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Randomised controlled studies with, when possible, stratifcation by age group (ie, neonates, infants,
children and adolescent)
and designed to establish the effcacy and safety of medicinal products in the paediatric population are
strongly encouraged by regulatory health authorities 19. Most currently licensed topical antibiotics for
bacterial conjunctivitis have been approved based on clinical studies conducted mainly in adults 11,
with insuffcient clinical data in newborns and infants (ie, <24 months). This study has now established
the effcacy and safety of azithromycin 1.5% eye drops in children with an average age of 3 years old.
Patients were mainly recruited in hospital centres where usually only very young children are seen for
treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. This enabled recruitment of a large proportion (>50%) of patients
younger than 24 months old compared with other studies that mostly involved children in an older age
range9 13 14 20 21.
Dalam penelitian ini, rejimen pengobatan singkat (3 hari) dengan azitromisin 1,5%
tetes mata (satu tetes dua kali sehari) memberikan kesembuhan klinis lebih cepat
pada anak-anak dengan purulen konjungtivitis bakteri daripada melakukan
tobramycin 0,3% tetes mata rejimen (setiap 2 jam untuk 2 hari, kemudian empat
kali sehari selama 5 hari). Bila dibandingkan dengan tobramisin, khasiat azitromisin
ditemukan secara signifkan unggul di D3 dan non-inferior pada D7. Tingkat
kesembuhan klinis yang diperoleh untuk kedua antibiotik sangat mirip dengan
penelitian sebelumnya, yaitu 48% untuk D3 dan 80% pada D9 pada anak-anak
azitromisin yang diobati dibandingkan dengan 27% dan 82% pada anak-anak
tobramycin-diobati (6 tahun rata-rata) 17 20.
The selection of patients with moderate to severe cardinal signs of acute conjunctivitis in this study
may explain the relative high rate (71%) of positive bacterial cultures noted at baseline. However, the
bacteriological profle for patients in this study is similar to the one determined in the paediatric
subgroup of an earlier large randomized controlled study 17 20 and consistent with the causative
microorganisms usually found in the literature for acute conjunctivitis in young children 2123.
Haemophilus infuenzae was the most frequently isolated pathogen, probably owing to the high
incidence of associated acute otitis media in children with bacterial conjunctivitis (reported in 2073%
of cases), as this bacteria is the predominant pathogen responsible for the conjunctivitis otitis
syndrome2426. S pneumonia was also commonly detected in patients in this study, at a similar
incidence to the Gigliotti study (14.8% vs 12.1%, respectively22). Other pathogens, such as Gramnegative bacteria other than Haemophilus, were found in a few patients. Thus, a broad-spectrum
antibiotic like azithromycin is justifed for use as a frst-line treatment against purulent bacterial
conjunctivitis in children. Moreover, the most common causative agents differ in children compared
with adults, in which Staphylococcus species predominate (S epidermidis, 39%; coagulase-negative
Staphylococcus, 23%; S aureus, 18%27). As most topical antibiotics are prescribed empirically without
diagnostic bacteriological profling, these fndings emphasise the importance of an aetiological
approach to determine the best possible initial treatment for eradication of the causative microbes,
particularly in the rarely tested 02-year-old population.
Dikombinasikan dengan hasil dari studi sebelumnya 17, lebih dari 400 anak-anak
dengan konjungtivitis bakteri kini telah diobati dengan azitromisin 1,5% rejimen.
Dalam studi ini, azitromisin ditemukan aman dan ditoleransi dengan baik pada
anak-anak semuda berusia beberapa hari, dengan sebagian besar AE yang
berhubungan dengan ketidaknyamanan okular (terbakar, menyengat) pada
pembangkitan berangsur-angsur. Lebih dari 90% dari pasien / wali menemukan
mata azitromisin tetes nyaman, dan peneliti menilai tolerabilitas antibiotik sebagai
menguntungkan dalam lebih dari 95% dari pasien yang diobati. Tidak ada
peradangan kornea atau ruang anterior ditampilkan di slit lamp. Ini juga
menegaskan profl keamanan yang baik azitromisin mata 1,5% tetes ditetapkan
sebelumnya pada anak-anak dengan trachomatous konjungtivitis 30 31.
Patients/guardians regarded the azithromycin 1.5% regimen (one drop, morning and evening, for 3
days) a more convenient treatment, which was easier to comply with and had a signi fcantly lower
impact on daily activities in comparison to the tobramycin regimen (84.0% of patients/guardians in the
azithromycin group reported their treatment as never impacting on daily activities compared to
54.8% of patients/guardians in the tobramycin group, p<0.001; data not illustrated). Moreover, taking
into consideration a similar cost of eye drops (prices in Europe were found to range between 2.7P and
9.2P for azithromycin and between 1.0P and 11.4P for tobramycin; P is the lowest price), it is likely
that reduced drop instillation regimen and faster resolution of conjunctivitis would result in overall cost
saving (from parental time off work, loss of earnings), but this was not directly assessed during this
prospective study. A major beneft of the simple, short and effective dosing regimen for azithromycin is
therefore its compatibility with real life. Such a dosage regimen is also expected to improve
compliance and avoid antibiotic misuse, thereby limiting the risk of bacterial resistance developing.
Pasien / wali menganggap azitromisin 1,5% rejimen (satu tetes, pagi dan sore,
selama 3 hari) pengobatan yang lebih nyaman, yang lebih mudah untuk memenuhi
dan memiliki dampak signifkan lebih rendah pada kegiatan sehari-hari
dibandingkan dengan regimen tobramycin (84.0% pasien / wali dalam kelompok
azitromisin melaporkan perlakuan mereka sebagai 'tidak pernah' berdampak pada
kegiatan sehari-hari dibandingkan dengan 54,8% dari pasien / wali dalam kelompok
tobramycin, p <0,001, data tidak digambarkan). Selain itu, dengan
mempertimbangkan biaya yang sama tetes mata (harga di Eropa ditemukan
berkisar antara 2,7 P dan 9,2 P untuk azitromisin dan antara 1,0 P dan 11,4
P untuk tobramisin, P adalah harga terendah), maka kemungkinan bahwa
Singkatnya, azitromisin 1,5% tetes mata merupakan pilihan terapi yang efektif dan
aman untuk purulen konjungtivitis bakteri pada pasien anak, terutama dalam
kisaran 0-2 tahun. Azitromisin memberikan angka kesembuhan klinis unggul pada
D3 dibandingkan dengan tobramisin, dikombinasikan dengan regimen dosis yang
lebih nyaman. Penyederhanaan terapi adalah manfaat utama jangka pendek ini dua
kali rejimen sehari-hari, dikonfrmasi oleh studi ini dalam subkelompok pediatrik di
antaranya berangsur-angsur bisa rumit.