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    ICONE22-31014-289-0 Revizie PDF

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    Zamfir Madalina

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    eee ee an’ Cote whe ets a DRAFT Proceedings of the 22 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering ICONE22 July 7-11, 2014, Prague, Czech Republic ICONE22-31014 © oe” ee? v = ANTAGONISM OR SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN RENEWABLE ENERGY AND NUCLEAR oo ENERGY? Maina Zante —— RATEN - CITON RATEN - CITON, Bucharest, Romania ‘Ana-Maria Andronache RATEN - CITON Bucharest, Romania Gabriela Lungescu RATEN - CITON Bucharest, Romania espe est 2000, an empha spt on prodution of electra energy ff rengable sources (vind fol, waves, small hydro, bio ete) the same tine the prodietion of seca! energy fom nuler eur though Fslon i encourage by developing new safer NPP, cuenty teaching o GI generation for thermal neuron reactors, in spite of the negative efits of te Fulushime Dah NPP accident, produed inet Toho Senda ceria, Phas, “tevearemnde seat ero transton fo fast neon reactors. Duet hiswnitan-powec and th functioning tine ofan NPP se te prin contin mnt. ageenouses sage ensions vom, Curren technologies ~£6s capture and Restoran thea power pis tre expensive and aren éateamefcent enough Renewable enor, which shuld Aecomen Meds in the production of clcial energy, ug eurent teAngologes expensive 2 inefficient - and of the impossibility ef its storage is rather disturbing and Marian Androne RATEN - CITON Bucharest, Romania Raluca Dinca RATEN - CITON Bucharest, Romania Bucharest, Romania George Alexandru Ciocan RATEN - CITON, Bucharest, Romania Laura Elena Serban SC SIGMA STAR SERVICE SRL Nudeec pwr 13 He al chore for base ge possibilities of power variations, therefore, imposes-an-NPP40 -beexpioited-at the-bese-eftne-load-curud Present politics of promoting renewable energy through green certificates and priority connection to the electro-energetic system conflicts ‘with classical suppliers of electrical energy and especially with NPPs, which cannot vary their power according to the randomness of the renewable energy production. In this paper are presented new solutions to efficiently exploit renewable energy and to store it through specific capacities in the new power plant, ensuring the same time the storage offeveeed {nergy produced by NPPs inthe day and night gaps of the load curve, This way the current confliet is transformed into symbiosis between nuclear energy and renewable energy. INTRODUCTION Rapidly increasing population and rising urbanization has put ma) pressure on enerey and natural resources all over the ae ene Cineteshiiey Saul) and -baing— ‘The use of nuclear and renewable energy sources — ‘more sustainable and” clean leading, Copyright © 20xx by ASME > Gass. eneQyq lower energy bills due to reducing dependency) on ofl and eltiriciys and lower green house gases. The EU has a binding target for 20% of its enerzy supply to come ftom wind and other renewable sources by 2020 [1]. In order to achieve this, more than one-third of the European electrical demand would have to come from renewabl Taking into account, the contribution of nuclear ehergy,jn electricity product emission of greenhouse gas ate Greatly réduced. In Europe in 2022 the production of electricity from renewable sources was 19% and from nuclear sources was 13% [2] ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM AND NON — CARBON, ‘ ENERGY Gctviring) ee Thue is a eF ce berween tidgectricny/feaueton and clecticity us¥ TH difference appeats due to elowieite oss ° fansport and delivery lines ofthe electri paws system “io which the manufacturers. and consumers connected. There is always a confit between the electricity producers and the consumers becauiethe- electric energy production is done with maximum efficiency and Kis constaniso~ and-consume of electricity is-fuctating, The use of electricity has a high depre of fluctuation both during the day and during fone calendar year, Beforé“the.Nuclear Power Plants (NPP) eee built, the necessary electricity was produced in thermoelectric units ~ about 90% , in hydro-electric power plans ~ about 8 ~ 9% and the rest being provided by diesel lecric power unis is confit was solved Wt the following actions: Construction of efficient thermo ~ electrical power plants able fo vary electricity production in relatively large limits: J Construction of hydro ~ electri power plants with large storage capacity which can store the hydro-energy for a relatively long period of time and can produce eletcity when isneeded; = The development of electric energy systems with high capacity transport lines and small losses of electciy; ~ Studying the load curve and forecasting it with high accuracy. Through nuclear processes underlying the enerzy production, the muclear power plants can vary within large limits the delivered electric power. The confict has been solved through several technical and economical actions due tothe fact that in one electric energy system we can forecast with a high level of confidence the electricity consumption so thatthe eleticity production can be ‘wel planned The load curve of the electtic energy systems (where the elestricity consumption has a highly predictable level of variation and the production is not randomized) can be very well forecast using mathematical models. The forecast using Time Series or Artificial Neural Networks methods has enabled the nuclear power development (inclu Jectic power units up to 1000 ~ 1200 MW) and eliminate the difficult problems related to the stability of the system, lacqa i asia grticday wind and solar farms protect energetic systems to tke unconditionally the elect jet estveeie ons. Titanton ba related to the sbi ecole ict ayers a ~AGperaonsh conasctel Ip senaunble seas, The random connection and dsconteton of lage amount of ie gg poe ly mea a see the operated neseny asleep lant pee pitino ard iF he NEP issu dows became of infos Git sana saan: dos wy ker eal ean eo Cannot be inant tried on when the renewably energy 90 Tonge available The NPP cannot be tomatoe becgise ofthe nuclear restos known fete pi” whch ‘nipeocte cancer renee sar See Aoen wl he Tong teeheclogia proveses whic re very important fallow ver Thigh pews nuclear plants Thigh power , sacted ve. the Gety ocho ggg ree a er ok a nd carve and tose deh denon elect power fom ‘a system can be managed. LOAD CURVES So arene Sg meats we Se em Gere aon) Bes must be a perfect balance, taking into account the energy losses called a load curve (see Figure 1). [3] Figure 1,Daily load curve for 8 complex consumer Load curves are of particular importance in the energy sector due to the fact that they contain full information about the Copyright ASME dynamies of consumption and the electricity that has to be —SRarrrerourmanseuvres-in-installations. without ri produced, To highlight the particularities of a load curve, it is split horizontally and vertically in order to highlight areas of interest in its dynamics: o Horizontal - delimitation of horizontal areas (Figure 2) (3) is important in terms of how these areas of the load curve are covered by the power plants résic ~ are plants that operate at constant I nuclear or thermal coal-based power plants, rarely based on methane gas; + semicbasic ~ are plants with variable load over time, producing energy at a higher price than the basic powerplants; these operate in general using gas oF oil or are hydroelectic poser plants on water, with a small reservoir lake; + top/peak - ae plants with quick star; they can produce energy at Thigh price because during the load peak the demand Sgereased much compared tthe technically limited offer, using Peiswod Ul ‘this zoning of the load curve (Figure 3) [3] is particularly useful to dispatchers, who must realize area specific ensured G@ adequate reserve of poweiSand Wis desirable (0 minimize Te number oF ManoeuvTes performed in order not unnecessarily disrupt the operation of the system; inthe daytime gap the demand is somewhat reduced, there sD tray BApue out of operation certain hydroeesrc plants 1 crs EB a COVES: or ted ) ‘nominal power) during a day; they must be very, 0 produce energy at a price as low as possible; usually they are a The ly ek ed ers te mani owe aang be gait, eat a0 eau anny 2 ane, onfaedheload peak witrnrstrr Sree power sheet. io ten secon) tat can or whee nrg mom Ta ly ep of ad epee the minima pve eed tye aon leat seo nes tobe ae The en ovsael'n oe ny Wa coeds he ara Beran nal eves an olnade tn 2 ants calculated by integrating the function P = P (t). Figure 3.Vertical delimitation of load curves ‘THE STABILITY OF THE ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM The diconity of the GGT alee, vind ad tate rege sources tag caren teckelogy ete Siiculies &zh operation ot Naina Power yon NPs cal ston elton ges pry are clectcity prod fener ey: Sows According to UE stipulation, Romania has to ensure a gradual conn of thee enero abou 38% fom te coca production by 2020 ‘cording to the Pires asigned 0 renewable ener, flows tha whenever the wind blows ofthe sun ahing other distributors (thermo, hydro, nuclear sources) shall be "muoved fom fo yam, Wie te cevative Sooe ote produ sel be Givolced ete HPS toe te aes Deryets tr cesar el roacon og Siu ec ately ans dunt rg power clue ough lea tie! Tpeloniees sane ot deals owes in 0 Os cure ESE to ‘an the remote spy in sete producionsegeqes sda! pollaionSecate infamy power plans BoA} work ing Btimum power re bing fred Nae be per tts elo 8 he pc renemble cng podcas This 'shy win or sla ree tan te lied ely very power and exremely well cauipped ncptcd ystems wih Steal power pats 3 Copyright © 20xx by ASME. intervention that can overtake branching /disconnection of this green energy. It is estimated that the Romanian energy system would require an investment of several billion euros to ensure the smooth, takeover of a significant amount of solar and wind power. Investments not supported by investors in the wind power field, i : cet, will be teker-in charg bya | ae the consumers, The cog) of green Sarat, seh san incentive to investors intind power “tied: but-e-burdenfor— i x0 pay more money for the same ‘amount of consumed energy However, with the current technology to exploit renewable energy (without storage) an integrated system can take only a small amount of green energy. gn Hy NPS, te have te-exis}a corresponding classical power production units core-buffer Which can make the power adjustments for NPS. ‘Transelectrica, which manages the electricity transport in NPS, suggests that in Romania could be easily taken over about 3,004 installed MWh, six times less than the total amount of approved renewable energy projects. Without conventional energy intervention units capable of energy produetion to support the power variation from NPS due “3 \io te atemutive cate of green eery,enegy sear is $2. endangered by the current technology to exploit renewables. 3-33 ]ut the extremely generous scheme for green energy in a FG )Romania is likely to alienate any investor in conventional 8 4 § frery forthe consrictono aie 3 $F esang S000 Ms, leefre by the yar 2017 the epra ile << 34 fypeputaion. wi before expe GODT the feislation continues to support the current technologies for renewable energy exploitation, This technology has low efficiency and generates serious problems to the actual Romanian NPS. ‘This paper presents @ new technology to efficiently exploit renewable energy. This technology and related equipment allows collection of two types of renewable energy and can store the excesSOf energy and deliver it on demand 0 consumers. The new renewable power plant can be used to adjusthihe load curve. This paper presents anew type of For any amount of green energy Sehich-can he Auertake-by NPS mist Figure 4,Annual numbers of nuclear reactors that are ‘connected to the grid or under construction ahiiald.il a fat ssto€ raaeh near poets a bad © iuice on te cau mid eng oe ‘cumin fgg uns of pot fl. Nels pes Pin nih orl vcore Inve raced i a Gite genta iy hae pas : Sone penal Rei srt Lit yn, Teens TSE EOS Ha iio jeu fgg thesia of 100) MWe 87.000/ ‘MIW mainly due, easures to ensure nuclear safety and seismic cular Since 0, rnenable ene (vn, sl, biomass, poner under TOM) comet neaton ey mkt Pine whaler poesenying te Sopa of Sate sekng be inlet of pide cals Oe ne anole cnc have sotto ami ng 30003012 Sowa te Py 2000-2012 [ Renewable enemy Installed capacity wind: 0 - 266 GWe. solar; _0- 99 GWe The amount of | wind: 0-450 Twh produced [solar:_ 0-90 TWh ‘Table 2- Installed eapacity and energy produced from, renewables and nuclear in the year 2012 Wind + solar | Nuclear energy Tnstalled capacity 365 Gwe, 364 Gwe. The amount of | 540 Twh 2.364 TWh electricity produced Since 1984; when the fis nuclear power plant was putin operation at Obninsk — Rufsia, until December, 31", 2012 a ‘rota number of 427 Nuclear Power Plants were constructed having a total installed power of 3640 GWe [1]. The chart fom Figure 4 shows the mclear power glans that have been constructed and connected to the grid or fre under construction since 1954 to 2012 [2]. This enh sechon cold be Aoleted, UY delaye teltiny abo the In the year 2012 the installed power using renewable energy and nuclear power are practically equal, but electricity from nuclear power is over 4 times higher than electricity from renewable sources (solar and wind). In 2012, renewable energy investments were over five times higher than in nuclear power. $ 268 billion in renewable energy, while in nuclear energy only $ 50 billion, although production of electricity from renewable energy is much lower. 4 Copyright © 20xx by ASME main tape tthe paper and the case fir e nes techabogy has bem made. Figure 5 presents the graph of annual investments in nuclear and renewable energy from 2004 to 2012, and Figure 6 presents ‘the variation in installed solar, wind and nuclear energy between 2000 and 2012 [4] ‘These graphs show that, although the installed power of renewable energy is 1GWe higher than the NPP, the energy produced by them in the year 2012 is 4.4 times lower, which highlights the inefficiency of current technologies and installations used to produce electricity from renewable sources. Figure 5 - Graph of annual investments in renewable energy from 2004 to 2012 Figure 6 - Power variation in installed capacity in solar, wind and nuclear energy between 2000 and 2012 problems and issues in elecro-energetc systems operation by fandom input and ouput of a large electric pov resuires the development of a new generation of power facilities forthe efficient exploitation of renewable energy and it is mandatory that they includ elecricty storage, Figure 7 and Figure & (5) present installed capacity from Aitlerent types of renewable energy since 2006 to 2011 and that from 2006 02012 and the resulting dynamics ofthe diferent types of renewable energy. all ths J = Capacity installed in various types of renewable pee needed figua § shuns Figure 8 - Capacity installed in various types of renewable ‘energy (2006 - 2012) RENEWABLE ENERGY POWER PLANTS AND. NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS There are large amounts of renewable energy in the form of solar radiation, air cures, river waters, aves, ocean caren, Tides, ete If 2 ffaton of 10-159 of this energy could be converted int electricity and heat with an average efcieney oF 15% it would exssed the energy necds to be produced today for the one planct. Unforinately, renewable energy random and curently ean be converted into electricity only onethat cceeds # certain intensiy. Its transformation into eecteal nergy is achieved with low efficiency and. the power consumption cannot be comelted with energy production ‘Current technologies for hamessing renewable energy do not include neither it storage if exceeds the power necessary at that moment, nor electricity production from the energy sored, ‘The main disadvantage ofthe efficient use of renenable ener using current technology is that the electricity cannot be ‘Also, equipment and. installations of renewable energh collection have a relatively Jow efficiency and cannot transform into ceeiey enrgesoMbwesapesly high nel Due to current policies encouraging the use of renewable energy, 3 Copyright © 20xx by ASME vind and solar parks are in conflict with classical electricity producers and especialy nuclear power plants that do not have the ably to vary within wide limits the electric. power produced. For example, in Romania in Dobrogea area, the installed wind power is about 50% higher than the installed power in the {wo units of Cemavoda NPP but electricity produced fiom wind is less than a third of the energy produced by Cemavoda NPP. Wind energy curently produced. in

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