khng nh hng n mch pht v mch thu, v do tn hiu thng tin c th
truyn v nhn c trn ng dy in lc.
11
1.2.2.2. Khi iu ch tn hiu (Signal Modulation)

c s dng iu ch tn hiu vo. N c th c s dng pht ra tn
hiu xung vung v xung tam gic sao cho ph hp vi knh truyn.
1.2.2.3. Khuch i ca b pht v b thu (Signal Amplification)
Tn hiu t ngun thng rt nh. Thm ch sau khi iu ch, n khng
mnh b phn c th thu c bi v phi chu s tc ng cao ca nhiu trn
ng dy in lc. Do , tn hiu iu ch cn phi c khuch i trc khi
a ln hoc va mi nhn c t ng dy in lc.
1.2.2.4. Khi gii iu ch tn hiu (Signal Demodulation)
Tn s iu ch c s dng trong b pht iu ch tn hiu vo. Trong
mch thu, tn hiu iu ch tn s ny c khi phc. Vi b dao ng iu khin
bng in p hot ng tuyn tnh v n nh s dng cho iu ch tn s vi
mo nh.
1.3. Cc giao thc truyn thng qua ng dy in lc
C nhiu cng ngh truyn thng trn ng dy in c trin khai n
nay. l LonWorks, X 10, OFDM, Passport, CEBus, v chun HomePlug. Tt
c cc cng ngh ny s c tho lun vn tt phn ny.
1.3.1. X10
Cc c im k thut ca X10 c thit k dnh cho truyn tn hiu trn
ng dy in trong nh. Cc sn phm u tin c pht trin bi mt cng
ty in t tiu dng ti Scotland - Pico v c a vo th trng nm 1978. Cc
ng dng ca X10 bao gm kim tra, kim sot v n chiu sng cng nh cc
thit b m thanh , m ca nh xe, truyn hnh v nhiu hn na .
Cc h thng X10 l n gin v d s dng. N truyn qua bng cch s
dng k thut OOK trn mng in. Chnh xc hn, n s dng tn hiu 120 kHz
ko di trong 1 ms. Nhng tn hiu ny c ng b ho vi vic qua im 0 (c
hai u tch cc v tiu cc) ca dng in tn hiu AC. Cc c im k thut cho
php tn hiu 120 khz c sai lch ti a 200 s so vi v tr qua 0. Mi bit truyn
12
chim hai im qua khng ; Bit 1 l i din ca mt burst theo sau khng c mtburst, trong khi bit 0 l khng c-burst theo sau mt burst. Hnh 1-8 hin th thi
gian mi quan h ca cc bursts lin quan n im qua 0
Hnh 1.5: X10 timing on 60 Hz waveform

Mt gi X10, hin th trong hnh 2-50, bao gm mi mt chu k ca dng
in. N bt u vi mt khi u cho dng nh dng gi, bao gm cc chui
'burst, burst, burst, noburst', trong chim hai chu k u tin (bn im qua 0).
Tip theo bn chu k i din cc nh m s, v cui nm chu k i din mt s
m (1 n 16) .
Chc nng hoc mt m s (On, Off, vv) hon thnh khi ny lun lun c
truyn hai ln, vi 3 dng in chu k gia cc nhm ca 2 m s. Do vy tng s
chu k cn thit hon thnh mt ln truyn l 2 * 11 + 3 = 25 chu k dng in .
Hinh 1.6:
13
X10 hot ng n gin v c tc bit thp. 25 chu k dng in c yu

cu truyn mt khung - trong bao gm 11 bit. V vy m tc bit l 60 *
(11/25) = 26,4 bit / giy. Tc bit ny ch l hu ch cho cc ng dng nh, v qu
chm cho truyn ti m thanh, video, chi game mng li giao thng, v cc bng
thng cao hn mng li giao thng. Tuy nhin, X10 l khng tn km v d s
dng, v vy n l mt la chn ph bin cho cc nh t ng ha.
1.3.2.Lonwork
Lonworks l mt giao thc lp mng c to ra bi Cng ty c phn
Echelon vi mc ch h tr thng tin lin lc gia cc thit b iu khin hoc cc
nodes. Mi node trong mng li v d nh mt chuyn i, cm bin, xe my,
pht hin chuyn ng vv - thc hin mt cng vic n gin. Ton th mng thc
hin cc ng dng iu khin phc tp nh t ng ha ta nh.
Cc tiu chun mi nht cho cc giao thc c s dng mng LAN
Lonworks nh cc chun v iu ch, tri ph, k thut tri ph c th c s
dng ci thin hiu sut trong vic tn hiu b nhiu. Tri ph ci thin hiu sut
bng cch s dng mt bng thng rng hn cho vic truyn tin. Mc ci thin
ph thuc vo bng thng c sn, hoc ni cch khc l mc tri ph. K thut
tri ph u tin c s dng vi mt bng thng l 100 kHz - 400 kHz, nhng
bng thng ny qu hp thc hin cung cp hiu sut c th chp nhn cho loi
nhiu ny trn ng dy in. Ngoi ra, Chu u quy nh cm in ng dy tn
hiu trn 150 kHz do kh nng can nhiu vi cc dch v pht thanh tn s thp .
Thay vo , cc sn phm mi nht ca Echelon , cc b thu pht PLT-22 ,
hot ng bng cch s dng ch tn s sng mang kp cng vi k tht x l
tn hiu s (DSP). Mc ch ca DSP l cung cp sng mang thch nghi, tng
quan d liu, trit nhiu xung, gim nhiu v sa li mo u mc thp.
Cc PLT-22 giao tip bng cch s dng k thut iu ch BPSK vi di tn
khong 125 kHz - 140 kHz (chnh) v 110 kHz -125 kHz (ph).
Di tn chnh c s dng nhiu tr khi thng tin b ngn chn trong phm
vi ny. Khi iu ny xy ra, cc PLT-22 t ng chuyn mch sang di tn s ph.
14
Cc PLT-22 giao tip ti tc bit 5 kbps. iu ny l nhanh hn nhiu so vi X10,

v vy ph hp hn cho vic iu khin cc thit b in phc tp.
1.3.3. CEBus
Nm 1984, cc Lin minh Cng nghip in t (EIA) Tp on in t tiu
dng bt u mt n lc c mc tiu l xy dng mt tiu chun cho mt mng
li thng tin lin lc cho cc ngi tiu dng sn phm trong nh. Cc tiu chun
c gi l CEBus) . Cc b k thut bao gm cc thng tin lin lc khc nhau v
nhiu cc loi phng tin bao gm cc ng dy in, cp ng, cp ng trc,
hng ngoi, sng v tuyn , v si quang. Cc b k thut c gn nhn EIA600. y c im k thut c tit l trong nm 1992.
y l vic lm c lin quan vi vic m ha ti lp vt l c thc hin bi
CEBus. CEBus s dng k thut khng tr v s khng (NRZ), m ha rng
xung. C bn k hiu:'1 ','0', EOF, EOP. Cc k hiu ny c m ha bng cch s
dng tri ph chirp trong cc bng thng 100 kHz n 400 kHz. Trong k thut tri
ph, tn s tn hiu sng mang c qut trn mt lot cc tn s. CEBus s dng
mt chui cc tn s qut ln v xung tn s ca sng mang mi k hiu chim
mt khong thi gian 100 s. Khong cch tn hiu ny l thi gian ngn nht "1",
hoc n v biu tng thi gian. p 0,1% l ca li ny cng c xc nh (100
ns cho 100 s). Ngoi ra, thi gian truyn ti nh phn "1" l mt n v biu
tng thi gian (100 s), trong khi truyn ti mt nh phn 0, n v hai ln c
s dng biu tng (200 s). i vi nh phn ngu nhin 13 d liu, cc biu
tng thi gian trung bnh l 150 s sau , cho mt cht t l 7,5 kbps. Mt n v
biu tng thi gian s c hin th trong hnh 1.10
15
Hnh 1.7: CEBus spread spectrum chirp

Mt im khc trong CEBus l phi hp cng sut gia cc pha tn hiu in
trong nh. C hai pha 60 Hz, L1 v L2, trong mt ngi nh c lch pha 180 .
Cc trang thit b in 120V gia dng, n chiu sng, ng c, vv thng
thng c kt ni vo L1 hay L2. Ch c thit b 240V kt ni vo L1 v L2 ng
thi cung cp mt ng dn tn hiu gia hai chi nhnh khc vi s phi hp ti
thiu c cung cp bi cc bin p phn phi. V vy, mt thit b CEBus 120V
trn L1 c th khng giao tip vi mt thit b CEBus 120V trn L2 do khng
tn hiu phi hp gia L1 v L2. gip gii quyt vn ny, cc tiu chun ca
CEBus ni rng, mt b phi hp tn hiu nn c t gia L1 v L2 khi cn thit
ci thin vic truyn tn hiu trong mng li ng dy in .
1.3.4. HomePlug
Cc c im k thut ca HomePlug l phc tp nht trong tt c cng ngh.
HomePlug c s vt bc hn, cao hn tn s v bng thng c s dng. X10,
Lonworks v CEBus c tn s thp hn 500 kHz. HomePlug giao tip bng cch s
dng Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) trong bng tn s 4,4920,7 MHz. Phng php ghp knh ny l to ln cc sng mang ph. Cc sng
mang ph c trc giao vi nhau. Trong bng thng 0 - 25 MHz, c 128 sng
mang ph, trong HomePlug s dng 84, t di 4,49 n 20,7 MHz.
Trc khi c truyn i, bit d liu c x l bng cch s dng mt s m
chng li. Bit d liu c iu ch ln sng mang ph bng cch s dng DQPSK)
hoc DBPSK.. Ton b qu trnh l ngc li ti pha thu .
16
Ngoi vic ny, HomePlug adapts vo knh iu kin. c bit cc khung

c gi v phn tch ca ngi nhn xc nh loi ca cc sub-84 c sn cho
cc hng vn chuyn thng tin lin lc. Cc bn tone (TM) sau c to ra v
c s dng bi ngi gi-nhn cp knh khc nhau iu chnh iu kin.
Ch tt ph mang c s dng giao tip. Ngoi ra, modulation cc chng trnh
c th thay i (DBPSK hoc DQPSK), v kim sot li - m ha c th c sa
i. Tm li, 139 t l khc bit vt l d liu c sn t 1Mbps n 14,1 Mbps .
Mt s nh sn xut chng t cng ngh HomePlug c trin vng. Phin
bn HomePlug V1.0 vi cc bi kim tra thit b trong nh 500 cho thy 80% cc
cp c outlet th giao tip vi nhau khong 5 Mbps hoc cao hn, v c th h
tr 98% d liu ln hn t l 1 Mbps. Cc lin minh HomePlug cng b k
hoch cho pht trin ca th h tip theo chi tit k thut. Tn HomePlug AV, mi
c im k thut s c thit k h tr phn phi d liu v a phng tinstreaming vui chi gii tr bao gm c truyn hnh High Definition (HDTV) v t l
d liu ca 100 Mbps trong sut c nh .
Kh nng thch ng l thc t sc mnh ca HomePlug. R rng, nu cc
ng dy in tr nn th cho cc knh truyn thng, d liu s c t l chm,
nhng s c tin cy duy tr. Lu rng HomePlug s dng mt phng thc a
dng tn s. N cng s dng phc tp m ha v kim sot li k thut modulation
c tt cho s ng tin cy, nhng computationally ang pht trin, in nng tiu
th v t tin. HomePlug cung cp t l cao, d liu cho cc phng tin truyn
thng tc , nhng phc tp v chi ph ca n l nhiu hn cn thit.
1.4. Mt s ng dng thc tin ca PLC
C th ni phm vi ng dng ca cng ngh PLC rt rng ln. Ban u l
truyn ti thng tin phc v ngnh in nh h thng o lng, gim st, iu khin
trn ng dy in lc.
Hin nay, cng ngh PLC c trin khai rng khp nhiu nc. Hai lnh
vc p dng hin nay ca PLC l:
- Truy nhp ni ht (last mile access)
17
- Kt ni mng trong nh (in house networking).

Cc dch v ca PLC lun sn sng ti mi in v khng cn thi cng cp,
bao gm: truy nhp bng thng rng (ti 45Mbit/s hoc hn), cc kt ni ny lun
online, dich v thoi v fax, kt ni LAN (inhouse LAN) cho cc PLC v my in,
cc dch v bng hp khc nh (house automation, health care).
Trn y ch l mt trong s phm vi ng dung nht nh hin ang c p
dng trn th gii. Trong tng lai, cc thit b PLC c th cung cp bng thng ti
vi chc Mbit/s (hin nay DS2 cho thng mi ha sn phm PLC bng thng
t 45Mbit/s) cung cp cc ng dng VoD, hi ngh truyn hnh. C th k ra
mt s hng ng dng c th nh sau
1.4.1. ng dng trong cc h thng qun l, gim st li in v cng t.
Hnh 1.8: ng dng PLC trong qun l in

Mi cng t in c gn thm mt thit b thu pht PLC, thng tin trn
cng t s c truyn v trung tm, nh th vic qun l v thu thp s liu s n
gin hn rt nhiu so vi cch lm truyn thng l phi c ngi n tng cng t
ly s liu. Thm na, s liu trn cng t in c th gi n nh khch hng
tng ng, nh vy ngi s dng s kim sot c vic s dng in ca mnh
mt cch hp l hn.
1.4.2. Truyn thng ng di tc cao
Vi ng dng cng ngh PLC th vic truyn thng tin ng di, ngoi
nhng cng ngh truyn thng nh cp quang, vi ba th hin nay c thm mt
gii php, l dng ng dy ti in cao th kt hp truyn thng tin tc
18
cao. Tuy c s suy hao ln do bc x ra ngoi khng gian ln tm xa b hn ch

nht nh nhng li c u im rt ln l ng dy ti in cao th t hng chc
KV n hng trm KV u c sn mi ni.
1.4.3. Mng truy cp Internet s dng cng ngh PLC
Hnh 1.9: Mng thng tin PLC

Thay v phi i tng ng cp ring bit n tng nh ngi s dng, vic
ng dng PLC cho php tch hp ng in thoi, ng truyn Internet vo cng
mt ng in li.
1.4.4. ng dng trong gia nh Intelligent home
Hnh 1.10: M hnh ng dng PLC trong gia nh Intelligent home

19
l tng cho mt cn nh hin i t ng hon ton vi cc thit b in

c iu khin theo mun ca ngi s dng. Hu ht cc thit b in trong nh
u c tch hp vi modem PLC v ngi s dng c th iu khin bt k thit
b no mi ni trong nh nh cc h thng chiu sng c qun l v hot ng
t ng do mt my tnh trung tm iu khin, cnh cng cng c iu khin
ng m t ng hay cc h thng bo ng, camera u c qun l v iu
khin qua h thng PLC. Khng nhng th, cc thit b in cn c th t ng gi
thng tin ( nhit , m, tnh trng qu ti ) n mt my ch trong nh ngi
s dng c th d dng bit c tnh trng ca ton b cc thit b. Ta c th thy
r rng rng, nu khng s dng cng ngh PLC cho h thng a dng nh trn th
vic i cc ng cp tn hiu s rt phc tp.
1.5. Kt lun chng
Cng ngh PLC hin nay c ngy mt hon thin cho php h thng
truyn tin PLC l u vit cho truyn dn d liu trn mng li in lc sn c vi
thng lng ti a v mc nng lng ti thiu. Cch iu ch v phn b tn s
trnh c xuyn nhiu gy ra bi sng radio v cc dch v pht qung b khc.
Cng ngh tin tin bo m s truyn dn d liu l an ton b mt.
H thng PLC l d dng s dng:

Chim ti 90% kt ni ca h gia nh - mi cm chnh l mt giao tip kt
ni.
Khng ko thm cp mi - cng ngh vt qua i th cnh tranh dn
u.
L mt s chn la thc s bt ly c hi kinh doanh trong th trng-lm
li cho khch hng.
Bng thng ngy mt tng ln p ng i hi v truy cp di rng.
p ng nhu cu tng ca mng trong nh.
Li dng mng PLC m ra cc c hi kinh doanh mi - khng ch trong lnh
vc truy nhp m cn cc dch v i km vi PLC. H thng PLC ang giai on
20
pht trin ban u. Cng ngh ang tip tc pht trin, c thm nhiu c tnh hiu
qu trong nhng dng sn phm tip theo. Mt h thng PLC c th m rng v
hn t nh thnh ln v thm cc dch v gitr gia tng.
Nhng thun li tim nng ca cng ngh PLC:

M hnh vin thng ny c rt nhiu thun li so vi cc loi hnh khc,
bao gm mng truy nhp c thit lp tc cao v cc kt ni chuyn dng.
Nhng thun li ny to cho cng ngh PLC mt phng n hp dn cho cc h
thng vin thng.
Trong m hnh PLC, cc mng LAN nh c to ra, chng kt thc ti mi
trm in khu vc. Nhng mng LAN ny s cng chia s cc lung E1/T1 kt ni
Internet, in thoi, truyn hnh cp tng t nh lung E1/T1 thu ring. Mi
ngi s dng ring s c tc cc ln, tng nhiu so vi vic kt ni qua
modem in thoi 28,8Kbps hoc 56Kbps nh thy trong phn so snh PLC vi
cc cng ngh truy nhp bng rng khc.
Mt thun li kt hp khc na i vi m hnh PLC l n hot ng tt trn
h tng mng in lc ang tn ti. Ch c cc thit b Headend ti trm bin p,
nhng b Homegateway v cc PLC modem l cn phi lp t thit lp mt
mng PLC.
Cc ng dy thng tin a mc ch v chuyn dng a ra m hnh PLC
mt la chn hp dn cho k nguyn thng tin. Bng tn rng v ghp knh phn
chia theo tn s cho php rt nhiu ng dy cng n mt nh. Mt cch l tng
th ton b gia nh c th s dng tt c cc thit b thng tin ng thi, k c in
thoi, truyn hnh cp, PC m khng c thit b no b ngt.
Cng ngh Power line communication l mt s la chn hp dn kt ni
internet, in thoi, truyn hnh cp thng qua mt cng ngh truy nhp bng rng
vi chi ph cho mng truy nhp tng i thp. Cn ch rng, theo tng kt c s
h tng ca mng truy nhph ni ht i vi mt h thng khai thc vin thng
chim khong 50% tng u t ca mt nh khai thc vin thng cho ton b c s
h tng mng li vin thng ca h. Thm na, tc truy cp cao ca n s a
21
ra cho khch hng cc dch v truy nhp internet, video theo yu cu, in thoi ni
ht, ng di v cc dch v gia tng khc.
i vi cng ngh PLC ta thy c nhng hp dn sau :

Cng ngh PLC hin nay c ngy mt hon thin cho php h thng
truyn tin PLC l u vit i vi truyn dn d liu trn mng li in lc sn c
vi thng lng ti a v cng sut thp.
Phng php iu ch v phn b tn s trnh c xuyn nhiu gy ra bi
sng v tuyn v cc dch v pht qung b khc. Cng ngh tin tin m bo s
truyn dn d liu l an ton.
Vi nh cung cp mi, vic xy dng c s h tng truy nhp ni ht chim
mt t trng u t rt ln (ti khong 50% tng u t) trong khi PLC li tn dng
ton b c s h tng sn c ca mng li in lc.
Hin nay c nhiu la chn, v d: cp ng trc, DSL, v truyn d liu v
tuyn:
- Nh cung cp in thoi th la chon cng ngh DSL tng bng thng ca
lp truy nhp ni ht ca h.
- Nh cung cp dnh v trn c s mng cp th la chn cng ngh dng cp
ng trc.
- Cn cc nh cung cp khc mun dng cng ngh v tuyn.
Ngnh in la chn cng ngh PLC tn dng mng li in sn c.
Ngoi nhu cu cung cp dch v n tng khch hng, n cng c th dng
thit lp mng LAN gia nh (in-house LAN).
Cng ngh PLC ang ngy cng nhn c s quan tm nhiu trn th
trng vin thng bi l n cho php p ng c mt nhu cu ang ngy cng
pht trin mnh ca ngi dng l nhu cu thng tin d liu bng rng tc
cao vi chi ph t tn km hn.
Mc tiu ca mng PLC bng thng rng:
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Mng truy nhp bng rng s dng cng ngh PLC hin ti v trong tng lai
cn t c cc mc tiu sau y tr thnh cng ngh ng dng v l s la
chn hng u cho cc nh khai thc vin thng trong vic la chn cc gii php
cho mng truy nhp bng rng:
Kh nng a n 100% h gia nh v cc doanh nghip nh.
Bng thng t ti 45 Mbps trn ng h th.
Qun l mm do cht lng dch v.
Cung cp dch v bt c ni u m ng cp in i ti ( Vit nam ng
cp in ph sng ti 95 % dn s) m khng cn ko cp mi.
Pht trin nhanh chng
Chi ph u t thp.
Tc dng dm gi trong mng in.
Gim chi ph.
Nhng thc t ng dy in lc l mt mi trng truyn thng rt nhy
cm, cc c tnh ca knh thay i theo thi gian tu thuc vo ti v v tr, cho
n nay cc c tnh c th ca knh vn l nhng vn c nghin cu nhm
a ra cc gii php x l hiu qu. Phn tip theo ca chng s trnh by v yu
t nh hng, cc k thut phi ghp, iu ch v m ha tn hiu trn ng dy
in lc nhm gim thiu nhng nh hng gy nn do c tnh ca knh.
23
CHNG 2
MT S K THUT TRIN KHAI TRN
H THNG PLC
2.1. c tnh knh truyn ng cp in
Mi trng truyn l mt vn quan trng ca bt k h thng thng tin
no. Do bn cht s khai ca ng cp in khng phi l truyn dn tn hiu
thng tin cho nn khng c mt s m bo hiu nng no khi thc hin truyn
thng trn cp in nhn t quan im truyn dn tn hiu. Li in l mt mi
trng v cng phc tp vi rt nhiu cc loi tn hiu khc nhau cng tn ti nh
tn hiu xoay chiu 220V 50Hz, cc loi nhiu trn mi di tn, cc sng v
tuyn, cc xung in p xut pht t cc thit b in Ngoi ra, khng th phn
nh mt cch chnh xc nng lng trong mi trng dy dn in.
Trong khi , thc t in dung ca ng dy b chi phi trong cc trng
hp m tr khng ln hn nhiu c tnh ca dy. Mt s loi ti c tnh dung
khng, tuy tr khng i vi tn hiu in 50Hz ln nhng li l tr khng nh so
vi tn hiu truyn dn tn s cao, so lm suy gim nghim trng in s truyn
dn tn hiu ca PLC (hnh 2.1)
Hnh 2.1: Ph tn PLC ca thng tin ni b
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Hnh 2.2: V d v s mo tn hiu trn li in
2.1.1. S gii hn bng thng

Nh m t trn, b rng bng thng l t l vi tc bt, v th mt bng
thng ln l cn thit trong truyn thng vi tc bt cao.
chu u, bng thng cho php c quy nh bi tiu chun CENELEC,
tiu chun ny ch cho php di tn s gia 3KHz v 145,5KHz. iu ny gy kh
khn cho PLC v vi bng thng nh vy khng th thc hin c vic truyn
nhng thng tin yu cu tc bt cao nh m thanh, hnh nh trc tuyn
Hnh 2.3 trnh by bng thng mt cch chi tit ca tiu chun CENELEC. Di
tn s ca PLC c chia lm 5 bng nh. Hai bng u (3-9 v 9-95KHz) l gii
hn cho nh cung cp nng lng v 3 gii hn kia dnh cho tu chn ca khch
hng cung cp nng lng. Trong phn ghi ch thm, chun bng tn c cho
php cng gii hn bng tn ti my pht. Nh vy hin ti vn cha c mt thng
nht cho php v bng tn ca PLC, l mt hn ch rt ln nh hng n s
pht trin ca PLC.
25
Hnh 2.3: cc bng tn trong tiu chun CENELEC

Trong vic tng thm tc bt, bng thng rng hn c th l cn thit. Cc
nghin cu gn y a ra ngh tn s s dng trong khong gia 1 v 20MHz.
Nu khong tn ny c s dng, n c th lm tng thm rt ln bng thng v
c th cho php cc ng dng cn tc bt cao trn ng cp in. Mt s vn
quan trng l mt phn ca bng tn ny c phn cho h thng thng tin khc.
Nhng h thng thng tin khc s dng nhng bng tn cho php ny cng gy
nhiu lon ti h thng thng tin trn ng in PLC. Mt s v d v h thng
thng tin trong di ny l Radio, Radio nghip d v hoa tiu my bay.
2.1.2. Nhiu trn ng cp in
ng dy in c ra i phc v cho vic truyn nng lng in ch
khng nhm mc ch truyn thng tin. Khi a thng tin truyn trn , ta s gp
phi rt nhiu yu t gy nhiu cho tn hiu.
Ngun gy nhiu chnh trn li in xut pht t cc thit b in, chng s
dng ngun cung cp 50Hz v pht ra thnh phn nhiu ko di trn ton b ph tn
ca li in. Phn na chnh l t sng radio khp mi ni nh cc h thng
thng tin di ng, pht thanh, truyn hnh, kim sot khng lu, qun s mi
bng tn c s dng sng tn s thp vi trm KHz n sng tn s siu cao hng
GHz mang li. Ngun nhiu s cp ca nhiu trong khu vc dn c l cc thit b
in dn dng: ng c, n chiu sng, tivi Ta c th chia nhiu lm cc loi
nh sau:
26
2.1.2.1. Nhiu tn s 50Hz.

Nhiu ny xut hin ng thi vi sng mang trn li in, n bao gm tn
hiu tn s 50Hz v cc hi ca n. Tuy nhin, do c tn s thp nn ngun nhiu
ny ch c nh hng cht t ti hot ng ca h thng. Tn s lm vic ca h
thng cng nh th nh hng ca loi nhiu ny cng ln v ngc li.
2.1.2.2. Nhiu xung t bin.
Xut hin mt cch bt thng trn li in, mi khi c mt thit b in
kt ni hoc c ngt khi li in, c bit l nhng thit b c cng sut ln
nh bp in, bn l hoc thit b c s phng in nh n neon Mt thit b
nh vy khi ng, ngt khi in tc l s ng, ngt dng in ln lm xut hin
s phng tia la in ti ch tip xc, bn thn tia la in ny l mt nhiu di
rng bao gm nhiu tn s khc nhau, mang cc mc nng lng khc nhau.
Hnh 2.4: Xung nhiu xut hin khi bt n

2.1.2.3. Nhiu xung tun hon
Hu ht ngun gy nhiu kiu ny u xut pht t cc Triac iu khin n
in tn s xut hin ca n bng hai ln tn s dng xoay chiu trn li in, hay
ni cch khc l n s lp li sau mi na chu k.
27
Hnh 2.5: Nhiu xung tun hon

2.1.2.4. Nhiu xung ko di
c gy ra bi cc loi ng c in mt chiu hoc xoay chiu trong cc
thit b in (my khoan, ng c truyn lc, my ht bi v nhiu cc thit b ng
dng khc). Cc b phn tip xc nh c gp ng c in mt chiu s l mt
trong nhng nguyn nhn gy nhiu trn, xut hin vi tn s ca chui xung
khong vi KHz tr xung.
Hnh 2.6: Nhiu pht ra khi chy my ht bi v ph tn ca n
28
2.1.2.5. Nhiu chu k khng ng b

Kiu ny c ng ph khng tng quan vi sng hnh sin 50Hz. Vic
khi ng thit b in nh tivi s lm pht ra loi nhiu ny ng thi vi tn s
qut mnh 15734Hz trong tivi. Cc thnh phn ca nhiu ny cn phi c loi b
khi thit k mt h thng thu pht. N c thy nhiu trong khu dn c v rt
khng n nh, mc nhiu theo tng ngy, tng gi ty theo vic s dng ca
ngi dn. Loi nhiu ny c khuynh hng gim dn nng lng khi m tn s
tng ln. Mt nng lng nhiu tp trung dy phm vi tn s thp. iu c
ngha l tn hiu sng mang trong PLC s t b nh hng ca nhiu hn khi tn s
c tng ln.
2.1.2.6. Nhiu sng radio
Bn thn li in chnh l mt anten rt ln thu nhn, pht x cc sng v
tuyn t di tn rt thp cho n rt cao. Cc di sng do cc i pht thanh, pht
hnh hay radio nghip d pht i c li in thu c v chnh l mt ngun
gy nhiu rt ng k cho h thng thng tin PLC. Thm vo khong tn s s
dng PLC cng bao gm mt khong di tn cp php s dng cho cc h
thng thng tin v tuyn, chnh v th m cc tn s cho radio nhiu khi rt gn
tn s s dng ca PLC.
2.1.2.7. Nhiu nn
y l loi nhiu m ta c th thy bt k u trn li in v i vi mi
loi h thng thng tin. N lun c trn ng dy in, do bin p phn phi, h
thng chiu sng cng cng, cc ti xa gy ra. Cc php o ch ra rng, nhiu ny
gim khi tn s tng, nhiu ny thng gp phi tn s di 5MHz so vi phn
cn li ca ph tn.
2.1.3. Tr khng ng truyn v s phi hp tr khng
hnh 2.1 cc tham s quan trng ca h thng l tr khng u ra ca my
pht Zt v tr khng u vo ca my thu Zl . ng dy in lc ging nh mt
anten pht/thu lm cn tr qu trnh pht/thu tin. Mi h thng truyn thng lun c
29
gng t c phi hp tr khng tt, nhng mng ng dy in lc cha

thch nghi c vi vn ny v tr khng u vo (hay u ra) thay i theo thi
gian i vi ti v v tr khc nhau, n c th thp c m hay cao ti hng nghn ,
v thp mt cch c bit ti cc trm con. Mt s tr khng khng phi hp khc
c th xut hin trn ng dy in lc (v d do cc hp cp khng phi hp tr
khng vi cp), v v vy suy gim tn hiu cng ln hn.
2.1.4. Suy hao trn li in
Mt vn ln khc nh hng n vic truyn thng trn ng cp in l
s suy hao. i vi sng tn s cao truyn trn li in th s suy hao l rt ln,
ln hn so vi cc h thng thng tin khc nh thng tin v tuyn, cp, cp
quang
Cc yu t dn n iu bao gm: Th nht l do cc ti tiu th kt ni
vi li in, bn thn mi ti tiu th in th cng s tiu th tn hiu cao tn d t
hay nhiu, v thc t cho thy rng s suy gim gy ra l rt ng k, c bit l
nhng thit b c tnh dung khng hoc nhng thit b t nng (c cng sut ln).
Nguyn nhn ny rt kh gii quyt do khng th thay i ton b cc thit b in
cho ph hp vi s truyn thng ca PLC m ngc li, chnh PLC phi tm cch
thch hp vi mi trng sn c nh th. Th hai l s pht x ca sng cao tn khi
chy trn li in. Bn thn li in chnh l mt anten rt ln, dng in cao tn
chy trn li in s pht x lin tc mi im, nht l nhng on dy in c
iu kin bc x tt. hn ch nhng hin tng ny th phi s dng nhng di
tn thch hp trong tng iu kin c th, c th gim bt s bc x chung.
30
Hnh 2.7: Suy hao trong gia nh ti tn s 130 KHz
2.1.5. Hin tng sng dng
Hnh 2.8: Hin tng sng dng

y l hin tng cng d xy ra trong h thng thng tin c s dng sng
mang truyn trn ng cp nht l i vi sng mang tn s cao.
31
kho st k hn hin tng ny, ta xt mt si dy n hi c hai u A,

B c nh, trn c hai sng kt hp truyn ngc chiu nhau. C th coi l
mt sng ti v mt sng phn x. Chn thi im t=0 l lc trn si dy hai sng 1
v 2 ngc pha nhau ti mt im M no . Si dy AB c dng sng dng (y l
dng tht ca si dy), sng 1 truyn sang phi, sng 2 truyn sang tri, bin
sng tng hp ti mi ni u bng 0. Ti thi im t=/4, mi sng truyn i mt
on ng bng /4. Cng nh vy, ti cc thi im t=/2 v t=3/4, sng c
hnh dng nh trn hnh 2.9.
Nh vy hin tng sng dng s nh hng t nhiu n truyn thng trn
li in v nu my thu t ti nt sng th tn hiu thu c s rt yu v bin
sng tng hp ti mi nt sng u bng 0.
2.1.6 S pht x sng in t v kh nng gy nhiu
Khi truyn tn hiu i trn ng in, tn hiu s c pht x vo khng
gian. C th xem li in l mt anten khng l, thu v pht tn hiu, v vy phi
lm th no hn ch tn hiu pht x t li in, khng gy nhiu n cc h thng
thng tin khc.
Khi s dng di tn s t 1 20MHz cho truyn thng, s pht x l mt
vn v cng quan trng bi v nhiu ng dng radio khc c cho php trong
khong tn s ny. N khng thch hp cho mt h thng gy nhiu vi thng tin
trn my bay, thng tin hng hi, v cc h thng thng tin qung b khc. Nhng
nghin cu gn y v vn ny c gng thit t mc cng sut pht ca s
truyn dn. iu rt quan trng l cng vic ny s c hon thnh trong tng lai
gn, t gii hn vic s dng bng tn ny v s pht trin ca h thng tin cho
knh truyn l li in.
Vi ng cp in i trn cc ct in c cm trn mt t th s pht
x rt ln, ng thi nhiu thu vo t sng cng s ln. Khi ng cp c i
ngm di mt t th s pht x s l nh v t nh hng n cc h thng khc.
Thay vo l s pht x t cc h gia nh s tr thnh thnh phn ng gp ch
32
yu. Cc ng dy in bn trong cc h gia nh khng c che chn v v th

s pht x l kh nghim trng. Mt gii php c th s dng l khi lc tn hiu
thng tin t u vo cn nh. Bn trong nh, tn s v cng sut pht c la chn
sao cho kh nng gy nhiu l nh nht, khi lc tn hiu thng tin lm nhim v
chuyn tip thng tin gia hai knh truyn l trong nh v ngoi nh.
2.2. Ghp ni vi li in x l tn hiu

2.2.1. Mch ghp tn hiu
C hai cch ch yu phi ghp tn hiu vo mng in:
-
Phi ghp ch vi sai (differential mode): dy pha c dng lm mt u

cui, v dy trung tnh lm u cui th hai. Trong trng hp dy trung tnh
khng tn ti ( mng cao th), dy t c th lm u cui th hai.
Phi ghp ch chung (common mode): dy pha v dy trung tnh c

dng vi nhau, hnh thnh mt u cui th hai.
Tr khng gia cc im phi ghp v im ngn mch ln cho php

truyn tn hiu. Tuy nhin, kh khn tn ti trong cch ny l phi c cc thit b
bo v dng d, m nhiu nc khng cho php s dng cch ny v gy nguy him
cho ngi s dng.
Trong nghin cu thc hin mch ghp ni vt l, hai phng php sau c th
c s dng:
+ Ghp dung khng, s dng t in ghp.
+ Ghp cm khng, s dng cun cm ghp tn hiu. Ghp cm khng
cung cp s cch ly vt l gia mng in v mng thng tin, lm cho ci t an
ton hn.
2.2.1.1. Mch ghp dung khng C
Nguyn l ca mch phi ghp ny l do tn s ca tn hiu cao hn tn s
ca dng in 50Hz rt nhiu nn dng in xoay chiu 50Hz s c cn li bng
33
mt b lc thng cao dng t C, nhng b lc ny phi c kh nng chu c in

p cao ca li in t ln, tc l t in C phi l t cao p chu c in p
li.
Trong s (2.9. a): T C v R to thnh mt b lc thng cao, tn s lc trung
tm c tnh theo cng thc sau: f0=1/2RC
Vi iu kin l ng vi tn s in li 50Hz th Zc phi rt ln so vi R v t
C phi c kh nng chu c in p cao hn in p li in. V mt ngn cn
in 220V - 50Hz th Zc cng ln cng tt v R cng nh cng tt nhng thc t th
iu li cn phi ph thuc vo tn hiu cn truyn, do vy Zc khng th tng
mi c.
Hnh 2.9: Mch ghp dung khng

V d yu cu u ra:
-
i vi dng in 220V- 50Hz l : U AC 220mV
i vi tn hiu thng tin 1MHz: Us suy gim < 1dB
(suy gim hn 3dB)
Do kt qu khng nht thit phi chnh xc mt cch tuyt i m ch cn nm

trong mt khong no nn ta c th tnh mt cch gn ng nh sau:
U AC
220V * R
220 mV
ZC R
Z C 1000 R
1000 R
2. f AC .C
(2.1)
( f AC 50 Hz )
RC 3, 2.106
Vi R= 1K C<3.2*10-9(F) ~3 (nF)
34
Tng t vi tn s 1MHz:
US
Uv * R
0.1U v
ZC R
ZC 9R
1
9R
2. f S .C
( f S 106 Hz )
(2.2)
RC 18.108
Vi R= 1K C>18.10-11(F) ~0.2 (nF)

gi tr ca R v C nm trong khong trn s tha mn vi iu kin c a ra.
S (a) tuy tha mn v nguyn l nhng thc t s khng an ton do in cao
p vn tip xc trc tip vi mch in v ngi s dng c th b git nu chm
co phn . S (b) cng l tng t vi s (a) vi C
C1 * C2
nhng s
C1 C2
(b) s an ton hn cho mch in v ngi s dng do t C1 v C2 s cch ly hon

ton vi mch in.
2.2.1.2 Mch ghp kt hp cm khng v dung khng L-C
Hnh 2.10: Mch ghp kt hp LC

35
Mch ghp dung khng trn c u im l kh n gin, nhng ch c th

lm vic tt vi iu kin in li l in h th (khng qu ln) v tn s ca tn
hiu sng mang cn truyn phi ln hn tn s dng in xoay chiu mt khong
nht nh. Nu nh in p ca dng in li l vi KV tr ln hoc tn s ca tn
hiu ch khong vi chc KHz th thc t mch s khng cn tc dng nh tnh ton
trn. Nguyn nhn l do R gn nh khng thay i tr khng khi tn s thay i,
v th m bc lc ca mch ch l bc nht nn hiu qu lc khng cao.
Do vy i vi nhng trng hp phi s dng cc mch phi hp phc
tp hn nh mch kt hp LC. C hai cch s dng L trong trng hp ny l dng
cun cm n hay ghp bin p. Vic ghp bin p tuy phc tp hn nhng t hiu
qu rt cao v rt an ton cho ngi s dng do vic cch ly hon ton phn mch
vi li in, iu cn c gi tr bo v mch in rt tt khi li in gp cc
s c nh qu p hay b st nh. Khi hot ng, cun cm L mc song song c vai
tr cng ging nh t C l cho tn s cao l tn s ca tn hiu sng mang i qua v
gy suy hao ln vi tn s thp l tn s ca dng in li.
i vi c s thu v s pht tn hiu th mch phi ghp cng gn
ging nhau. Tuy nhin, ZC mch pht thng nh hn kh nhiu so vi ZC mch
thu, do tr khng ra mch pht l nh ng vai tr l R nh nn ZC khng cn ln
gim suy hao cho tn hiu pht i.
S (c) l ton b phi ghp vi li in cho li in 3 pha.
2.2.1.3. Mch phi ghp R-L-C phc tp
t c hiu qu cao hn trong vic lc tn hiu, s kt hp gia b lc
thng thp chu c in p cao v mch lc thng di c s dng.
Trong cc mch thc t th sau tng cch ly s thu cn c cc tng lc
thng di lc nhiu.
2.2.2. Cc b lc tng t
C hai loi mch lc tng t l mch lc tch cc v mch lc th ng.
mch lc tch cc, tn hiu nm trong gii thng c cho qua b lc ri c
36
khuch i ln hn tn hiu vo, cn mch lc th ng th tn hiu nm trong di

lc s c cho qua b lc vi s suy hao nht nh nn tn hiu ra s nh hn tn
hiu vo.
2.2.2.1. Mch lc RC
phm vi tn s thp khong 1 MHz tr li, ch to cc cun cm rt cng
knh m cht lng li khng tt nn mch lc RC thng c s dng. Do c
im ca t C l tr khng cng gim khi tn s cng tng nn ngi ta c th da
vo thit k cc b lc RC thng thp hoc thng cao.
u im ca b lc th ng RC l n gin, kch thc nh gn tuy nhin
hiu qu lc khng cao v ch l lc bc nht.
Tn s trung tm ca mch lc c tnh theo cng thc sau:
f0
1
2RC
(vi R: , C: F, f0: Hz) (2.3)
Mch lc thng di RC c to thnh t hai mch lc thng thp v thng

cao RC, tng kh nng lc ta cn c th cc tng lc ni tip nhau.
Hnh 2.11: Cc mch lc RC
37
2.2.2.2. Mch lc LC
Hnh 2.12: Cc mch lc LC n gin
Hnh 2.13: Cc mch cng hng LC

Vi tn s cao, mch lc LC c s dng v c nhiu u im so vi mch
RC. Do c tnh ca mch lc LC l kh nng cng hng nn vi yu cu lc di
tn s hp th cht lng lc rt cao. Chnh v th mch cng hng LC c s
dng kh ph bin trong cc my thu tn hiu (radio, tivi).
2.2.2.3 Cc mch lc bc cao khc
t cht lng lc cao trong phm vi tn s khng ln (di vi MHz),
ngi ta cn dng vi mch khuch i thut ton v mng RC gi l mch lc tch
cc.
Khc vi lc th ng, mch lc tch cc c c trng bi ba tham s c
bn: tn s gii hn fg, bc ca b lc v loi b lc.
Tn s gii hn l nhng tn s m ti c tuyn bin - tn s ca hm
truyn t gim 3dB so vi h s truyn t tn s trung tm. Bc ca b lc xc
nh dc ca c tuyn bin - tn s tn s f >> fg. Loi ca b lc xc nh
dng ca c tuyn bin - tn s xung quanh tn s gii hn v trong khu vc
38
thng ca mch lc. Mch in ca loi b lc th ging nhau, chng ch khc nhau
gi tr ca cc linh kin RC m thi.
Hnh 2.14: Mch lc thng di dng vi mch HA17741

Tn s cng hng: f 0
1
2RC
1
3 K
H s phm cht:
Di thng ca mch lc: B
f0
Q
2.3. Cc phng thc m ha

ng dy truyn ti in khng phi c thit k dnh cho truyn d
liu. Khi a thng tin truyn trn , ta s gp phi rt nhiu yu t gy nhiu cho
tn hiu v vy ta ch yu quan tm n m ha knh pht hin li v sa li. Cc
m sa li nh m xon v m Reed - Solomon c th kt hp vi nhau trong h
thng ci thin cht lng h thng.
2.3.1 M xon
M xon (convolutional code) c c trng bi ba s nguyn l n, k v K.
M xon hay m chp (n,k,K) c xy dng t cc thanh ghi dch kK bit. y ta
xt loi m xon ph bin nht l m xon c k=1. B m ha l thanh ghi dch K
bit. u ra ca cc v tr trong thanh ghi c la chn cng modul-2 vi nhau.
S lng b cng modul-2 chnh l n. Mt b chuyn mch s ln lt ly mu mi
u ra ca b cng modul-2 theo nhp ca ng h thanh ghi dch.
Hnh 2.15 minh ha mt b m ha m xon vi k=1, K=3, n=2.
39
Hnh 2.15. V d b m ha m chp t l 1/2

a) Biu din m chp bng a thc sinh
C th biu din b m ha m xon bang cc a thc sinh. Mi a thc sinh
biu din cho mt b cng modul-2. a thc sinh c bc K-1 miu t s kt ni
gia u ra ca mt v tr trong thanh ghi dch vi b cng modul-2. Theo v d
trn, hai a thc sinh l G1(x) = 1 + x2 v G2(x) = 1 + x.
Gi s dy tin vo b m ha la 1100, dy m ha s l 11101101, ngha
l ng vi mt bit tin vo c hai bit m ha ra. Do , t l m l 1/2.
nh ngha p ng xung ca m ha l p ng ca b m ha khi bit vo l
1. Trong v d trn, p ng xung s l: 110110. Vi dy vo l 1101, ta thy dy ra
c th c tnh l chp dy vo vi p ng xung. Do m ny c tn l m
chp.
b) Biu din m xon bng s cy.
Hnh 2.16 trnh by s cy biu din m chp cho v d trn. Gi s ban
u ton b thanh ghi c xa v 0. c s cy theo phng ngang t tri qua
phi, mi nhnh cy biu din mt t m hai bit ra ng vi mt bit vo. Mi khi c
bit vo l 0, i sang nhnh phi tip theo pha trn, nu bit vo l 1 th i sang
nhnh phi tip theo pha di.
40
Hnh 2.16. S cy biu din b m ha m xon hnh 2.22

Gi s dy vo l 110, i theo ng nt m trn s cy, ta c dy ra
l 111011. Nu s bit vo l L th s nhnh trong s cy s l 2 L. Nh vy, khi s
bit vo tng th s cy rt cng knh.
c) Biu din m xon bng s li.
Nhn trong s cy ta thy thc t l b m ha m xon ch c 4 trng thi
phn bit, k hiu l a, b, c v d tng ng vi cc cp bit nh phn 00, 10, 01 v
11.
T s cy, ta thy: ln phn nhnh u tin to ra hai nt, ln phn nhnh
th hai to ra bn nt v c sau mi ln phn nhnh s nt tng gp i. Sau ln
phn nhnh th ba ta thy na trn v na di ca cy ging ht nhau. Nh vy,
vo thi im ti no , hai nt bt k c cng trng thi u c th kt hp vi
nhau thnh mt nt. p dng iu ny cho s cy trn hnh 2.16, ta c s
li trn hnh 2.17.
Cc nt trong li biu din trng thi ca b m ha. Cc nt cng hang
biu din cng trng thi. T mi nt li c hai nhnh ra: mt nhnh ng vi bit
vo l 0 (ng nt lin), mt nhnh ng vi bit vo l 1 (ng nt t). Tng
quat, sau ct nt th K, cu trc li c lp li.
41
Hnh 2.17. S li biu din b m ha m xon hnh 2.22

Gii m xon bng thut ton Viterbi.
Khc vi m khi c di t m c nh, m xon khng c kch thc c
th. Tuy vy, m xon cng b p vo mt cu trc khi bng cch gn thm mt s
bit 0 vo cui mt dy tin m bo ui dy tin c dch ht qua thanh ghi dch.
Cc bit 0 ny khng mang thng tin nn t l m s nh hn k/n. gi cho t l
m xp x vi k/n, chu k gn thm bit 0 thng rt di. Chng hn trong v d trn
y sau 300 bit tin mi gn thm hai bit 0. Vy t l m l 300/604 xp x 1/2.
C ba kiu gi m chp chnh l kiu tun t, ngng v Viterbi, trong
Viterbi la ph bin nht.
Thut ton Viterbi da trn c s gii m ln c gn nht (nearest neighbour).
Thut ton tnh khong cch Hamming (gi l metric) gia tn hiu thu vo thi
im ti v tt c cc ng trong li dn n mi trng thi cng thi im ti.
Khi hai ng cng dn n mt trng thi, chn ra ng c khong cch
Hamming ngn hn gi l ng sng (surviving path). Vic chn ng sng
c thc hin cho tt c cc trng thi vo tt c cc thi im.
Ta xt li v d m ha m xon hnh 2.16. Gi s dy thu l 1010001010,
dy vo b m ha l 5 bit, trong c 3 bit tin v 2 bit 0 thm vo.
Trc ht ta xy dng li gii m nh hnh 2.18
42
Hnh 2.18 S li gii m

Thc hin so snh, chn ng c metric thp hn, cui cng ta cn li ng
sng l ng in m (nt t v nt lin) trn hnh 2.19. T y suy ra dy tin gii
m l 11100.
Hnh 2.19. ng sng v kt qu gii m

Trong thc t b gii m Viterbi gm c ba khi chnh. Th nht l khi tnh gi
tr metric nhnh BMV (Branch Metric Value), th hai l khi tnh metric ng
PMV (Path Metric Value) l tng cc metric nhnh dc theo mt ng trong li
v th ba l khi xc nh u ra chn ng metric nh nht.
2.3.2. M Reed Solomon

M Reed-solomon l mt m sa li thuc loi m khi tuyn tnh, c rt nhiu
ng dng trong thng tin s v trong lu tr. M R-S c s dng sa cc li
trong nhiu h thng, bao gm:
-
Cc thit b lu tr ( bng t, a CD, VCD,)
Thng tin di ng hay khng dy.
43
Thng tin v tinh.
Truyn hnh s DVB.
Cc modem tc cao nh: ADSL, VDSL,(xDSL)

M R-S thuc mt lp con ca m BCH - lp m BCH khng nh phn. M
BCH (m Bose, Chaudhuri v Hocquenghem) l mt loi m sa li vng ngu

nhin quan trng, c kh nng sa c nhiu li v c ng dng rt rng di.
Trong m BCH c 2 lp con l m BCH nh phn v m BCH khng nh phn. M
BCH nh phn c Hocquenghem a ra vo nm 1959, sau c Bose v
Chaudhuri tm ra m cch c lp vo nm 1960. Trong s nhng m BCH khng
nh phn, quan trng nht l m R-S. M BCH khng nh phn ngha l m BCH
trong gi tr ca cc h s c ly t trng Galois GF(2 m). M R-S c Reed
v Solomon gii thiu ln u tin vo nm 1960.
Mt h thng m ho v gii m RS c trng nh hnh sau:
Hnh 2.20: H thng s dng m RS.

B m ho RS nhn mt khi thng tin ri thm vo cc bit d Li xut
hin trong khi truyn dn hoc lu tr c th do nhiu nguyn nhn,(nh: tp m,
vt xc trn a CD v.v). B gii m RS s x l tng khi d liu v c gng
sa li khi phc li d liu ban u. S lng v kiu li c th sa c ph
thuc vo cc c tnh ca m RS .
a) Cu to m RS
Mt m RS thng c k hiu l RS (n,k) vi cc symbol m bt, trong
n l tng s symbol trong mt khi m v k l s lng thng tin hay s symbol d
liu. B m ho ly k symbol d liu, mi symbol m bit, ri thm vo (n-k) symbol
kim tra to thnh mt t m n symbol. S lng li ti a trong mt khi m
m RS(n,k) c th m bo sa c l t=(n-k)/2. Thng thng n=2m-1. Nu n nh
44
hn s ny th m c gi l m rt gn. Tt c cc thut ton m ho R-S i vi

DSL u s dng m R-S trong trng GF(256) l trng m rng ca GF(2) vi
symbol di mt byte (m=8)
S minh ha kin trc ca mt b m ho RS h thng sa sai t li trong trng
(2m):
Hnh 2.21. B m ho Reed-Solomon
Cu trc tng qut cho gii m m RS c minh ho trong hnh 2.21. T
m nhn c r(x) l t m gc (t m c pht i) cng thm li: r(x) =c(x)+e(x).
B gii m RS c gng nhn bit v tr v ln ca ti a t li v sa cc li .
Mt m R-S c c trng bi hai a thc: a thc trng v a thc sinh. a
thc trng xc nh trng Galois m cc symbol l thnh phn ca trng . a
thc sinh nh ngha cc symbol kim tra c sinh ra nh th no. C hai a thc
ny u c nh ngha trong cc ti liu c t ca bt k mt m R-S no.
a thc trng.
a thc ny dng to ra trng Galois ca m. N c nhp vo di dng
s thp phn m cc bit dng nh phn tng ng vi cc h s ca a thc.
a thc sinh.
Mt t m R-S c to ra nh mt a thc c bit gi l a thc sinh. Tt c
cc t m hp l u chia ht cho a thc sinh. Dng tng qut ca mt a thc sinh
ca mt m R-S gc sa sai t li c chiu di 2m-1 l:
45
g(x) = (x )(a 1)(x 2t) (2.4)

Vi l phn t c bn ca trng GF(2m)
Sau , t m R-S s c to ra theo cng thc:
C(x) = g(x).i(x)
Trong : g(x) l a thc sinh.
i(x) l khi thng tin.
C(x) l mt t m hp l.
V d: a thc sinh cho R-S(255,249); 2t = 255-249 = 6
g(x) =(x- 0) (x- 1) (x- 2) (x- 3) (x- 4) (x- 5)
g(x) = x6 +g5x5 +g4x4 +g3x3 +g2x2 +g1x1 +g0x0
(2.5)
Cc bc ca qu trnh gii m:
Nguyn l ca thut ton gii m m RS tng t nh i vi m BCH.
im khc bit duy nht l phi tnh c gi tr (a thc) li, vic c thc
hin bi thut ton Forney.
Sau y l cc bc ca qu trnh gii m m RS
1.Tnh ton syndrome:
Vic ny tng t nh tnh ton chn l. Mt t m RS c 2t syndrome v
n ch ph thuc vo cc li (khng ph thuc vo t m c pht i hay t m
gc). Cc syndrome c th c tnh bng cch thay th 2t nghim ca a thc sinh
g(x) vo a thc thng tin thu c my thu r(x)
2.Tm v tr ca cc li symbol:
Vic ny i hi phi gii ng thi cc phng trnh vi t n. C mt s
thut ton tnh nhanh thc hin vic ny. Cc thut ton ny tn dng cu trc
ma trn c bit ca cc t m RS v gim c s php tnh i rt nhiu. Tng
qut c 2 bc:
Tm mt a thc nh v li. Bc ny c th thc hin bng thut ton
Berlekamp-Massey hoc thut ton Euclide. Thut ton Euclide c v c s dng
46
nhiu hn trong thc t v n d ci t hn, tuy nhin thut ton BerlekampMassey li c xu hng lm cho vic ci t phn cng v phn mm hiu qu hn.
Tm cc nghim ca a thc ny, c thc hin bi thut ton tm kim Chien.
2.4. Cc phng thc iu ch tn hiu
2.4.1 Tng quan v k thut iu ch trong vin thng.
B iu ch s v gii iu ch s l mt phn ca my pht v my thu, k
thut iu ch lin quan n vic truyn dn trn cp bc, cp ng trc. Trong
chng ny ta s im li cc k thut iu ch khc nhau c, cng vi vic tnh
ton xc sut li i vi phn ln cc trng hp v phng php gim xc sut
li.
K thut iu ch s c dng iu ch sng mang, c th lm thay i
bin , pha, tn s ca sng mang thnh tng mc gin on. Di tc ng ca
tn hiu mang thng tin. V nguyn l c th thc hin c c iu ch s v iu
ch tng t, nhng trong thc t vic iu ch s cho h thng l rt ph bin, cn
iu ch tng t rt t c p dng. Hin nay ch s dng trong mt s phng th
nghim. Mc d c nhiu phng thc iu ch, nhng vic phn tch cc phng
thc iu ch ny tu thuc ch yu vo kiu iu ch v tch sng.
Qu trnh iu ch, lng tin ca ngun tn hiu c bo ton, ch thay i
mi tng quan v tn s v cng sut ca tn hiu truyn i.
Vic phn tch cht lng ca cc k thut iu ch v gii iu ch khc
nhau, cc tn hiu bng thng v cc knh trong mt s loi c th chuyn i mt
cch n gin theo ton hc thnh dng bng thp tng ng. iu ch ny cho
php phn tch c lp cc tn s sng mang v bng tn knh.
iu bin - AM : Dng iu ch ny to ra bng cch cho tn hiu thng tin
tc ng vo bin vi sng mang c tn s cao hn v lc sang bng
mong mun truyn i.
iu tn - FM: Tn hiu thng tin tc ng vo tn s u ra ca n bin i
ph hp vi quy lut ca tn hiu.
47
iu pha PM: Tn hiu thng tin tc ng vo pha ca sng mang to ln

lch pha theo quy lut ca tn hiu cn iu ch.
Tn hiu
nhphn
ASK
FSK
PSK
Hnh
C tn
c dhiu
ng t
n hi
u u
cASK,
iuPSK,
ch FSK
Hnh 2.22.
Cc5.1
dng
c
iu
ch
ASK, FSK, PSK.
Vic chn tn s sng mang ph thuc vo rng bng tn ca tn hiu iu

ch v phng php tch sng sau . Chn phng php iu ch ph thuc vo
s mong mun ci thin t s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR i vi bng tn b chim v
cc yu t khc nh gi thnh, phc tp ca h thng.
Trong h thng thng tin, c ba dng iu ch l: iu ch kho dch bin
ASK, iu ch dch tn FSK v iu ch kho dch pha PSK hnh 2.22 m t cc
dng tn hiu iu ch ny. Sau y, ta s i vo phn tch c th cc dng iu ch.
48
P(dB)
(a)
f IF-2B f IF-B
f IF
f IF+B
f IF+2B
P(dB)
(b)
f IF-0.75B f IF
f IF+0.75B
P(dB)
(c)
f IF-Be
f IF
f IF+Be
P(dB)
(d)
t
f IF-B
f IF
f IF+B
a) ASK, b) MSK, c) FSK, d) PSK.

Hnh
5.22.23.
Ph
cng
su
t t
n hi
khiiu
i
u ch
Hnh
Ph
cng
sut
tn
hiuu khi
ch
s s.
2.4.2 iu ch dng kho dch bin ASK.

Kho dch bin ASK hay cn gi l kho ng m OOK (on/off Keying).
y l cch iu ch sng mang n gin nht.
Trng sng tn hiu c th vit nh sau:
Es(t) = E0m(t)cos[0t+s(t)] (2.6)
Trong As = E0m(t) l bin c iu ch thng qua tn hiu iu ch m(t),
trong khi phi gi cho 0 v s l hng s. V l iu ch s nn m(t) ch c 2 gi
tr 0 v 1 tu thuc vo cc bt 0 hay 1 cn c pht i. Trong hu ht cc trng
hp th As c gi tr bng 0 khi truyn cc bit 0. Dng ph tn hiu ca ASK c
biu th trong hnh 2.24
2.4.3 iu ch dng kho dch tn s FSK.
Trong dng iu ch FSK, thng tin c m ho trn sng mang bng cch
dch tn s sng mang 0 . Vi dng tn hiu s dng iu ch ny, ng bao
49
sng mang gi khng i, cn tn s 0 c 2 gi tr l (0-) v (0+), tu

thuc vo tn hiu pht i l bit 0 hay 1. S dch f = /2 c gi l lch tn.
i lng 2f i khi c gi l khong cch TONE v n l biu hin khong
cch gia cc bit 0 v 1.
Trng ca dng iu ch FSK c vit nh sau:
Es(t) = E0cos[(0t+m(t) 2f)+s]
(2.7)
Vi m(t) c th nhn 2 gi tr 1. Nu 2f l lch tn nhnh th tham

s = 2f/B c gi l ch s iu ch tn s. Tng ng vi cc khc nhau s
c cc s khc nhau.
Khi = 0.5 th c coi l iu ch kho dch tn ti thiu MSK (Minimum
Shift Keying), dng ph cng sut nn rt cht lm cho s ny rt hp dn i
vi cc h thng tc cao, rng bng tn gia cc im khng thc t 1.5B
Khi (0,5 0, 7) th c coi l iu ch kho dch tn pha lin tc
CPFSK (Continuous Phase Frequency Shift Keying) hoc l lch tn hp, v
dng ph ca n b nn rt cht, nh vy c th coi MSK l trng hp ring ca
CPFSK. Gii iu ch ti tng IF c th c thc hin bng b phn bit tn s
ng dy tr.
Khi >> 1 th c coi l iu ch FSK lch tn rng v ph ca n c
phn thnh 2 thnh phn tp chung quanh fs- f v fs+f tng ng, mi thnh phn
c coi ging nh ph ca tn hiu iu ch ASK nu ln xem hnh 2.31.
Nh vy rng bng tn tng cng rt rng, v th s ny khng thch hp cho
h thng tc cao, nhng c th dng cho cc h thng n gin v r tin. C th
iu ch tn hiu IF bng phng php ng bao hoc ng b.
Cc trng hp trung bnh 1 thc t khng quan tm. V tn s ca tn hiu
khng phi l hng s trong khi iu ch, s FSK khng th thc hin c cho
d l h thng ng tn s.
50
2.4.4 iu ch dng kho dch pha PSK v kho dch pha vi phn DPSK.
Trong dng iu ch kho dch pha PSK, cc chm tn hiu c pht ra
bng cch iu ch s , trong khi th bin tn As = E0 v tn s 0 ca sng mang
c gi l hng s. Khi c th vit nh sau:
Es(t) = E0cos[0t+m(t)]
(2.8)
Trong m(t) nhn cc gi tr 0 v 1, iu ny c ngha l pha s nhn hai

gi tr 0 v . Dng ph cng sut ging nh ca ASK, nhng c ph vch sng
mang nh th hin trong hnh 2.31 . Vy s ny hin hu hn so vi s ASK.
iu ch dng kho dch pha vi phn DPSK(Differential PSK) cng ging
nh iu ch PSK nh vy c th vit.
Es(t) = E0cos[0t+m(t) ]
(2.9)
Trong thc t ch khc quy lut m v trong DPSK, thng tin c m ho

theo s khc nhau v pha gia hai bt k tip nhau. u im ca iu ch DPSK l
tn hiu pht c th c iu ch thnh cng cho n khi pha sng mang duy tr
kh n nh trn di hai bt. iu ch ny thng c dng trong cc h thng
thc t, v khng cn cc b gii iu ch phc tp m vn cho c tnh tt.
2.4.5 Cc dng iu ch s dng trong vin thng in lc.
2.4.5.1 S dng iu ch gim xuyn nhiu.
K t khi ng dy in c thit k truyn ti in nng, n cha
c nh gi ng mc vi vai tr l mt mi trng truyn d liu. ng dy
in thng thng c mt s lng ln cc loi nhiu, l nguyn nhn gy nn mo
tn hiu. S mo tn hiu ny lm tng t s li bit (BER). T s BER c nh
ngha mt cch gn ng l t s ca cc bit gii iu ch bi b thu vi s cc
bit nhn c. Xa hn na, cc tn hiu trn ng dy in lc cng gp phi mt
vn l s suy hao rt ln. Nhng vn trn l nhng l do chnh lm cho ng
dy in khng c la chn lm ng truyn d liu chnh.
51
khc phc nhng nhc im ca ng dy in lc, chng ta c th p

dng nhiu phng php lm gim t s BER. Bin php u tin l s dng
phng php iu ch FSK iu ch thng tin. Tt c cc bin php ni chung
u lm gim s xuyn nhiu, tuy nhin cc bin php ni chung cng khng kh
quan hn phng php s dng FSK l bao nhiu. C mt k thut c gi l
BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) c xem l tt hn FSK trong vic gim nhiu.
BPSK s dng hai pha khc nhau ca tn hiu iu ch phn bit gia 0 v 1.
Hnh 2.24 ch ra hiu sut ca mt s k thut iu ch khc nhau trong vic lm
gim nhiu.
Hnh 2.24: Hiu sut ca mt s k thut iu ch khc nhau

trong vic lm gim nhiu
T s Eb/N0 c hiu l t s tn hiu trn nhiu (SNR). Nh chng ta quan
st thy trn hnh v, BPSK c mt t s SNR thp hn FSK, DPSK v ASK.
Tuy nhin, nhng kt qu l thuyt a ra trong hnh 2.24 khng quyt nh
c l BPSK s lm gim ng k t s BER trong h thng. Vic kim tra phi
c thc hin c th trn mt vi mch BPSK i vi mch in hin ti. Mt vi
mch BPSK c th c s dng l MAX2900.Thit k hin ti cn phi c khai
52
bo v ch r gi tr ca t in v in tr iu khin cc thng s ca vi mch

FSK thun tin cho vic b xung vi mch iu ch mi.
Mt cch khc nhn c tn hiu tt hn l ci thin mch lc trong phn
thu. Hin ti, mch lc u tin c s dng l mch lc RLC thng cao. Tuy
nhin, ng dy in lun lun c rt nhiu tn hiu nhiu t nhiu ngun nhiu
khc nhau. Mt s tn hiu nhiu trong cc ngun ny c tn s cao i qua
mch lc thng cao . Mt gii php hp l hn l s dng mt mch lc tch cc
thng gii m ch cho php i qua mt di tn s nht nh nh hn. Mt vi mch
tch hp c th thc hin c vai tr ny l MAX267AEWG. Vi mch ny c th
thay th cho mch lc th ng RC trong thit k hin ti.
2.4.5.2 S dng iu ch tng tc truyn d liu.
H thng c thit k vi mc ch xa hn cho s pht trin ca cc ng
dng khc trn ng dy in lc, bao gm c truyn d liu vi tc cao. Thit
k hin ti ch thc thi ti hai tn s tn hiu ring bit. Mi tn s tng ng vi
mt tn hiu nh phn 1 hoc 0. Nu mt tn s th ba hoc th t c pht hin
bi b thu, n c th tng ng ln lt vi cc tn hiu 10 v 11 do tc d
liu s c nhn i. Bng vic s dng mt dng khc ca BPSK c gi l
QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying), cng cho php lm gim nhiu, chng ta
c th tng tc d liu ln gp i. QPSK ging nh BPSK im nhng pha
khc nhau ca tn hiu pht biu th cho cc bit khc nhau, nhng thay v hai pha
khc nhau, n s dng bn trng thi pha biu th bng bn mu bit ln lt. QPSK
c s dng rng ri cho truyn thng tc cao nh l cp modem.
Mt phng php c trin vng hn cho vic ci thin bng thng c gi
l ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDM). OFDM l phng php l
tng cho vic m rng ti a kh nng ca knh truyn. N cho php mt vi tn
hiu c th truyn ng thi qua mt knh m khng gy ra nhiu gia cc thng
tin . Hin ti OFDM ang c s dng trong cc ng dng bng thng cao bao
gm c ng truyn s.
53
Chng ta cng thc hin tm kim mt vi cch khc ci tin h thng.

Bng vic thay i k thut iu ch vi BPSK chung ta c th gim xuyn nhiu.
Nu thay i k thut iu ch thnh QPSK chng ta c th tng gp i tc
truyn d liu v vn c th chng nhiu. Do h thng c th thc hin tt hn
vi mt vi mch QPSK. tng tc d liu ln cao hn, k thut OFDM c th
c thc hin t c kh nng ln nht ca ng dy in lc
K thut tri ph v k thut ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDM)
c s dng tng dung lng v tng s knh truyn dn. Sau y chng ta s
tip tc nghin cu cc k thut ny.
2.5. K thut tri ph

Nh chng ta bit th mi k thut iu ch v gii iu ch ngoi vic
nhm mc ch truyn c tn hiu i xa cn phi bo mt trong sut qu trnh
truyn t pha pht sang pha thu. Mt trong nhng k thut iu ch v gii iu
ch s tha mn c hu ht cc iu kin trn v c hiu qu cao l k thut tri
ph. C hai loi k thut tri ph chnh l tri ph dy trc tip v tri ph nhy tn.
Hnh 2.25: S m hnh h thng thng tin tri ph

Ti u pht: Tn hiu thng tin s liu bng hp cn truyn i c to ra t
cc h thng bng thng hp l qu trnh iu ch s cp, sau tn hiu ny c
nhn vi m tri ph. Ti u thu: Tn hiu bng tn rng c thu ti my thu
c nn ph nh vic nhn vi bn sao c ng b ca tn hiu tri ph c
s dng pha pht.
54
2.5.1. Tri ph dy trc tip

K thut tri ph chui trc tip DSSS s dng m tri ph bng rng iu
ch tn hiu sng mang c iu ch bi d liu gc. Dy m c s dng c
tc cao hn nhiu ( tc chip) so vi tc bit thng tin, mi bit thng tin ca
tn hiu s c truyn nh mt chui ngu nhin ca chip. Cc h thng tri ph
dy trc tip cn c gi l h thng gi tp m. Trong thi gian gn y cc h
thng DSSS c ng dng trong cc h thng thng tin thng mi.
Hnh 2.26: Tri ph chui trc tip DSSS

2.5.1.1. Tri ph dy trc tip kiu BPSK
y l loi iu ch n gin nht ca tri ph dy trc tip. Trong k thut
tri ph dy trc tip BPSK ngi ta s dng iu ch dch pha nh phn nh
phng php iu ch tri ph, iu c ngha l ln iu ch th nht iu ch
d liu theo phng php iu ch thng thng, ln th hai ngi ta s dng m
tri ph iu ch tn hiu sng mang c iu ch bi tn hiu (iu ch ln
th nht) theo kiu BPSK.
Trc tin ta i xt tn hiu sng mang s(t):
Trong :
s(t) = A.cos 0t
+ A: bin nh ca sng mang.

+ 0: tn s gc ca sng mang.
Ams l bin hiu dng ca sng mang, ta c: A 2 Ams

Gi P l cng sut sng mang, do P = Ams2 nn ta c: A 2P
55
V ta c biu thc sng mang l: s(t) =
2P .cos 0t
Biu thc sng mang c iu ch bi d liu a qua iu ch dch pha

nh phn BPSK:
Sd(t) =
2P .cos[ 0t + d(t)]
vi 0 t Ts (2.10)
Trong : + d(t): l pha ca song mang.

+Ts: rng mt chp (hay mt k hiu) ca d liu iu ch d(t)
Tn hiu Sd(t) ny chim rng bng tn t 1/2 n 2 ln tc d liu
trc v ph thuc vo c im ca vic iu ch.
Tri ph dy trc tip s dng k thut BPSK bng m tri ph C(t) c dng
xung tn hiu NRZ v ch c gi tr mc bng 1 v c tc dng gp N ln tc
dng d liu d(t). Vic iu ch tri ph c thc hin bng php nhn n
gin gia sng mang c iu ch Sd(t) vi hm m C(t) .
Tn hiu pht i c dng:
St(t) =
2P .cos[ 0t + c(t) + d(t)] vi 0 t T
(2.11)
Nh vy by gi pha ca tn hiu sng mang pht i ph thuc 2 thnh phn:

+ c(t) : ph thuc vo m gi ngu nhin C(t)
+ d(t) : ph thuc vo dng d liu d(t).
Trn c s ca phng trnh (2-3) ta xy dng c s iu ch nh sau:
Hnh 2.27: S tri ph trc tip kiu BPSK

Do tnh cht ca dy m gi ngu nhin tri ph C(t) c dng xung NRZ c
cc gi tr 1 nn t phng trnh (2.11) ta c:
56
St(t) =
2P .C(t).cos[ 0t + d(t)]
(2.12)
Nh vy tri ph s dng k thut iu ch BPSK c thc hin mt cch

n gin bng cch nhn tn hiu sng mang c iu ch bi d liu vi m
tri ph C(t), b iu ch m BPSK hnh trn c thay th bng b nhn. Ta xy
dng c b iu ch nh sau:
Hnh 2.28: S tri ph trc tip n gin

khi ny th tn hiu pht i c th c vit li l:
St(t) = C(t). Sd(t) (2.13)
Mt khc do tnh cht ca tn hiu C(t) l cc tn hiu xung NRZ nn
C(t)= 1 do C2(t) = 1. V vy: St(t). C(t) = C2(t). Sd(t)= Sd(t) (2.14)
Ti u thu th b thu s thu c tn hiu sau mt khong thi gian tr Td l:
2P .C(t-Td).cos[ 0t + d(t- Td) + ] + nhiu
Ta xy dng s gii iu ch nh sau:
Hnh 2.29: S gii iu ch tri ph dng n gin.
57
Do vic iu ch tn hiu pha pht c thc hin qua 2 ln iu ch. Do

ti u thu qu trnh gii iu ch cng phi thc hin theo 2 qu trnh ngc li
vi pha pht:
Qu trnh 1: Thc hin nhn tn hiu iu ch thu c vi m tri ph c
sn u thu (qu trnh ny thc cht l qu trnh nn ph tn hiu). sau qu
trnh ny th tn hiu thu c s c dng sau:
SR(t)= 2P .C(t-Td). C(t-Td).cos[ 0t + d(t- Td) + ]
Trong :
(2.15)
Td: thi gian tr do truyn dn.

Td: thi gian tr truyn dn do pha thu d on.
Nu T=Td th iu c ngha m tri ph pha thu c ng b chnh xc vi

m tri ph pha pht. Khi ta c: C(t-Td). C(t-Td).
Nu b qua thnh phn pha ngu nhin th tn hiu thu c sau b nn ph
l:
S*R(t)= 2P . cos[ 0(t- Td) + d(t- Td) ]
Ta thy S*R(t) chnh l Sd(t) b tr i mt khong thi gian l Td.
Qu trnh 2: Tn hiu S*R(t) c a n b gii iu ch pha tch tr li
tn hiu ban u.
Trong trng hp ta ang xt th ln iu ch th nht i vi d liu thng
tin l qu trnh iu ch pha s thng thng, cn iu ch tri ph ln th 2 l iu
ch BPSK.
Sau y ta xt qu trnh iu ch m c hai qu trnh iu ch u s dng
phng php iu ch BPSK (phng php ny cn c gi l phng php iu
ch BPSK ci tin).
iu ch d liu ln 1 c dng:
Sd(t) =
2P .cos[ 0t + dt]
vi 0 t Ts (2.16)
Trong : Tb l rng ca mt tn hiu hay mt bt.
58
Do iu ch BPSK nn dch pha l . D liu d(t) mang gi tr 1. Trong

k hiu BPSK mt k hiu iu ch c thay b mt bt. Do vy:
Ts= Tb vi Ts l di ca mt k hiu iu ch.
Do phng trnh (2-16) c th c vit li nh sau:
Sd(t) =
2P .cos0t
vi 0 t Tb
Lc ny tn hiu ny c a qua iu ch ln th hai dng BPSK, v n s c

dng sau:
Sd(t) =
2P .C(t). d(t). cos0t vi 0 t Tb (2.17)
Do vy qu trnh iu ch 2 ln c thay th bng qu trnh iu ch duy nht

thng qua vic nhn m tri ph C(t) vi dy d liu d(t).
2.5.1.2.Tri ph dy trc tip kiu QPSK
Ngoi phng php iu ch tn hiu dch pha nh phn (BPSK) cn c nhiu
phng php iu ch dch pha khc. Vi phng php iu ch dch pha nh phn,
gc pha ca sng mang b dch c nh l 0 hay 1800 ty thuc vo gi tr ca d
liu. Do vy nu c hai qu trnh iu ch (d liu v tri ph) u p dng phng
php ny th ngi ta c th thay bng mt bc iu ch dch pha nh phn cho
tch ca d liu v m tri ph. Cn i vi phng php iu ch pha 4 mc
(QPSK) th gc pha ca sng mang b dch i nm ti mt trong bn gi tr l 0,
900 v 1800.
iu ch pha 4 mc QPSK thc hin t hp 2 bt ca tn hiu thnh mt k
hiu iu ch v quyt nh mt trng thi pha sng mang. Do vy cng vi mt
rng bng tn truyn dn, s dng phng php iu ch QPSK s c tc bt
tng gp i so vi phng php iu ch BPSK.
Quy lut v trng thi pha ca phng php iu ch QPSK nh sau:
59
Bng 2.1 Quy lut v trng thi pha ca phng php iu ch QPSK
Trong trng hp tng qut khi bc iu ch d liu ban u l php iu
ch dch pha, tn hiu u vo b iu ch tri ph dy trc tip kiu QPSK l:
S (t) =
vi 0 t Tb (2.18)
2P .cos[ 0t + d(t)]
Php iu ch tri ph QPSK thc hin dch pha ca sng mang c

iu ch bi d liu di tc dng ca m tri ph gi ngu nhin theo quy lut iu
ch theo bng nh trn. Vic iu ch ny c thc hin nh hnh v sau:
Hnh 2.30: Tri ph dy trc tip iu ch pha 4 mc

Trong b lai cu phng thc hin to ra 2 tn hiu c lch pha nhau l
1800 (trc giao vi nhau) t tn hiu iu ch pha ban u. Hai tn hiu ny c cng
thc sau:
Tn hiu th nht:
I(t) =
Tn hiu th hai:
Q(t) =
2P .cos[ 0t + d(t)] (2.19)
2P .sin[ 0t + d(t)] (2.20)
ng thi tn hiu gi ngu nhin C(t) cng c tch lm hai tn hiu C1(t)
v tn hiu C2(t) vi tc bt bng mt na tc bt ca dng nh phn ban u.
Dng bt ca tn hiu C1(t) cha cc gi tr bt nm cc v tr chn trong dng bt
ca tn hiu C(t) v ngc li dng bt ca tn hiu C2(t) cha cc gi tr bt nm
60
cc v tr l trong dng bt ca tn hiu C(t). Nh vy hai tn hiu I(t) v Q(t) by gi

b tri ph dch pha nh phn bi hai m tri ph c tc bng na tc m ban
u. Kt qu tn hiu tri ph u ra thu c bng cch cng hai tn hiu tri ph
ny vi nhau v c dng sau:
x(t)=C1(t).I(t)+C2(t).Q(t)= S C1(t).cos[0t +d(t)]+ S C2(t).sin[ 0t + d(t)] (2.21)
Nh vy vi bc iu ch tri ph s dng php iu ch pha 4 mc, tn
hiu sng mang b iu pha bi d liu li mt ln na b iu ch pha QPSK. Bc
iu ch sng mang bi d liu c th l iu ch pha nh phn hay iu ch pha 4
mc ging nh bc iu ch tri ph. Khi u thu khi phc li d liu theo
chiu ngc li v phi tun theo ng php gii iu ch BPSK hay QPSK. Vi
phng thc iu ch pha 4 mc th ta c th gi nhiu d liu hn vo sng mang
va do tit kim c ng truyn dn so vi phng thc iu ch pha nh
phn.
2.5.2. Tri ph nhy tn FH-SS (Frequence Hopping Spread Spectrum)
Trong k thut tri ph nhy tn s dng mt b pht m PN iu khin
b tng hp tn s. H thng FH c coi l iu ch gin tip vo m tri ph. H
thng FH to ra hiu qu tri ph bng s nhy tn gi ngu nhin gia cc tn s
v tuyn f 1 , f 2 ... f n vi n c ti hng nghn . Trong h thng FH nu tc nhy
tn ln hn tc bit thng tin th c gi l h thng nhy tn nhanh FFH ( Fast
Frequence Hopping).
Nu tc nhy tn nh hn tc bit thng tin c gi l h thng nhy
tn chm SFH (Slow Frequence Hopping).
Tt nhin c trng hp c bit trong tc nhy tn v tc bit thng
tin l bng nhau v ln.
61
Hnh 2.31: Tri ph nhy tn FHSS
Hnh 2.32: S m hnh h thng tri ph nhy tn
2.6. Cng ngh OFDM

OFDM l mt k thut truyn thng tin a sng mang xut hin t ga
nhng nm 60. H thng u tin s dng k thut ny l HF radio links ca qun
i (nm 1957). n nm 1966, Robert Chang nhn bng sng ch vi m hnh h
thng OFDM. Mc d nhng khi nim v OFDM c cp t rt lu nh
vy nhng mi n nhng thp nin gn y, OFDM mi chng t c nhng tnh
cht u vit ca n. OFDM c ng dng trong c hai h thng thng tin v tuyn
v hu tuyn, nht l trong cc h thng thng tin tc cao. Ngy nay, k thut
OFDM c ng
dng trong cc h
thng truyn dn bng rng
ADSL/HDSL/VDSL, cc h thng pht thanh v truyn hnh s qung b DAB

(Digital Audio Broadcasting) v DVB- T (Digital Video Boadcasting- Terrestrial).
62
OFDM cn l gii php k thut c c cho cc chun LAN khng dy (

Wireless Local Area Network) nh ETSI Hiperlan/2 v IEEE 802.11a
OFDM l mt trng hp c bit ca FDM
2.6.1. Nguyn tc c bn ca OFDM
Chuyn i mt chui d liu ni tip c tc cao R thnh N chui con
song song c tc thp (R/N). N chui con ny c iu ch bi N sng mang
ph trc giao v c pht ln knh truyn ng thi.
Bn cht trc giao sng mang ph OFDM cho php ph ca cc chui sau
iu ch chng ln ln nhau m vn m bo vic tch ring bit tng thnh phn
ti pha thu. Nh vy m hiu qu s dng bng tn tng ng k v trnh c
nhiu gia cc sng mang ln cn ICI (Inter- carrier Interference). Ta c th thy
iu ny qua ph ca tn hiu OFDM v tn hiu FDM trn hnh 2.33
Hnh 2.33. Ph ca tn hiu FDM v OFDM

Mt khc, do chui d liu ni tip tc cao c chia thnh cc chui con
c tc thp nn tc k hiu ca cc chui con nh hn rt nhiu so vi tc
ca chui ban u, v vy cc nh hng ca nhiu lin k t ISI, ca hiu ng tr
tri u c gim bt. Nh vy c th gim phc tp ca cc b cn bng
pha thu. Ta s ni thm v phng php chng ISI c s dng trong h thng
OFDM phn sau
63
(a)
Hnh 2.34:
(b)
a. Tc ng ca nhiu i vi h thng n sng mang

b. Tc ng ca nhiu n h thng a sng mang
Mt u im na ca k thut OFDM l kh nng chng li fading chn lc tn

s v nhiu bng hp. h thng sng mang, ch mt tc ng nh ca nhiu cng
c th gy nh hng ln n ton b tn hiu (hnh 2.34a). Nhng i vi h thng
a sng mang, khi c nhiu th ch mt phn trm nh ca nhng sng mang con b
nh hng (hnh 2.34b), v v vy ta c th khc phc bng cc phng php m
ho sa sai.
2.6.2. Tnh trc giao
Cha kho ca vic s dng hiu qu di bng tn trong h thng OFDM so
vi cc h thng khc trc (FDM,TDM) chnh l tnh trc giao ca sng mang
ph. Vi tnh cht ny, ph ca cc chui con sau iu ch c th chng ln nhau
nhng vn m bo vic tch rin bit tng thnh phn ti pha thu.
Mt tp tn hiu c gi l trc giao tng i mt khi hai tn hiu bt k
trong tp tho iu kin:
K , i j
s (t )s t dt 0, i j
i
*
j
(2.22)
Ts
Vi * l k hiu lin hp phc,Ts l chu k k hiu.

Tp N sng mang ph trong k thut OFDM c biu thc:
k
sin(2 );0 t Ts
Ts
f k (t )
0; t (0, T )
s
(2.23)
vi k=0,.,N-1
64
Cc sng mang ny c tn s cch u nhau mt khong Fa=
1
TS
giao tng i mt do tho iu kin (2.22). Ta xt sng mang sin( 2

sin( 2
v trc
k1
t ) v
Ts
k2
t ):
Ts
k1
k2
1 s
t
t
0 sin(2 Ts t ).sin(2 Ts )dt 2 0 cos 2 (k1 k 2 ) Ts cos 2 (k1 k 2 ) Ts dt 0
ts
Nh vy, cc sng mang thuc tp (2.23) l trc giao tng i mt hay cn

gi l c lp tuyn tnh. Trong min tn s, ph ca mi sng mang ph c dng
hm sincx do mi k hiu trong min thi gian c gii hn bng mt xung ch
nht. Mi sng mang ph c mt nh tn s trung tm v cc v tr null ti cc
im cch tn s trung tm mt khong bng bi s ca Fs. V vy, v tr nh ca
sng mang ny s l v tr null ca cc sng mang cn li (hnh 2.35). V do cc
sng mang khng gy nhiu cho nhau.
Hnh 2.35: Ph ca cc sng mang trc giao

Ta c s nguyn l to mt k hiu OFDM nh hnh 2.36
65
Hnh 2.36: S nguyn l to mt k hiu OFDM

Ton b phn ng khung c th c thay th bng php bin i ngc
Fourier ri rc IDFT( Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform). Khi , sng mang ph
th k trong tp cc sng mang trc giao c biu din nh sau:
j 2 Tk ;0 t Ts
s
g k (t ) e
0; t (0, Ts )
vi k=0, N-1
(2.24)
Trong thc t, ngi ta s dng php bin i ngc Fourier nhanh IFFT
(Inverse Fast Fourier Transform) do c th lp trnh tnh ton n gin v nhanh
bng my vi tnh.
2.6.3 H thng OFDM
Trn hnh 2.37 l s mt h thng OFDM.
my pht, chui d liu ni tip qua b S/P c bin i thnh N chui con
song song, mi chui ny qua mt b iu ch. ng ra cc b iu ch, ta thu
c mt chui s phc D0,D1, , Dn-1, trong Dk= Ak+jBk. Chui s phc
ny i vo b IFFT:
d n
(do
j 2 n
1 N 1
1 N 1
N
D
k
.
e
Dk .e j 2f k t n
N k 0
N k 0
k
(IFFT) (2.25)
k
f
n k n f knTs f k tn vi Ts l chu k k hiu, f k l tn s cc sng mang)
N
fs
Ng ra b IFFT l cc mu ri rc ca k hiu OFDM trong min thi gian:

y (n) Redn
1
N
1
N
N 1
Re( A
k 0
jBk ).(cos2f k tn j sin 2f k tn )
N 1
( A cos 2f t
k 0
k n
Bk sin 2f k tn ) (2.26)
Cc mu y(n) ny c chn thm khong bo v, cho qua b bin i D/A

tr thnh tn hiu lin tc y(t), c khuych i, a ln tn s cao ri pht ln
knh truyn.
66
y (t )
1
N
N 1
( A cos 2f t B sin 2f t )
k 0
(2.27)
my thu, ta lm qu trnh ngc li: Tn hiu OFDM c i tn xung, bin

i A/D loi b khong bo v, ri c a vo b FFT. Sau gii iu ch, bin
i t song song sang ni tip thu li chui d liu ban u.
N 1
Dk d n.e
j 2
k
n
N
(FFT)
n 0
Hnh 2.37.: S mt h thng OFDM

2.6.4 Chng nhiu lin k hiu (ISI) bng cch s dng khong bo v
Hnh 2.38 cho ta thy mt k hiu v phin bn tr ca n. Chnh thnh phn
tr ny gy ra nhiu nh hng n phn u ca k hiu tip theo. y l nhiu
ln k hiu ISI (Inter- symbol Interference).
Hnh 2.38: nh hng ca ISI
67
Hinh 2.39: Chn khong bo v l khong trng

loi b s nh hng ca ISI, chng ta di k hiu th i ra xa k hiu
trc (k hiu i- 1) mt khong bng khong tr tri ( max ). Mt khong rng do
s c chn vo gia hai k hiu (hnh 2.40), nhng nh vy tn hiu s b thay
i t ngt v mt tnh lin tc. V vy, trong thc t, ngi ta chn khong bo v
G c coppy t phn cui ca k hiu v dn vo phn u k hiu nh hnh
2.41. Khong bo v ny c gi l cyclic prefix. Chiu di ca khong bo v cn
c hn ch m bo hiu sut s dng bng tn, nhng n vn phi di hn
khong tr tri ca knh truyn nhm loi b c nhiu ISI.
Hnh 2.40: Chn khong bo v Cyclic prefix

my thu, khong bo v ny c li b trc khi thc hin gii iu ch.
2.7 Kt lun chng
Trn c s cc khi nim v PLC v c im ca knh truyn in lc c
c, chng ny cp n cc k thut nhm nng cao cht lng h thng
truyn thng PLC v a ra cc tiu chun quc t khuyn ngh cho cc mng PLC.
Bao gm k thut phi ghp li in, k thut m ha, k thut iu ch, k thut
68
tri ph, k thut OFDM. Cc kt qu ny s l nhng la chn cn thit cho qu

trnh xy dng h thng truyn thoi trn PLC c trnh by trong chng 3.
69
CHNG 3
NG DNG CNG NGH PLC THIT K B IU KHIN
THIT B IN
3.1 Gii thiu
Trng Cao ng ngh C in v Xy Dng Bc Ninh

a ch: ng Nguyn ng o - Khu 10 - Phng i Phc
-TP Bc Ninh, Bc Ninh
in thoi: 02413.854.331 0948.28 28 38 0904. 449.827
Website: http://www.codienxaydungbn.edu.vn
3.1.1 Lch s trng
Thnh lp ngy 23-11-1971 vi tn trng Cng nhn Xy dng, sau i
thnh trng Trung cp ngh c in v xy dng Bc Ninh, nm 2009 nng cp
thnh trng Cao ng. Tri qua 40 nm xy dng, c s quan tm ca B Nng
nghip v Pht trin Nng thn v tnh Bc Ninh, trng c nhng bc pht
trin vt bc, t 3 ngh o to v lnh vc thy li th bc 2/7, n nay trng
o to 7 ngh trnh Cao ng, 14 ngh trung cp, 10 ngh s cp. Hin trng
c 2 c s o to khang trang hin i ti phng Hp Lnh v i Phc (thnh
ph Bc Ninh). Nm hc 2011-2012, ton trng c 2.500 hc sinh, sinh vin gm
500 sinh vin Cao ng v 2.000 hc sinh trung cp.
Hu ht nhng hc sinh, sinh vin sau khi tt nghip trng Cao ng ngh
c in v xy dng Bc Ninh u c vic lm n nh, c x hi nh gi cao v
cht lng o to. nng cao hn na cht lng o to, gn o to vi thc
tin sn xut, hng nm trng u c t 20 lt gio vin v 700 lt hc sinh,
sinh vin tr ln thc tp, tri nghim cng vic ti cc doanh nghip ln nh: Cng
ty Canon, Tabuchi (Nht Bn), Samsung (Hn Quc) Thi gian ti trng tip
tc m rng quy m, chng trnh v ngnh ngh o to ph hp vi yu cu x
70
hi, gp phn tch cc trong chin lc nng cao cht lng ngun nhn lc p
ng yu cu cng nghip ha, hin i ha ca tnh Bc Ninh v ton quc.
Vi nhng thnh tch ni bt ng ghi nhn , dp 20-11 nm nay, tp th
trng Cao ng ngh c in v xy dng Bc Ninh vinh d c Th tng
Chnh ph tng Bng khen; 2 c nhn c Ch tch nc thng Hun chng
Lao ng hng Ba; nhiu tp th, c nhn khc c Th tng Chnh ph, B
Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn, Tng Lin on Lao ng Vit Nam tng
Bng khen.
3.1.2 C s h tng ca trng
a. C s 1: (Ti a ch: ng Nguyn ng o - Khu 10 Phng i
phc TP Bc Ninh, Bc Ninh).Gm:

Din tch:
5ha
1 khu hiu b: 3 tng vi 18 phng lm vic
2 khu ging ng 3 tng vi 24 phng hc l thuyt
2 khu xng vi 14 phng thc hnh
b.C s 2: (Ti Phng Hp Lnh-TP Bc Ninh). Gm:

Din tch:
2,5 ha
1 nh iu hnh: 2 tng vi 4 phng lm vic
2 khu ging ng 2 tng vi 12 phng hc l thuyt
1 khu xng vi 5 phng thc hnh
3.1.3 Thc trng h thng in ca nh trng.

3.1.3.1 .Cc thit b in:
Trong cc phng hc c thit b chiu sng v qut, ngoi ra cn c cc thit
b mu, cc bn th nghim, thc hnh c trng ca cc ngh. Cc thit b mu,
bn th nghim, thc hnh ny c cp in t cc cm. bo v ng ct in
cho tng phng lm vic v phng hc dng aptomat. Mi khu c aptomat tng.
V cch qun l s dng in ca trng hin ny l:
71
Mi phng lm vic v vn phng khoa c 1 kha ca do cn b hoc gio

vin trong khoa qun l. Ht gi lm vic phi tt ht thit b in trc khi ra v.
Mi phng hc u c 02 kha: 01 kha ca ca gio vin nhm qun l
thit b dng hc tp ca ngh, v 01 kha ca ca bo v nhm qun l ti sn
chung. Khi ht gi hc gio vin v hc sinh sinh vin c trch nhim tt in ca
phng v cui ngy bo v s tt aptomat tng.
3.1.3.2. Nhng bt cp ca h thng in hin nay:
Vi cch qun l in nh vy c rt nhiu bt cp. C th: Phng hc v
phng lm vic l ni ng ngi nn rt kh s dng in mt cch tit kim,
hp l. Vic ra v, kha ca nhng khng tt in trong phng thng xuyn xy ra
gy lng ph in. Nu v l do no gio vin, nhn vin m qun tt in khi ra
v v vn kha ca phng th bo v s khng tt c in trong phng, gy lng
ph in nng, Tm li vic s dng in hon ton ph thuc vo thc ca tp
th nn khng th tit kim.
Gii php hin nay l bo v gi in cho gio vin hoc nhn vin phng
n trng tt in trong phng v bo v cng thng xuyn phi i li kim
tra tng phng hc, phng lm vic xem c phng no khng tt in hay khng.
Vi din tch trng rng nh vy th vic lm trn rt tn lao ng m vn
khng gii quyt c vn tit kim in. Nh vy khc phc cc nhc im
, ti ny s ng dng cng ngh PLC thit k b iu khin thit b in
n tng phng hc cng nh phng lm vic qun l vic s dng in nng
hp l hn.
C th: B iu khin thit b in s dng cng ngh PLC s c t ti
phng trc bo v. Bo v s ch cp in cho cc phng lm vic, phng hc v
nh xng theo lch lm vic v thi kha biu ca trng. Vic iu khin cc
thit b in thng qu my tnh.
3.1.4. Cc yu cu trong thit k
T ng ha h thng
72
T ng ha trong iu khin v qun l in ca nh trng.

Tit kim chi ph
T ng ha h thng song vn tn dng c trang thit b sn c, khng phi
i li dy hay thay th thit b tit kim chi ph u t.
Tit kim nng lng
Tit kim nng lng l mt tiu ch rt quan trng trong bt k mt thit k
no. S dng phng php iu khin thng minh nh dng cm bin ng ct
h thng chiu sng, lp trnh cc ch t ng nhm hn ch ti a nng lng
tiu hao khng cn thit.
Cu trc mng thng minh
Mt h thng thng minh cn c th hin cu trc mng thng minh:
- n gin d lp t.
- Hot ng n nh, tin cy.
- D dng sa cha bo hnh.
- Linh hot mm do trong vic thay i nhu cu iu khin v m rng h
thng.
Lun lun an ton
An ton lun l u tin hng u i vi mt cng trnh, y c my vn
mun cp :
- An ton i vi ngi s dng. Ton b phm n thng minh gn tng
u s dng ngun in iu khin 24VDC, do khng ging nh h thng
in c in n khng th no gy hi vi ngi s dng. V vy hon ton c th
yn tm trong qu trnh s dng.
- Cnh bo chy mi lc, mi ni. H thng cnh bo chy s dng
cc loi cm bin khi, cm bin nhit gia tng vi nhy cao nht, do rt
an ta vi cc xng th nghim, thc hnh. Khi xy ra s c lp tc h thng in
ti khu vc s c ngt, cnh bo ti ch thng qua ci bo ng v n nhy
cho nhng ngi xung quanh bit.
73
Cn c vo yu cu thit k v da trn cc ng dng ca truyn thng trn

ng dy in lc c ch ra phn trc, trong chng ny s thit k b iu
khin thit b in ng dng ti trng CN C in v xy dng Bc Ninh.
Khi thit k h thng PLC, c rt nhiu iu cn phi c xem xt. Vic la
chn thit b ph hp v cc thnh phn ca h thng l iu rt quan trng cn
c la chn cn thn. Tt c cc thit b chnh v cc thnh phn c s dng
cho h thng s c ch ra phn sau.
3.2 Modem truyn thng Philip TDA5051

3.2.1. Modem truyn thng trn ng dy in
Modem l mt thit b iu ch tn hiu sng mang tng t (analog) m
ha d liu s, v gii iu ch tn hiu sng mang thu li thng tin c
truyn. Mc ch ca iu ch l to ra mt tn hiu c th truyn dn d dng v
gii m thu li d liu s nh ban u.
Ti u cui truyn dn, Modem iu ch tn hiu s t dng d liu thng
qua giao din RS-232 thnh tn hiu sng mang i trn ng dy in. u cui
nhn, modem khi phc li d liu ban u t tn hiu sng mang trn ng dy
in bng cch gii iu ch v gi d liu ti b iu khin hoc thit b u cui
d liu.
Hin nay, c rt nhiu modem in c a ra th trng; c sn xut bi
cc nh sn xut vi in t nh Motorola, SGS Microelectronics, Philips
Semeconductors, v Texas Instruments. Hu ht cc modem u c chc nng
tng t nh trn. Nhng ch khc nhau duy nht v hiu sut ca chng qua cc
giai on khc nhau, cc k thut iu ch khc nhau v tnh nng b sung.
C rt nhiu loi modem ca cc nh sn xut khc nhau, nhng trong phn
ny s xem xt modem in TDA5051A c sn xut bi Philips Semiconductors.
74
3.2.2. Modem truyn thng Philip TDA5051

TDA5051A l mt modem vi mch (IC), hot ng in p 5V cung cp tc
d liu 600 hoc 1200 baud. N s dng iu ch v gii iu ch ASK
(amplitude shift keying kha dch bin) to dng v ti to sng mang s. S
gii iu ch s ca n cho ra d liu bng c bn. Xung ng h cao ca b
chuyn i 6-bit s thnh tng t gip loi b cc thnh phn rng ca v n c b
lc s bng hp. N m bo cho t l li bt thp. N cng tch hp mch bo v
qu ti. Hn na, chip ny d dng tch hp vi EN50065-1 bng cch s dng mt
mng ghp n gin.
C hai trng thi truyn v nhn u c iu khin bi xung ng h ca b
vi iu khin hoc b to dao ng bng trn chip c kt ni ti mt tinh th.
iu ny m bo s chnh xc ca sng mang truyn dn v s chnh xc ca b
lc s, v vy s to ra s hot ng hon ton khng ph thuc vo cc thnh phn
gy nhiu ng dng nh s tri tr, nhit , v mt ngun cp. Thit b ny bao
gm mt tng u ra cng sut cung cp 1 tn hiu 120dBV (RMS) trn ti 30.
Di y l s khi ca TDA5051A.
75
Hnh 3.1. S khi ca TDA5051A

V s chn ca TDA5051A nh sau:
Hnh 3.2. S chn ca TDA5051A
Trong :
76
K hiu
Chn
M t
DATAin
u vo d liu s (Hot ng mc LOW)
DATAout
u ra d liu s (Hot ng mc LOW)
VDDD
Chn cp in p s
CLKOUT
u ra xung ng h
DGND
Chn ni t s
SCANTEST
u vo kim tra (S dng mc LOW)
OSC1
u vo b to dao ng
OSC2
u ra b to dao ng
APGND
Ni t tng t cho khuch i cng sut
TXOUT
10
u ra tn hiu tng t
VDDAP
11
Cp in p tng t cho khuch i cng sut
AGND
12
Chn ni t tng t
VDDA
13
Cp in p tng t
RXIN
14
u vo tn hiu tng t
PD
15
u vo ngt ngun (hot ng mc HIGH)
TEST1
16
u vo kim tra (S dng mc HIGH)

Bng 3.1: M t cc chn ca TDA5051
cung cp n nh trong cc iu kin mi trng, tn s sng mang c

to ra bng cch qut b nh ROM (Read Only Memory B nh ch c) di s
iu khin ca xung ng h ca b vi iu khin hoc ly tn s tham chiu ca b
to dao ng trn chip. S to xung tn s cao gip loi b thnh phn rng ca b
dn rng, phn b dn rng s c lc bi mch dao ng LC v khng gy ra cc
thnh phn nhiu nghim trng no. S iu ch d liu c thc hin thng qua
chn DATAIN v c a ti cc mch s c th tr thnh sng mang (s to
dng sng). Cc thnh phn iu ha b hn ch trong qu trnh ny, do trnh
c nhiu nghim trng trn knh truyn dn (theo khuyn ngh ca CISPR16 V
EN50065-1). Khi s dng mch LC (hoc mt b lc tng ng) th TDH (Total
Harmonic Distortion) c gi tr l -55dB.
77
S kt ni trc tip ti mng in (ng dy in) c thc hin thng qua

mt mch LC ti mng cho cc ng dng c chi ph thp. Tuy nhin, b bin i tn
hiu HF c th c dng khi cn phi ngn cch ng in. Tri qua ch
truyn dn, cn thn trng khi truyn v thnh phn nhn ca mch khng b v hiu
v s pht hin tn hiu c truyn vn hot ng bnh thng. V vy, trong lp
trnh vi iu khin, s gp li ca b nhn (Rx) cn trnh trong khi truyn tn hiu.
Trong ch truyn, u vo d liu (chn DATAIN) mc LOW. Ngha l
khi mt cm (burst) c to ra trn ng dy (chn TXOUT) khi chn DATAIN
mc LOW. Chn TXOUT trng thi tr khng cao, ng ngha vi vic thit b
hin ti khng truyn dn. 1s trng thi logic k tip c x l trong ch NRZ
(Non-Return-to Zero ngha l khng tr v gi tr 0). Hnh dng ca xung nh trong
hnh 3.3.
Hnh 3.3: Quan h gia DATAIN v DATAOUT

Trong khi , ch nhn, u ra d liu (chn DATAOUT) hot ng mc
LOW. Ngha l u ra d liu mc LOW khi cm c nhn. Chn DATAOUT
duy tr mc LOW cho n khi cm c nhn xong.
Di y l ph ca tn hiu to bi TDA5051A (Hnh 3.4) vi b to dao
ng bng thch anh tn s 8.48MHz. Tn s sng mang cho iu ch ASK l
132.5 kHz.
78
Hnh 3.4: Ph tn hiu
3.2.3. Kt ni modem Philips TDA5051A

S ca modem Philips TDA5051A ASK c kt ni nh trong hnh 3-5.
Mch tch hp (IC) ny c bc bi v nha nh. B to dao ng thch anh vi
tn s 7.3728 MHz c ni ti chn 7 (OSC1) v chn 8 (OSC2) v chng ta cn
c tn s sng mang 115.2 kHz. D liu serial c truyn v nhn trn chn 1 v
chn 2 ca IC TDA5051A. gim cng sut tiu th, IC c th b ngng hot
ng bi mt u vo power-down (chn PD): trong ch ny, b to dao ng
trn chip vn tip tc duy tr hot ng v xung ng h tip tc c cp chn
CLKOUT.
79
Hnh 3.5: Modem in Philips TDA5051A

Trong ch nhn d liu, IC hot ng vi mc cng sut thp, chn PD c
th c iu khin ng bi b vi iu khin. V ta mong mun chip c th nhn
d liu bt c lc no, nn ta khng cn IC chuyn sang ch ng (sleep mode);
u vo power down (chn PD) c ni t. u ra chn DATAOUT phi lun
c kt ni n mt t in r (10nF), v chn ny lun c 1 in p 0.5VDD
ngay c khi thit b khng truyn dn. Chn ny phi c bo v khi s qu p v
tn hiu truyn ngc li.
3.3. B vi iu khin PIC16F877
3.3.1 Gii thiu v vi iu khin PIC16F877
Vi mch PIC16F877A l mt my tnh c tp lnh gim thiu hiu nng cao
RISC (Redunce Instruction Set Computer). Tt c cc lnh c thc hin trong
mt chu k duy nht, ngoi tr cc nhnh ca chng trnh c thc hin trong 2
chu k. PIC16F877A c b nh Flash (Flash Program Memory) ln ti 8K x 14
80
words (1 word=2bytes), 368 x 8 bytes b nh d liu (RAM), 156 x 8 bytes b nh

d liu EEPROM. Cc c trng ngoi vi m rng cng c c kiu b vi iu
khin ny. Hn na, b vi iu khin ny cng cung cp chun giao tip ngoi vi
ng b/khng ng b USART (Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver
Transmitter) s dng cho truyn thng.
Vi mch PIC16F877 c ng gi nha, gm c 40 chn dng gi PDIP
(Plastic Dual In-line) v SOIC (Plastic Small Outline). Gi PDIP 40 chn c
dng thun tin cho hn tay. Gi khc th s dng cng ngh dn b mt (SMT
Surface Mount Technology) v kh khi hn tay.
a. Hnh nh v s chn ca PIC16F877.
Hnh 3.6: Hnh nh PIC16F877
81
Hnh 3.7: S chn ca PIC16F877

b. Cu trc I/O (input/output) :
Pic 16F877a c 5 port c chc nng I/O
* Port A : (RA0 - RA5), port A c iu khin bi thanh ghi trisA. Ngoi ra
port A cn l ng ra ca b chuyn i ADC, b so snh in p v l ng vo ca
xung Clock cho Timer 0 hot ng.
* Port B : (RB0 - RB7) 8 bit I/O cng c iu khin bi thanh ghi trisB,
ngoi ra Port B cn lin quan n tnh nng ngt ngoi vi.
* Port C : (RC0 - RC7) 8 bit I/O cng c iu khin bi thanh ghi trisC, bn
cnh port C cn c cc chn c tnh nng so snh, ng thi l ng vo xung
Clock ca b Timer 1 v cc chun giao tip ni tip.
* Port D : (RD0 - RD7) : 8 bit I/O c iu khin bi thanh ghi trisD.
Port E : (RE0 - RE2) : 3 bit I/O c iu khin bi thanh ghi trisE, ngoi ra cn c
tnh nng nhn ng vo Analog thc hin chuyn i ADC.
c. T chc b nh :
82
Gm 2 b nh : b nh chng trnh (ROM) v b nh d liu (RAM)

* B nh chng trnh : 8 kword c kh nng lp trnh 8192 lnh
* B nh d liu : 4 bank , mi bank cha 128 byte d liu.
d. B nh thi (Timer) :
Gm 3 b : Timer0, Timer1, Timer2.
* Timer 0 : l b m 8 bit , gi tr m nm trong thanh ghi TMR0 (8 bit).
* Timer 1: 16 bit , gi tr m nm trong 2 thanh ghi TMR1H (cha bit cao) v
TMR1L (cha bit thp).
* Timer 2 : 8 bit ging timer0 nhng tn s nh thi c th thay i c.
3.3.2 Mch iu khin
Mt module c thit k s dng b vi iu khin PIC16F877. Module ny
hot ng ging nh bng iu khin h thng. Hnh 3.6 l s mch ca khi
iu khin. Khi iu khin s dng b to dao ng thch anh vi tn s 3.6864
MHz. B to dao ng s to ra chu k nh thi b vi iu khin thc hin
chng trnh. B to dao ng ny cng gi tn hiu ng h cho giao tip USART.
B to dao ng s dng thch anh c tn s dao ng 3.6864 MHz v b vi iu
khin c th to ra tc bit thp 1200bps vi 0% li khi s dng thch anh. Hai
in dung 27pF c dng tn hiu ca b to dao ng c n nh. Chn
MCLR c cp ngun 5V tng ng vi gi tr 1. B vi iu khin s khi ng
li nu button c bm.
Chn 25 (TX) ca PIC16F877 s c kt ni ti chn 1 (DATAIN) ca
modem PLC TDA5051A v chn 26 (RX) s ni ti chn 2 (DATAOUT) ca modem
PLC TDA5051A. Chn 25 v 26 ca PIC16F877 l cc chn truyn thng ni tip
dng cho USART. D liu s c nhn t modem PLC qua cc chn ny.
Cng B ca b vi iu khin s c kt ni ti cc thit b cn c iu
khin. Cc chn s c cung cp in p 1 chiu 5V khi n trng thi 1 v 0V
khi trng thi 0.
it pht quang (LED light emitting diode) c kt ni ti cng B v c
dng cho vic kim tra xem vi iu khin PIC16F877 hot ng c ph hp hay
83
khng. Khi ci t cho cc ng dng thc t, LED phi c v hiu ha bng cch
ko ra cc jumper (JP1 n JP8).
Hnh 3.8: S mch ca khi iu khin

3.3.3 Giao tip iu khin
giao tip iu khin h thng c hai cch.
*Cch 1: s dng h thng phm bm iu khin trc tip, l cc nt bm B20
n B27. Mch giao tip iu khin c th hin trn hnh 3.8. Trong cc chn
D0 n D7 c ni vi cc chn t 19 n chn 30 ca vi iu khin PIC16F877.
in p iu khin l +5V
*Cch 2: iu khin qua my tnh thng qua cng USB
84
Hnh 3.9 Mch giao tip iu khin
Hnh 3.10 Mch giao tip USB
85
3.3.4 Lp trnh PIC16F877

Trc khi mt b vi iu khin c th hot ng thc hin cc lnh v iu
khin thit b trong cc h thng, th chip ny cn phi c np chng trnh. B
vi iu khin PIC16F877 c 8Kbytes b nh Flash. y l ni lu gi chng trnh
c vit bi ngi s dng. Chng trnh c vit bng ngn ng lp trnh hp
ng (assembly) v tt c cc tp lnh c th c s dng cho lp trnh PIC.
C nhiu phn mm c bn trn th trng, l nhng phn mm cung
cp kh nng vit chng trnh cho vi iu khin PIC. MPLAP l mt trong s .
MPLAP c pht trin bi cng ty Microchip Inc. MPLAP l mt mi trng
trng lp trnh, n c kh nng g ri v bin dch chng trnh hp ng s dng
trong PIC.
ghi m chng trnh vo trong vi iu khin PIC, cn phi c mt mch
np. Qu trnh np din ra nh sau: u tin chng trnh c vit bng ngn ng
lp trnh hp ng (assembly), sau m lnh ca chng trnh vit bng hp ng
c chuyn thnh m my. M my l nhng dy s thp lc phn (s thuc h c
s 16, gm c cc s t 0 n 9 v cc ch ci A, B, C, D, E, F). Sau m my
c np vo vi iu khin PIC bng mch np.
Vit chng trnh bng hp ng l mt cng vic ht sc phc tp. Hn na,
do tnh phc tp ca hp ng nn ngi vit chng trnh rt d mc li, v vic
pht hin v sa li thc s khng n gin. C mt cch khc vit cc chng
trnh l s dng ngn ng lp trnh C. C rt nhiu phn mm min ph c kh nng
to mi trng lp trnh cho vi iu khin s dng ngn ng C. Source Boost IDE
l mt trong s . Source Boost IDE c trin bi SourceBoost Technology.
Bng cch s dng Source Boost IDE, chng trnh c th c vit bng C. sau
Source Boost IDE s chuyn i cc m lnh (code) ca chng trnh vit bng C
thnh hp ng v m my np vo vi iu khin.
S lp trnh cho PIC16F877
Khi mt nt (button) trn giao din ha ngi s dng (GUI Graphical
user interface) c nhn, my tnh s to ra d liu dng ni tip v gi i trn
86
ng dy in (tn hiu c gi trn ng dy l tn hiu tng t c iu ch

ASK). pha nhn, tn hiu tng t s c gii iu ch thnh tn hiu s ni
tip v i ti cng USART vo vi iu khin PIC.
Hnh 3.11: S hot ng ca vi iu khin PIC16F877

Nu d liu nhn c chnh xc th b vi x l s thc thi lnh trong khi d
liu nhn c.
3. 4. Mch np PIC16F877
C rt nhiu loi mch np trn th trng np chng trnh cho vi iu
khin PIC16F877. Mt trong s l mch np JDM. Chng ta la chn mch np
JDM l v c rt nhiu ti liu cung cp cch xy dng v ch to mch ny. Mch
ny t c v sa i bi nh sn xut Olimex Ltd. Mch np JDM c sa i
nhn tt c cc tn hiu v ngun nui t cng ni tip RS-232. N h tr cc b vi
iu khin PIC 28 v 40 chn. Vi iu khin PIC c th c np bng mch np
JDM v phn mm h tr. Phn mm h tr cho mch np JDM l ICPROG,
WinPIC v WinPIC800. Hnh 3-12 l s mch np.
87
Hnh 3.12: S mch np JDM

3.5 S mch
3.5.1 Khi cp ngun
Khi cp ngun chu trch nhim cung cp ngun nng lng cn thit cho
cc thnh phn thit b cn thit bao gm vi mch PIC16F877 v modem philips
TDA5051A. Cc t in c dng n nh in p v gim gn sng ca ngun
in p. B iu chnh in p (L7805) c dng cung cp in p 5V cho vi
iu khin v modem ASK. S mch ca khi cp ngun c hin th nh
trong hnh 3-12.
88
Hnh 3.13: S cp ngun

3.5.2. Mch ghp
Mch ghp c s dng vi hai mc ch, th nht n chn cc tn hiu
xoay chiu 50 Hz gy hi, th hai n xc nhn thnh phn chnh ca tn hiu
pht/thu nm trong bng tn c cp pht cho truyn thng. iu ny gip lm
tng di ng ca my thu v m bo my pht khng a nhiu ln knh.
Hnh 3-13 l s mch ghp y ca h thng. Mch ghp c kt ni
trc tip ti ng dy chnh. Cu ch (630mA) c dng bo v mch khi
qu dng v bin tr 250V AC thay i theo in p c dng bo v mch
khi qu p. iu ny s m bo modem Philips TDA5051A khng b ph hng
do ngn mch hay tng p t ngt khi kt ni n mch ghp. Modem Philips
TDA5051A cng c bo v bi b trit (SA5.0A).
Hnh 3.14: Mch ghp s dng bin p
89
3.5.3. Mch lc
Hnh 3.15: Mch lc
3.5.4. Mch ng b
Hnh 3.16: Mch ng b
3.5.5. Tng hp mch

Thnh phn mch bao gm:
-Chip giao tip ng dy TDA5051A c nhim v xut tn hiu pht t chip iu
khin, m ha ASK, qua mch lc ri a ln ng in li.
90
- Chp iu khin c nhim v giao tip vi ngi s dng thng qua bn phm,
iu khin trc tip role ng ct thit b.
- Role l thnh phn ng ct tip im cp ngun cho thit b cn iu khin.
- Khi ngun cung cp in p 12V a qua t lc thnh in p 1 chiu trc khi
qua n p 7805 n nh in p 5V cp cho chp iu khin v TDA5051.
- Bin p cch ly c nhim v cch ly tn hiu vi ng dy, bin p hot ng
trong di tn s 50Hz n 250KHz. bng thng cho tn hiu iu ch ASK t
chp ra li v chn ly tn hiu tn s cao t li a v.
-Ngoi ra trong mch cn c cc thnh phn h tr khc nh t in, in tr, cun
dy, diode n p, phm bm, ..
S mch tng hp nh sau:
91
Hnh 3.17: Mch tng hp

3.5.6. Bng mch in (PCB Printed circuir broad)
Bng mch in l mt phn quan trng trong thit k. Cc mch c thit k
bng cch s dng phn mm DXP. Sau , bng mch in c thit k ch to da
trn mch c thit k bng phn mm DXP.
92
Hnh 3.18. Mch in Slaver
Hnh 3.19. Mch in Master

Trn c s mch in thit k ta c c mch thc hon chnh ca cc
mudul PLC c th hin trn hnh sau.
93
Hnh 3.20 : Mch thc ca cc modul PLC

Trong :
Hnh 3.21 Boar Master
94
Hnh 3.22 Boar Slaver
3.5.7 Nguyn l hot ng ca h thng

Trong phn trc gii thiu mt s thnh phn c bn c dng cho h
thng. Hnh 3-23 cho thy s tng quan ca h thng truyn thng tin qua ng
in lc. H thng ny hot ng theo cc bc sau:
a. My tnh gi lnh iu khin cc thit b ti modem PLC qua cng truyn
thng ni tip khi con ngi c yu cu iu khin cc thit b.
b. Modem PLC iu ch d liu nhn c ri gi qua ng dy in s
dng iu ch ASK.
c. Sau , kt cui nhn, modem PLC nhn d liu v gii iu ch t tn
hiu c iu ch ASK thnh tn hiu ni tip.
d. B vi iu khin nhn tn hiu ni tip v bt, tt thit b da vo tn hiu
nhn c.
95
Hnh 3.23: S tng quan ca h thng PLC

Khi c nhiu thit b cn c iu khin trong h thng, th modem PLC b
sung cn c thm vo. Hnh 3.24 l kt ni mng c topology hnh sao cho h
thng ny. Ta cn tng tng rng mi modem PLC v b vi iu khin c t
trong mt trm iu khin cc thit b in. H thng ny l h thng song
hng, v c cng nguyn l vi k thut X-10.
Hnh 3.24: S khi ca h thng c topology (cu trc) hnh sao.

D liu c gi i t hai hng; mt hng l t my tnh qua cng USB
ti cc thit b, mt hng i theo chiu ngc li. Ti mi hng, modem PLC v
96
b vi iu khin s nhn cng tn hiu d liu mi ln bn pht gi. B vi iu

khin s thc thi lnh iu khin thit b .
3.6 . Cc kt qu thu c
T kt qu thc nghim cho thy cc MODEM hot ng n nh. Ngi s
dng c th iu khin trc tip trn MODEM bng nt nhn hoc c th iu khin
trc tip t REMOTE.
Phn mm iu khin hot ng chnh xc theo nhng yu cu iu khin
thit b in v c bo phn hi li cc thit b iu khin.
Sn phm nghin cu ca ti c th sn sut thng mi. Thit b ny c
th c trang b lp t cho nhng ngi nh cao tn, chung c, khch sn, cng ty,
x nghip ... ty theo yu cu v v tr lp t cc thit b in. Sau khi c lp t
n s mang li s sang trng v tin li cho ngi qun l. Gi thnh ca sn phm
sau khi lp t s gim i rt nhiu so vi vic lp t s dng cc cu dao, cng
tc, ... trong mt s cng trnh nh hin nay.
Nhn xt
V s chng nhiu: Mch cho thy kh nng chng nhiu kh tt, ngay c vo
thi gian nhiu ln nht trong ngy, v cng vi s hot ng ca cc thit b gy
nhiu mnh nh my khoan, my mi kim loi cng cha thy gy tc ng n
hot ng ca h thng. Khi kim tra s nh hng ca my pht n cc thit b
in nhy cm nh TV th cng khng thy c tc ng tiu cc no.
V phm vi hot ng: qua mt s ln kim tra h thng hon ton hot ng
tt trong phm vi nh trng, khong cch v ng in xa hn (vo khong
100m) th h thng hot ng bt u km i, ph thuc vo iu kin gy suy
hao l s tiu th in sinh hot. Nh vy, tuy mi ch th nghim cng sut ra rt
thp, c bit l cng sut pht thc ln ng truyn cng nh hn rt nhiu
nhng kt qu v tm hot ng thu c l kh tt.
V tnh n nh ca h thng th vn l iu cn c kim nghim thm do
kh nng tri tn s l c th xy ra.
97
3.7 . Kt lun chng

Chng ny thit k mt h thng n gin iu khin thit b qua mng in
h th. Giao thc c bit c thit k ring cho loi ng dng ny. Giao thc ny
s dng truyn thng a nt song cng tng ti a s thit b c th iu khin
c t mt my tnh ch (server) xa. H thng ny c th iu khin tng s ti
a ln ti 255 thit b.
Trn y l mt sn phm thit k y chc nng v tin dng. S dng
giao thc n gin, cc tp lnh d s dng v chi ph thc hin thp. S dng mt
modul chun khi cm vo cm chun xoay chiu c th iu khin cc thit b
in .Mt modul khc ng c d liu t mng in thc hin lnh iu khin
ng thi pht lnh bo ngc tr li modul pht. So vi cc phng php khc, chi
ph thc hin ca phng n ny rt thp.
98
KT LUN V KIN NGH

Hin ti cng ngh truyn d liu trn ng dy in lc PLC (Power Line
Communication) ang c ng dng rng ri ti nhiu nc trn th gii v
nhiu lnh vc khc nhau nh: H thng gim st v iu khin, SCADA, H
thng o m in nng t xa, Dch v internet trn PLC, Home Automation, ...
Song thc t cho thy ng dy in lc l mt mi trng truyn thng rt nhy
cm, cc c tnh ca knh thay i theo thi gian tu thuc vo ti v v tr, mi h
thng truyn thng lun c gng t c phi hp tr khng tt. Mt s tr
khng khng phi hp khc c th xut hin trn ng dy in lc (v d do cc
hp cp khng phi hp tr khng vi cp), v v vy suy gim tn hiu cng ln
hn. Mt tham s quan trng nh gi hiu nng ca h thng truyn thng
l SNR (cng sut thu c /cng sut nhiu). Cho n nay cc c tnh c th ca
knh vn l nhng vn c nghin cu nhm a ra cc gii php x l hiu
qu.
Sau mt thi gian tm hiu nghin cu, lun vn trnh by c cc vn
sau:
- Trnh by nguyn l c bn ca cc h thng truyn thng qua ng dy
in lc; Phn tch c cc yu t nh hng n h thng v a ra cc gii php
k thut khc phc; Cp nht cc thnh t t c trn th gii v cng ngh
truyn thng PLC.
- xut, phn tch, la chn thit b, la chn giao thc v thit k, lp rp
mt h thng iu khin cc thit b s dng cng ngh PLC n gin dng vi iu
khin PIC16F877A v modem truyn thng TDA5051A giao tip, iu khin thit
b t xa bng my tnh vi chi ph thp. C th ti ny nghin cu ch to
MODEM iu khin thit b in thng qua mng li in dn dng. Sn phm
sau khi ch to c s dng iu khin cc thit b trong trng hc Cng
ngh truyn thng tin trn ng dy in lc (PLC) s dng li in h th
truyn thng tin. Khi pht lnh iu khin MODEM MASTER t phm nhn hoc
99
REMOTE, cc tn hiu thng tin c iu ch c tn s t 1-2Mhz s c

truyn i song song vi tn hiu in trn li in h th, cc tn hiu ny s i
n cc MODEM SLAVE gii iu ch v iu khin thit b in tng ng vi
lnh pht, ng thi pht lnh bo phn hi tr li MODEM MASTER.
Qua th nghim MODEM Master v MODEM Slave c th iu khin thit b
in mt cch c lp vi li in 220Vac. Song vi mi trng lm vic ca nh
trng cn c cc thit b 3 pha v cc thit b s dng in p 380V th ti cha
th nghim c. V vy hng pht trin ca ti l tip tc th nghim cc k
thut m ha, tri ph v k thut iu ch OFDM nhm nng cao cht lng v m
rng ng dng ca h thng p ng nhu cu s dng ca nh trng t m
rng ng dng ca ti cho nhng ngi nh cao tng, chung c, khch sn, cng
ty, x nghip ... ty theo yu cu v v tr lp t cc thit b in. Sau khi c lp
t n s mang li s sang trng v tin li cho ngi qun l. Gi thnh ca sn
phm sau khi lp t s gim i rt nhiu so vi vic lp t s dng cc cu dao,
cng tc, ... trong mt s cng trnh nh hin nay.
Mt ln na tc gi xin c cm n PGS. TS Nguyn Thanh H tn tnh
gip , hng dn trong thi gian thc hin ti, cm n s gip ca gia nh,
bn b v cc ng nghip trong thi gian qua.
Thi Nguyn ngy 20 thng 11 nm 2012
Ngi thc hin
Hong Thu H
100
TI LIU THAM KHO

Ting Vit
[1]. PGS.TS. Nguyn Hu Cng (2007), Nghin cu h thng c cng t t xa, Khoa in t Trng i hc k thut cng nghip Thi Nguyn.
[2]. L Vn Doanh, Phm Khc Chng (1998), K Thut Vi iu Khin, Nh

xut bn khoa hc & k thut, H Ni.
[3]. Phm Minh H (2008), K thut mch in t , Nh xut bn khoa hc &
k thut, H Ni.
[4]. Nguyn Thanh H, Nguyn Phng Huy (2010) , ng dng k thut iu
ch OFDM cho truyn thng trn ng dy in lc h th, Tp ch khoa hc cng
ngh H Thi nguyn, Trang 52-57,tp 66 s 4 , nm 2010
[5]. Vn Th Minh (2006), H vi iu khin PIC 16F87xA , NXB Khoa hc k thut.
[6]. Tng Vn On (2000) ,Vi mch v to sng , Nh xut bn gio dc.
[7]. Tng Vn On , Hong c Hi (2001), H vi iu khin 8051, Nh xut

bn lao ng v x hi, 2001.
[8] . Dng Minh Tr (1997), S chn linh kin bn dn, NXB Khoa hc k thut
[9]. Nh xut bn khoa hc k thut ( 1993), Tra cu Transistor Nht Bn tp 1,2,3, Ti liu dch t
National Semiconductor
[10]. Http://www.vegastar.com.vn
Ting Anh
[11]. Thomas and Rosa (2001), The Analysis and Design of Linear Circuits,
New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2001.
[12]. I. H. Cavdar(2009). A solution to remote detection of illegal electricity
usage via power line communications. IEEE 2009 (Available in the database IEEE
Xplore)
[13]. Zhe CHEN, Mu WEI (2008), A Voltage Quality Detection Method,
DRPT2008 6-9 April 2008 Nanjing China
[14]. Patrick A., Newbury J., Gargan S (1998), Two-way communications
systems in the electricity supply industry. IEEE transactions on Power Delivery.
Vol. 13, No. 1, January 1998. (Available in the database IEEE Xplore).
[15]. C. A. Duque (M-IEEE), P. G. Barbosa (M-IEEE) and D. P. Baptista (2005), Data
Transmission through Power Lines - Student Member, IEEE
[16]. Design Notes, Home Automation Circuits. (Online article), Available

at: http://www.designnotes.com/CIRCUITS/FMintercom.htm
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[17]. Smith Bellerby Limited(2007), Smart Metering ,The article is available

on.the.website:http://www.smithbellerby.co.uk/newsarticle/smartmetering/769.html)
[18] J.B. Anderson (1998), "Digital Transmission Engineering", IEEE Press.
[19] M. Arzberger, K. Dostert, T. Waldeck, M. Zimmermann (1997),
"Fundamental Properties of the Low Voltage Power Distribution Grid", Proc. 1997
International Symposium on Power-line Communications and its Applications",
Essen, Germany.
[20] J.S. Barnes (1998), "A Physical Multi-path Model for Power Distribution
Network Prop- agation", Proc. 1998 International Symposium on Power-line
Communications and its Applications", Tokyo, Japan, 1998.
[21] Paul Brown (1997), "Directional Coupling of High Frequency Signals
onto Power Net- works", Proc. 1997 International Symposium on Power-line
communications and its Applications", Essen, Germany.
[22] P. A. Brown (1998), "Some Key Factors Influencing Data Transmission
Rates in the Power Line Environment when Utilising Carrier Frequencies above 1
MHz",Proc. 1998 International Symposium on Power-line Communications and its
Applications", Tokyo, Japan, 1998.
[23] A.G. Burr, D.M.W. Reed, P.A. Brown (1998), "HF Broadcast
Interference on LV Mains Distribution Networks", Proc. 1998 International
Symposium on Power-line Communications and its Applications", Tokyo, Japan,
1998.
[24]. www.How X10 Works - SmartHomeUSA_com.
102
PH LC 1
H VI IU KHIN PIC16F87X
103
104
105
106
107
108
PH LC 2
MODEM TRUYN THNG 5051A
109

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i

LUN VN THC S KHOA HC K THUT

NGHIN CU, S DNG CNG NGH PLC

CHUYN NGNH : K THUT IN T

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn

Danh mc cc hnh v...

TNG QUAN V CNG NGH PLC

1.3. Cc giao thc truyn thng qua ng dy in lc .................................... 11

MT S K THUT TRIN KHAI TRN H THNG PLC

2.1.6 S pht x sng in t v kh nng gy nhiu ....................................... 32

2.6.1. Nguyn tc c bn ca OFDM............................................................... 65

3.5.3. Mch lc .................................................................................................. 92

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn

DANH MC CC K HIU, CH VIT TT

Application Specific Intergrate Circuit

Mch tch hp ng dng c bit

Automated Meter Reading

Automated Meter Management

Amplitude Shift Keying

Kha dch bin

Bit Error Rate

Binary Phase Shift Keying

Kha dch pha nh phn

Base Station Control

Binary Shift Keying

Kho dch pha c hai

Base Transceiver Station

Trm thu pht gc

Code Divission Multiplex Access

a truy nhp phn chia theo m

Conference of European Posts and

Hi ngh v qun l bu chnh vin

Customer Information Service

Dch v thng tin khch hng

Data Concentration Unit

Chui trc tip

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

Tri ph dy trc tip

Differential Phase Shift Keying

Kha dch pha vi phn

Electrical Power research Institution

Vin nghin cu in nng

Fast Frequency Hopping

Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum

Frequency Shift Keying

Frequency Division Multiplexing

a truy nhp theo tn s

Field Programmable Gate Array

Phm vi c th lp trnh cng mng

Global System for Mobile

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn

Host Center Station

Home Local Register

Thanh ghi nh v thng tr

High Power Radio

Knh v tuyn cng sut cao

International Mobile Equipment

Nhn dng thit b di ng quc t

Nhn dng thu bao di ng quc

Intergrated Service Digital Network

Inter Symbol Interference

Local Area Network