2 The cylinder volume below the constant loaded piston has two compartments A and B filled with water. A has 0.5 kg at 200 kPa, 150°C and B has 400 kPa with a quality of 50% and a volume of 0.1 m3. The valve is opened and heat is transferred so the water comes to a uniform state with a total volume of 1.006 m>. a) Find the total mass of water and the total initial volume. b) Find the work in the process c) Find the process heat transfer. Solution: Take the water in A and B as CV. Continuity m3-M)4-Mjp=0 Energy: mal - Mau q -MUip = 1Q2- {We Process: P=constant=P, if piston floats (Vq positive) ie. if V>> Vp =0.1 m3 State Al: Sup. vap. Table B.1.3 vy = 0.95964 mikg, u=2576.9 kJ/kg => V=mv=0.5 kg « 0.95964 mi/kg = 0.47982 State BI: Table B12 w= (1-x) x 0.001084 + x x 0.4625 = 0.2318 m3/kg => m=Viv=04314 kg u= 604.29 +0.5 « 1949.3 = 1578.9 kI/kg. State 2: 200 kPa, v> = V>/m = 1.006/0.9314 = 1.0801 m3/kg Table B.1.3 => close to T;=200°C and uy = 2654.4 kI/kg So now ‘V, = 0.47982 + 0.1=0.5798 m3, m, =0.5 + 0.4314 =0.9314 kg Since volume at state 2 is larger than initial volume piston goes up and the pressure then is constant (200 kPa which floats piston). 1W2 =] P dV=Piig (V2 ~ V1) = 200 kPa (1.006 - 0.57982) m3 = 85.24 kd 1Q2 = mpuy = mj uy 4 = MjBuB + {Wz = 0.9314 x 2654.4 - 0.5 x 2576.9 - 0.4314 x 1578.9 + 85.24 = 588 kJ3.221 ‘Two springs with same spring constant are installed in a massless piston/cylinder with the outside air at 100 kPa. If the piston is at the bottom, both springs are relaxed and the second spring comes in contact with the piston at = 2 m3, The cylinder (Fig. P3.221) contains ammonia initially at ~2°C, x= 0.13, = 1 m3, which is then heated until the pressure finally reaches 1200 kPa. At what pressure will the piston touch the second spring? Find the final temperature, the total work done by the ammonia and the heat transfer. Solution State 1: P=399.7kPa_ Table B.2.1 v= 0.00156 + 0.13%0.3106 = 0.0419 m/kg 70.52 + 0.13%1 145.78 = 319.47 kilkg m= V/v = 1/0.0419 = 23.866 kg At bottom state 0: 0 m3, 100 kPa State 2: V=2 m3 and on tine 0-1-2 Final state 3: 1200 kPa, on line segment 2. Slope of line 0-1-2: AP/ AV = (P, - Py YAV = (3997-10091 = 299.7 kPa/m* Py =P) + (V2 -V)AP/AV = 399.7 + (2-1)x299.7 = 699.4 kPa State 3: Last line segment has twice the slope Py=P2+(V3-V2)2AP/AV => V3= V3 =2 + (1200-699 4599.4 =2.835 mi = 0.0419x2.835/1 =0.1188 => Ts =S1°C v3 =v1V3/V, w= 1304.39 g= 1385+ (14048-1383) PEEPLES ops 22 ‘3+ (P3 - P2V(2AP/AV) 1 1 1W3= 1W2 + 2W3=5 (Pi + P2XV2- Vi) +9 P3 + P2XV3 - V2) = 549.6 + 793.0 = 1342.6 KI ‘The energy equation gives the heat transfer as 15 = m(u5— uy) + | Ws = 23.866 kg (1384.39 — 319.47) kI/kg + 1342.6 kd = 26 758 kd3.182 Airina pisto process totw then locked PLT and hic processes. Solu.t25 CY. Ene Proc eo 3303 Accylinder fitted with a frictionless piston contains R-134a at 100 F, 80% quality, al which point the yolume is 3 Gal. The external force on the piston is now varied in such a manner that the R-134a slowly expands in a polytropic process to 0 Ibflin?_ 80 F. Caleulate the work andthe heat transfer for this process. ‘A proposal is made to use a geothermal supply of hot water to operate a steam turbine, as shown in Fig. P4.125. The high-pressure water at 1.5 MPa, 180°C, is throttled into a flash evaporator chamber, which forms liquid and vapor at a lower pressure of 400 kPa. The liquid is discarded while the saturated vapor feeds the turbine and exits at 10 kPa, 90% quality. If the turbine should produce 1 MW, find the required mass flow rate of hot geothermal water in kilograms per hour. Solution Separation of phases in flash-evaporator constant h in the valve flow so Table B.1.3: hy = 763.5 kikkg hy = 763.5 = 604.74 +x = 2133.8 => x= 0.07439 = tng/tiny Table B.1.2: hz = 2738.6 ki/kg, hy = 191.83 + 0.9 = 2392.8 = 2345.4 kI/kg Energy Eq-4.12 for the turbine + 1000 Ww : pcre 00 EW Wemobe-hy) => = o79g6 - 23454 Kili 2S => my = my/x = 34.19 kp/s = 123 075 kg/h4.121 A somewhat simplified flow diagram for a nuclear power plant is given in Fig, 4.121. Mass flow rates and the various states in the cycle are shown in the accompanying table. The cycle includes a number of heaters in which heat is transferred from steam, taken out of the turbine at some intermediate pressure, t¢ liquid water pumped from the condenser on its way to the steam drum. The heat ‘exchanger in the reactor supplies 157 MW, and it may be assumed that there is 1 heat transfer in the turbines. a Assume the moisture separator has no heat transfer between the two turbinesections, determine the enthalpy and quality (Ig, x4) b. Determine the power output of the low-pressure turbine. ¢, Determine the power output of the high-pressure turbine. Find the ratio of the total power output of the two turbines to the total power delivered by the reactor. Solution: a) Moisture Separator, steady state, no heat transfer, no work 2.874 — 4.662 = 58.212 ky ‘Continuity Eq.: m3 =thy+th9, my =th3 - tho Energy Eq: thshs—thghy + thghy 5 From the energy equation we get (nh «toh ny = S28 X 2517 4.662 § 558 2673 9 ng hy = 2673.9 = 566.18 +x, «2160.6 => xy =0.9755 ty= b) Low Pressure Turbine, steady state no heat transfer Continuity Eq: thy =ths + thy Energy Eq.: thghy = thshs + thghs+ Wevipy tins = thg - thy = 58.212—2.772 = 55.44 kp/s Wevipy thghy —thshs ~ thghg = 58.212 x 2673.9—55.44 x 2279 —2.772 x 2459 = 72.480 LW = 22.489 MW©) High Pressure Turbine, steady state no heat transfer Energy Eq. hgh, =rhishs + rhyphy2 +1h7hy7 + Weyayp) Weuany= shy «yh gh} -thyzhyy = 15.6 « 2165 -62.874 « 2517 - 8,064 «2517 - 4.662 « 2593 = 18.304 KW = 18.304 MW3.234 Consider the piston/cylinder arrangement shown in Fig. P3.234. A frictionless piston is free to move between two sets of stops. When the piston rests on the lower stops, the enclosed volume is 400 L. When the piston reaches the upper stops, the volume is 600 L. The cylinder initially contains water at 100 kPa, 20% quality. It is heated until the water eventually exists as saturated vapor. The mass of the piston requires 300 kPa pressure to move it against the outside ambient pressure. Determine the final pressure in the cylinder, the heat transfer and the work for the overall process. Solution: C.V. Water. Check to see if piston reaches upper stops. Energy Eq.3.5 m(ug- uy) = ,Q5- Wy Process: If P<300kPa then V=400L, line 2-1 and below If P>300kPa then V=600L, _ line 3-4 and above If P=300kPa then 400L Py=361KPa, uy =2550.0ki/kg 1Wy= |W) +2W3 + 3W,y =0+,W5 +0 1Wg = P3(V3 - V2) = 300 « (0.6- 0.4) = 60 kd 1Q4 = m(ug- uy) + {Wy = 1.178(2550.0 - 835.1) + 60 = 2080 kd The three lines for process parts are shown in the P-V diagram, and is dictated by the motion of the piston (force balance).