Javascript Cơ Bản

Javascript c bn Hnh trnh ca mt Anh
Hng
Kin thc c bn v HTML v CSS c th gip bn to c website n gin. Nhng
nu bn mong mun 1 website sinh ng v phc tp hn, bn cn Javascript.
Javascript l ngn ng lp trnh n gin, nhng cc k mnh m v ph bin cho lp
trnh web. Cc ng dng thng thy Javascript c th k n nh:
Tng tc vi HTML v thay i ni dung v nh dng trn website d dng.
Tng tc vi cc hnh ng ca ngi dng nh nhn chut, g phm
X l v kim tra cc d liu trn form trc khi gi v server.
To v truy xut thng tin lu trong cookie trn my ngi dng.
ng vai tr nh 1 ngn ng lp trnh pha server (s dng cc framework nh
Node.js).
C nhiu phng php hc Javascript, v tt nht l ngi hc c t tay my
m trong sut qu trnh tm hiu. Bi vit hm nay s p dng phng php , v tip
cn n theo mt cch mi mong bn c d lm quen v hnh dung hn:
gamification tr chi ha ni dung bi hc.
Hy tng tng bn l nhn vt chnh trong mt game nhp vai, khi u t con s 0
trn trnh u tranh tr thnh Anh Hng trong ci Javascript. Khng g ha hn mt
hnh trnh bng phng c, nhng ng ngi ngn khi nh mnh gi tn!
INTRO CHAPTER!
Hy to nn huyn thoi ca ring bn v 1 Anh Hng Javascript!
Javascript c th c s dng d dng vi th HTML script: ch cn a cc cu

lnh Javascript vo trong cp th hoc nhng 1 file Javascript bn ngoi.
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<html>
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<body>
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<script type="text/javascript">
// G code y
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</script>
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</body>
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</html>
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<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript" src="ng-dn-n-file-javascript.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
Tuy nhin, trong hnh trnh Javascript c bn ny, bn khng cn phi chn code hay
file Javascript vo 1 file html v chy file ny. Bn s g code trc tip trn trnh duyt
bng cng c Console. m Console, hy bm F12 v chn tab Console khung
cng c lp trnh c hin th, hoc s dng phm tt nhanh Ctrl+Shift+J
(Chrome/Firefox).
Trng hp nu bn khng mun s dng Console thc hnh m mun vit ln

web th hy s dng cc phng thc xut d liu ra trang tn l document.write(). V
d:
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document.write("Ti tn l Phc!"); // Hin th ch Ti tn l Phc website

var name = "Phc";
document.write(name); // Hin th ch Phc website.
Xong cha no? Hy sn sng chinh phc nhng th thch vit nn cu chuyn v
Anh Hng Javascript ca ring bn!
WELCOME TO CHAPTER 1!
Chc mng bn bt u hnh trnh Anh Hng Javascript!
Quest 1: Kin to Anh Hng Bin v kiu d liu

Vic lu tr d liu l mt trong nhng iu quan trng nht khi lp trnh. Thng
thng, cc d liu tm s c lu gi bng cc bin (variable) trong b nh. i vi
Javascript, bn cn khai bo bin bng t khavar trc khi gn d liu cho bin .
Mi Anh Hng u cn c 1 tn gi lu danh s sch, v tin khoe vi cc em gi

xinh p trong qun ru :>. Hy g li on code bn di vo Console v nhp tn
vo hp thoi c x ra.
NEW SKILL!
Hm prompt(): dng nhn nhp liu t ngi dng v tr v dng chui k t.
V d lm quen vi bin
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var ten = prompt('Xin cho! Hy gi tn Anh Hng ca bn:');

ten;
Hm prompt() l hm vit sn ca h thng nhn nhp liu t ngi dng (ta s tm

hiu thm v hm phn sau). Kt qu ca hm s tr v bt c g ngi dng nhp
vo hp thoi. Nu bn mun s dng kt qu , bn cn phi lu tr n bng
1 bin. dng th 1, ta khai bo bin ten v gn cho n kt qu tr v ca
hm prompt(). Sau ny, bt c khi no bn cn, bn ch cn gi bin cn thit ly
d liu m bin gi. l l do khi bn gi ln bin ten dng 2, bn s thy li gi
tr m bn va nhp. Sng cha

Demo: http://jsfiddle.net/6QhmR/1/
Bin
on code trn l 1 v d khi s dng bin. Hy ngh 1 bin nh 1 ngn t c t
tn, v tn bin l tn ngn t, gi tr ca bin l vt dng trong ngn t. Bn c th
cha bt k th g bn mun trong ngn t , v khi cn tm li, bn ch cn tra ng
tn ngn t m bn cn.
Bin c 2 phn, l tn bin v gi tr ca bin. Tn bin rt n gin, khi bn c th t
tn bin ty vi cc ch ci hoa hay thng, cc con s v du gch chn (_). Cn
vi gi tr ca bin th chng ta cn thm v kiu d liu. v d trn, ta dng
bin ten cha 1 hm prompt v cha d liu kiu string. Javascript h tr nhiu
kiu d liu, nhng mc c bn bn s cn nm vng cc kiu d liu sau:
String dng cha chui k t v phi c bao quanh bi cp nhy n ()
hay nhy i ().
Number dng cha d liu kiu s nguyn, s thp phn v khng nm trong
cp nhy n hay nhy i.
Boolean l kiu logic, ch c 2 gi tr l ng (true) hoc sai (false).
Object l mt i tng ni chung vi cc thuc tnh v phng thc ring. Ta s

tm hiu v Object phn 7.
Array l mng, dng cha tp hp nhiu bin. Phn 8 s gip bn hiu r hn.
Thao tc vi bin
cha trong t, bn cn phi tm 1 ngn t rng, dn tn cho ngn t (khai
bo bin) v t 1 vt g vo bn trong (gn gi tr cho bin).
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// Khai bo vi t kha var
var level;
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// Sau khi khai bo, dng du = gn gi tr
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// Gi tr kiu s (Number)
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level = 1;
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// Khai bo v gn 1 gi tr ngay lc gi l khi to
// Gi tr kiu boolean
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var male = true;
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// Gi tr kiu chui k t (String)
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var phancap = "Anh Hng";
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/* =========================================================
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* | HY T TAY CODE TRC KHI KO XUNG XEM CODE MU! |
* =========================================================
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* TH THCH LEVEL 1
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* ----------------19
* Khi to thm 3 bin cha thng tin v cp (level),
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* im kinh nghim (xp) v im k nng (skillPoints).
* Gi tr khi to ca tng bin nh sau:
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* - Cp : 1
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* - im kinh nghim: 0
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* - im k nng: 5
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* =========================================================
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* =========================================================
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*/
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Sau khi t xong bin, bn c th th in ra bng cch s dng hm alert() xem gi
tr. V d:
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var name = "Thachpham.com";

alert(name);
+ expand source
LEVEL UP! Chc mng bn ln cp 2! XP +150
Quest 2: Sc mnh tnh ton Cc ton t c bn

Javascript h tr y cc ton t c bn cng tr nhn chia. Ngoi ra, bn s lm
quen vi 2 ton t mi l ++ (tng gi tr ca bin kiu Number ln 1.0 n v) v
(gim gi tr ca bin kiu Number xung 1.0 n v). Th t tnh ton (trong trng
hp khng s dng du ngoc trn gom nhm u tin) l nhn chia trc, cng tr
sau v t tri sang phi.
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var level = 1;
var xp = 0;
var skillPoints = 5;
level = level + 1; // hoc tng ng l level++;
xp = 150 * (level - 1) + 200; // s dng du ngoc trn gom nhm u tin
skillPoints = skillPoints + xp / 10;
Ngoi ra, Javascript s dng ton t + ni cc chui k t.

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// Ni 3 chui n gin
"Javascript" + " " + "cn bn";
// Ni 1 chui v 1 bin String
ten + " s l Anh Hng Javascript";
// Ni 1 chui vi 1 bin Number
"Cp hin ti ca bn l " + level;
/* =========================================================
* =========================================================
* TH THCH LEVEL 2
* ----------------* Khi to thm 3 bin l strength, agility v intel.
* S dng gi tr ca im k nng (skillPoints) pha trn
* v tnh ton gi tr khi to ca cc bin:
* - strength bng 60% im k nng cng vi 10% ca im kinh nghim.
* - agility bng 20% im k nng cng vi 20% ca im kinh nghim.
* - intel bng 20% im k nng cng vi 1000% ca cp .
* Sau khi tnh ton xong, hy xut cc ch s theo c php:
* "Ch s strength ca bn l " + ch s
* =========================================================
* =========================================================
*/
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+ expand source
Quest 3: Sc mnh logic Cc ton t so snh

Trn con ng hnh hip, Anh Hng s gp rt nhiu cm d v la lc. Chnh v th,
Anh Hng cn phi so snh chnh xc v s dng sc mnh logic nhn ra chn
tng ng/sai ca mi s vt, s vic.
Trong Javascript, kt qu ca mi so snh u l 1 bin kiu boolean: hoc l true,
hoc l false. so snh gia cc bin hay cc biu thc, bn c th s dng === cho
so snh bng, !== cho so snh khng bng, <v > cho so snh hn km.
NEW SKILL!
Hm console.log(): c th c dng in gi tr ca mt bin.
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// So snh 2 bin String

var test1 = ("Javascript" === "JAVAscript");
var test2 = ("Javascript" === "Javascript");
var test3 = ("Javascript" !== "javascript");
console.log(test1);
console.log(test2);
console.log(test3);
// So snh 2 bin Number
test1 = (1 > 2);
test2 = (0 < -5);
test3 = (1.5 === 1.4999);
console.log(test1);
console.log(test2);
console.log(test3);
// So snh 2 biu thc Number
test1 = (1 - 2 + 3 - 4) <= 5;
test2 = (1 - 2 + 3 - 4)/5 >= 1;
console.log(test1);
console.log(test2);
// So snh 1 bin Number v 1 bin String
test3 = 15 === "15";
console.log(test3);
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Quest 4: La chn nh mnh iu kin v r nhnh

Chc mng bn nm vng cc k nng c bn, v n lc la chn phn cp
Anh Hng. Bn s c la chn gia 3 phn cp vi 3 c im v ch s khc nhau.
Cc la chn trong Javascript s dn n cc iu kin r nhnh khc nhau. to ra
cc la chn trong Javascript, bn s s dng t kha if hoc if...else. Cc la
chn c th lng ghp vi nhau to ra cc lung r nhnh phc tp. Tuy nhin, cn
cn trng v qu nhiu lung r nhnh s khin on code kh hiu v kh bo tr v
sau.
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/* Cu lnh if thng thng

* -----------------------* Biu thc
* Khi biu thc logic trong ngoc
*/
if (level < 4) {
console.log('Bn cha t cp ti thiu tham gia th thch.');
}
// Cu lnh if...else
if (level >= 4) {
console.log('Bn cp tham gia th thch level 4.');
} else {
console.log('Bn cn t t nht level 4 tham gia th thch.');
}
// Cu lnh if...else if...else
if (level > 4) {
console.log('Bn d sc vt qua th thch level 4.');
} else if (level === 4) {
console.log('Bn sc vt qua th thch level 4.');
} else {
console.log('V ung sa thm cho mau ln nha cng!');
}
// phn 1, bn khai bo bin <code>ten</code>
// v s dng gi gi tr v tn Anh Hng ca bn
// Ta s kim tra xem bn c th gi li chnh xc khng
// thng hoc pht theo kt qu
var kiemTraTen = prompt('Tn Anh Hng ca bn l g?');
if (kiemTraTen === ten) {
console.log('Chnh xc! Bn c tr nh rt tt! intel +5!');
intel = intel + 5;
} else {
console.log('T tht! Tn chnh mnh m khng nh sao?! intel -5!');
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intel = intel - 5;
}
/* =========================================================
* =========================================================
* TH THCH LEVEL 4
* ----------------* S dng hm prompt('Bn mun chn phn cp no? a: Chin
* Binh | b: St Th | c: Th Sn') yu cu ngi
* dng nhp vo 1 k t hoc l a, hoc b, hoc c. Gi tr
* nhp vo s c x l nh sau:
* 1. Nu l k t a:
* - Cp nht phn cp Anh Hng (bin phancap): Chin Binh.
* - iu chnh ch s: strength +10, agility -10
* 2. Nu l k t b:
* - Cp nht phn cp Anh Hng (bin phancap): St Th.
* - iu chnh ch s: strength -10, agility +5, intel +5
* 3. Nu l k t c:
* - Cp nht phn cp Anh Hng (bin phancap): Th Sn.
* - iu chnh ch s: strength -10, intel +10
* 4. Nu khng phi 3 trng hp trn
* - Khng cp nht v iu chnh g c.
* =========================================================
* =========================================================
*/
+ expand source
Quest 5: u trng Sinh T Vng lp

Anh Hng no cng phi tri qua qu trnh tp luyn v u tranh gian kh t n
vinh quang. Qu trnh i hi nhng n lc lp i lp li n khi t c mt ,
mt mc ch no .
Vic lp cc thao tc trong lp trnh c gi l vng lp, v l mt trong nhng thnh

phn quan trng nht ca lp trnh. Vng lp s c 1 iu kin duy tr v khi iu
kin khng c m bo th vng lp s kt thc. i vi Javascript c bn, c 2
cch to vng lp: vng lp for v vng lp while. C 2 u bao gm 2 thnh phn:
iu kin duy tr vng lp, v thn vng lp cha cc thao tc s c lp.
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// V d vng lp while
var i = 1;
while (i < 10) {
console.log(i);
i++;
}
console.log(i);
// V d vng lp for
for (var j = 1; j < 10;j++) {
console.log(j);
}
console.log(j);
BATTLE! Bn chm trn 1 con rng gi, v buc phi git n vt qua
NEW SKILL!
Hm Math.random(): dng to gi tr ngu nhin t 0 n 1. to xc sut ngu
nhin theo %, c th s dng (Math.random() * 100).
NEW SKILL!
Hm alert(): dng xut mt chui k t qua hp thoi thng bo. C th dng
debug hay xut thng tin cho ngi dng.
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/* ========================================================
* Trc khi vo trn chin, cn xem li cc ch s ca bn
* v xem xt cc thng tin ca i th.
* ========================================================*/
level = 5; // m bo bn s cp 5
var health=level*100;// Khi lng mu <= 0 th bn s cht
console.log(strength); // Quyt nh mc st thng
console.log(agility); // Quyt nh xc sut n n
console.log(intel); // Quyt nh xc sut ch mng
/* ========================================================
* Rng Gi
* -------* Chm chp v yu t hn so vi ng loi, nhng vn rt
* nguy him vi kh nng phun la c th gy st thng ch
* mng rt cao
* ========================================================*/
var dragonHealth = 600;
var dragonStr = 100;
var dragonAgi = 15;
var dragonInt = 80;
/* =========================================================
* =========================================================
* TH THCH LEVEL 5
* ----------------* Vit tr chi Dit Rng theo cc bc sau:
* 1. Mi lt chi, Anh Hng v Rng ln lt tn cng nhau.
* => GI : S dng vng lp while.
* 2. Anh Hng tn cng trc, Rng tn cng sau.
* 3. Tr chi kt thc khi mt phe ht mu (health < 0 hoc dragonHealth < 0).
* => GI : t 1 bin boolean kim tra.
* 4. S dng hm (Math.random() * 100) ly xc sut ngu nhin theo %.
* 5. Rng n n thnh cng khi % xc sut ngu nhin b hn dragonAgi.
* => GI : so snh dragonAgi vi (Math.random() * 100).
* 6. Anh Hng n n thnh cng khi % xc sut ngu nhin b hn agility.
* => GI : so snh agility vi (Math.random() * 100) (khc 5).
* 7. St thng do Anh Hng gy ra bng vi ch s strength.
* => GI : khi Anh Hng nh trng, gim mu Rng theo gi tr st thng.
* 8. St thng do Rng gy ra bng vi ch s dragonStr.
* => GI : khi Rng nh trng, gim mu Anh Hng theo gi tr st thng.
* 9. Anh Hng gy st thng ch mng khi % xc sut ngu nhin ln hn intel.
* => GI : so snh intel vi 1 gi tr (Math.random() * 100) (khc 5 v 6).
* 10. Rng gy st thng ch mng khi % xc sut ngu nhin ln hn dragonInt.
* => GI : so snh dragonInt vi 1 gi tr (Math.random() * 100) (khc 5,6,9)).
* 11. St thng ch mng s gy thm 200% st thng.
* => GI : nu gy st thng ch mng, gim mu i 2 ln st thng.
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*
* =========================================================
* =========================================================
*/
+ expand source
BATTLE WON! Chc mng bn t danh hiu Dng s dit Rng!
Quest 6: To v gi Hm
Hm l 1 on code ring bit c th s dng nhiu ln. Hm c th nhn tham s t
bin v tr kt qu v gn cho bin.
Trc khi s dng, hm cn c khi to vi t kha function tnHm(thamS1,
thamS2). Mi bin m hm cn s dng t bn ngoi hm c truyn vo gia hai
ngoc, v c gi l tham s. bt hm tr v 1 gi tr no , bn cn s dng t

kha return tnBinMunTrV;. return s kt thc hm ngay lp tc, nn nu c cu
lnh no pha sau, cu lnh s khng c thc thi.
Mt lu khi s dng hm l ng m m qu nhiu x l trong mt hm. 1 hm x
l chui khng cn phi bit y ct chui, o chui, nhn i chui.., m ch cn
thc hin tt 1 chc nng thi. y l mt thi quen lp trnh tt, s gip code n
gin, d hiu v d bo tr qua thi gian.
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// Ly v d tr chi dit Rng phn 5

// To hm gy st thng gim mu
// Tham s truyn vo: bin Number satThuong
// Kt qu tr v: bin Number luongMauHienTai
function gaySatThuong(luongMauHienTai, satThuong) {
luongMauHienTai = luongMauHienTai - satThuong;
return luongMauHienTai;
}
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// s dng hm, bn cn phi gi hm

var luongMau = 100;
var satThuong = 49;
var luongMauConLai = gaySatThuong(luongMau, satThuong);
console.log(luongMauConLai);
/* =========================================================
* =========================================================
* TH THCH LEVEL 6
* ----------------* Vit li tr chi Dit Rng, c s dng hm :
* 1. Tnh ton kh nng n n.
* 2. Tnh ton lng mu cn li sau khi b st thng.
*
* =========================================================
* =========================================================
*/
Quest 7: i tng
i tng Javascript cng ging nh mt vt th thc ngoi i: c cc tnh cht
(thuc tnh) v kh nng (phng thc/hm). Hiu mt cch khc, i tng trong
Javascript l tp hp ca cc thuc tnh v cc phng thc (v bn cht cng l hm)
bn trong.
C th xem i tng nh 1 bin c bit trong Javascript, c khai bo trong cp
ngoc nhn {...} v s dng du . truy xut cc thuc tnh v phng thc bn
trong.
// C php khai bo 1 i tng
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var RongGia = {
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// Khai bo cc thuc tnh
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name: 'Rng Gi',
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phanLop: 'Rng',
age: 6969,
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health: 600,
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strength: 100,
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agility: 15,
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intel: 80,
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// Khai bo cc phng thc
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bay: function() {
console.log('Flappy Dragon!');
},
phunLa: function() {
console.log('Rng phun la');
},
ng: function() {
console.log('Zzz... Zzz...');
}
};
// S dng cc thuc tnh nh bin thng thng
console.log(RongGia.name);
console.log(RongGia.phanLop);
console.log(RongGia.age);
// S dng phng thc nh gi hm bnh thng
RongGia.bay();
RongGia.phunLa();
RongGia.ng();
// Bn cng c th thm cc thuc tnh v phng thc
// sau khi khi to i tng
RongGia.level = 10;
RongGia.cht = function() {
console.log('Rng ln bn th!');
};
/* =========================================================
* =========================================================
* TH THCH LEVEL 7
* ----------------* Khai bo mt i tng AnhHung cha cc thng tin v
* Anh Hng ca bn:
* 1. Cc thuc tnh: tn, phn lp, cp , cc ch s..
* 2. Cc phng thc v d nh i, chy, nhy, ng..
*
* =========================================================
* =========================================================
*/
Quest 8: Mng
Mng l tp hp nhiu phn t, vi mi phn t l 1 bin c sp xp theo th t v
c nh s ch mc (nh s t 0) cho tng bin tin truy xut. Mi bin trong mng
c th mang bt k kiu d liu no: t Number, String n c i tng v mng khc.
Cc bin trong mng c nh s tun t tng dn t 0, nn bin cui cng trong
mng s c s ch mc bng tng s lng bin tr i 1.
Mng c khai bo bn trong cp ngoc vung var tnMng = [bin1, bin2];. Cc
bin bn trong cng c truy xut bng ngoc vung theo c
php tnBin[sChMc]. S lng cc phn t bn trong mng c th c truy xut
nhanh bng thuc tnh tnBin.length (v bn cht Mng Javascript cng l 1 i
tng). Ngoi ra, thm phn t vo 1 mng c khi to, bn cn s dng
phng thc tnBin.push().
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// Khai bo v khi to mng v d

var phanlopAnhHung = ['Chin Binh','St Th','Th Sn'];
console.log(phanlopAnhHung.length);
console.log(phanlopAnhHung[0]);
console.log(phanlopAnhHung[1]);
console.log(phanlopAnhHung[phanlopAnhHung.length - 1]);
// hm console.log() rt hu ch xem ton b phn t trong mng
console.log(phanlopAnhHung);
// Mng rng
var danhHieu = [];
// Thm phn t mi
danhHieu.push('Dng s dit rng');
console.log(danhHieu);
phanlopAnhHung.push('Anh Hng');
console.log(phanlopAnhHung.length);
console.log(phanlopAnhHung[phanlopAnhHung.length - 1]);
// Truy xut tng phn t trong mng vi vng lp
var soPhanTu = phanlopAnhHung.length;
for (var i=0; i < soPhanTu; i++) {
console.log(phanlopAnhHung[i ]);
}
/* =========================================================
* =========================================================
* TH THCH LEVEL 8
* ----------------* Hy s dng vng lp v hm prompt() yu cu ngi dng
* nhp vo cu tr li cho 3 cu hi sau:
* 1. Bn c ngi yu cha?
* 2. Bn c thch n rau dn khng?
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* 3. Ngi yu bn c thch n rau dn khng?

* Sau , lu tt c cu tr li vo 1 mng v xut ngc li
* tng cu tr li bng hm alert().
*
* =========================================================
* =========================================================
*/

Javascript Cơ Bản

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Javascript Cơ Bản

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Javascript c bn Hnh trnh ca mt Anh

Javascript c th c s dng d dng vi th HTML script: ch cn a cc cu

Trng hp nu bn khng mun s dng Console thc hnh m mun vit ln

document.write("Ti tn l Phc!"); // Hin th ch Ti tn l Phc website

Quest 1: Kin to Anh Hng Bin v kiu d liu

Mi Anh Hng u cn c 1 tn gi lu danh s sch, v tin khoe vi cc em gi

var ten = prompt('Xin cho! Hy gi tn Anh Hng ca bn:');

Hm prompt() l hm vit sn ca h thng nhn nhp liu t ngi dng (ta s tm

tr m bn va nhp. Sng cha

Object l mt i tng ni chung vi cc thuc tnh v phng thc ring. Ta s

var name = "Thachpham.com";

Quest 2: Sc mnh tnh ton Cc ton t c bn

Ngoi ra, Javascript s dng ton t + ni cc chui k t.

Quest 3: Sc mnh logic Cc ton t so snh

// So snh 2 bin String

Quest 4: La chn nh mnh iu kin v r nhnh

/* Cu lnh if thng thng

Quest 5: u trng Sinh T Vng lp

Vic lp cc thao tc trong lp trnh c gi l vng lp, v l mt trong nhng thnh

ngoc, v c gi l tham s. bt hm tr v 1 gi tr no , bn cn s dng t

// Ly v d tr chi dit Rng phn 5

// s dng hm, bn cn phi gi hm

LEVEL UP! Chc mng bn ln cp 7! XP +700

LEVEL UP! Chc mng bn ln cp 8! XP +800

// Khai bo v khi to mng v d

* 3. Ngi yu bn c thch n rau dn khng?

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