MT S VN V CH BIN SU

QUNG TITAN VIT NAM

KS. Trng c Chnh
Tp on Cng nghip Than-Khong sn Vit Nam
Bo co gii thiu ngun ti nguyn titan Vit Nam, hin trng khai thc v ch bin qung
titan. Trn c s nhng cng ngh ch bin su trn th gii, bo co t ra nhng vn cn lu
khi ch bin su v xut phng hng thch hp cho vic ch bin su qung titan Vit Nam.

1. Ti nguyn v hin trng khai thc ch bin titan ca Vit Nam

Qung titan v cc hp cht titan c s dng nhiu trong nn kinh t quc
dn. Titan kim loi v hp kim titan c t trng thp, bn v chng mi mn tt,
nhit nng chy cao. Chng l vt liu khng th thiu i vi ngnh hng khng,
v tr v s dn thay th cc hp kim thp khng g trong cc ngnh cng nghip
khcBt mu (pigment) TiO2 c kh nng chu c s thay i khc nghit ca kh
hu nhit i, khng c c tnh, rt bn mu v bn ho hc, c phn chiu cao
nn c s dng rng ri trong ngnh sn, cht do, cng nghip giy, nhum, in
mu, si dt v.v
Vit Nam c ngun ti nguyn titan ng k bao gm c qung sa khong v
qung gc. Qung titan gc tp trung ch yu khu vc Thi Nguyn (m Cy Chm
v cc vng xung quanh). Tr lng xc nh v ti nguyn d bo qung titan gc
c nh gi khong 7,8 tr. tn, trong tr lng xc nh l 4,83 tr. tn. Qung
titan sa khong b bin phn b ch yu vng ven bin t Qung Ninh n B RaVng Tu, trong tp trung cc tnh: Thanh Ho, H Tnh, Tha Thin-Hu, Bnh
nh, Bnh Thun v tr lng xc nh khong 9,2 tr. tn.
Tng tr lng titan xc nh khong 14 triu tn (chim 41%) v ti nguyn
d bo khong 20,5 triu tn (chim 59%).
Xt v quy m ti nguyn titan, Vit Nam hin nay ng vo hng th 11 cc
nc c tr lng titan ln nht ca th gii (Bng 1).
Theo thng tin t Cc a cht v Khong sn Vit Nam, khu vc Nam
Trung b t Ninh Thun n Bc B Ra-Vng Tu va pht hin ngun ti nguyn
titan trong tng ct , nh gi s b khong trn 200 triu tn khong vt nng. Nh
vy, sau khi c kt qu iu tra kho st v thm d, rt c th v tr ca Vit Nam
trong bng xp hng cc nc c tr lng qung titan trn th gii s tng nhiu bc.
T nm 1991, Vit Nam bt u hnh thnh cng nghip khai thc, tuyn
qung titan vi sn lng ngy cng tng. T khong 10.000 tn (nm 1990) ln
177.000 tn (nm 2000) v khong 508.000 tn (nm 2008) ch tnh ring cc n v
thuc Hip hi Titan Vit Nam. Cng vi ilmenit cn thu c cc sn phm i km
khc nh rutil, zircon, monazit. Gn 20 nm qua, ring cc n v trong Hip hi Titan
Vit Nam sn xut v tiu th tng cng 3.858.874 tn qung tinh cc loi. Tr mt
s t qung tinh ilmenit v zircon c s dng trong nc cn li phn ln qung tinh
cc loi c xut khu. Nhn chung, ngoi mt s n v c quy m sn xut trung
bnh, cn li a s l sn xut quy m nh, cng ngh khai thc, tuyn n gin nn
cht lng qung tinh v thc thu kim loi cha cao. Hu ht cha c ch bin su
1

qung tinh ilmenit. Ch t sau khi Chnh ph ra lnh cm xut khu qung tinh th mt
s n v mi c chuyn ng trong vic ch bin ilmenit thnh titan hon nguyn v
x titan.
Bng 1. Tr lng qung titan trn th gii
Nc

Sn lng qung tinh (103,

tn)
2007
2008

Tr lng
(103.tn)

Xc nh
(103,tn)

Ilmenit:
M
300
200
6.000
59.000
Australia
1.400
1.250
130.000
160.000
Brazil
127
130
43.000
84.000
Canaa
816
900
31.000
36.000
Trung Quc
550
550
200.000
350.000
n
378
378
85.000
210.000
Mzmbich
14
133
16.000
21.000
Na Uy
377
380
37.000
60.000
Nam Phi
1.100
1.090
63.000
220.000
Ucraina
290
302
5.900
13.000
Vit Nam
254
215
1.600
14.000
115
109
66.000
150.000
Cc nc khc
Ton th gii
5.720
5.640
680.000
1.400.000
Rutil:
M
400
1.800
Australia
297
309
19.000
31.000
Brazil
3
3
1.200
2.500
n
20
20
7.400
20.000
Mozmbich
3
480
570
Xiera Leon
79
95
2.500
3.600
Nam Phi
108
121
8.300
24.000
Ucraina
57
57
2.500
2.500
400
1.000
Cc nc khc
Ton th gii
564
608
42.000
87.000
Ilmenit v rutil
6.290
6.250
730.000
1.500.000
ton th gii
Ngun: US Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2008

Qua gn 20 nm pht trin, ngnh cng nghip titan ca nc ta vn cha c

mt c s ch bin no n sn phm pigment hay titan xp/titan kim loi. Ngoi ra,
do vic khai thc, tuyn qung sa khong ven bin n gin, thu li nhun cao nn
xy ra tnh trng: khai thc titan trn lan hu ht cc tnh ven bin min Trung, ri
bun bn lu qung titan ra nc ngoi vi gi r mt, cht ph rng cy phng h ven
bin, hu hoi mi trng,v.v
Tnh trng trn cho thy nhng bt cp trong quy hoch, qun l v m i vi
khai thc ch bin th v xut khu qung titan hin nay. Vi s liu qung titan mi
c pht hin ln gn gp 7 ln so vi tr lng hin c th vic t chc khai thc,
ch bin su sao cho c hiu qu, vi quy m thch hp, trnh c nhng tiu cc
nh trong thi gian qua l yu cu bc thit nhm m bo cng nghip titan ca Vit
Nam pht trin bn vng.
2. Cc cng ngh ch bin su qung titan
Nu coi ch bin su l t sau sn phm qung tinh th ch bin su qung titan
c th c coi l bt u t cc sn phm c lm giu, ti titan xp, titan kim loi,
pigment TiO2, ri ch bin thnh cc sn phm hng ho khc
2

2.1. Cc sn phm titan c lm giu

Trong qung tinh ilmenit cha nhiu st. ch bin titan kim loi hay pigment
theo quy trnh clorua, ngi ta phi kh bt st v lm giu titan. Hin ti c 2 phng
php lm giu chnh l: ch bin thnh x titan v ch bin thnh rutil tng hp.
2.1.1. Ch bin x titan (Titanium slag): Ngi ta luyn qung tinh ilmenit
trong l h quang in. Sn phm thu c l x titan (75-90% TiO2) v gang hp kim.
Tu theo cng ngh sn xut ca mi nc, x titan c th t cht lng khc nhau.
X titan chia thnh 2 bc cht lng: x bc sulphat c dng cho sn xut pigment
theo quy trnh sulphat thng c cht lng thp hn (75-80% TiO2) v x titan bc
clorua, dng cho sn xut pigment theo quy trnh clorua vi yu cu cht lng cao
hn (85 - 90% TiO2).
Nguyn l c bn sn xut x titan din ra theo phn ng:
FeTiO3 + C = TiO2 + Fe + CO2/CO
Ngoi ra cn c sn phm X titan nng cp (Upgraded titanium slag hay UGS)
cng l 1 loi x titan c nng cp ln n 92-93% TiO2 do Cng ty QIT-Fer et
Titane thuc Tp on Rio Tinto c quyn v cng ngh sn xut.
Phng php luyn x titan c u im: thi t c hi ra mi trng hn so vi
phng php ho hc sn xut rutil tng hp; qu trnh hu nh tn dng ht c
cc thnh phn khong sn c trong qung ilmenit, cht thi ra mi trng ch yu
dng kh.
X titan hin ang chim khong 40% th phn nguyn liu cho ngnh sn xut
pigment TiO2 ca th gii.
2.1.2. Ch bin rutil tng hp (synthetic rutile-SR): Qu trnh tng hp rutil t
qung tinh ilmenit l s kt hp: va x l nhit (nung) hon nguyn st va dng
ho cht (H2SO4, HCl, mt s loi mui,v.v) ho tch st v cc tp cht khc.
Qu trnh nung (hon nguyn st) thng din ra trong l quay nhit cao (9001.150oC). SR thu c thng c hm lng trn 90% TiO2, thch hp cho sn xut
tian xp hoc pigment bng quy trnh clorua.
Nhc im ca phng php sn xut SR l khng tn dng c ht cc thnh
phn c trong qung ilmenit (st khng thnh gang m dng oxit hoc clorua); sinh ra
kh nhiu cht thi c hi, yu cu rt nghim ngt trong cng ngh x l cht thi.
Hin ti c 02 quy trnh chnh sn xut SR thng mi l quy trnh Becher v
quy trnh Benelite. Hai quy trnh ny ch yu khc nhau trong s dng cht kh st
(bitum hay du nng) v ho cht cho ho tch (mui amon clorua hay axit clohydric).
Hin, SR ang chim khong 18-20% th phn nguyn liu cung cp cho ngnh
cng nghip sn xut pigment TiO2 ca th gii.
2.2. Cc sn phm titan ch bin
2.2.1. Titan kim loi
sn xut titan kim loi ngi ta phi sn xut t mt s sn phm trung gian
nh: tetraclorua titan (TiCl4), titan bt (xp) ri luyn thnh titan thi.
1) Tetraclorua titan (TiCl4): Nguyn liu sn xut TiCl4 cc sn phm cha
hm lng TiO2 cao nh: rutil t nhin, rutil tng hp hay x titan cht lng cao.
3

Cng ngh tng hp TiCl4 nh sau: Nguyn liu c a vo l clo ho vi

kh clo v c s tham gia ca cht kh l ccbon nhit cao (850-1250 oC) thu
c TiCl4 th, sau tinh lc thu ly TiCl4 tinh khit. cng on tng hp TiCl4
th hin c 02 quy trnh chnh: quy trnh trong l tng si (fluidized-bed) v quy trnh
dng mui nng chy (molten salt). Cc nc nh M, Nht Bn th s dng quy trnh
l tng si cn cc nc nh Nga, Ucraina, Kazakhstan, Trung Quc th s dng quy
trnh mui nng chy.
Qu trnh xy ra theo phn ng: TiO2 + 2Cl2 + C = TiCl4 + CO2/CO
2) Titan xp (Titanium sponge)
Nguyn tc tng hp titan xp da trn phn ng kh ca cc kim loi mnh
(Mg, Na) vi TiCl4. Tu theo cht kh c s dng m c quy trnh Kroll (khi dng
kim loi Mg) hay quy trnh Hunter (khi dng kim loi Na).
Qu trnh din ra theo phn ng:

TiCl4 + 2Mg = Ti + 2MgCl2

hoc:

TiCl4 + 4Na = Ti + 4NaCl

Titan kim loi thu c sau phn ng c dng xp, nhiu l rng nh bt bin.
Qu trnh sn xut titan bt i hi tiu hao in nng ln (trung bnh khong
35.000 kwh/tn sn phm). Mui MgCl2 c in phn thu hi ly Mg kim loi v
kh clo c ti s dng vo chu trnh.
Hin trn th gii ch c 6 nc sn xut c Titan xp l: Nga, Nht Bn,
M, Kazakhstan, Ucraina v Trung Quc.
3) Sn xut titan kim loi
Qu trnh sn xut titan kim loi din ra qua 2 bc: s luyn v luyn ln hai.
- S luyn: Titan bt c p nh, v np vo khun, sau dng p sut nn.
Trong mi trng chn khng hoc kh tr, qu trnh nu chy titan bt s din ra
trong l h quang chn khng, l plasma v.v Titan nng chy c c thnh cc
thi.
- Luyn ln hai: m bo cht lng, cc thi titan qua s luyn c
dng nh cc in cc luyn ln hai. Sau khi kim tra, nu m bo cht lng,
titan nng chy s c c thnh thi, khi lng mi thi 5-10 tn.
T titan kim lai v hp kim titan, ngi ta ch thnh cc sn phm nh titan
thanh, titan tm, titan dy cc kch c v.v t ch to ra cc chi tit c kh v sn
phm t titan.
2.2.2. Sn xut pigment TiO2
Pigment TiO2 l loi bt mu trng vi thnh phn l TiO2. Hin ti c 02 quy
trnh chnh sn xut pigment TiO2 thng mi: quy trnh sulphat v quy trnh
clorua.
1) Quy trnh sulphat (sulphate process)
Quy trnh sulphat s dng axit sulphuric m c ho tch. Qu trnh c
phn ng nh sau:
FeTiO3 +
TiOSO4

2H2SO4
TiOSO4 + FeSO4

TiO2.nH2O + H2SO4
4

TiO2nH2O

TiO2 + nH2O

Pigment ca quy trnh ny c dng anataz hoc rutil tu theo yu cu. u im

ca cng ngh ny l c th s dng nguyn liu tng i r tin nh: ilmenit, x titan
hm lng TiO2 thp (70%), nhng c nhc im l phn thi qu nhiu (trung bnh
khong 3,5-4 tn sulphat st/tn sn phm; ngoi ra cn axit long). Khu x l cht
thi v vy kh phc tp v tn km. Chi ph sn xut ca quy trnh ny cao hn quy
trnh clorua khong 150-200 USD/T sn phm.
2) Quy trnh clorua (Chloride process)
Quy trnh ny s dng kh clo trong qu trnh clorua ho nguyn liu titan
(rutil, rutil tng hp, x titan hm lng TiO2 cao). Qu trnh xy ra theo cc phn
ng nh sau:
TiO2 + 2Cl2 + C
TiCl4 + CO2
TiCl4 + O2

TiO2 + 2Cl2

u im ca quy trnh ny l cho sn phm dng rutil cht lng cao, t cht
thi (ch 0,2 t/tn sn phm nu s dng rutil lm nguyn liu), gi thnh sn xut thp
hn quy trnh sulphat. Nhc im l phi s dng nguyn liu vi hm lng TiO2
cao (rutil t nhin, rutil tng hp, x titan cht lng cao) v cht thi l clorua st
phi x l.
3. Cc vn t ra i vi vic ch bin su qung titan Vit Nam
C nhiu vn t ra cn nhc, tnh ton trc khi quyt nh u t i
vi ch bin su qung titan Vit Nam. Theo chng ti, nhng vn quan trng
nht nh sau:
3.1. Vn th trng
Th trng c 2 loi sn phm ch bin su hin nay (pigment v titan xp) u
nm trong tay s t cc Tp on sn xut ln trn th gii. Vic gia nhp th trng
mi l khng n gin.
3.1.1. Th trng sn xut titan xp/titan kim loi
Trn th gii hin mi ch c 6 nc sn xut titan xp l: M, Nht Bn, Nga,
Kazakhstan, Ucraina v Trung Quc. Cc nh sn xut titan xp chnh trn th gii
c nu ti Bng 2.
Bng 2. Cng sut titan xp trn th gii
TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Tn c s sn xut
TIMET (M)
ATI (M)
Zaporozhye (Ucraina)
UST (Kazakhstan)
AVISMA (Nga)
TOHO (Nht Bn)
OSAKA (Nht Bn)
Trung Quc
Tng cng
(Ngun: Asian Metals Ltd)

Nm 2007
8.900
5.100
12.000
23.000
32.500
15.700
24.000
50.000
171.200

n v: tn
Nm 2008
13.000
7.300
12.000
23.000
35.000
15.700
24.000
70.000
200.000

3.1.2. Th trng sn xut pigment TiO2

Cc nh sn xut chnh pigment c nu trong Bng 3.
Bng 3. Sn lng pigment TiO2 nm 2006
TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Danh mc nh sn xut
DuPont
Millenium
Tronox
Huntsman Tioxide
Kronos
Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha
Kemira
Cristal
Trung Quc
Khc
Tng cng ton th gii

Sn lng pigment, (1000 tn)

975
612
576
529
509
176
120
110
733
596
4.936

Tng cng sut cc nh my pigment TiO2 ca cc nc trn th gii nm 2008

vo khong 5.280.000 tn/nm. Trong , ng u l M vi 1.580.000 t/n; Trung
Quc trong my nm gn y vn ln v tr th hai vi khong 900.000 t/n; tip
theo l cc nc cng nghip pht trin nh c, Anh, Php, Nht Bn,c.. (xem
Bng 4).
Nh vy c th thy rng, cc cng ty hng u khng ch hu ht cc th
trng tiu th pigment ch yu trn th gii. Vic mt i th mi xut hin tham gia
vo cuc chi chc chn s khng c cc cng ty ny hoan nghnh.
Bng 4. Cng sut pigment TiO2 ca th gii nm 2008
TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Nc
M
Trung Quc
CHLB c
Nht Bn
Anh
c
Phn Lan
Php
Mexico
Ucraina
Canaa

Ty Ban Nha
B
Nga
Kazakhstan
Cc nc khc
Tng cng ton th gii

Cng sut pigment nm 2008, (t/n)

1.580.000
900.000
440.000
317.000
290.000
241.000
130.000
125.000
125.000
120.000
90.000
80.000
80.000
74.000
20.000
1.000
670.000
5.280.000

Ngun: U.S Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, Jan. 2009

3.2. Vn mi trng
Ngoi xu th chung ca th gii l ngy cng t s dng cc cng ngh gy
nhim mi trng th cn vn lin quan n khu vc c m titan ca Vit Nam.
Khu vc ti nguyn titan mi pht hin nm cc tnh ven bin Nam Trung b.
Tuy khng phi l khu vc tp trung ng dn c nhng cng l vng du lch ni ting
6

ca Vit Nam. Vic khai thc, ch bin qung titan l cn thit nhng phi la chn
cng ngh nh th no m bo hi ho cc li ch v gi gn mi trng cho pht
trin bn vng, tc ng n mi trng xung quanh l thp nht.
3.3. Vn cng ngh
Ch bin su qung titan d theo hng no (sn xut titan xp v titan kim loi
hay pigment TiO2) cng u l nhng qu trnh cng ngh phc tp m hin nay Vit
Nam cha lm ch c. Trc y, tuy c mt s c s trong nc nghin cu
ch bin n pigment TiO2 bng quy trnh sulphat hay ch bin n x titan nhng
nhn chung mi ch dng quy m th nghim hoc bn cng nghip; cc ch tiu tiu
hao nguyn liu, nng lng cn cao, kh c th sn xut hiu qu quy m cng
nghip. V vy, ch bin su qung titan ca Vit Nam, iu r rng l phi nhp
cng ngh t nc ngoi. Nhng nhp u? Cng ngh no? Ch bin nhng sn
phm no? v.v.. l nhng cu hi cn c li gii p.
Trc y di thi chin tranh lnh, cng ngh sn xut titan xp v kim
loi titan l nhng b mt nh nc m cc quc gia s hu chng gi kn. Ngy nay,
tuy khng cn b mt nh trc nhng vn ch c tng cng 6 nc trn th gii sn
xut titan xp v 5 nc sn xut titan kim loi.
i vi cng ngh sn xut pigment TiO2 bng quy trnh sulphat th hin nay
khng phi l vn qu kh khn. Bi cng ngh ny tng i lu i, c nhiu
cng ty, nhiu nc lm ch. Mt khc v c nhng nhc im ca mnh, ngy
cng c t nc mun p dng cng ngh ny cho cc nh my mi xy dng ca mnh.
Cng ngh sn xut pigment TiO2 bng quy trnh clorua c nhiu u im
nhng hin c rt t cng ty nm gi. Ring Tp on DuPont ca M cn s hu quy
trnh clorua nhng ch cn nguyn liu l qung tinh ilmenit hm lng giu. i vi
Tp on DuPont th vic chuyn giao cng ngh hu nh khng c t ra. Tuy
nhin vn c ngoi l khi Tp on ny xy dng nh my i Loan v hin ang
xy dng 01 nh my khc cng sut 200.000 t/n Trung Quc. Vic tm kim i tc
nc ngoi chp nhn chuyn giao cng ngh sn xut pigment bng quy trnh clorua
l bi ton rt kh gii. c nhiu cng ty ca Vit Nam mt rt nhiu cng sc tm
kim trong nhiu nm nhng vn cha thnh cng.
Mt khc, cho d nhp khu c cng ngh sn xut titan xp/titan kim
loi hay pigment u cn phi c nguyn liu hm lng TiO2 cao m khng th s
dng qung tinh ilmenit hin c c. T qung tinh ilmenit hin nay, ngi ta c th
sn xut ra x titan, UGS hoc rutil tng hp lm nguyn liu cho cc sn phm ch
bin su. i vi mi sn phm th phi chn cng ngh sn xut ph hp.
4. Nhng xut v ch bin su qung titan Vit Nam
- Mt vn r rng l cc doanh nghip titan Vit Nam s khng c
php xut khu qung tinh ilmenit nh trc y c na. Nhng ch bin su th
theo hng no?
- Nu sn xut nguyn liu cho ch bin su th chn sn phm no? X titan
(bc sulphat hay bc clorua?), UGS, hay rutil tng hp (SR)?
T nhng vn t ra i vi cng ngh sn xut v bo v mi trng th
nhiu kh nng c la chn hn s l x titan. V x titan l sn phm c cng ngh
t nhiu d tip cn hn, nguy c nhim mi trng thp hn. V kinh t, tng i
d tiu th hn v cn thu hi thm c sn phm gang hp kim. Mt khc, xu th
ca th gii hin nay l s dng x titan cc loi lm nguyn liu cho sn xut pigment
v titan xp nhm gim gi thnh sn xut v chi ph x l mi trng.
7

Cn sn phm UGS do Cng ty Rio Tinto Fer et Titane c quyn v cng ngh
nn s rt kh khn c chuyn giao.
SR cng c nhng kh khn v chuyn giao cng ngh. Ngoi ra, qu trnh sn
xut sn phm ny phi s dng n axit, d gy nhim mi trng nn s khng
phi la chn c u tin.
- Vic ch bin titan xp ch yu ph thuc vo cng ngh v th trng. Nu
c c cng ngh vi cht lng titan xp.
- Sn xut pigment theo cng ngh no? Sulphat hay clorua?
Nu chn gii php d dng l nhp cng ngh sn xut pigment quy trnh
sulphat th trc mt c th t c yu cu l sm c sn phm pigment nhng v
lu di sn phm s kh cnh tranh trn th trng v chi ph sn xut cao, cht lng
sn phm khng cao v cui cng l gii quyt vn x l mi trng.
Vic sn xut pigment bng quy trnh clorua th kh khn nht l vn cng
ngh. Cn phi tm cho ra gii php c c cng ngh ny bng nhiu hnh thc khc
nhau: t trc tip chuyn giao cng ngh n hp tc nghin cu pht trin Nu tnh
n nhng li ch v mt mi trng th phng n cng ngh ny rt ng nghin
cu la chn v p dng.
Mt khc, v kha cnh cng ngh, gia sn xut pigment TiO2 quy trnh clorua
v cng ngh sn xut titan xp cng c nhiu tng ng: Cng c nhu cu s dng
nguyn liu titan cht lng cao; cng phi sn xut qua sn phm trung gian l TiCl4.
Khi p dng cng ngh ny, c th ng nht ho cng ngh sn xut c 02 sn phm
ch bin su m khng phi thay i nhiu cng ngh v li c th u t, s dng ln
cho nhau gim bt u t v tit kim chi ph vn hnh.
T nhng suy ngh trn y, chng ti cho rng: ch bin su qung titan Vit
Nam nn i v cn thit pht trin dn theo hng chnh nh sau:
Qung tinh Ilmenit

X Titan cht
lng cao
Rutil tng hp

Titan xp
Pigment TiO2
(Quy trnh Clorua)

5. Kt lun
- Ti nguyn khong sn titan ca Vit Nam l rt ng k, tuy nhin cn phi
c k hoch s dng chng mt cch tit kim, hp l, c li nht cho vic pht trin
nn kinh t quc dn. Trong qu trnh gii quyt cc vn la chn cng ngh, sn
phm ch bin su cn phi cn nhc tht thn trng.
- Trong nhng iu kin hin ti cn kin tr mc tiu ch bin cc sn phm
titan (kim loi v pigment) theo cng ngh clorua-l cng ngh tin tin hn, vi cc
u im vt tri so vi cng ngh hin hnh khc.
- Chui sn phm ch bin qung titan ca Vit Nam nn chn l x titan cht
lng cao hoc rutil tng hp titan xp hoc pigment TiO2 theo quy trnh clorua./.