Giao thc ICMP

Thut ng ICMP c vit tt bi Internetwork Control Message

Protocol l mt giao thc hot ng trn layer 2 - Internetwork trong
m hnh TCP/IP hoc layer 3 - Network trong m hnh OSI cho
php kim tra v xc nh li ca Layer 3 Internetwork trong m
hnh TCP/IP bng cch nh ngha ra cc loi thng ip c th s
dng xc nh xem mng hin ti c th truyn c gi tin hay
khng
Trong thc t, ICMP cn cc thnh phn ca mi gi tin IP c th
hot ng c.
- Thnh thong mt gateway hoc mt my ch s lin lc vi my
ngun a ra nhng thng ip li v tin trnh x l cc gi tin.
l mc ch chnh ca giao thc ny. ICMP s dng vi mt
mc ch n gin l h tr cho s hot ng ca giao thc IP.
- Trong khi truyn cc gi tin Ping, cng c bit n nh cc gi tin ICMP echo requests, v
ICMP echo replies. ICMP bao gm rt nhiu cc loi thng ip khc nhau cho nhng mc ch
a dng khc nhau. Bng 1.1 s l danh sch cc loi thng ip quan trng v thng s dng:
hnh

1.1:

ICMP

Message

Type.

- Mi thng ip ca ICMP c cha mt trng Type v mt trng Code. Trng Type l

trng biu din cc loi thng ip - xem trong bng 1.1, cn trng Code cha cc thng ip
con (subtype). Cho v d, c nhiu ngi cho rng c hai loi thng ip c a ra khi s
dng cu lnh Ping nh: ICMP Echo Request v ICMP echo Reply, nhng thc t, hai loi thng
ip thuc cng mt loi thng ip l Echo v khc Code (Request v Reply). Cc bn c
th c gii thiu chi tit hn v cc loi thng ip ca ICMP nh sau:
1.
ICMP
Unreachable
- Khi mt thit b thc hin vic truyn mt gi tin n my ch nhng khng thc hin c
th thit b s gi li mt thng ip l ICMP Unreachable. tr gip cho vic xc nh
nguyn nhn chnh ca vic gi tin khng th gi c, th thng ip ICMP Unreachable s
bao gm mt trng nm gi tr Code biu din nguyn nhn vic truyn d liu khng thnh
cng. Cho v d: hnh 1.2 my VNE_1 ang c gng kt ni n Web server, Web server ny
c gi l Web. Bng 1.3 s a ra danh sch nhng loi Code ca thng ip ICMP
Unreachable
hnh

Bng

1.2:

Sample

1.3:

Network

ICMP

for

ICMP

Unreachable

Unreachable

Examples

Codes

2.
Time
Exceeded
ICMP
Message.
- Thng ip ICMP Time Exceeded a ra thng bo cho mt my ngun khi mt gi tin m n
gi b hy b bi v thi gian truyn gi tin qu di. Khi truyn d liu trn mng th cc gi tin
truyn cn phi c nh ngha thi gian truyn, ngn cn vic gi tin c truyn mi s
gy ra lp vng, mi mt gi tin u c mt IP header trong c mt trng c gi l TTL
(Time to Live) - trng ny s nh ngha ra mt gi tr hop (tc l s router) m gi tin c th i
qua. Khi gi tin i qua mt router th gi tr trng TTL ny s c gim i 1, c nh vy cho
n khi no gi tin b router gim gi tr trng TTL xung gi tr 0 th gi tin s b hy v
router thc hin vic hy gi tin s gi mt thng ip ICMP Time Exceeded cho my ngun.
- Dng cu lnh Trace - Cisco IOS xc nh thng ip Time Exceeded v trng IP TTL.
Cu lnh Trace s gi i 3 gi tin, mi gi tin c trng TTL c a vo gi tr l 1, kt qu l
mt thng ip ICMP Time Exceeded c tr li bi router u tin trong ng i . Cu
lnh Trace sau s tip tc gi 3 gi tin tip theo vi trng TTL c a vo gi tr l 2, sau
li 3 gi tin khc c truyn i vi trng TTL c a vo gi tr l 3, v c tip tc nh
li
bi
my
ch.
vy,
cho
n
khi
n
c
tr
- V d: hnh 1.4 ICMP debug trn Router B, Khi ang chy cu lnh Trace trn Router A.

3.
ICMP
Redirect
Thng ip ICMP Redirect cho php mt router gateway ni cho mt my no bit v mt
router tt hn c th c s dng trong qu trnh truyn d liu n mt my ch no .
c th thc hin c iu , mt ICMP Redirect s c gi t router gateway n my v
ni cho my bit v a ch IP v router tt hn kia. Cho v d, hnh 1.5 mt PC dng a ch
IP ca rRouter B nh l default gateway ca n, nhng Router A c mt ng i n mng
10.1.4.0/24 c chi ph tt hn ca Router B. Khi Router B s a ra mt thng ip ICMP
Redirect
cho
PC

theo
cc
bc
nh
sau:
- PC gi mt gi tin, my ch thuc mng 10.1.4.0/24, qua Router B (V router B l default
gatewary
ca
PC
ny)
- Router B s chuyn gi tin da vo bng nh tuyn ca chnh n.
- Router B gi mt thng ip ICMP Redirect n PC , v ni cho PC bit rng ln sau khi
gi d liu n mng 10.1.4.0/24 th gi qua Router A (v trong bng nh tuyn ca RouterA
cng cha ng i ti mng 10.1.4.0/24 v ng i ny c chi ph tt hn ca Router B).
- Nhng gi tin tip theo c gi t PC n mng 10.1.4.0/24 s c gi trc tip qua
Router
A
hnh

1.5:

mt

ICMP

Redirect

Vi nhng kin thc v cc loi thng ip ca ICMP s gip cc bn c th kim tra v sa li

h thng mng c tt hn.