C s Truyen ong ien

2.9.6 Bo chnh lu cau 3 pha ieu khien hoan toan

Xem H2.39. Trng hp dong ien tai lien tuc: ien ap chnh lu trung bnh:
Ud =

3 3 .U m
. cos

(2.45)

Phng trnh ac tnh c cua ong c:

=

R
3 3 .U m
. cos
.M
.k kt
(k kt )2

(2.46)

Bo chnh lu ch cho phep he truyen ong hoat ong trong pham vi goc phan t th nhat va
th t cua mat phang ( ,M).
Cac che o lam viec cua he truyen ong bo chnh lu cau ba pha- ong c dc kch t oc lap
cung c giai thch tng t nh trng hp bo chnh lu cau mot pha ieu khien hoan toan.
Bai tap:
Cac so lieu nguon 3 pha va ong c : ap day VL = 220V, k kt= 1,59{V], R = 0.2 . Gia thiet
dong qua ong c phang.
a. Bo qua cam khang nguon Ls=0, xac nh ham ien ap chnh lu trung bnh theo goc ; vi
= 300 hay xac nh van toc ong c , cho biet dong ien qua ong c I = 50A.
b. Neu xet en cam khang nguon Ls 0, bieu dien quan he ien ap chnh lu trung bnh theo
goc kch va dong I. Hay xac nh van toc ong c neu cho biet I = 50A, = 300 va Ls =
11mH.
c.Xac nh goc trung dan cho trng hp b.).
Hng dan:
Tr trung bnh ien ap chnh lu Ud :
Ud =

3 2 .U L
. cos

H2.39

a.)

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Phng trnh phan ng ong c:

3 2 .U L
. cos = R .I + k kt .

3.220 2 . cos

6 0 ,2.50 / 1,59 = 155 ,53 [ rad / s ]

=

b. Hien tng chuyen mach, xem H2.40, H2.41 va [1], keo dai trong thi gian chuyen mach
ng vi goc chuyen mach . Goc va ien ap chnh lu xac nh theo he thc sau [1]:
cos( + ) = cos
Ud =

2 LSId
2 UL

3 2
3
U L . cos .1 .LS .I d

H2.40

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C s Truyen ong ien

H2.41

ien ap chnh lu khi =

Ud =

6 va Id = 50 :

3 2
3
.220. cos .2 .60.50.10 3 = 239 ,43 [V ]

6
U d = R .I + k kt .

239 ,43 = 0 ,2.50 + 1,59.. = 144 ,29 [ rad / s ]

Di tac dung hien tng chuyen mach, vi cung o ln goc ieu khien, ien ap Vd giam
18V lam cho van toc ong c giam xuong, (vi I= 50A), t 155,53rad/s xuong con
144,29[rad/s].
Tnh toan goc chuyen mach u:
cos( + ) = cos
0

30 + = 46 ,78

3.1 .LS .I d
2 .U L

= cos

3.2 .60.50.10 3

6
2 .220

= 16 ,78 0

Bai tap: Bo chnh lu cau 3 pha ieu khien hoan toan:

Vi bo chnh lu cau 3 pha ieu khien hoan toan va ong c DC a cho bai trc. Gia thiet
rang Ls = 0 va = 00, = 450 va Id = 50A , hay xac nh:
a.Dang song dong ien nguon va he so song hai HF.
b.Tr hieu dung thanh phan hai c ban dong ien nguon va tr hieu dung dong ien nguon.
He so dch pha DPF khi Ls = 0 va khi Ls = 1mH , cho biet = 450.
Xac nh o meo dang ien ap day va ap pha, cho biet Ls = 1mH va = 450.
Hng dan:
a. xem hnh ve H2.42.
b. Tr hieu dung thanh phan hai c ban dong ien Ia1:
I a(1) =

2 3 Id
6
.
=
.I d = 0 ,78.50 = 39 A

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C s Truyen ong ien

H2.42

a) = 0, Ls = 0; b) = 450, Ls = 0; c)- = 450, Ls = 1mH

Ia =

2
.I d = 0 ,816.50 = 40 ,8 A
3

Khi Ls=0:

=0
1
DPF = cos 1 = cos =
0
0,709 = 45
Trng hp Ls 0, ta co he thc gan ung:

DPF = cos +
2

Tnh toan goc chuyen mach khi = 450 :

cos( + ) = cos

3.1 .LS .I d
2 .U L

= 0 ,707

3.2 .60.50.10 3
2 .220

= 0 ,5248

45 + = 58 ,34 0 = 13 ,34 0

13 ,34

DPF = cos 45 0 +
= 0 ,62
2

S ton tai cua Ls lam suy giam he so DPF.

Noi chung, he so DPF giam khi tang, ay la nhc iem cua phng phap ieu khien pha.
d. o th Vab = Van - Vbn tren H2.43.

H2.43

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C s Truyen ong ien

Tac dung hien tng chuyen mach gay ra cac lom (notch) tren ap day . Khi goc u nho, cac ho
lom co o sau gan ung bang 2 .U L . sin , t o:
S
2 .Ls .I d
= u =
hu
2.U L . sin

Tieu chuan IEEE 519 - 1981 yeu cau gii han cac notchs mc 250 s (5.40. electrical
degrees) va o sau bang 70% gia tr ien ap nh.
o meo dang ien ap co the xac nh qua cac thanh phan song hai dong ien va cam khang
Ls:
THD U % =

vi I ( k )

(I
k >1

I a(1)
k

k .k .1 .LS

U
=

)2
.100

6 Id
. , gia thiet dong ien tai phang.
k

2.9.7 BO CHNH LU KEP

Bo chnh lu kep bao gom hai bo chnh lu n BCL1 va BCL2 ieu khien hoan toan
ghep oi song nhau va song song vi mach phan ng cua ong c. oi vi cac ong c cong
suat en 10kW, co the s dung bo chnh lu cau mot pha kep, trng hp cong suat ong c
ln hn, bo chnh lu cau ba pha kep c s dung. Bo chnh lu BCL1 cho phep dong ien
qua tai dng va ien ap co dau tuy y. ieu nay co ngha no cho phep ong c hoat ong
goc phan t th nhat va th t (trong ieu kien dau kch t khong thay oi). Ngc lai, bo
chnh lu th hai cho phep ong c hoat ong trong goc phan t th hai va th ba.
Xem s o H2.44:

H2.44

Bo chnh lu kep co the ieu khien theo hai phng phap: ieu khien rieng va ieu khien
ong thi.
a/-Phng phap ieu khien rieng: S o ieu khien rieng c ve tren H2.45 ch co
mot bo chnh lu n c ieu khien tai moi thi iem. Cac cuon khang can bang khong can
thiet na va mach cong suat se n gian hn. Tuy nhien co kha nang xuat hien dong ien gian
oan, ac biet khi ong c nhe tai. Khi o, viec ieu khien tr nen phc tap.

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Bang B2.2
Sign(idyc)

Id1
>0
0
0

Id2
0
>0
0

Khoa xung kch

Kch BCL1, khoa BCL2
Khoa BCL1, kch BCL2
Khoa BCL2,
Khoa BCL1 trong thi gian
Khoa BCL1,
Khoa BCL2 trong thi gian

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Cac qua trnh ien ap va dong ien tai, dong ien qua moi bo chnh lu c ve minh
hoa tren H2.47 cho trng hp ieu khien rieng.
b. Phng phap ieu khien ong thi (ieu khien vi dong can bang)
Vi phng phap ieu khien ong thi, e khong xuat hien dong ien ngan mach dc, ieu kien
thiet lap cho goc ieu khien hai bo chnh lu la:
Ud1+Ud2 0
(2.47)
Do:
U d1 = U d 0 . cos 1

(2.48)

U d 2 = U d 0 . cos 2

Nen t o suy ra: cos 1 + cos 2 0 hay:

(2.49)

1 + 2

Do ien ap ngo ra tc thi cua hai bo chnh lu co s khac biet nen xuat hien dong ien can
bang dan qua nguon xoay chieu va hai bo chnh lu. e han che bien o dong ien can bang
nay, cac cuon khang han che dong can bang c lap at noi tiep ngo ra cua cac bo chnh
lu. o ln cac cuon khang c chon sao cho o ln dong can bang khong vt qua 30% o

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C s Truyen ong ien

ln dong ien tai nh mc. ieu nay tao ieu kien e dong ien tai hau nh lien tuc va he
truyen ong at c ch so ieu chnh thap.

H2.48

Cau tao cua bo chnh lu kep theo phng phap ieu khien ong thi phc tap hn v
phai trang b cac cuon khang can bang (xem H2.46). S o mach mo ta nguyen ly ieu khien
c ve tren hnh H2.48 . Khoi 1 va 2 chuyen yeu cau dong ien tai thanh yeu cau dong ien
cua tng nhanh bo chnh lu. Tn hieu ioyc lam tang them dong ien yeu cau qua moi nhanh
chnh lu vi o ln dong tang bang dong can bang
Trong thc te, trng hp ieu khien oi xng ( tc I + II = ) khong c ap dung
v neu xet ca qua trnh qua o, dong ien phat sinh trong mach khep kn qua cac BCL co the
at gia tr trung bnh kha ln. Do o, I + II > ieu khien khong oi xng c ap dung rong
rai hn.
u iem cua phng phap ieu khien vi dong ien can bang la dong ien tai lien tuc.
Do o, em lai cac tnh chat ong hoc cao cho he thong ieu khien. Mach ieu khien khong
can bo cam bien dong ien bang 0.
ieu bat li la mach cha cac cuon khang can bang lam tang them kch thc cung nh khoi
lng mach ong lc. Ngoai ra, cac cuon khang tieu thu cong suat ao lam cho viec nh mc
mach nguon b tang len va he so cong suat b giam.

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C s Truyen ong ien

Mot trong cac s o ieu khien bo chnh lu kep theo phng phap ieu khien ong
thi c ve minh hoa tren hnh H2.46, trong o s dung kha nang ieu chnh o ln dong
ien can bang.
Cac dang mach chnh lu kep c ban:
Cau truc mac oi song: bo chnh lu kep co chung nguon xoay chieu (cuon th cap may bien
ap.). Bo chnh lu kep co the c ieu khien vi dong can bang hoac ieu khien rieng. e
han che dong can bang can thiet bon cuon khang lap oi xng trong mach. Do nhc iem
phai s dung cac cuon khang can bang nen phng phap nay t c s dung. Phng phap
ieu khien rieng co nhc iem tao nen khoang dong ien gian oan. Khoang thi gian nay
phu thuoc vao thi gian khoi phuc kha nang khoa cua thyristor, thi gian phat hien va x ly
dong ien qua zero va thi gian tre cua mach ieu khien. Ky thuat ban dan va mach ieu
khien hien ai giup giam khoang dong gian oan va neu. Tuy nhien, ap ng vi phng
phap ieu khien rieng thng cham hn. u iem cua cau truc bo chnh lu kep mac oi song
la mach cong suat n gian do s dung mot cuon th cap may bien ap hoac co the au bo
chnh lu trc tiep vao li.

Cau hnh dang ch thap: moi bo chnh lu n c mac vao cuon th cap rieng cua may
bien ap. Bo chnh lu kep co the thc hien ieu khien rieng hoac ieu khien vi dong can
bang. Kha biet vi cau truc s dung chung cuon th cap may bien ap, cau truc nay cho phep
gii han dong can bang bi tac dung cua cac tr khang may bien ap. Bo chnh lu thng c
ieu khien vi dong can bang. Cau truc mach ieu khien se n gian hn do khong s dung

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C s Truyen ong ien

mach logic. Cau truc nay ap dung cho cac truyen ong oi hoi tinh chat ong hoc cao, cong
suat hang MW. Nhc iem cua cau truc la s dung hai nguon ien rieng cho hai bo chnh lu
n va he so s dung may bien ap khong cao.

Cau truc ch H:
2.9.8 TRUYEN ONG AO CHIEU
Truyen ong ao chieu la truyen ong co kha nang thay oi chieu moment va chieu
van toc. T ac tnh c ien cua he truyen ong, ta suy ra he truyen ong ao chieu co ac
tnh lam viec nam trong ca bon goc phan t cua mat phang ( -M).
e ao chieu van toc, can thc hien ao chieu moment. Theo he thc tnh moment
M = k kt .I , ta suy ra co the thc hien ao chieu moment bang cach ao chieu dong ien qua
mach phan ng hoac ao chieu dong ien kch t.
Hai cau truc mach cong suat tao ieu kien ao chieu dong ien bao gom cau truc s dung bo
chnh lu kep va cau truc s dung bo chnh lu n ieu khien hoan toan ket hp vi cong tac
ao. Nh vay, e ao chieu moment ong c, cac phng an co the thc hien c mo ta tren
cac s o H2.49.
Do cong suat mach kch t nho hn nhieu so vi cong suat mach phan ng nen he
truyen ong ao chieu bang ao chieu dong kch t n gian va gia thanh re hn so vi he
truyen ong ao chieu dong ien phan ng. Ngc lai , do hang so thi gian mach kch t ln
hn so vi hang so thi gian mach phan ng nen ap ng khi ao chieu bang dong kch t
cham hn so vi trng hp ao chieu dong ien phan ng. Mach ieu khien ao chieu kch t
cung phc tap hn.

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H2.49

ao chieu dong ien kch t:

Qua trnh ao chieu moment, v du trong trng hp Ha,b dien ra theo trnh t sau:
trc het, sau khi nhan yeu cau ao chieu moment, dong ien qua mach phan ng c triet
tieu, chang han bang cach ieu chnh bo chnh lu mach phan ng lam viec che o nghch
lu. e tang hieu qua ieu khien dong kch t, ien ap kch t nh mc c chon bang
khoang 30% ien ap chnh lu cc ai cua bo chnh lu mach kch t. Sau khi dong qua phan
ng triet tieu, dong ien mach kch t c ieu khien oi dau.
cau hnh H2.49b, goc kch mach kch t c m toi a ( max ) va ien ap kch t co the at
en 95% gia tr am cc tieu. Dong ien kch t v the se giam rat nhanh. Khi dong kch t
triet tieu, cac cong tac thuan b m va cong tac nghch c ong. Mach kch t c ieu
khien vi goc kch nho nhat ( min ) va ien ap kch t at gia tr dng cc ai (khoang 95%)
lam cho dong ien kch t thay oi nhanh en gia tr kch t nh mc. Goc kch c thiet lap
tao ien ap kch t bang nh mc.
Sau khi dong kch t oi dau, dong ien qua mach phan ng c thiet lap tr lai theo
chieu cu. Van toc ong c trong thi gian ao chieu moment rat t thay oi, mac khac sau khi
ao chieu dong kch t, sc ien ong phan ng a oi dau, ien ap cap cho phan ng ud se
phai c ieu chnh cho phu hp. Trong trng hp nay, bo chnh lu phan ng ong c se
chuyen sang che o nghch lu. Toc o ong c giam dan en zero va sau o se tang toc theo
chieu ngc lai.
cau hnh H2.49a, phng phap ieu khien khong co dong can bang s dung thuan li
hn, qua trnh ao chieu van toc dien ra tng t nh khi s dung bo chnh lu n va cong tac
ao. ieu can chu y la phai khoa kch ong thi hai bo chnh lu trong thi gian dong gian
oan trc khi dong ien kch t oi dau. Cau truc mach ieu khien v the tng oi phc tap.

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Thi gian ao chieu moment phu thuoc chu yeu vao thi gian ao chieu dong kch t.
Hang so thi gian cuon kch t khoang mot vai giay. Bang bien phap dung ieu khien bo
chnh lu e tang nhanh toc o thay oi dong kch t , thi gian ao chieu moment co the thc
hien trong thi gian di 1 giay. Trong thi gian ao chieu, mach phan ng trang thai nh
khong hoat ong (i=0) va ong c khong ieu khien c (M=0).

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C s Truyen ong ien

H2.51

ao chieu dong ien phan ng:

Vi cau truc H2.49d, dong ien qua phan ng c ieu khien triet tieu bang cach
thay oi goc kch bo chnh lu phan ng. trang thai dong phan ng triet tieu, cac cong tac c
kh K1,K2 chuyen mach phan ng. Sau o, dong ien qua phan ng c thiet lap tr lai bang
cach ieu chnh goc kch bo chnh lu. Thi gian ao chieu moment xac nh bi tong thi
gian triet tieu dong phan ng, thi gian chuyen mach cac cong tac va thi gian thiet lap tr lai
dong phan ng. Do gia thanh thyristor ngay cang re, mac khac trong cac truyen ong thng
co che o ao chieu, oi hoi cac cong tac phai c bao tr thng xuyen nen phng an nay
rat t khi c s dung so vi phng an H2.49c s dung bo chnh lu kep.

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