where x, and x,—dryness fractions of steam belore the nozzle (guide blades) and after the moving blades of the stage. 5-9, EXHAUST PIPING LOSSES Depending upon the velocity of flow in the exhaust piping there is loss of pressure of the steam while flowing in the exhaust piping to the condenser. Exhaust piping losses may be neglected in the case of back-pressure turbines since the ve- locities of flow are negligible (30-50 m/sec) In condensing turbines there are considerably greater velocities of flow (100-120.m/sec) and hence the losses arising may not be overlooked. Loss of pressure in exhaust pipings of condens- ing turbines may be delermined from the equation i 53 P—Pa= (eh) Pa, (528) where eof steam aiter the- blades; Papressure of steam in the exhaust piping; e—velocity of steam in the exhaust piping; j—coeificient varying from 0.07 to 0.1. When the velocity of exhaust steam c,—100 Pay=0.05 ata and 2=0.1 pressure drop 0.05 = 0.005 ata, i, e., the pressure after the blades would be equal to p,=0.005 ata. Heat losses in the tur- bine incredse the heat content of the exhaust steam, thus reducing the quantity of heat use- fully utilised. 510. EXTERNAL LOSSES a) Mechanical Losses These losses are caused as a result of energy expended in overcoming the resistances of the journal and thrust bearings including the jour- nal bearings of the generator ot any other ma- chine coupied to the turbine shaft such as the main oil pump, governor, etc. There are addition- al losses in the case of turbines which have water-sealed bearings or which have their shafts water-cooled at the ends to obviate undesirable resistances. Mechanical losses in a turbine installation are accounted for by the quantity termed as the mechanical efficiency, nq, and the total me- ay wy ry as ant i" amc Ry ama a — ‘aid — BOD tre Lower carves a gogo Fig. 5:8. Mechanical efficiency of a turbine chanical loses may be determined exprimen- tally. For design. purposes curves of mechanical efficiency such as the ones shown in Fig. 5-8 may be used. The curves in Fig. 5-8 give the mean values of mechanical efficiencies for tur- bines of various capacities, b) Losses Due to Steain Leakage throws ‘the End Seals To reduce the leakage of steam and thus the loss of useful energy irom the two ends of the turbine where the turbine shait projects out frum the stator, labyrinth seals are resorted to (Figs. 4, 1-5, 1-6 and 1-8), In Fig. 4 points 5 and 7 show the forward and aft end labyrinth seals. In Fig. 1-5 the end labyrinth seals are shown by Figure 7. nce existing bet cot and the out Bi osplieze there exists a eo t the end labyrinth seals, The leakage of steam through the end seals does riot influence the vari- ation of steam conditions inside the turbine and therefore is classified under external losses. Leakage of steam through the end seals is calculated according to equations (5-18) and 622). While calculating the steam leakage losses through the internal clearances, it is usual to determine mass flow of steam for a given pre sure drop as well as the number of labyrinit chambers required for such a pressure drop: When designing end labyrinth seals it be necessary to determine the number of | rinth chambers for a given mass flow and a giv pressure drop. In such cases we may make wse of any of the two equations (5-18) and (5-22). Thereatter the critical pressure p,, is determi from equation (5-23) and is compared with the pressure p, (pressure of the surroundings into which steam leaks from the seals). If these values do not agree all the calculations are repeated using the second equation. 5wy mT | ga mat tr | ee an foressa multiplied times [Peer 0 fe [ fA as t T 4 ETT Pa oe gm a a. Fig. 5-9, Relative ellecive efficiencies of a turbine On the basis of equations (5-32) and (5-33) we may write 27 GM, ar Male naa [KW] (542) 1 N= nat LEW) TE (5-48) Ti a speed reduction gearing is used then we have 127 Gl, 7 Mg on nnlkWh GH) where 1,—efficiency of the reduction gearing. Ii we substitute mass flow of steam per hour instead of per second in equation (5-44) then 47D Faw ch Dnt Wy = Meas (kW) (5-45) D—mass flow of steam per hour. Equation (5-45) expresses. the relationship between the power developed at the generator terminals and the mass flow per hour for a giv- osm 0 ods ener) god. Sp i a Ta aaa Fig. 5-10. Elficiencies of low-speed generaiurs and toothed earings §&e& Ty a gape ye esto Fig. 5-11. Generator efficiencies according to Elekire sila Works data Toot azz en theoretical heat drop and efficiencies 1.» 1, and np. The miss flow of steam through the turbine is determined irom equation (5-45) D B60N 50 Meth ke!hr}. 546) The specific mass flow of steam per kWh for a condensing ot a back-pressure’ turbine is found by dividing equation (5-46) by o 0) kg kWh). Ke Titra To assess the economic performance of an installation sometimes the specific heat flow per kWh is used 580 (4, —i) Aa = iayplteal Wh. Goe= hee liy ip Here iy—sensible heat of the condensate at the point of extraction. For turbines without reduction gearing 3, During the preliminary calculations fo sign of a steam turbine it is usual to calc the mass flow of steam using equation The quantity H, is found from i-s diegrois and the various efficiencies are taken irom the practical test results available. These eificiencies are made precise < the detailed design: Fig. 5-9 shows the curves of relative effec five ‘efficiency as a function of the pox veloped by the turbine. With the increase in turbine capacity the relative ellective cfiieiexey ‘tip increases, For turbines of good design tii's efficiency reaches a figure of 0.85. For turbines of lower capecities the value of 1,, is usually considerably less. These curves are ‘a great help during the preliminary design calculations. 1 Here the leakage losses through the end seals hove ‘ot been considered.