003 TTL Kuliah 3 PDF

Kuliah TE-091237-TEKNIK TENAGA LISTRIK - TEKNIK
MESIN
Dosen : Ir.SYARIFFUDDIN MAHMUDSYAH,M.Eng.
TE-091237 - TEKNIK
TENAGA LISTRIK
Dosen :
A) Ir.Teguh Yuwono
B) Prof.Ir.Hadi Sutrisno
C) Ir.Syariffuddin Mahmudsyah,M.Eng.
D) Ir.Sjamsjul Anam,MT
Semester Gasal
Gasal Tahun Akademik 2009
2009--2010
2010
JURUSAN TEKNIK MESIN
FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI INDUSTRI ITS
Sub Bahasan : The Magic Of Electricity-The Principles of

Electrical Motors

MESIN
Materi Kuliah :
1. The Magic Of Electricity
2. Electrical Principles and Wiring Materials.
3. PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRIC MOTORS : DC
Motors, Brushless DC Motors, Stepper Motors,
AC Motors, Squirrel Cage Induction Motors,
Energy Efficient Motors, Economic Analysis
Motors, Motor Failure, Motor Efficiencies, Motor
Rewinding, Transmission of Motor Power,
Variable Frequency Drives.

Electrical Motors

MESIN
TheMagic Of
Electricity
by Syariffuddin Mahmudsyah

Electrical Motors

MESIN
ELECTRICITY AT WORK
Electricity: A form of
energy associated
with a flow of
electrons whose
movements can
create fields of force
and generate energy
QuickTime and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

Electrical Motors
Electricity is
is aa form
form of
of energy.
energy. It
It is
is generated
generated by
by
Electricity
millions
millions of
of free-flowing
free-flowing electrons
electrons whose
whose
movements
movements create
create force
force fields
fields and
and generate
generate
energy from
from motion.
motion. When
When you
you do
do things
things like
like surf
surf
energy
the Net,
Net, heat
heat something
something in
in the
the microwave,
microwave, watch
watch
the
TV,
TV, and
and turn
turn on
on the
the light
light in
in your
your bedroom,
bedroom, you
you are
are
using
using electricity.
electricity.
If
If you
you want
want to
to understand
understand electricity,
electricity, you
you first
first
need
need to
to know
know aa little
little about
about matter,
matter, atoms,
atoms, and
and
electrons. Matter
Matter is
is anything
anything that
that takes
takes up
up space
space
electrons.
or has
has mass.
mass. Everything
Everything you
you can
can touch
touch is
is made
made of
of
or
matter.
matter. Atoms
Atoms are
are the
the very
very small
small "building
"building
blocks"
blocks" of
of matter.
matter. Everything
Everything you
you touch
touch is
is matter
matter
and is
is made
made up
up of
of atoms
atoms (lots
(lots and
and lots
lots of
of atoms!).
atoms!).
and
These very
very small
small atoms
atoms are
are made
made up
up of
of an
an even
even
These
smaller nucleus
nucleus and
and one
one or
or more
more small
small electrons
electrons
smaller
circling
circling the
the nucleus.
nucleus. Electrons
Electrons always
always have
have aa
negative
negative ("-")
("-") electric charge, and it is this
electric charge
charge that
that is
is responsible
responsible for
for what
what we
we
electric
call
call electricity.
electricity.
Did You Know? Electrons don't really race from
one end
end of
of the
the wire
wire to
to the
the other
other like
like sprinters
sprinters at
at aa
one
track
track meet.
meet. In
In an
an electric
electric current
current the
the electrons
electrons
jump
jump from
from one
one atom
atom to
to another,
another, pushing
pushing other
other
electrons in
in front
front of
of them
them as
as they
they go.
go. They
They really
really
electrons
behave more
more like
like runners
runners in
in aa relay
relay race,
race, passing
passing
behave
along
along the
the baton
baton (electrical
(electrical energy)
energy) from
from one
one atom
atom
to
to the
the next.
next. The
The electrons
electrons don't
don't actually
actually travel
travel
very
very fast,
fast, but
but the
the electrical
electrical energy
energy that
that they
they
create travels
travels at
at the
the speed
speed of
of light!
light! Remember
Remember
create
that
that electrons
electrons carry
carry aa negative
negative electrical
electrical charge.
charge.
When
When electrons
electrons move
move from
from one
one place
place to
to another
another
they
they take
take that
that negative
negative charge
charge with
with them.
them. It
It is
is this
this
movement of
of charge
charge that
that we
we refer
refer to
to as
as
movement
electricity! So
So if
if you
you can
can get
get aa bunch
bunch of
of electrons
electrons
electricity!
to
to cooperate
cooperate and
and all
all head
head in
in the
the same
same direction,
direction,
you've got
got electricity!
electricity!
you've

MESIN
STATIC ELECTRICITY
If you walk across a carpet,
electrons move from the rug
to you. Now you have extra
electrons. Touch a door
knob and ZAP! The
electrons move from you to
the knob. You get a shock.

Electrical Motors
Static electricity is usually

caused when certain
materials are rubbed against
each other, like wool on
plastic or the soles of your
shoes on the carpet. The
process causes electrons to
be pulled from the surface of
one material and relocated
on the surface of the other
material. Rubbing a balloon
on a wool sweater creates
charges on the surfaces.
The same goes for a balloon
and a wall. The material that
loses electrons ends up with
an excess of positive (+)
charges. The material that
gains electrons ends up an
excess of negative (-)
charges on its surface.

MESIN
ELECTRICITYON THEMOVE
In this electrical circuit
below the electrical
current flows from one
terminal through a
metallic plate that is
highly conductive, a
switch and a fuse to
complete the electrical
circuit. If there is a
break or gap in any of
these the circuit will not
be complete and the light
will not illuminate.
In the diagram to the left there

has to be a complete electric
circuit to light this bulb. The
electric current flows from
one terminal of the battery
through the wire to the other
terminal. If we make a gap
or a break in the circuit by
using a switch, the electricity
cannot flow through and the
light goes out. Air is an
insulator. When we flip the
switch on, the two metal
parts in the switch come
together to close the gap
and complete the electrical
circuit..
A fuse is a safety
device that breaks
the circuit if to
much electricity is
passing through it.

Electrical Motors

MESIN
ELECTRICITY
KILLS
The average
lightning bolt
carries about
30,000 amps of
charge, has 100
million volts of
electric potential,
and is about 50,000
F.

Electrical Motors
An electric shock can occur upon

contact of a human or animal body
with any source of voltage high
enough to cause sufficient current
flow through the muscles or
nerves. The minimum detectable
current in humans is thought to be
about 1 mA. The current may
cause tissue damage or heart
fibrillation if it is sufficiently high.
When (and only when) an electric
shock is fatal, it is called
electrocution.

MESIN
Microshock is a direct
current path to the
heart tissue
Macroshock is current
flowing across intact
skin and through the
body. Current traveling
from arm to arm or
between an arm and a
foot is likely to traverse
the heart and so is
much more dangerous
than current traveling
between a leg and the
ground.
SAFETY
The term "ground" refers to a
conductive body, usually the
earth. "Grounding" a tool or
electrical system means
intentionally creating a lowresistance path to the earth.
When properly done, current
from a short or from lightning
follows this path, thus preventing
the buildup of voltages that
would otherwise result in
electrical shock, injury and even
death. When you create that
path to ground is when shock or
electrocution occurs.
Ground fault circuit interrupter
(GFCI) are good idea when
plugging devices such as a tvs,
toaster, and or tools into walls.

Electrical Motors
Avoid contact of any

kind with power lines
either downed in a
storm or ones that are
leading into a home.
They may cause
serious injury or even
death by
electrocution.
Never overload electrical

outlets and circuits.
Overloaded electrical
outlets, or circuits that
supply power to several
outlets, is a major cause of
residential fires.
Overloaded outlets and
circuits carry too much
electricity, which generates
heat in undetectable
amounts. The heat causes
wear on the internal wiring
system and can ignite a fire.

MESIN
FATHERSOF ELECTRICITY
Ben Franklin an American writer, publisher, scientist
and diplomat, who helped to draw up the US
Constitution also helped to discover the magic of
electricity. Franklin started working with electricity in
the 1740's and believed that lightning was a flow of
electricity taking place in nature. In 1752 Franklin
proved this theory that lightning was a form of
electrical energy by fastening a iron spike to a silken
kite, which he flew during a thunderstorm, while
holding the end of the kite string by an iron key.
When lightening flashed, a tiny spark jumped from the
key to his wrist. The experiment proved Franklins
theory, but was extremely dangerous- He could easily
have been killed.

Electrical Motors

MESIN
ELECTRICLIGHT
QuickTime and a
When an electric current passes through a wire, the atoms not only
produce heat when they resist the movement of electrons, they
may also change some of the electrical energy into light. In 1878
1878
Joseph Swan,
British scientist,
scientist, invented
invented the
the incandescent
incandescent
Swan, aa British
filament lamp and within twelve months Thomas
Thomas Edison
Edison made a
similar discovery in America. Light bulbs contain very thin wires,
called filaments, which force the electrons to travel through an
extremely small area. The resistance is further increased by
making the wire very long and coiling it up to fit into a small space .
The wire resists the current so much that the filament becomes hot
enough to glow white. Swan and Edison later set up a joint
company to produce the first practical filament lamp. Prior to this,
this,
electric lighting had been by crude arc lamps. Edison used his DC
DC
generator to provide electricity to light his laboratory and later
later to
to
illuminate the first New York street to be lit by electric lamps, in
September 1882. Edison's successes were not without
controversy, however although he was convinced of the merits of
DC for generating electricity, other scientists in Europe and
America recognized that DC brought major disadvantages.
QuickTime and a

Electrical Motors
10

MESIN
Michael Faraday
QuickTime and a
The credit for generating electric current on

a practical scale goes to the famous English
scientist, Michael Faraday. Faraday was
greatly interested in the invention of the
electromagnet, but his brilliant mind took
earlier experiments still further. If electricity
could produce magnetism, why couldn't
magnetism produce electricity. In 1831,
Faraday found the solution. Electricity could
be produced through magnetism by motion.
He discovered that when a magnet was
moved inside a coil of copper wire, a tiny
electric current flows through the wire. Of
course, by today's standards, Faraday's
electric dynamo or electric generator was
crude, and provided only a small electric
current be he discovered the first method of
generating electricity by means of motion in
a magnetic field.
Nearly 40 years went by before a really practical DC
(Direct Current) generator was built by Thomas
Edison in America.
QuickTime and a

Electrical Motors
11

MESIN
JamesWatt
QuickTime and a

Electrical Motors
James
James Watt
Watt When
When Edison's
Edison's generator
generator was
was coupled
coupled
with
with Watt's
Watt's steam
steam engine,
engine, large
large scale
scale electricity
electricity
generation became
became aa practical
practical proposition.
proposition. James
James
generation
Watt,
Watt, the
the Scottish
Scottish inventor
inventor of
of the
the steam
steam condensing
condensing
engine,
engine, was
was born
born in
in 1736.
1736. His
His improvements
improvements to
to
steam
steam engines
engines were
were patented
patented over
over aa period
period of
of 15
15
years, starting
starting in
in 1769
1769 and
and his
his name
name was
was given
given to
to
years,
the electric
electric unit
unit of
of power,
power, the
the Watt.Watt's
Watt.Watt's engines
the
used
used the
the reciprocating
reciprocating piston,
piston, however,
however, today's
today's
thermal
thermal power
power stations
stations use
use steam
steam turbines,
turbines,
following the
the Rankine
Rankine cycle, worked out by another
following
famous Scottish
Scottish engineer,
engineer, William
William J.M
J.M Rankine,
in
famous
Rankine, in
1859.
1859.
A steam engine is
is an
an external
external combustion
combustion heat
heat
A
engine
engine that
that makes
makes use
use of
of the
the thermal
thermal energy
energy that
that
exists
exists in
in steam,
steam, converting
converting it
it to
to mechanical
mechanical work.
work.
Steam engines
engines were
were used
used as
as the
the prime
prime mover
mover in
in
Steam
pumps, locomotives,
locomotives, steam
steam ships
ships and
and steam
steam
pumps,
tractors, and
and were
were essential
essential to
to the
the Industrial
Industrial
tractors,
Revolution.
Revolution. They
They are
are still
still widely
widely used,
used, particularly
particularly
for
for electrical
electrical power
power generation
generation using
using the
the steam
steam
turbine. A
A steam
steam engine
engine requires
requires aa boiler
boiler to
to boil
boil
turbine.
water
water to
to produce
produce steam.
steam. The
The expansion
expansion
or
or
contraction
contractionof steam exerts force upon a piston or
turbine
turbine blade,
blade, whose
whose motion
motion can
can be
be harnessed
harnessed for
for
the work
work of
of turning
turning wheels
wheels or
or driving
driving other
other
the
machinery. One
One of
of the
the advantages
advantages of
of the
the steam
steam
machinery.
engine
engine is
is that
that any
any heat
heat source
source can
can be
be used
used to
to raise
raise
steam
steam in
in the
the boiler;
boiler; but
but the
the most
most common
common is
is aa fire
fire
fueled by
by wood,
wood, coal
coal or
or oil
oil or
or the
the utilization
utilization of
of the
the
fueled
heat energy
energy generated
generated in
in aa nuclear
nuclear reactor.
reactor.
heat
12

MESIN
PowerTransmission
Power station
station generators
generators make
make
11 )) Power
electricity at
at 11000
11000 to
to 25000
25000
electricity
volts.
volts. To
To deliver
deliver electricity
electricity with
with
as
as little
little waste
waste as
as possible
possible aa very
very
high
high voltage
voltage must
must be
be used.
used. So
So
transformers
transformers at
at the
the transmission
transmission
sub-station
sub-station step
step up
up the
the voltage
voltage up
up
to
to 765,000
765,000 volts.
volts.
22 )) Electricity
Electricity can
can be
be carried
carried over
over the
the
countryside
countryside on
on overhead
overhead lines
lines or
or
underground cables.
cables. Pylons
Pylons over
over
underground
the ground
ground are
are ugly
ugly but
but they
they are
are
the
much cheaper
cheaper to
to make
make and
and erect
erect
much
than underground
underground cables
cables as
as you
you
than
can see.
see.
can
To avoid
avoid power
power cuts
cuts caused
caused by
by lightning,
lightning,
33 )) To
electricity supply
supply lines
lines are
are
electricity
arranged in
in an
an inter-connecting
inter-connecting
arranged
grid. If
If one
one of
of the
the supplies
supplies to
to aa
grid.
factory
factory is
is cut
cut off,
off, it
it can
can still
still get
get its
its
supply from
from another
another line.
line.
supply
44 )) When
When the
the electricity
electricity reaches
reaches the
the second
second
of
of the
the two
two main
main substations,
substations, it
it is
is
still
still at
at aa very
very high
high voltage.
voltage. StepStepdown
down transformers
transformers in
in the
the
substation
substation reduce
reduce the
the voltage
voltage to
to aa
lower
lower level
level which
which is
is carried
carried on
on
smaller,
smaller, lighter
lighter pylons.
pylons.
5
)
The
final
link
in
the
chain
from power
power
5 ) The final link in the chain from
stations to
to commercial
commercial and
and
stations
residential facilities
facilities is
is the
the
residential
transmission of
of the
the stepped-down
stepped-down
transmission
voltage.
voltage.

Electrical Motors
13

MESIN
Of the two forms of

electricity, power
stations use
alternating current. To
make alternating
current, powers
stations use
generators that have
coils like an electric
motor. As each coil is
turned between the
two magnets, current
is made the exact
opposite of an electric
motor. But the amount
of current varies as the
coil turns round.
Alternating
Current
The picture above shows you how the amount

of current varies as the coil turns. The turning
coil is shown on the top of the picture. You can
see that when the coil is upright, no current is
made at all. As it turns the current flow begins
to increase, but soon the flow gets smaller
again. After the coil has turned half a circle,
the current starts to flow the other way. Power
stations produce 50 of these two-way cycles
every second.
Alternating current
current is
is useful
useful because
because its
its voltage
voltage can
can be
be
Alternating
changed by
by using
using aa transformer,
transformer, which
which is
is simply
simply two
two
changed
coils of
of insulated
insulated wire
wire wound
wound round
round an
an iron
iron core.
core.
coils
Although there
there is
is no
no electrical
electrical connection
connection between
between the
the
Although
two coils,
coils, any
any voltage
voltage in
in the
the first
first coil
coil sets
sets up
up aa voltage
voltage in
in
two
the second
second coil.
coil. This
This effect
effect is
is called
called induction.
induction. Larger
Larger
the
or smaller
smaller voltages,
voltages, whatever
whatever is
is needed
needed can
can be
be set
set up
up by
by
or
varying the
the number
number of
of turns
turns in
in the
the two
two coils.
coils.
varying

Electrical Motors
14

MESIN
21stCentury Electricity
If we go on using coal, oil and gas as
fast as we do now, they could be
used up in under 100 years. So
scientists are looking for other ways
of producing electricity. If you want
to help these scientist, tell your
friends what you have learned and
grow to love and understand the
magic of electricity even more.

Electrical Motors
15

MESIN
ElectricalPrinciples
andWiring Materials
Lecturer :
Ir.Syariffuddin Mahmudsyah,M.Eng.

Electrical Motors
16

MESIN
Heat and Light

Electricity-
form of energy that can produce

light, heat, magnetism, and chemical
changes
Resistance- tendency of material to resist
electrical flow
Conductor- allow electricity flow easily
Insulator- great resistance to the flow of
electricity

Electrical Motors
17

MESIN
Amperes, Volts, and Watts

Amperes-
a measure of the rate of flow of
electricity
Volts- a measure of electric pressure
Watts- measure of the amount of energy or
work that can be done
Watts= Volts x Amperes Volts= Watts
Amperes=Watts
Amperes
Volts

Electrical Motors
18

MESIN
Ohms Law
Ohm-
measure of a materials resistance to

the flow of electrical current
Ohms Law- the relationship between electric
current, electromotive force, and resistance
E=volts, I= Amperes, R= resistance
E=IR

Electrical Motors
19

MESIN
Magnetism and Electricity

Magnetism-
a force that attracts or repels iron
or steel
Permanent magnet- hold magnetism
permanently
Poles- north and south
Magnetic flux- lines of magnetic force
Magnetic field- magnetic pattern

Electrical Motors
20

MESIN
ElectricMotors
Magnetism
is the basis upon which electric

motors operate
Commutator- reverses the current in the
motor
Armature- rotating magnet
Generator- produces a direct current
Alternator- alternates the electric current

Electrical Motors
21

MESIN
Circuits
Circuit-
a source of electricity plus two or

more wires connected to a load
Open circuit- circle is broken so that current
cannot flow through it
Short circuit- electricity flow through the
circuit and back to its source rapidly
Grounding- connection between a piece of
equipment and the ground

Electrical Motors
22

MESIN
ElectricalSafety
Shock-
interference with the bodys functions

such as heart rate, injury, or death
Never disconnect or damage any safety
device
Do not touch electrical appliances with wet
hands or feet
Do not remove the long ground prong from
three-prong 12 volt plugs

Electrical Motors
23

MESIN
ElectricalSafety
Use
ground fault interrupters in kitchen,

bathroom, or wherever moisture is common
Discontinue use of any electrical cords that
become warm or hot
Do not place extension cords under carpeting
Install electrical wiring according the National
Electrical Code

Electrical Motors
24

MESIN
Electrical Safety
Use
only double insulated portable tools or

tools with a three-prong plug-in
If a fuse is blown or a breaker is tripped, find
out what happened
Install proper fuses or breakers
Do not leave heat-producing appliances
unattended

Electrical Motors
25

MESIN
Electrical Safety
Place
all heater and lamps away form

combustible materials
Keep metal cases or cabinets of eletrical
appliances grounded
Do not remove the back oa a TV set
Keep electrical motors lubricated and free of
grease and dirt

Electrical Motors
26

MESIN
Electrical Safety
Keep
appliance dry
Do not use switches, outlets, fixture, or
extension cords that are cracked or damaged
Follow manufactures instructions

Electrical Motors
27

MESIN
Service Entrance
Entrance
head- used to attach exterior wires

to interior wires of a building
Transformer- converts high voltage from the
power lines to 220 volts

Electrical Motors
28

MESIN
ServiceEntrance
Service
drop- an assembly of electrical

wires, connector, and fastener used to
transmit electricity from the transformer to the
entrance head
Service entrance panel- box with fuses or
circuit breakers where electricity enter the
building

Electrical Motors
29

MESIN
Meter
Meter-
a system that measure all electricity

that passes through it
Kilowatthours- unit in which electricity is
measured
Use of 1000 watts for 1 hour
Watthour-
use of 1 watt per hour

Electrical Motors
30

MESIN
BranchCircuits
Branch
circuits- branch out from the

entrance panel to a variety of places and for
a variety of different purposes
Fuse- a plug or cartridge containing a strip of
metal
Circuit breaker- a switch that trips and
breaks the circuit

Electrical Motors
31

MESIN
Types of Cables
Nonmetallic
sheathed cable- consists of

copper or aluminum wires covered with paper
and vinyl
Armored cable- a flexible metal sheath with
individual wires inside
Conduit- tubing that contains individual
insulated wires
Electrical metallic tube- bendable type of
metal

Electrical Motors
32

MESIN
Voltage Drop
A
loss of voltage as it travels along a wire

Causes lights to dim, heaters to put out less
heat
Larger wire, less problem
Wire size must be increased according to the
distance

Electrical Motors
33

MESIN
Wire Identification
Type
T- used for dry locations

Type TW- use in dry or wet locations
Type THHN- dry locations, high temperature
Type THW and THWN- wet locations, high
temperature
Type XHHW- high moisture and heat
resistance
Type UF- direct burial in soil but not concrete

Electrical Motors
34

MESIN
Wire Identification
Positive
(hot) wires- black, red, blue wires

that carry current to appliances
Neutral wires- white wires that carry current
from the appliance back to the source
Green wires and bare wires are used to
ground all metal boxes and appliances

Electrical Motors
35

MESIN
What is electricity?
The collection or flow of
electrons in the form of
an electric charge

Electrical Motors
36

MESIN
What is static electricity?

When two objects rub against each other electrons
transfer and build up on an object causing it to have a
different charge from its surroundings.
Like the shoes rubbing against the carpet. Electrons are
transferred from the carpet to the shoes.

Electrical Motors
37

MESIN
As electrons collect on an object, it becomes negatively

charged. As electrons leave an object it attains a
positive charges. Charges interact with each other:
Often when you remove clothes
from the clothes dryer, they seem
to stick together. This is because
some of the clothes have gained
electrons by rubbing against
other clothes. The clothes losing
electrons become positive. The
negative clothes are attracted to
the positive clothes.
Have you ever rubbed a balloon on your hair and

stuck it on a wall? How do you think this works?
Electrical Motors
38

MESIN

Electrical Motors
39

MESIN
The van de Graaf generator (large silver ball)

deposits electrons on the ball. When a person
places their hand on the ball and the machine is
turned on, electrons are transferred to and
collected on the person touching the silver ball.
Why do you
think this
machine
affects the
hair of the
children in the
picture?
Electrical Motors
40

MESIN
What causes you to be shocked when you rub your feet

across carpet?
An electrical discharge is the passing of an electric

current through the air from a negatively charged object
to a positively charge object. This is what causes
lightning!
Electrical Motors
41

MESIN
Check out these static electricity video clips

Static electricity at a gas station
Van de Graaf Generators effect on human hair
Static on Babys hair
Kid gets static going down a slide
Cat abuse by static electricity
What is a conductor and insulator?

A conductor is a material which allows an electric current
to pass. Metals are good conductors of electricity.
An insulator is a material which does not allow an
electric current to pass. Nonmetals are good conductors
of electricity. Plastic, glass, wood, and rubber are good
insulators

Electrical Motors
42

MESIN
How are static charges detected?

Electrical Motors
43

MESIN
What is the difference between static

electricity and current electricity?
Static electricity is stationary or collects on the surface of
an object, whereas current electricity is flowing very
rapidly through a conductor.
The flow of electricity in current electricity has electrical
pressure or voltage. Electric charges flow from an area
of high voltage to an area of low voltage.
Water pressure
and voltage
behave in
similar ways.
Electrical Motors
44

MESIN

Electrical Motors
45

MESIN
The pressure of the water flowing through

the pipes on the last slide compare to the
voltage (electric potential) flowing through
the wires of the circuit. The unit used to
measure voltage is volts (V).
The flow of charges in a circuit is called
current. Current (I) is measured in
Amperes (A).

Electrical Motors
46

MESIN
What are batteries?

Batteries are composed of a chemical substance which
can generate voltage which can be used in a circuit.
There are two kinds of batteries: dry cell and wet cell
batteries. Below is an example of a dry cell.
The zinc container of the

dry cell
contains a moist chemical
paste surrounding a carbon
rod suspended in the
middle.

Electrical Motors
47

MESIN
Wet cell batteries are most commonly

associated with automobile batteries.
A wet cell contains two
connected plates made of
different metals or metal
compounds in a
conducting solution. Most
car batteries have a series
of six cells, each
containing lead and lead
oxide in a sulfuric acid
solution.
Electrical Motors
48

MESIN
What is electrical resistance?

Resistance (R)is the opposition to the flow of
an electric current, causing the electrical energy
to be converted to thermal energy or light.
The metal which makes up a

light bulb filament or stovetop
eye has a high electrical
resistance. This causes light
and heat to be given off.
Electrical Motors
49

MESIN
The unit for measuring resistance is the

ohm ().

Electrical Motors
50

MESIN
Electrical Calculations What is Ohms Law?
I=
3V
2

Electrical Motors
I = 1.5 amps
51

MESIN
What are electric circuits?

Circuits typically contain a voltage source, a wire
conductor, and one or more devices which use the
electrical energy.
What is a series circuit?

A series circuit is one which provides a single pathway
for the current to flow. If the circuit breaks, all devices
using the circuit will fail.

Electrical Motors
52

MESIN
What is a parallel circuit?

A parallel circuit has multiple pathways for the current to
flow. If the circuit is broken the current may pass through
other pathways and other devices will continue to work.

Electrical Motors
53

MESIN
What is the difference between an open circuit and a

closed circuit?
A closed circuit is one in which the pathway of the electrical
current is complete and unbroken.
An open circuit is one in which the pathway of the electrical
current is broken. A switch is a device in the circuit in which the
circuit can be closed (turned on) or open (turned off).

Electrical Motors
54

MESIN
How is household wiring arranged?

Most household wiring is logically designed with a
combination of parallel circuits. Electrical energy enters
the home usually at a breaker box or fuse box and
distributes the electricity through multiple circuits. A
breaker box or fuse box is a safety feature which will
open

Electrical Motors
55

MESIN
How is Electrical Power calculated?

Electrical Power is the product of the current (I) and the
voltage (v)
The unit for electrical power is the same as that for
mechanical power in the previous module the watt (W)
Example Problem: How much power is used in a circuit

which is 110 volts and has a current of 1.36 amps?
P=IV
Power = (1.36 amps) (110 V) = 150 W

Electrical Motors
56

MESIN
How is electrical energy determined?

Electrical energy is a measure of the amount of power
used and the time of use.
Electrical energy is the product of the power and the
time.
Example problem:
E = P X time
P=IV
P = (2A) (120 V) = 240 W
E = (240 W) (4 h) = 960Wh = 0.96 kWh
Electrical Motors
57

MESIN
Whatis
magnetism?
Magnetism is the properties and interactions of

magnets
The earliest magnets were found naturally in the mineral
magnetite which is abundant the rock-type lodestone.
These magnets were used by the ancient peoples as
compasses to guide sailing vessels.
Magnets produce magnetic forces and have magnetic
field lines

Electrical Motors
58

MESIN
Magnets have two ends or poles, called north and

south poles. At the poles of a magnet, the magnetic field
lines are closer together.
Unlike poles of magnets attract

each other and like poles of
magnets repel.

Electrical Motors
59

MESIN
The earth is like a giant magnet!

The nickel iron core of the earth gives the earth a
magnetic field much like a bar magnet.

Electrical Motors
60

MESIN
What are magnetic domains?

Magnetic substances like iron, cobalt, and nickel are
composed of small areas where the groups of atoms are
aligned like the poles of a magnet. These regions are
called domains. All of the domains of a magnetic
substance tend to align themselves in the same direction
when placed in a magnetic field. These domains are
typically composed of billions of atoms.

Electrical Motors
61

MESIN
Electricity and Magnetism how

aret hey related?
When an electric current passes through a wire a
magnetic field is formed.

Electrical Motors
62

MESIN
What is an electromagnet?
When an electric current is passed through a coil of wire
wrapped around a metal core, a very strong magnetic
field is produced. This is called an electromagnet.

Electrical Motors
63

MESIN
Whatis a galvanometer?
A galvanometer is an electromagnet that interacts with a
permanent magnet. The stronger the electric current
passing through the electromagnet, the more is interacts
with the permanent magnet.
Galvanometers are
used as gauges in
cars and many other
applications.
The greater the current passing through the wires, the stronger
the galvanometer interacts with the permanent magnet.
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MESIN
Whatare electric motors?

An electric motor is a device which changes electrical
energy into mechanical energy.

Electrical Motors
65

MESIN
Howdoes an electric motorwork?
Go to the next slide

Electrical Motors
66

MESIN
Simple as that!!
Electrical Motors
67

MESIN
We have seen how electricity can produce a magnetic

field, but a magnetic field can also produce electricity!
How?
What is electromagnetic induction?
Moving a loop of wire through a magnetic field produces
an electric current. This is electromagnetic induction.
A generator is used to convert
mechanical energy into electrical energy by
electromagnetic induction.
Carefully study the next diagrams:

Electrical Motors
68

MESIN

Electrical Motors
69

MESIN
Direct current versus alternating current

AC vs DC : Whats the difference?
Direct current is electrical current which comes from a
battery which supplies a constant flow of electricity in
one direction.
Alternating current is electrical current which comes
from a generator. As the electromagnet is rotated in the
permanent magnet the direction of the current alternates
once for every revolution.
Go to this website and click the button for DC then for
AC to visually see the difference between the two.
You can see that the DC source is a battery current
flows in one direction. The AC source is the generator
and the current alternates once for each revolution.
Electrical Motors
70

MESIN
ElectricMotors
Classification / types
DC Motors
AC Motors
Stepper Motors
Linear motors
Function
Power conversion - electrical into mechanical
Positional actuation electrical signal to
position

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71

MESIN
MOTORS
Device to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy

Electrical Motors
72

MESIN
SomeData OnMotor Use

Electrical Consumption Of Motors
Types Of Motors In Use
Sizes Of Motors In Use
Load Factors Of Motors In Use
Performance Data For Motors

Electrical Motors
73

MESIN
DCMotors
DC Motors
Fundamental characteristics
Basic function
Types and applications
Series
Shunt
Combination
Torque characteristics
Modelling

Electrical Motors
74

MESIN
Fundamental characteristics of DC Motors
End view
Time 0
End view
Time 0+
Shifting magnetic field in rotor causes rotor to be forced to turn

Electrical Motors
75

MESIN
Natureof commutation
Power is applied to armature
windings
From V+
Through the +brush
Through the commutator
contacts
Through the armature (rotor)
winding
Through the brush
To V-
Rotation of the armature

moves the commutator,
switching the armature winding
connections
Stator may be permanent or
electromagnet

Electrical Motors
76

MESIN
DC motorwiring topologies

Electrical Motors
77

MESIN
SeriesWound DC Motors
Armature and field connected in a series circuit.
Apply for high torque loads that do not require precise speed
regulation. Useful for high breakaway torque loads.
locomotives, hoists, cranes, automobile starters
Starting torque
300% to as high as 800% of full load torque.
Load increase results in both armature and field current increase

Therefore torque increases by the square of a current increase.
Speed regulation
Less precise than in shunt motors
Diminished load reduces current in both armature and field
resulting in a greater increase in speed than in shunt motors.
No load results in a very high speed which may destroy the motor.
Small series motors usually have enough internal friction to prevent
high-speed breakdown, but larger motors require external safety
apparatus.

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78

MESIN
Shunt wound DC motors

Field coil in parallel (shunt) with the armature.
Current through field coil is independant of the armature.
Result = excellent speed control.
Apply where starting loads are low

fans, blowers, centrifugal pumps, machine tools
Starting torque
125% to 200% full load torque (300 for short periods).

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79

MESIN
CompoundWound DCmotors
Performance is roughly between series-wound and shunt-wound

Moderately high starting torque
Moderate speed control
Inherently controlled no-load speed
safer than a series motor where load may be disconnected
e.g. cranes

Electrical Motors
80

MESIN
Permanentmagnet DCmotors

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81

MESIN
PermanentMagnet DCMotors
Have permanent magnets rather than field windings but with
conventional armatures. Power only to armature.
Short response time
Linear Torque/Speed characteristics similar to shunt wound
motors. Field magnetic flux is constant
Current varies linearly with torque.
Self-braking upon disconnection of electrical power

Need to short + to supply, May need resistance to dissipate heat.
Magnets lose strength over time and are sensitive to heating.

Lower than rated torque.
Not suitable for continuous duty
May have windings built into field magnets to re-magnetize.
Best applications for high torque at low speed intermittent duty.

Servos, power seats, windows, and windshield wipers.

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MESIN
ModelingDC Motors
A linear speed/torque curve
can be used to model DC
motors. This works well for
PM and compound designs
and can be used for control
models for narrow ranges for
the other configurations
Model will assume!
Linearity
Constant thermal
characteristics
No armature inductance
No friction in motor

Electrical Motors
83

MESIN
DCMotor Modeling
From the circuit
V IR Eb
Motor equations
Eb K e
Power is:
T K t I
Substituting the above:
T
V R K e
Kt
V
T

R
Kt Ke K t
For stalled rotor torque
KV
Ts e
R

Electrical Motors
And no-load speed

V
n
Kt
In terms of no-load speed
torque/speed equation is:
R
n
T
K K
e t
R 2
P TTn
T
K K
e t
Max power is:
Pmax
V2
4R
Units:
K e [Vs / rad ]
K t [Nm / A]
84

MESIN
Application
Use motor voltage and no-load speed to calculate K t
K t = Ke in SI units
Use stalled rotor torque, V, and Ke to find R
Note, R varies with speed and cannot be measured at rest
See web download for explanation of Kt, Ke :

http://biosystems.okstate.edu/home/mstone/4353/downloads/
Development of Electromotive Force.pdf

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85

MESIN
DC motorcontrol H-bridge
Switches control direction
A switches closed for
clockwise
B switches for counterclockwise
PWM for speed control

As duty cycle for clockwise
speed
Bs duty cycle for counterclockwise speed
Can be configured to brake

Bottom B and A to brake

Electrical Motors
86

MESIN
H-Bridgeimplementation
Elements in box are
available as single IC

Electrical Motors
87

MESIN
Brushlessdesigns
Commutation is done
electronically
Encoder activated switching
Hall effect activated switching
Back EMF driven switching
PM armature
Wound/switched fields
Application
Few wearing parts (bearings)
Capable of high speed
Fractional HP
Servos
Low EMC

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88

MESIN
StepperMotors
Description
Generally a two phase motor
permanent magnet rotor and wound fields
Rotor normally has many poles
200 poles = 1.8 degrees per step
Used primarily for position or velocity control

Typically no position feedback
Torques are managed so that an intended step is always achieved
Accelerations, decelerations and loads must be managed intelligently
Two general types of windings

Unipolar
Bi-polar

Electrical Motors
89

MESIN
WindingConfigurations
Bi-polar design
6 wire
Unipolar design
4 wire

Electrical Motors
90

MESIN
An Electric Motor
The commutator and coils rotates between two

magnets. This is a three pole motor

Electrical Motors
91

MESIN
Brushless Outrunner Motor

By Torcman
The coils are stationary the casing for the

magnets around the periphery rotates.
Electrical Motors
92

MESIN
Brushless Outrunner Motor
Torcman Motor
14 magnets = 14 Poles
Magnetic field goes around 7 times for 1 rev of Outrunner
Outrunner type motors have more torque than same size brushed motor

Electrical Motors
93

MESIN
ACMotors
AC Motors
Fundamental characteristics
Types
Fractional horsepower (single phase)
Integral
Single phase (Cap start Induction run)
Three phase
NEMA Torque characteristics

Modelling

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94

MESIN
FractionalHorsepower Designs
Shaded Pole (low starting torque, simple, cheap)
uses a short circuited coil embedded in face of field to cause one
side of field to be magnetized before the other
Split phase (low starting torque)

Two windings (2-phase), one with high resistance hence different
RL and phase
Centrifugal switch on starting winding
Capacitor Start Induction Run (medium starting torque)

Two windings (2-phases)
Capacitor used on second winding to create leading phase
Centrifugal switch on starting winding
Universal? (intermittent use, brushes!)

DC motor with inductance managed to allow AC operation
Synchronous (clocks, synchronization)

Permanent magnet rotor always in phase with AC

Electrical Motors
95

MESIN
ACMotor Model
E
Im
2f Lm
T kI w
I s I m2 I w2

Electrical Motors
96

MESIN
ACMotors
Relationship between number of poles and motor synchronous
speed f=60 c/s
Poles
Synchronous
120f
Speed
Ns
P
(RPM)
2
3600
1800
1200
Squirrel cage motors must operate with some slip .5 to 8% to allow

the rotor to be magnetized.
Actual speed is synchronous speed reduced by the slip.
N Ns

Electrical Motors
(100%slip)
100
97

MESIN
Squirrel Cage Rotor Induction Motor

Electrical Motors
98

MESIN
Inducingmagnetism inthe rotor

Difference between
angular velocity of rotor
and angular velocity of
the field magnetism
causes squirrel cage
bars to cut the field
magnetic field inducing
current into squirrel cage
bars.
This current in turn
magnetizes the rotor

Electrical Motors
99

MESIN
Torque/speedcurve

Electrical Motors
100

MESIN
Typical starting current

Electrical Motors
101

MESIN
Motorcharacteristics
Enclosure / frame
Voltage / frequency
3 or 1 phase
Poles / speed
Service factor
60 Hz
50 Hz
115
380
200
400
230
425
460
220/380
575
Fraction of rated HP that motor can be operated at
Insulation class/ Temp rise

(operating temperature compatible)
NEMA Design A,B,C,D, etc. (Torque curve type)

See next page
Efficiency

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102

MESIN
NEMA Torque characteristics summarized
BREAK- FULL
NEMA STARTING STARTING DOWN
LOAD
DESIGN TORQUE CURRENT TORQUE SLIP
A
Normal
High
High
Normal
Normal
Normal
High
Normal
Low
Normal
Loaded compressor
Loaded conveyor
Very high
Low
-------
High
High Punch Press

Electrical Motors
Low
TYPICAL
APPLICATIONS
Mach. Tools, Fans
Normal Same as Design "A"
103

MESIN
NEMA Motor Characteristics

Design
Locked
Rotor
Torque
% FL
Pull-up
Torque
% FL
Breakdown
Torque
% FL
Locked
Rotor
Current
% FL
Slip
%
Efficiency
70-275
65-190
175-300
NA
0.5-5
Med-High
B
(most
common)
70-275
65-190
175-300
600-700
0.5-5
Med-High
200-285
140-195
190-225
600-700
1-5
Med
275
NA
275
600-700
5-8
Low
74-190
60-140
160-200
800-1000
0.5-3
High

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104

MESIN
PWMVariable FrequencyDrives
Variable frequency drives use AC to DC converter then a
DC to AC converter (inverter)
Inverter frequency and voltage output can be varied to allow
motor speed to be varied.
Very efficient and cost effective variable speed for 1 HP and up

Electrical Motors
105

MESIN
Money SavingO pportunities In

Motor And DriveAppl ications
Make sure the job being done by the

motor is the right job
Correctly size motor for the load
Use energy efficient motors
Use effective belts and drives
Use adjustable speed drives

Electrical Motors
106

MESIN
Energy Efficient Motors
What makes an efficient motor

Why buy an efficient motor
Economic analysis of purchase
Potential problems

Electrical Motors
107

MESIN
Electric Motor Fundamentals

(Losses)
Stator
Windings (IR)
Stator Laminations (Eddy

Current)
External Fan
(Windage)
Rotor or Armature
Windage-Lam)
Bearing
(Friction)

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108

MESIN
Why Buy an EnergyEfficient Motor
Energy and cost savings

Motors run cooler
Motors last longer
Often have higher power factors, and use
less transformer and distribution system
capacity
Bearings are better

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109

MESIN
EconomicAnaly sis of Motor Use
Purchase cost
Operating cost
Simple payback period
Life cycle cost

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MESIN
Automobile vs. 60H P Motor
Automobile
60 HP Motor
$18,000
$4,000
Annual Use
12,000 miles/yr
4,000 hours
Efficiency
30 miles/gallon
89.2%
$2.80/gallon
5.6 cents/ kwh
Annual Operating Cost
$440/yr
$10,036
Operating Cost as a %
2%
250%
Purchase Price
Fuel/Energy Cost
of Purchase Price

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111

MESIN
Purchase Price (100 HP, 1800

RPM, TEFC)
14K
12K
8K
Net Present Worth cost of

losses @ .05/kwh and 10% cost
of capital, motor life assumed
40,000 hrs
6K
Option A: Purchase price $3,660;

NPW of losses $5,686
10K
Option B: Purchase price of

$3,150; NPW of losses $9,552
4K
2K
0
Motor A
95%
Efficiency
Motor B
91.6%
Efficiency

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112

MESIN
$2
60
$3
75
$4
75
Rewound Standard
86% Efficiency
New Standard 88%

Efficiency
New High-Efficiency
92% Efficiency
KW Required
8.7 KW
8.5 KW
8.1 KW
Monthly KWh
5200 kwh
5100 kwh
4860 kwh
Monthly Demand Costs
$77.43
$75.65
$72.09
Monthly Energy Costs
$182.00
$178.50
$170.10
Total Monthly Savings
$0
$5.28
$17.24
22 Months
12 Months
Payback

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113

MESIN
Projected Energy Savings

Efficiency
.04/kwh
.06/kwh
.08/kwh
.10/kwh
.12/kwh
HP
HIGH STD.
10
93.2
88.5
$149
$223
$298
$372
$447
25
93.0
90.2
$218
$327
$436
$545
$654
50
93.6
90.2
$526
$790
$1,053
$1,316
$1,579
100
95.4
91.0
$1,325
$1,987
$2,650
$3,312
$3,975
Projected Energy Savings based on continuous operation

(8,760 hr/yr) with motor operating at full load

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The following formula, based on the relationship between the efficiency of the old
motor and replacement motor, can be used to calculate electricity cost savings.
S = 0.746 x hp x LF x C x H [ (1/Eold) (1/E new)]

Where,
For a 150 hp, 1800 rpm TEFC motor, the

values might be:
= annual savings in electricity
S = 0.746 x 150 x 1 x 0.04 x 8000 x
hp
= motor horsepower
0.746 = conversion of hp to kW
L
= loading in percent, typically assumed to
be 100 percent
C
= cost of electricity, dollars/kWh
H
= number of operating hours/year (8000 for
continuous)
Eold = efficiency of old motor. Generally, motors
lose some efficiency when re-wound (1.5 percent
loss is assumed)
Enew = efficiency of new motor.

Electrical Motors
x [(1/0.905) (1/0.958)]
= $2,191 saved per year
To calculate the time required to
recover the extra initial investment of a
new motor, we use the following
formula:
Payback = (motor cost utility rebate
estimated rewind cost) / savings per
year
For the example, the payback might be:
Payback = ($6,756 - $1,352 - $874) /
$2,191 = 2.07 years
115

MESIN
Motor
Efficiencies
Table

Electrical Motors
116

MESIN
Motor Failures
Most motor failures are caused by:

Bearing failure
Winding failure
Need to develop a motor plan to deal with
failures and replacements in the best way
Decide on rewinding in advance

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117

MESIN
Dealing with Motor Failures

Motor Failure
Analytical
Tools
Surge test
Growler
Core Loss Test
Vibration Test
* Consider Purchasing energy-efficient

motors if estimated costs of rebuild are
65% of the cost of a new motor.
Analyze
Failure
Check
Winding
Bearings
Starter
Wiring
Miscellaneous problems
Washdown
Load Problems
Analyze
Damage
Major
Winding
Bearings
End bells
Shaft
Rotor
Stator
Balance
YES
Take Care of
Problem

Electrical Motors
Is it a
Critical
Application?
NO
YES Running 8000 +
For motors under 7.5 hp, consider

purchasing a new motor in any failure.
Install Tracking
Number on Motor
Minor
Winding
Bearings
Balance
hours/year?
NO
Do electrical
acceptance
test
Do vibration
acceptance test
Purchase New
Motor
Rebuild Old
Motor
118

MESIN
MotorsEfficiencies
Rewound versus Premium Efficiency Motors
E f fic ie n c y
1.00
Premium
0.90
Rewound
0.80
0.70
0.60

Electrical Motors
0
25
20
15
12
10
75
60
50
40
30
25
20
15
10
5
7.
1.
0.50
HP
119

MESIN
Replace Failed Motors

Rewind Motor
Failed Motor
(50 hp)
???
Std. Efficiency Motor
EPACT Efficiency Motor
High Efficiency Motor
Premium Efficiency Motor
Top-Premium Motor

Electrical Motors
120

MESIN
Motor Rewinding
Rewinding motors that have failed is very

common since the initial cost is quite low
However, rewound motors are most often less
efficient than new motors, and may be
damaged further in the rewinding process
Motors should be tested before and after
rewinding

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121

MESIN
Factors To ConsiderIn Rewinding
The cost difference between rewinding and

buying a new energy efficient motor
The motor might not be as efficient as the user
expects when it returns from the repair shop
The rewound motor is typically about 1.5% less
efficient than a new standard motor

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122

MESIN
When To Rewind
When it is a special purpose motor

When the motor is not used much
When it is a very large motor
In most other cases, buy a new high
efficiency motor

Electrical Motors
123

MESIN
Transmission Of Motor Power
30 - 50% have shaft couplings

10 - 30% have gears
34% have belt drives
6% have chains

Electrical Motors
124

MESIN
Motor Belts And Drives
Standard V-belts slip and flex

Cogged V-belts offer some improvement about 2-3%
Synchronous belts are the most efficient about 5% better than standard v-belts

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125

MESIN
Install Variable Frequency Drives

- Regulate cooling tower fan speed according to outlet water temperature.
- Energy savings comes from reduced motor speeds especially during
winter time
- Less wear on motor since no longer turning on and off several times.
VFD signal
Cooling Tower
Fan
Cooling Water
(inlet)
Cooling
Tower
Ai
r
Variable Frequency
Drive
Cooling Water
Temperature
signal
Cooling Water
(outlet)
Chiller
Electrical Motors
126

MESIN
Effects of
variable speed
(inverter)
controls of
centrifugal pump
systems driven
by premiumefficiency motors

Electrical Motors
127

MESIN

Electrical Motors
128

MESIN
DOMO
ARIGATO
GOZAIMASU !

Electrical Motors
129

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Kuliah TE-091237-TEKNIK TENAGA LISTRIK - TEKNIK

Dosen : Ir.SYARIFFUDDIN MAHMUDSYAH,M.Eng.

Sub Bahasan : The Magic Of Electricity-The Principles of

Kuliah TE-091237-TEKNIK TENAGA LISTRIK - TEKNIK

Dosen : Ir.SYARIFFUDDIN MAHMUDSYAH,M.Eng.

Sub Bahasan : The Magic Of Electricity-The Principles of

Kuliah TE-091237-TEKNIK TENAGA LISTRIK - TEKNIK

Dosen : Ir.SYARIFFUDDIN MAHMUDSYAH,M.Eng.

Sub Bahasan : The Magic Of Electricity-The Principles of

Kuliah TE-091237-TEKNIK TENAGA LISTRIK - TEKNIK

Sub Bahasan : The Magic Of Electricity-The Principles of

Dosen : Ir.SYARIFFUDDIN MAHMUDSYAH,M.Eng.

Kuliah TE-091237-TEKNIK TENAGA LISTRIK - TEKNIK

Dosen : Ir.SYARIFFUDDIN MAHMUDSYAH,M.Eng.

Sub Bahasan : The Magic Of Electricity-The Principles of

Static electricity is usually

Kuliah TE-091237-TEKNIK TENAGA LISTRIK - TEKNIK

Dosen : Ir.SYARIFFUDDIN MAHMUDSYAH,M.Eng.

In the diagram to the left there

Sub Bahasan : The Magic Of Electricity-The Principles of

Kuliah TE-091237-TEKNIK TENAGA LISTRIK - TEKNIK

Dosen : Ir.SYARIFFUDDIN MAHMUDSYAH,M.Eng.

Sub Bahasan : The Magic Of Electricity-The Principles of

An electric shock can occur upon

Kuliah TE-091237-TEKNIK TENAGA LISTRIK - TEKNIK

Dosen : Ir.SYARIFFUDDIN MAHMUDSYAH,M.Eng.

Sub Bahasan : The Magic Of Electricity-The Principles of

Avoid contact of any

Never overload electrical

Kuliah TE-091237-TEKNIK TENAGA LISTRIK - TEKNIK

Dosen : Ir.SYARIFFUDDIN MAHMUDSYAH,M.Eng.

Sub Bahasan : The Magic Of Electricity-The Principles of

Kuliah TE-091237-TEKNIK TENAGA LISTRIK - TEKNIK

Dosen : Ir.SYARIFFUDDIN MAHMUDSYAH,M.Eng.

Sub Bahasan : The Magic Of Electricity-The Principles of

Kuliah TE-091237-TEKNIK TENAGA LISTRIK - TEKNIK

Dosen : Ir.SYARIFFUDDIN MAHMUDSYAH,M.Eng.

The credit for generating electric current on

Sub Bahasan : The Magic Of Electricity-The Principles of

Kuliah TE-091237-TEKNIK TENAGA LISTRIK - TEKNIK

Dosen : Ir.SYARIFFUDDIN MAHMUDSYAH,M.Eng.

Sub Bahasan : The Magic Of Electricity-The Principles of

Kuliah TE-091237-TEKNIK TENAGA LISTRIK - TEKNIK

Dosen : Ir.SYARIFFUDDIN MAHMUDSYAH,M.Eng.

Sub Bahasan : The Magic Of Electricity-The Principles of

Kuliah TE-091237-TEKNIK TENAGA LISTRIK - TEKNIK

Of the two forms of

Dosen : Ir.SYARIFFUDDIN MAHMUDSYAH,M.Eng.

The picture above shows you how the amount

Sub Bahasan : The Magic Of Electricity-The Principles of

Kuliah TE-091237-TEKNIK TENAGA LISTRIK - TEKNIK

Dosen : Ir.SYARIFFUDDIN MAHMUDSYAH,M.Eng.

Sub Bahasan : The Magic Of Electricity-The Principles of

Kuliah TE-091237-TEKNIK TENAGA LISTRIK - TEKNIK

Dosen : Ir.SYARIFFUDDIN MAHMUDSYAH,M.Eng.

Sub Bahasan : The Magic Of Electricity-The Principles of

Kuliah TE-091237-TEKNIK TENAGA LISTRIK - TEKNIK

Dosen : Ir.SYARIFFUDDIN MAHMUDSYAH,M.Eng.

Heat and Light

form of energy that can produce

Sub Bahasan : The Magic Of Electricity-The Principles of

Kuliah TE-091237-TEKNIK TENAGA LISTRIK - TEKNIK

Dosen : Ir.SYARIFFUDDIN MAHMUDSYAH,M.Eng.