1. Averages ‘Sum of Elements Number of Elements ple Average = Wak + Wore + Wty bot Wake Weighted Average Wit Wy FW tT 2, Mean ntmta tet Arithmetic Mean = “17727 *2 7 * m Geometric Mean = 9%, xq % ay MR Ay_ Harmonic Mean = — For two numbers a and b, 2ab ats Harmonic Mean = 3. Percentage Change Final Value — Initial Value Percentage Change = ——T yp * 100 For two successive changes of @% and b%, ab Total Percentage Change = (a+b +7) % 4. Interest Simple interest = £ PRRXN " ~ 100 Compound Interest = P x ( Amount = Principal + Interest5. Population Formula px(iest)" [Here, P = Original population, P’ = population after n years, 19% = rate of annual change] 6. Depreciation Formula [Here, P= original value, P’= final value after n years, r% = rate of annual depreciation] 7. Growth Absolute Growth = Final Value - Initial Value Growth ate = Final Value— titi Value owt rate fora year = Taitial Value Growth Rate Number of Years “100 SAGROrAAGR, 1 jumber of Years CAGR ¢ al Value ES \nitial Value, [Here, S.A. GR. = Simple Annual Growth Rate, A. A.G. R.= Average Annual Growth Rate and C.A.G. R. = Compound Annual Growth Rate] 8, Profit and Loss Profit = SP — CP Loss = CP — SP Profit sp-ce Percentage Profit = x 100 ===" x 100 Le cP =sP Percentage Loss = “== x 100 = x 100 cP am9. False Weights Ifan item is claimed to be sold at cost price, using false weights, then the overall percentage profit is given by Percentage Profit Tal weight of em =1) 100 10. Discount Discount = Marked Price — Selling Price bisount eta Marked Price Discount Percentage 100 Buyxand Get y Free If articles worth Rs. x are bought and articles worth Rs. y are obtained free along with x articles, then the discount is equal to y and discount percentage is given by Percentage discount x 100 ety ‘Successive Discounts When a discount of a% is followed by another discount of b%, then rota ascount = (e+ 9 = 22) 11. Ratios Ma:b=c:d,thena:b=c:d=(a+e):(0+d) Ifa b, then for a positive quantity x, atx a garria box bbz 12. Proportions Ma:bs:c:dore= a b £22 » Alternendo Law cna bid =» Invertendo Law anc a+b_c+d wes -» Componendo Law +» Dividendo Law Componendo and Dividendo Law a atctet- "p= Men de pee Pa gett ret ee Se ; = kand p,q,r are real numbers, then Oe 13. Successive Replacement Quantity of milk remaining after n" replacement ‘Where xis the original quantity, y is the quantity that is replaced and nis the number of times the replacement process is carried out.14, Alligation Rule ‘The ratio of the weights of the two items mixed will be inversely proportional to the deviation of attributes of these two items from the average attribute of the resultant mixture, wi_ =) Ww =a) CY <™ 15. Time, Speed and Distance Distance Time Spee Important Conversion Factor 1 km/h 5 18 pis and Lm/s => km/hr 16. Average Speed Total stance travelled _ dy + dz + ds + 4+ Gt Gt Average Speed = Ifthe distance is constant, then average speed is given by harmonic mean of two speeds: 2552 Seu SyIfthe time is constant, then average speed is given by arithmetic mean of two speeds: = StS 17. Relative speed For Trains Time = Sumofthelengths _ ba + La ime “Relative speed 5,5: For Boats and Streams Saownstream = Shoat + Sstream Supstream = Spoat ~ Sstream 18. Time and Work 1 Number of days to complete the work = Sea 19. Application of H.C.E. The greatest natural number that will divide x,y and z leaving remainders ri, r2 and rs, respectively, is the H.CE. of (rr), (y-r2) and (z~ ra) 20. Application of L.C.M. ‘The smallest natural number that is divisible by x, y and z leaving the same remainder rin each case is the L.CM. of (x,y/and 2) +r 21, H.GF.and 1.CM. of Fractions H.C.Fof numerators ofall fractions H.CF offractions = TCM, of denominators ofall fractions L.G.M.of numerators fal fractions 1-CM.of fractions = 77 CF of denominators ofall fractions22. Properties of Surds 23. Laws of Indices Ifa and D are non-zero rational numbers and m and n are rational numbers, then a(™") = a raised to the power (m raised to the power n) Ifa” = a thenm =n Ifa” = b™ and m + 0,then a = bif mis odd and a = +b if mis even24, Laws of Logarithms logy 1 =0 logaa=1 Joga b x logy a= ogy (im Xn) = logy, m + logy n me logy (T) = logy m—logy n ogy, m= nlogp m logam _ logy m = EAT = loga m x ogy plogyn If loga m =logy n and ifm = n, then a will be equal to b If logqm =log; m and ifa = b, then m will be equal ton 25. Binomial Theorem ifn isa natural number that is greater than or equal to 2, then according to the binomial theorem: (et ay = My xa + ME, xB Tal + Me, x 202 + Mey x 30d + + Cy xa nt ng, = Here, Nr = Goin 26. Roots of Quadratic Equation ‘The two roots of the quadratic equation, ax? + br +. bt VbF = Fac 2a27. Algebraic Formulae (a+b) (a—b)=a2— be (a+b) =a? + 2ab +0? (a— b)? =a? — 2ab +b? (a+ b+ oP =a2 + b+ 2+ 2ab + Abe + 2ca (a+b) =a3 + 302 + Bab? + b3 (a— b)3 =a — 3a2b + 3ab?— bs a3 +3 = (a+ b)(a? — ab +b) a — 3 =(a— bya? + ab +b) 28. Arithmetic Progression Tr =a+(n—1)d Sn =Fl2at (maa 29. Geometric Progression Ta = art —1 a(r® = 1) n= GoD Soo ,forr <1 30. Harmonic Progression 1 at@-Dd31. Sum of Important Series Sum of first n natural numbers n(n+ 1) L+243 44+ tn => Sum of the squares of the first n natural numbers ni +1)(2n + 1) PBs batten? 5 Sum of the cubes of the first m natural numbers rary P+ 22439448 4-405 32. Factorial ml=1x2x3x..x(n—1)xn nl=nx(n-W! 33. Permutations nl “an np, 34. Combinations nl ne, = o= Gon Important Properties: "Cy =n —r Mg + Cy + "C2 + "C3 +. + Cy = 2"35. Partition Rule Number of ways of distributing n identical things among r persons when each person may get any number of things="*"— 1, _ 36. Probabi Number of favourable outcomes Probability ofan event = “Number of total outcomes Number of favourable outcomes ~ Number of unfavourable outcomes Number of unfavourable outcomes Odds against = “Nomber of favourable outcomes 37. Pythagoras Theorem For right triangle ABC A g Hypotenuse B Base c AC? = AB? + BC?For acute triangle ABC A AC? = AB* + BC? ~ 2x BC x BD For obtuse triangle ABC A AC? = AB* + BC? +2 x BC x BD38. Area of Triangle When lengths of the sides are given A B q c Area= (s(=a@)(S=b)S=o) at+b+c where, semiperimeter (s) = > When lengths of the base and altitude are given A 4 1 Area = pbkWhen lengths of two sides and the included angle are given A > 1 qabsing For Equilateral Triangle IFor Isosceles Triangle J b Area = 7 x V4a? = b? 39. Apollonius Theorem A IFAD is the median, then: AB? + AC? = 2(AD? + BD?)40. Angle Bisector Theorem A IFAD is the angle bisector for angle A, then: _AC ~ cD 41, Area of Quadrilateral For Cyclic Quadrilateral Area = /(S=a)S— bos =a) atbtctd where, semiperimeter (s) = ; If lengths of one diagonal and two offsets are given 1, zatha + ha)If lengths of two diagonals and the included angle are given Area 1 Zdady sin For Trapezium A b; B Area 1 Fs + bah For Parallelogram A b B Area = bhFor Rhombus 1 Area =5did For Rectangle A B b D © 1 Area = lb For Square A B D a c Area = a?42, Polygons Number of Diagonals Ng _na=3) ‘The sum ofall the interior angles Yai = (n—D180° The sum ofall the exterior angles dae = 360" 43, Area of Regular Hexagon A F B E c > a D 33 ‘Area = Me44, Circle Circumference C=2nr Area A=? Or, As ty Is = alr Perimeter of Sector Ps =l+2r45. Ellipse If semi-major axis (OD) = a and semi-minor axis (OA) = b, Perimeter of the ellipse Po = x(a +b) Area of the ellipse Ae = nab 46. Trigonometric Ratios Fora right triangle, ifP is the length of perpendicular, B is the length of base, His the length ‘ofhypotenuse and @ is the angle between base and hypotenuse,sind = gE 3 > 3 " " slo =e TP 47. Distance between Points Distance between two points A (x:, y1) and B (x2,y2) is given by AB = V4 = 42)? + Qi = 2)? 48. Right Prism Top Surface Lateral Surface Edges Bottom Surface Lateral Surface Area (L.S.A) = Perimeter of base « height Total Surface Area (T.S.A.) = LS.A.+ 2 x Area of base Volume (/) = Area of base x heightCuboid LSA. = 2(0h + bh) TSA =2(Ih+bh+ Ib) ‘Volume (V) = bit Body diagonal (4) = Vi? +b? +h? Cube H LSA. = 4a? TSA = 60? ‘Volume (¥) = a? Body diagonal (¢) = av3Cylinder Curved Surface Area (CS.A) = 2nrh TSA.= 2nrh + 2m Volume (V) = 12h 49. Right Pyramid LSAS 3x Perimeter of Base x Slant Height TSA.=LSA + Area of base 1 Volume (V) = 3 x Area of Base x HeightCone CSA.= Tl SAS Trl + nr? Slant height () = (@2 +A) Frustum ofa cone Volume of the original Cone 3 2 Volume of the removed Cone 6) -G) -()50. Sphere CSA. = 41? T.S.A. = 4tr? Volume (V) = Hemisphere CS.A.= 2nr? ‘T.S.A. = 310r? Volume (V) =