Chng 5: Thut ng v thut ton c s

( Trng Giang)
Gii thiu: Trong chng ny, Chng ta s tm hiu mt cch c phng php cc thut
ton phn tn, v c th phn loi v phn tch cc thut ton ny. Sau chng ta s xem
xt mt vi thut ton phn tn c bn trn th . Sau chng ta nghin cu thut ton
ng b trong cung cp cc khi nim tru tng ca mt h thng ng b trn mt
h thng khng ng b.
5.1 Topo lp tru tng v cc lp bao trm
H thng: th v hng (c trng s), th k hiu l (N,L), trong : n=|N|, L =|L|.
Topo vt l:
Cc nt: Cc nt mng, routers, tt c cc host u cui (D c tham gia hay khng)
Cc cnh: Tt c cc lin kt mng Lan, Wan, cnh trc tip gia cc host u cui.
V d hnh 5.1 cho ta thy cu trc topo + tt c cc b nh tuyn (routers) v cc lin
kt trong mng WAN.
Topo logic:
Cc nt: Cc host kt thc ni m thc thi cc ng dng.
Cc cnh: L cc knh logic gia cc nt.
Mi nh n tt c cc nh cn li (xem trong hnh 5.1b) hoc 1 vi th con ca
chng. Nhn nhng vng bn cnh ca chng (hnh 5.1.a). Nhn tng phn ca h thng,
kiu nhng ng dn lin lc nhiu bc (a chng). D bo tr.
Cc topo c xp chng (topo bao ph)
Chng ln topo logic
Mc ch: Thu thp thng tin hiu qu, phn tn hoc tm kim (nh m hnh p2p
bao ph)
V d: kiu vng, cy, li, hypercube(cu trc khng gian).

Cc khi nim v phn loi c bn 4

Thc thi thut ton iu khin vi mi s kin ring
Cc thut ton iu khin:
Cc hm tr gip v gim st, v d nh vic to ra mt ST, Mis, CDS, t c
s ng nht, pht hin ra cc tnh trng ton cc(b tc, chm dt, vv). Cc im nt
Chng ln cc ng dng thc thi, nhng khng can thip
N gi, nhn, cc s kin bn trong l thc thi cc ng dng trong sut.
Giao thc a.k.a
Thut ton tp trung v phn tn
Tp trung: Quyn khng i xng, cu hnh client-server, x l bng thng b tht
nt c chai, cc im nt c trai.
Phn tn: Cn bng hn vai tr ca cc nt, kh khn thit k h thng phn tn
1 cch hon ho hn(vd: Cc thut ton chp nh, cc thut ton da trn cy)
Thut ton i xng v bt i xng
Thut ton n danh : tin trnh ids hoc b x l ids khng s dng thc hin bt k
quyt nh no.
V mt cu trc th thng minh nhng kh thit k, hoc khng th. Vd: nh l lnh
o v danh, cuc bu c l khng th
Thut ton thng nht: Khng th s dng n, s lng cc tin trnh, nh l 1 tham s ca
m lnh.

Cho php kh nng m rng, loi b/ tham gia l d dng v cc nt hng xm

ch cn nhn thc c v s thay i trong cu trc topo.
Thut ton thch ng: Cho k(n) l s cc tin trnh tham ra vo bi cnh ny ca mt vn
khi X ang thc thi. phc tp c trnh bay nh l mt hm ca k, khng phi l
hm ca n.
Vd: loi tr ln nhau: Phn quan trng trong phin trn khng th c trnh by
nh l s lng ca b x l trong thi im ny (k)
Thc thi Xc nh v khng xc nh (6)
Thc thi khng xc inh: Cha t nht 1 thng ip nhn khng xc nh.
Thng ip khng xc nh: c th nhn c 1 thng ip t bt k ngun F no
xc nh: Ngun l c trng
Kh khn vi l do:
H thng khng ng b: Ti thc hin xc nh cc chng trnh s cung cp c trt t
vo cc s kin(s dng g li, pht hin cc v ng khng n nh)
H thng khng ng b: Ti thc thi cc chng trnh khng xc nh c th s cung
cp c trt t (Thi gian phn phi khng b chn, v cc tc nghn khng th on
trc, cc bin cc b b CPU lp lch tr)
Thc thi ngn cn (s ng bng a.k.a) (trang 7)
Giao thc yu cu nh ch mt thc thi bnh thng cho ti khi mt vi qui nh
hot ng xy ra b ngn cn
Khi nim: Chn v khng chn nguyn thy
Phn tch thut ton kim sot nh hng ngn cn trong thc thi bn di
Loi 1:
Giao thc khng ngn cn: Khng c s kin c v hiu ha trong bt k thc
thi no
Giao thc ngn cn cc b:Trong 1 vi thc thi, mt vi s kin b tr cc b vd:
c ch di s km hm cc b, khng ph thuc vo bt k s kin nhn no.
Ngn cn ton cc: Trong mt vi s kin, mt vi s kin khng b tr cc b.
Loi 2: Km hm gi/km hm nhn/ km hm s kin bn trong
H thng ng b v khng ng b (trang 8)
ng b
Bn di thng ip tr
T l lch c bit n wrt vi thi gian thc
c bit n trong rng buc vi qu trnh thc thi 1 bc logic
H thng khng ng b: Cc tiu ch trn l khng ng s kt hp gia cc tiu ch
trong cu trc l khng nh trn

Thut ton gii quyt 1 vn ph thuc rt ln vo m hnh h thng phn tn ny vn

khng ng b.
Cc thut ton iu khin trc tuyn, khng trc tuyn
Trc tuyn: Thc thi nh l d liu ang c to ra, u im r rng l g li v
lp k hoch vv
Khng trc tuyn : Yu cu tt c (trace) d liu trc khi thc thi c bt u
Thut ton wait-free (i vi cc thao tc ng b ha) (Trang9)
phn hi ti n-1 tin trnh b tht bi, tc l ops ca bt k tin trnh no cn
phi hon thnh trong 1 s bc, khng phn bit cc tin trnh khc.
Rt mnh m, nhng t
C th thit k loi tr tng tc
C th khng lun lun c thit k, v d, vn sn xut tiu dng
Cc knh truyn thng
im ti im: FIFO v non-FIFO
Ti lp ng dng, FIFO thng c cung cp bi ngn xp mng
Trang 10
Tin trnh tht bi(cc h thng ng b v khng ng b) theo th t tng dn ca mc
nghim trng
Khng ngng: Chc nng hot ng dng thc thi ng cch. Cc tin trnh khc
tht bi ( thng qua 1 s c ch)
V tai nn: Tin trnh thc thi dng ng cch. Cc tin trnh khc khng bit
c v tin trnh tht bi
Thiu st nhn c: Tin trnh dng ng cch bi ch nhn mt vi thng ip
m n c gi ti, hoc sy ra trc trc.
Gi thiu st: Tin trnh hot ng khng ng cch bi n ch gi mt s thng
ip m n c nhim v phi gi
Thiu st chung: Gi thiu st v nhn thiu st
M c Byzantine (hay s c hi) tht bi, vi s xc thc, Tin trnh c th phn
ng nhm, bao gm c vic gi thng ip gi mo.
Quyn xc thc => nu mt qu trnh b li th xc nhn nhn c mt thng
ip chnh xc t tin trnh, iu l rt c th
M c Byzantine (hay s c hi) tht bi, khng c xc thc.
Cc m hnh tht bi l v hi
Tht bi qu trnh (tip.)! Tht bi thi gian (h thng ng b): Trang 11
Tht bi thiu st chung, hoc ng h vi phm t l lch c bit, hoc tin trnh
vi phm gii hn v thi gian thc hin mt bc
Nghim trng hn so vi nhng tht bi thiu st chung

M hnh tht bi trong thit k nh hng ca cc thut ton

Lin kt tht bi
Suy sp : ng chc nng lin kt chm dt vic lm thng ip
Tht bi thiu st: Link ch mang mt s tin nhn gi vo n, khng phi ngi
khc
Tht bi Byzantine: Link th hin hnh vi ty tin, bao gm c vic to ra gi
thng ip v cc thng ip thay i gi vo n
Lin kt tht bi! Tht bi thi gian (h thng ng b): thng ip truyn
nhanh / chm hn so vi hnh vi c hiu
Trang 12
Mi khng gian matric s dng rng buc di, rng buc trn, rng buc chnh xc
Nhng khng gian matric
phc tp khong cch ti mi nt
phc tp khong cch ton h thng (#n phc tp ti mi nt) V d:
Trng hp xu nht c th khng bao gi sy ra ti tt c cc nt cng 1 lc
phc tp thng ip
S lng tin nhn ( phc tp khng gian ca cc tin nhn d bo ovhd)
Kch thc ca tin nhn( phc tp khng gian d bo ca cc tin nhn ovhd +
thnh phn thi gian tng qua thi gian truyn)
phc tp thi gian ca tin nhn: ph thuc vo s lng tin nhn, kch thc
ca tin nhn, ng thi trong vic gi v nhn thng ip
Cc s liu khc: s kin gi khc v s kin nhn khc., khc cc mutilcast, v lm th
no thc hin.
(H thng b nh chia s): kch thc ca b nh chia s; # ng b
ton t.
Cu trc chng trnh
Tin trnh giao tip tun t (csp) tng t:
_ [G1 ! CL1 jjG2 ! CL2 jj _ _ _ jjGk ! CLk ]

Cc lnh lp i lp li * biu th mt trong vng lp v hn.

Bn trong n, cc k hiu khc || vt qua cc lnh c bo v
Species thc hin mt cch chnh xc cc lnh cu c bo v ca n.
C php lnh bo v : G=>GL bo v G l biu thc boolean
CL l danh sch cc lnh c thc thi nu G l ng.
Guard c th kim tra cc thng ip n t mt qu trnh khc.
Lnh n ph sai nu tt c cc lnh sai, nu Guard >1 l ng. Mt deterministically
chn thi hnh.