UMTS Introduction Basic @lgo @lu

Introduction to UMTS
Mohamed Arshad
MoAD RNE SSEAI
Kuala Lumpur
November 2008
Content
1. Introduction to UMTS Standard
2. W-CDMA Basic
3. Radio Environment
4. Logical / Transport / Physical Channels
5. Basic Algorithm
2 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008
IMT-2000
ITU: International Telecommunications Union

needs for a 3rd generation mobile system referred as IMT-2000 within ITU
IMT-2000 stands for International Mobile Telecommunications and 2000 for the year,
the bit rate (2Mbps) and the frequency (2GHz)
High level requirements : world-wide standard supporting new advanced services
with high bit rates (up to 2 Mbps) in multiple environments
IMT-2000 spectrum band identified in 1992 (Confrence Mondiale des

Radiocommunications)
IMT-2000 objectives
Indoor
low mobility
2 Mbit/s
Urban
reduced mobility
384 kbit/s
Rural outdoor
high mobility
144 kbit/s
Variable bit rate capability

Variable Quality Of Service (BER, delay)
Support of asymmetric traffic
Service multiplexing
High spectrum efficiency
European objective: ensure compatibility with GSM
Multi-environment
Satellite
Zone 4: Global
Zone 3:
Suburban
Zone 2:
Urban
Micro-Cell
Zone 1:
In-Building
Pico-Cell
Macro-Cell
Basic Terminal
PDA Terminal
Audio/Visual Terminal
Integration with the Fixed Network
3G Frequency Band World-Wide
1850
1900
1950
2000
2050
2100
2150
2200
2250
2010 MHz
ITU Allocations
IMT 2000
IMT 2000
1885 MHz
Europe
2025 MHz
MSS
UMTS
DECT
GSM 1800
1880 MHz
1850 MHz
China
2170 MHz
2110 MHz
MSS
UMTS
1980 MHz
WLL
MSS
IMT 2000
GSM 1800
2170 MHz
WLL
1885 MHz
IMT 2000
MSS
IMT 2000
MSS
1980 MHz
1885 MHz 1918 MHz
Japan
Korea (w/o PHS)
PHS
MSS
IMT 2000
1895 MHz
North
America
2160 MHz
PCS
AA
1850
E F
1900
AA
1950
E F
MSS
2000
Reserve
2050
Source: The UMTS Forum
2100
M
D
S
2150
2200
2250
IMT-2000 standards
Each worldwide standardization
body submitted their technology
candidate for IMT-2000 to ITU
5 interface standards:
IMT-SC: IMT Single Carrier (TDMA or
GSM EDGE (IS-136) standard)
IMT-MC: IMT Multi Carrier (US CDMA
2000 standard)
IMT-DS: IMT Direct Spread (WCDMA or
UMTS Frequency Division Duplex
(FDD))
IMT-TC: IMT Time Code (UMTS Time
Division Duplex (TDD))
IMT-FT: IMT Frequency Time (DECT
standard)
UMTS
UMTS : Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

UMTS was the 3G European standard
ETSI (European standardization body) selected its radio interface for UMTS
(UTRA) in January 1998 based on W-CDMA for FDD mode and TD-CDMA for TDD
mode
W-CDMA was also chosen by ARIB (Japan) and also in USA and Korea
Creation of 3GPP (3G Partnership Project) to join efforts on the
standardization of the UTRA (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access) solution:
ETSI (Europe), ARIB (Japan), TTA (Korea), TTC (Japan), T1P1 (USA) , CWTS
(China)
UTRA - UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
1900
1920
TDD
UL/D
L
FDD UL
1980 2010 2025

MSS TDD
UL UL/DL
2110
2170
2200
MSS
DL
FDD DL
FUL/DL
FUL
FDL
2 modes:
FDD Mode
TDD Mode
W-CDMA FDD mode for the paired band

uplink and downlink are separated in frequency
TD-CDMA TDD mode for the unpaired band

uplink and downlink are separated in time
flexible time duration for uplink and downlink for asymmetrical traffic
Multiple Access Techniques
time
TDMA
channel bandwidth
CDMA
power density
channel bandwidth
time
power density
power density
time
channel bandwidth
TD/CDMA
UTRA FDD - Characteristics
W-CDMA multiple access

Frequency band Region 1 (Europe)
Uplink: 1920-1980 MHz
Downlink: 2110-2170 MHz
Carrier Bandwidth
2x5 MHz (theor. occupied bandwidth=Chiprate 3,84 Mcps)
Services
Both circuit and packet data and asymmetric bitrates
User bitrate up to 384 kbit/s
FDD foreseen for Macro- and Microcellular coverage
UMTS Radio Access Network
Radio Access
Network
Node B
ISDN
RNC
Iu
Node B
Iub
Core
Network
Iur
Node B
Node B
RNC
Node B
Node B
Internet
User equipment
Uu
Uu
Uu is the UMTS air interface between the

terminal and the access network
ME-Mobile Equipment
U S IM
The mobile equipment is the radio

terminal used for radio communication
over the Uu interface
Cu
ME
USIM-UMTS Subscriber Identity Module

Smart card, which stores subscriber
identity and other information
UE
U ser Eq u ip m en t
UMTS radio access network
Iu
Node B
radio station like the BTS in GSM.
RNC
Node B
Iub
RNC-Radio Network Controller
RNS
Iur
controls radio resources of several Node Bs

supports the Iu interface to the core network
Node B
RNS-Radio Network Subsystem
RNC
Node B
Node B
like BSS in GSM
RNS
UTRAN

UMTS radio access network interfaces
Iu
Node B
Iur interface
logical interface between RNCs
RNC
Node B
Iub
basic inter RNC mobility (e.g. soft

handover)
RNS
Iur
Iub interface
interface between RNC and Node B
Node B
RNC
Node B
RNS
UTRAN
Core network - circuit switched
Iu-CS
Iu-CS
MSC/VLR
GMSC
for circuit switched services
MSC-Mobile Services switching Center

switch for circuit switched (CS) services
HLR
SGSN
VLR-Visitor Location Register
GGSN
Iu-PS
register database for visitors of the radio

network
GMSC-Gateway MSC
CN
switch from mobile network to external

networks for circuit switched services
Core Network
Core network - packet switched
HLR-Home Location Register
Iu-CS
MSC/VLR
GMSC
permanent database of subscriber data
Iu-PS
for packet switched services
HLR
SGSN-Serving GPRS Support Node
SGSN
GGSN
Iu-PS
CN
switch for packet switched (PS) services
GGSN-Gateway GPRS Support Node

switch from mobile network to external
networks for packet switched services
Core Network
UMTS QoS Architecture
TS23.107
UMTS
e.g. UE
TE
MT
UTRAN
CN
Gateway
CN Iu
EDGE
NODE
TE
(e.g. UE)
CN = Core network
TE = Terminal Equipment
MT = Mobile Termination
End-to-End Service or Teleservice
TE/MT Local
Bearer Service
External Bearer
Service
UMTS Bearer Service
Radio Access Bearer Service

(RAB)
Radio Bearer
Service (RB)
Iu Bearer
Service
UTRA FDD/TDD
Service
(Radio Physical
Bearer Service)
Physical
Bearer Service
CN Bearer
Service
Backbone
Bearer Service
Each bearer offers its

individual services
Each bearer is using
the services offered
by bearers below
QoS parameters are
given by the core to
the RAN in radio
access bearer set-up
QoS Classes
4 classes have been identified:

conversational
AMR speech service
Video telephony
CS:
PS:
streaming
interactive
H324
H323
Delay
sensitive
Data
Integrity
sensitive
location based services

computer games
background
e-mail delivery
SMS ...
Application Groups
Error
tolerant
Error
intolerant
TS22.105
Conversational
Interactive
Streaming
Background
Conversational
Voice and Video
Voice Messaging
Streaming Audio
and Video
Fax
Telnet,
Interactive Games
E-commerce,
WWW browsing,
FTP, still image,

paging
E-mail arrival
notification
1 sec)
(delay <10 sec)
(delay >10 sec)
(delay <<1 sec)
(delay
Bearer Service Attributes
The Attributes (QoS Parameters) of a Bearer Service can be negotiated at the

beginning of a connection and during a connection
Several different Bearer Services can be established simultaneously by one UE
Important Quality Parameters are
Maximum transfer delay
Delay variation
Bit error ratio
Data rate
Radio Access Bearer (RAB) Service Attributes
The service attributes shown in the following table characterize a Radio

Access Bearer Service
Traffic class
Conversational
class
Streaming
class
Interactive
class
Background
class
Maximum
bitrate
Delivery order
Maxum SDU size
SDU format
information
SDU error ratio
Residual bit
error ratio
Delivery of
erroneous SDUs
Transfer delay
Guaranteed bit
rate
Traffic handling
priority
Allocation/
Retention
priority
Source statistics
descriptor
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Note: SDU = Service Data Unit
QoS Examples for specific services (1)
TS23.107
AMR (Adaptive Multi Rate) speech codec payload

Bit rate: 4,75 - 12,2 kbit/s
Delay: 100ms end-to-end delay at maximum
CODEC frame length is 20ms
BER:
10-4 for Class 1 bits (A,B)
10-3 for Class 2 bits (C)
FER < 0,5% (with degradation for higher erasure rates)
QoS Examples for specific services (2)
MPEG-4 video payload

Bit rate: variable, average rate scalable from 24 to 128 kbit/s and higher
end-to-end delay between 150 and 400ms
video CODEC delay is typically less than 200 ms
BER:
10-6 - no visible degradation
10-5 - little visible degradation
10-4 - some visible artefacts
> 10-3 - limited practical application
W-CDMA Basics
Multiple Access Techniques
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access

Po w er
uses band pass for carrier signal which are nonoverlapping in the frequency domain
Ti m e
O n e U ser
Po w e r
Fr eq u en cy
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
U ser
carrier signals are non overlapping in the time

domain
Ti m e
Fr e q u e n cy
Power
Time
Carrier 1
Carrier 2
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access

spreads the signal over the entire available
Frequency
One User
bandwidth by using codes with good correlation

properties
W-CDMA
W-CDMA = Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

Users are separated with code sequences (spreading/de-spreading technique)
All users are transmitting simultaneously on the same frequency
In FDD mode, different frequencies are used on uplink and downlink
Spread spectrum technique
The user bits are coded with a unique sequence (code).

The bits of the code are called chips and the chip rate is higher than the user
bit rate
Code
Ci(t)
Chip Rate =Rc = 3.84 Mcps in UMTS
Source signal Si (t)
Resulting spread signal
before spreading
Di (t) = Si (t) x Ci(t)
Time
Domain
Bit1
Bit2
Chip Rate =Rc
Bit Rate =Rb

Spreading Factor
SF =Rc/Rb
Frequency
Domain
Bandwidth = 3.84 Mhz for UMTS
Narrowband signal
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Ts
+1
[1 1 -1 1 -1]
[1 -1 -1 -1 1]
Symbol
-1
Spreading Chips +1
-1
Tc
-1 -1
Spread Chip Sequence
-1
Spreading Factor
Ts
L=
Tc
Spreading
SPREADING
Despreading
DESPREADING
Own and other signals
Spreading / Despreading
In the receiving path, de-spreading is

achieved by auto-correlation with the same
code
Due to low cross-correlation properties with
other codes, the received signal energy is
increased compared to noise and other
signal interference
The gain due to despreading is called
processing gain
Example for 12.2 AMR speech:
Chip Rate
3840 kcps
PG =
= 314.75 = 25dB
=
User Bit Rate 12.2 kbps
Spreading and scrambling codes
Node B
UE
UL
Descrambling
Spreading
Scrambling
OVSF
PN
(Service/ user identifier)(Cell identifier)
Despreading
Scrambling
PN
(User identifier)
Descrambling
Despreading
Spreading
OVSF
(Service identifier)
DL
Spreading codes (channelization codes)

used to differentiate mobiles and services
different lengths (spreading factor) according to service in UMTS
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) in UMTS
Scrambling codes
used to differentiate un-synchronized codes (from other UEs or Node-Bs)
1 scrambling code per sector on downlink
PN code family in UMTS
Channelization codes
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) are used for channelization, that
means for spreading
The codes are mutually orthogonal, if they are synchronized in the time
domain
Codes are taken from the OVSF code tree
Following codes are not allowed to be used:
Codes between a used code and the code tree root
Codes following a used code
Spreading codes: OVSF code tree
copy
c2,1= 1 1
c1,1= 1
SF= 1
copy
c4,1= 1 1 1 1
reverse
c4,2= 1 1 -1 -1
reverse
c4,3= 1 -1 1 -1
c2,2= 1 -1
reverse
c4,4= 1 -1 -1 1
SF= 2
SF= 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 -1 -1
-1
1 1 -1 -1
-1
1 -1 1 -1
-1
1 -1 1 -1
-1
1 -1 -1 1
1 1 -1 -1
-1 -1 1 1
1 -1 1 -1
-1
-1 1 -1 1
1 -1 -1 1
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1
Up to SF=256
Spreading codes
Code tree organisation
SF16
SF32
x 16
SF64
SF128
SF256
Not available
Available
Used by DL DPCH
C64, 1
S-CCPCH
C256, 3
AICH
C256, 2
PICH
C256,1
P-CCPCH
C256, 0
P-CPICH
OVSF : Orthogonality property
c4,1= 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1
c2,1= 1 1
c4,2= 1 1 -1 -1
c1,1= 1
c4,3= 1 -1 1 -1
c2,2= 1 -1
Codes free
c4,4= 1 -1 -1 1
1 1 -1 -1
-1
1 1 -1 -1
-1
1 -1 1 -1
-1
1 -1 1 -1
-1
1 -1 -1 1
1 1 -1 -1
-1 -1 1 1
1 -1 1 -1
-1
-1 1 -1 1
1 -1 -1 1
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1
Codes used
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Scrambling codes
Long scrambling codes

Improved cross correlation
Uniform distribution of the interference
A Gold sequence is used with length of 38400 chips
In case of Multi-User detection (MUD), short scrambling codes (different

family of codes) can be used (easier computations)
Downlink Scrambling Code
Downlink scrambling code

One code per cell (sector/carrier) : Configurable by operator
512 sets of 16 codes each (1 primary and 15 secondary)
Only the primary scrambling code is used for all Common Channels
SC#129
SC#128
SC#0
SC#1
RNC
Node
B
Node
B
SC#130
SC#2
SC: Scrambling Code
Uplink scrambling code groups

o UE uses scrambling code from 0 to max 241-1
o The network assigns the scrambling code to be used by the UE
Done on RNC basis
Groups per RNC to be planned
o The uplink scrambling codes are divided into 512 code groups
o Each code group has max 232 codes
o These 512 code groups match to the 512 primary codes of the downlink
Interference limited system
Thanks to spreading/de-spreading
Desired signal is raised
Interference signals are kept low
B
B
Channel
spreading
Processing
gain
Despreading
Thermal Noise
However the level of interference must be controlled to to avoid receiving

too much interference and not being able to discriminate useful signal
Near-Far-Problem
UE 1

UE 2
Before despreading
After despreading
Up to around 80 dB attenuation between UE1 and UE2

If UE1 and UE2 transmitted with the same power, UE1 would jam UE2 : socalled near-far effect
Solution : power control
Need for an efficient power control able to fight against slow AND fast
fading!
Power Control
TX Power is adjusted regularly so that each connection is received with the

required Eb/Nt of its service
Uplink: Avoid Near-Far-Problem
Downlink: Power share allocation
Policy: No one gets a higher quality (Eb/Nt) than he needs. Everyone gets
exactly the required quality or is not served at all
no unnecessary increase of interference for other mobiles
no waste of common power resource in the downlink
Interference limited
Interference level relative to Noise level

(dB)
When the number of users in the cell increases, the interference level
increases (noise rise), the required received power at the base station
to reach a given Eb/Nt (quality) increases
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Number of simultaneous users per sector
For high interference level, the required received power becomes

infinite: power control is unstable pole capacity
Coverage and capacity are linked in CDMA systems
Cell breathing
Considering the limitation of maximal transmit power, the increase of

required received power due to high traffic will lead to decrease the
cell range
The cell coverage decreases when the traffic increases : so-called cell
breathing phenomenon
Coverage and capacity are linked in CDMA systems
Load control
Traffic density
increases
Deployed intersite distance
In order to avoid power control instability and coverage holes due to high
traffic level, the level of interference received by a base station should be
controlled by means of admission and load control algorithms
CDMA Uplink capacity
CDMA uplink capacity depends on the service bit rate, required Eb/No, load
(interference) level =>Theory of Pole point formula (pole capacity) in
monoservice
1
X
N=
1 +
1 + F Eb Rb
N
W
o
N : number of simultaneous users per

sector
F : ratio between intracell and extracell

interference
X : cell load level (related to noise rise)
Soft capacity : if a cell is surrounded by lower loaded cells, this cell can
support a higher number of users
Uplink Cell load (monoservice)
The UL cell load is directly linked to the so called Noise Rise or interference
level
100 % UL cell load means infinite mobile power required
NoiseRise = 10 log(1 X UL )
monoservice
Interference level as a function of capa city

Interference level (dB)
Note:
For cell load above 75 %, the
system gets unstable
35
30
25
20
15
50% of cell load

(3dB of interference)
10
max loading : 75%
5
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Cell loa ding (%)
90
100
CDMA downlink
Downlink particularities
The downlink signals of the Node-B are synchronised
In W-CDMA, OVSF spreading codes have orthogonality properties : less
intracell interference
The total transmit power of Node-B is shared between traffic channels and
common channels (pilot, paging, synchronisation)
A constant part of power is dedicated to common channels
Downlink traffic channels are power controlled. The maximal transmit power
and the dynamic of power have to be parameterized for each service
The maximal total downlink power is the limiting factor
Other W-CDMA particularities
No frequency reuse pattern

Scrambling code planification required
512 scrambling codes in W-CDMA
Soft-handover capability
RAKE receiver
Radio Environment
UMTS Radio Environment

Propagation model
o No special propagation model currently used for broadband signals at 2GHz
o Standard propagation model based on Hata-Okumura model for macrocellular

COST-HATA is only valid for 1500-2000 MHz
Calibration of morpho correction factors required

Shadowing and Fast fading (1)
Due to reflection and diffraction of the transmit signal on obstacles, the

received signal will suffer from slow and fast attenuations
0
Lognormal fading
Raleygh fading
-10
Received Power [dBm]
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
Distance [m]
49.9
47.3
44.7
42.1
39.4
36.8
34.2
31.6
29.0
26.3
23.7
21.1
18.5
15.9
13.2
10.6
8.0
5.4
2.8
0.1
-70

Shadowing and Fast fading (2)
In UMTS, power control will fight against shadowing and fast fading
25
Fast fading samples (dB)

Transmit power (dBm)
Transmit power
Received Power at Node-B (dBm)
20
Power (dBm)
Fast fading values (dB)
15
10
-5
-10
Received power
-15
-20
0
1000
2000
3000
Slot Number (0,666 ms)
1000
2000
Slot Number(0,666ms)
3000

Shadowing
Same as in GSM
Slow fading variations due to obstacles (buildings, hills,) are called
shadowing
Normal/Gaussian Distribution
0.3
Probability Densitiy Function
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0
10
12
Fade Level
Shadowing can be modeled as a random variable with log-normal distribution

of 0 mean and standard deviation that is characteristic of the environment

Multipath Diversity
Due to Reflection and diffraction of the transmit signal on obstacles there is

not only one path but a large number of paths with different delays and
amplitudes
Multipa th profile
In W-CDMA, due to larger bandwidth, RAKE receiver will take benefit of this
diversity

RAKE receiver (1)
RAKE receiver is a spread-spectrum receiver that is able to track and

demodulate resolvable multipath components :
It takes benefit of multipath diversity
RAKE receiver
combining
In W-CDMA, with 3.84 Mcps, a RAKE receiver will be able to discriminate

multipath having delays higher than one chip duration (0.26 s)

RAKE receiver (2)
It combines the delayed replicas of the transmitted signal to improve

reception quality : time-diversity technique:
Identify the delay positions on which significant energy arrives and allocate
correlation receivers (RAKE fingers) to those peaks
Within each correlation receiver, track the changing phase and amplitude
values and correct them (thanks to pilot symbol estimation)
Combine the demodulated and phase-adjusted symbols across all active

fingers and present them to the decoder for further processing (maximal
ratio combining)

Typical multipath channels (1)
o Typical multipath channels can be derived from measurement campaigns

o ITU defined such typical profiles and they were used during the UMTS radio
interface evaluation process:
Vehicular A & B,
Outdoor to Indoor A & B,
Indoor Office A & B

Typical multipath channels (2)
Power
Power
0 110 190 410
t [ns]
310
P e d e s tr ia n A
1090
710
1730
V e h ic u la r A
Tap
R e la tiv e
D e la y (n s )
A v e ra g e
P o w e r (d B )
R e la tiv e
D e la y (n s )
A v e ra g e
P o w e r (d B )
110
-9 .7
310
-1 .0
190
-1 9 .2
710
-9 .0
410
-2 2 .8
1090
-1 0 .0
1730
-1 5 .0
2510
-2 0 .0
Environment
Channel power
variance for 1
antenna (dB)
Pedestrian A
24.5
Vehicular A
8.5
Power control gain

Large gain can be expected at low
speeds (<10 km/h)
Medium
Interchip
interference
Small
Large
2510
t [ns]

Fast fading (1)
o Each main path is a superposition of multiple paths that are very close to
each other which implies that its amplitude is Rayleigh distributed
This effect is known as Rayleigh or Fast fading
Rayleigh PDF
Rayleigh
Small-Scale Fading
o
o Fast fading is not symmetrical (deeper negative fades than positive fades)

Fast fading (2)
6 paths with
2 main paths
Veh. A :
Half a wavelength between 2 fading holes (90 ms for

3km/h, 5.4 ms for 50km/h)
10
Vehicular A 3 km/h
Vehicular A
Relative
delay (ns)
Average
power (dB)
310
-1
710
-9
1090
-10
1730
-15
2510
-20
Vehicular A 50 km/h
5
Fast Fading value (dB)
Tap
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
-5
-10
-15
Slot number (every 0,666ms)
700
800
900
1000

C/I and Eb/No
C/I
Eb/No
Ec/Io
DEMODULATOR
chips
chips
bits
Decoder
RF Filter
60MHz
Down LP Filter
Converter 3.84 MHz
D.A.C
Digital Filter
Nyquist
Descrambling
Despreading
o Eb/Nt target = minimum required power density (or energy per bit) over the
interference (or noise) power density to reach target BER/BLER after decoding
C/I = (Eb*Rb)/(No*W) = (Eb*Rb)/(No*Rc) = Eb/No * Rb/Rc
(C/I)
dB = (Eb/No)target dB - PG dB
(C/I)target
target dB = (Eb/No)target dB - PG dB
o Example of speech : (Eb/No)target around 6 dB for good BER means a
(C/I)target of 6-25= -19 dB (GSM : 9-12 dB)

Link level simulations
o Eb/No figures gives performance for dimensioning

o Eb/No figures depend on service, mobile speed, multipath channel profile,
diversity technique used
o Link level simulations model the transmitter and receiver channels (coding,
decoding, spreading, despreading, demodulation, power control)
o Link level simulations enable to derive Eb/No figures according to required
BLER target

Eb/No measurements
o Eb/No can also be measured on the equipment:

on lab tests
on the field (on-air network)
o Note that specific test conditions have been defined by 3GPP to characterize
the performances of the Node-B:
specific channel mapping
specific multipath channel
Not suited for

dimensioning purpose
without power control

Receiver Sensitivity
Rx Sensitivity calculation : minimum required C level to reach a given quality

(C/I target) when facing only thermal noise
in dB
Reference
ReferenceSensitivity
Sensitivity = (C/I) +NF + 10log(NtW)
in dBm
= NF +10log(Nt)+ 10log[(Eb/N0)] + 10log(Rb)
Where:
Service dependent
Nt Thermal Noise density, 10log(Nt) =-174 dBm/Hz

(Eb/No) : Service target Eb/No (here: non-logarithmic)
Rb: Service bit rate
NF: Node-B Noise figure in dB
Logical/Transport/Physical
Channels
Logical, Transport, Physical channels
Logical Channels
are defined by the kind of information transported
signaling, system information, user data,
Transport Channels
are defined by how and with what characteristics data is transported
max delay, type of coding, required BER, transport format, ...
Physical Channels are defined by

information transported
stand alone (Layer 1 support)
signaling, common and dedicated channels
slot format
Mapping between different channel types in FDD
PHY data
transfer
services
provided on
transport
channels
MAC data transfer

services provided
on logical channels
Control Channels
Traffic Channels
UPLINK
CCCH
DOWNLINK
RLC Layer
LOGICAL
CHANNELS
DCCH
DTCH
Dedicated
Transport
Channels
PCCH
BCCH
PCH
BCH
CCCH
CTCH
DCCH
DTCH
MAC Layer
RACH
CPCH
TRANSPORT
CHANNELS
DCH
Common
Transport
Channels
FACH
DSCH
DCH
PDSCH
DPCCH
DPDCH
PHY Layer
PRACH
PCPCH
DPCCH
DPDCH
Standalone physical channels

without connection to transport layer
PHYSICAL
CHANNELS
SCH
CPICH
SCCPCH
AICH
PCCPCH
PICH
CSICH
CD/CA-ICH
Variable bit
rate support
and
multiplexing
Mapping between different channel types in FDD

Dedicated
channels
Control info
bw UE and
network
Paging and
broadcast
Point-tomultipoint
channel
UPLINK
CCCH
Random
access
DOWNLINK
DCCH
DTCH
LOGICAL
CHANNELS
PCCH
BCCH
PCH
BCH
RACH
CPCH
DCH
TRANSPORT
CHANNELS
PRACH
PCPCH
DPCCH
DPDCH
PHYSICAL
CHANNELS
SCCPCH
CCCH
FACH
PCCPCH
CTCH
DCCH
DTCH
DSCH
DCH
PDSCH
DPCCH
DPDCH
Common control
physical
channels
Standalone physical channels
without connection to transport layer
SCH
Synchro
CPICH
Pilot
AICH
PICH
CSICH
Acquisition
Indicator
CD/CA-ICH
Paging
Indicator
Logical channels
PCCH - Paging control Channel
(DL)
DL Paging information
BCCH - Broadcast Control Channel
(DL)
DL System control information

e.g. Cell identity, UL interference level
CCCH - Common control Channel
(UL/DL)
For transmitting control information between the network and Ues. The CCCH is
commonly used by UEs having no RRC connection and after cell reselection
e.g. initial access (RRC connection request, cell update)
Logical channels
CTCH - Common Traffic Channel
(DL)
channel to transfer dedicated user information to all or a group of UEs

e.g. SMS Cell broadcast
DCCH - Dedicated Control Channel
(UL/DL)
transmits dedicated control information between UE and UTRAN

e.g. measurement reports, radio bearer setup
DTCH - Dedicated Traffic Channel

The DTCH carries user data
e.g. speech, Fax, video, web, ...
(UL/DL)
Transport Channels
Why?
A transport channel offers flexibility to arrange information on any servicespecific rate, delay or coding before mapping it on a physical channel:
provides flexibility in traffic variation
enables multiplexing of transport channels on the same physical channel
Provide flexibility in supporting different technologies: ATM, IP, ADSL, etc
Transport Channels
Definition

Services provided by PHY layer to higher layers

Defined by how and with what characteristics data is transferred over the air
Dedicated Channels
Common Channels
Dedicated Channels
DCH - Dedicated to a single UE
Uplink or Downlink
Common Channels

BCH Broadcast (DL, system and cell information, single TF)

FACH Forward Access Channel (DL)
PCH Paging Channel (DL)
RACH Random Access Channel (UL)
CPCH Common Packet Channel (UL)
DSCH Downlink Shared Channel (DL)
Transport Channels
General Concepts
Transport Block: Basic unit b/w MAC and Layer 1, Layer 1 adds a CRC to each
Transport Block
Transport Block Set: Set of TB exchanged at the same time using the same
Transport Channel
Transmission Time Interval: MAC delivers one Transport Block Set per TTI (multiple
of 10ms) to Layer 1
Transport Format: Information describing a TBS and how it has to be delivered
Transport Format Set: Set of Transport Formats associated to a Transport Channel
Transport Format Combination: Authorized combination of TF that can be
simultaneously submitted to Layer 1
Transport Format Combination Set: Set of TFC on a CCTrCH
Transport Format Indicator: Label for a TF within a TFS
Transport Format Combination Indicator: Representation of the TFC
Transport Channels
Transport Channels
General Concepts
MAC indicates the TFI to L1 at each delivery of TBS on each Transport Channel
L1 builds the TFCI from all TFI from parallel Transport Channels
L1 processes the Transport Blocks appropriately
L1 appends the TFCI to the physical control channel
Transport Channels
BCH - Broadcast Channel

for broadcasting of system information over entire cell
no power control, fix bit rate
PCH - Paging Channel

association with Page Indicator Channel PICH, to support efficient sleep mode
procedures
must be broadcast over entire cell
FACH - Forward Access Channel

Common DL channel used for transmission of
control information
small amount of packet data
open loop power control
Transport Channels
DCH - Dedicated Channel

DCH is the only Dedicated Transport Channel
Channel dedicated to one UE
Supports
Fast Power Control, variable bit rate, SHO, transmit diversity, beam
forming
DSCH - Downlink Shared Channel

Similar to the FACH
Carries dedicated user data and/or control information
Always associated with a downlink DCH (with SF of 256)
DSCH supports
sharing between different users
no SFH, but Fast PC due to associated DCH
Transport Channels
RACH - Random Access Channel

carries control information or small amounts of packet data
e.g. for initial access or non-real-time dedicated control or traffic data
transmitted over entire cell supported by open loop power control
CPCH - Common Packet Channel

Similar to DSCH in DL, used for transmission of bursty data traffic
possibility to
transmit over part of the cell (beam forming)
change rate fast
fast power control
initial risk of collision, but collision detection (CD/CA-ICH)

Is shared by the UEs in a cell -> common resource
Physical Channels
(TS25.211)
Channels without connection to transport channels are called Stand-alone

channels
All Stand-alone channels exist in DL only
Stand alone channels are
CPICH
Common Pilot Channel
SCH
Synchronization Ch (Primary & Secondary)
AICH
Acquisition Indication Channel
PICH
Paging Indicator Channel
CSICH
CPCH Status Indicator Channel
CD/CAICH
Indicator Channel
Collision Detection / Channel Assignment
Physical Channels
Uplink DPDCH and DPCCH
DPDCH carries the DCH transport channel
Feedback
Information for
closed-loop
TxDiv
DPCCH carries L1 control information

I/Q multiplexed
Data
Ndata bits
DPDCH
Channel
estimation
Tslot = 2560 chips, Ndata = 10*2k bits (k=0..6)

Pilot
Npilot bits
DPCCH
TFCI
NTFCI bits
FBI
NFBI bits
TPC
NTPC bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10 bits
Transport
Format
Combination
Indicator
DPCCH: Fixed spreading factor of 256

Power Control
command
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i
1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
Slot #14
Physical Channels
Downlink DPDCH and DPCCH
DPCCH
DPDCH
Data1
Ndata1 bits
TPC
NTPC bits
TFCI
NTFCI bits
DPDCH
DPCCH
Data2
Ndata2 bits
Pilot
Npilot bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k=0..7)
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i
One radio frame, Tf = 10 ms
Slot #14
Physical Channels
PRACH: Physical Random Access Channel
Based on slotted ALOHA with fast acquisition indication
Preamble
Repetition
of a 16 chip
signature
Preamble
4096 chips
Message part
10 ms (one radio frame)
Preamble
Data part
mapped to
the RACH
Preamble
Preamble
Preamble
4096 chips
Message part
20 ms (two radio frames)
Data
Ndata bits
Data
Pilot
Npilot bits
Control
TFCI
NTFCI bits
Control part
for channel
estimation
and TFCI
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i
Message part radio frame TRACH = 10 ms
Slot #14
Physical Channels
AICH: Acquisition Indicator Channel
Fixed rate (SF=256)
Carries Acquisition Indicators (AI)
An AI corresponds to a signature on the PRACH
AI part = 4096 chips, 32 real-valued symbols
a0 a1 a 2
AS #14
AS #0
AS #1
a30 a31
1024 chips
Transmission Off
AS #i
20 ms
AS #14
AS #0
Physical Channels
CPICH: Common Pilot Channel
Fixed rate (30Kbps, SF=256)
Aid the channel estimation at UE
Provide phase reference for the common channels
Used for measurements in case of hand-over and cell selection/re-selection
Pre-defined bit sequence
Tslot = 2560 chips , 20 bits
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i
Slot #14
Physical Channels
P-CCPCH: Primary Common Control Physical Channel
Fixed rate (30Kbps, SF=256)
Carries BCH
Timemultiplexed
with SCH
256 chips
Data
Ndata1=18 bits
(Tx OFF)
Tslot = 2560 chips , 20 bits
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i
Slot #14
Physical Channels
S-CCPCH: Secondary Common Control Physical Channel
Carries FACH and PCH
TFCI
NTFCI bits
Data
Ndata1 bits
Pilot
Npilot bits
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i
Slot #14
Physical Channels
SCH - Synchronization Channel
Time multiplexed with PCCPCH
first 256 chips of slot SCH, rest PCCPCH
Primary SCH
Consists of a a fixed 256 chips code Primary Synchronization Code (PSC)
The PSC is the same for every cell in the system
The PSC is repeated in each slot
Secondary SCH
Transmitted in parallel to the Primary SCH
In each of the 15 slots a different Secondary Synchronization Code SSC is
transmitted
The SSC sequence indicates the used downlink scrambling code set (8 codes) out of
64 scrambling code groups
Physical Channels
AICH - Acquisition Indication Channel
SF256, Frame length 20ms 5120 chips/slot
Used to confirm reception of (P)RACH
PICH - Paging Indicator Channel

SF=256, carries the paging indicators
associated with an SCCPCH to which a PCH transport channel is mapped
Once a PI message has been detected on the PICH, the UE decodes the next PCH
frame transmitted on the SCCPCH whether there is a paging message intended for
it.
CSICH - CPCH Status Indication Channel

CD/CA-ICH - CPCH Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator Channel
All CPCH related physical channels support the operation of the UL CPCH transport
channel
Basic Algorithms
Interfaces to Layer 1
Radio Resource Control
CPHY primitives
Control of the
configuration
Layer 3
Medium Access Control
Layer 2
Transfer of transport blocks

Status of Layer 1
Transport blocks and error indication
Physical Layer
PHY primitives
Layer 1
Layer 1 Functions
FEC encoding/decoding of transport channels
Measurements
Macro-diversity distribution/combining and soft-handover
Error detection on transport channels
Multiplexing of transport channels and de-multiplexing of CCTrCh
Rate matching
Mapping of CCTrCh on PHY channels
Modulation/de-modulation and spreading/de-spreading of PHY channels
Frequency and time synchronization
Closed-loop power control
Power weighting and combining of PHY channels
RF processing
Cell Search
Cell Search
Step 1: Slot synchronization
UE uses SCH primary synchronization code
Primary synchronization code is common to all cells
The primary synchronization code is the same in every slot slot boundary
Step 2: Frame synchronization and code-group identification

UE uses the SCH secondary synchronization code
Correlation with all possible 64 secondary synchronization codes
Step 3: Scrambling code identification

Correlation over the CPICH with all (8) codes of the code-group
P-CCPCH can be detected
Random Access
o UE randomly selects an access slot and a signature
o It transmits a Preamble with Preamble_Initial_Power
o If no answer, it chooses a new slot and a new signature; power is increased
by Power_Ramp_Step
o In case of positive answer, message part is transmitted
Near-Far-Problem
UE 1

UE 2
Before despreading
After despreading
Up to around 80 dB attenuation between UE1 and UE2

If UE1 and UE2 transmitted with the same power, UE1 would jam UE2 :
so-called near-far effect
Solution : power control
Need for an efficient power control able to fight against slow AND fast
fading!
Power control
In UMTS FDD, all users are sharing the same frequency band
W-CDMA requires power control to minimize the level of interference
(interference-limited system)
Power control is applied on both uplink and downlink
Power control minimizes the transmission power to match the quality target
for each radio access bearer service
No one should get more power than necessary to reach the required QoS
Avoids near-far problem on uplink
Power Control
Need for a fast power control (1)
o The transmit power must vary

in time to compensate for the
variations of the attenuation
over the air interface:
Slow attenuation (shadowing

due to obstacles)
fast attenuation (fast fading).
Lognormal fading
Raleygh fading
-10
-20
Received Power [dBm]
attenuation due to distance,
-30
-40
-50
-60
Distance [m]
49.9
47.3
44.7
42.1
39.4
36.8
34.2
31.6
29.0
26.3
23.7
21.1
18.5
15.9
13.2
10.6
8.0
5.4
2.8
0.1
-70
Power Control
Need for a fast power control (2)
o Half a wavelength between 2 fading holes
o Mean time between 2 fading holes at 2 GHz:

90 ms at 3 km/h
5 ms at 50 km/h
2.25 ms at 120 km/h
o In W-CDMA UMTS FDD, the rate of power control is equal to one power
control command every 0.666 ms (1500Hz vs. 2Hz in GSM)
Power Control
Example of Fast fading according to speed
6 paths with
2 main paths
Veh. A :
Half a wavelength between 2 fading holes (90

ms for 3km/h, 5.4 ms for 50km/h)
10
Vehicular A 3 km/h
Vehicular A
Relative
delay (ns)
Average
power (dB)
310
-1
710
-9
1090
-10
1730
-15
2510
-20
Vehicular A 50 km/h
5
Fast Fading value (dB)
Tap
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
-5
-10
-15
Slot number (every 0,666ms)
700
800
900
1000
Power Control
Power Control behaviour
In UMTS, power control will fight against shadowing and fast fading
25
Fast fading samples (dB)

Transmit power (dBm)
Transmit power
Received Power at Node-B (dBm)
20
Power (dBm)
Fast fading values (dB)
15
10
-5
-10
Received power
-15
-20
0
1000
2000
3000
Slot Number (0,666 ms)
1000
2000
Slot Number(0,666ms)
3000
Power Control
Open and closed loops
o In UMTS, different power control loops are defined:

open-loop power control
closed-loop power control
inner loop
outer loop
o The open-loop enables to compute UE transmit power (initial traffic channel

power or PRACH preamble power) from system information broadcast by the
cell
o The closed-loop enables to compute the transmit power according to the

power control commands (TPC) received from the opposite link
Power Control
Open loop
No feedback whether the transmit power setting was ok or not

Uplink
Downlink
Node-B sends:
UE sends:
output power
measurement reports
needed SIR
UTRAN calculates output

power from:
uplink interference level
UE calculates output power from:
UE measurement reports
Node-B output power
Node-B output power
Measured received signal
needed SIR
needed SIR
uplink interference level
Power Control
Uplink closed loop
TPC commands
SIR target (FP) Serving RNC

Node B
INNER-LOOP
UL DPCCH/DPDCH
OUTER-LOOP
Transport blocks + CRCI (FP)
UE
NODE B
SRNC
Adjusts Tx power
based on received
TPC commands
SIR measurement on UL DPCCH
Adjusts SIR target based

on CRCI to reach the
target BLER (given by CN
at RAB assignment
request)
Generate TPC commands by

comparing the measured SIR to
SIR target
Decode data blocks and generate
CRCI
Power Control
Uplink inner loop
o TPC command generation every 0.666ms (1500 times per second)

If SIRmeas > SIRtarget, TPC command = power down one step
If SIRmeas < SIRtarget, TPC command = power up one step
o The step adjustment size is 1dB by default
o SIRtarget is estimated by the outer loop to reach the target BLER specified for
each service
The SIR target is typically determined 10-100 times per second
Power Control
Uplink inner loop
o Algorithm 1:
o If SIRest > SIRtarget TPC command is -1
o If SIRest < SIRtarget TPC command is +1
o Upon reception of more than one command: Algorithm 1 is based on soft

symbol decision on each command
o Algorithm 2: after 5 slots
o if all 5 TPC commands are 1 resulting TPC command is +1
o if all 5 TPC commands are 0 resulting TPC command is 1
o otherwise resulting TPC command is 0
o Upon reception of more than one command:

o For each link, compute TPC_cmd(i) as previously over 5 slots
TPC_cmd(i) > 0.5 resulting TPC command is +1

if 1/N TPC_cmd(i) < -0.5 resulting TPC command is 1
o if 1/N
o
o otherwise resulting TPC command is 0
Power Control
Uplink outer loop
o The following algorithm is used :

At each received block:
Nblocks = Nblocks + 1
If CRCI = fail Nerrors = Nerrors +1
If Nblocks Ntb
If Nerrors > Nerror_up increase SIRtarget by SIR_up

If Nerrors < Nerror_down decrease SIRtarget by SIR_down
Nblocks = 0, Nerrors = 0
o The parameters of the algorithm can be configured (one value per service)
o Thanks to the outer loop, the system will be able to adapt the Eb/No target (for a
target BLER) according to the environment moving conditions (multipath, speed for
instance)
Power Control
Downlink closed loop
DL
DPCCH/DPDCH
Outer
loop
within
UE
Node B
Target BLER
Serving
RNC
INNER-LOOP
UE
TPC
commands
SIR measurement on DL
DPCCH
Generate TPC commands
by comparing the measured
SIR to the SIR target
NODE B
Adjusts Tx power
based on received TPC
commands
Decode data blocks and

generate CRCI
Adjusts SIR target to reach
the target BLER
SRNC
Signals the target BLER
to the UE via RRC
signaling
Power Control
Needs for Power Balancing
o For the DL power control, the UE sends the same TPC command to all cells in
the active set:
When a new link is added the initial DL transmit power is not aligned with the other
cells in the Active Set
When some errors occur during UL transmission, different cells in the active set
may interpret the command differently
o This will cause a decrease of the soft-handover gain since this gain is the
largest when the receive powers from all cells in the active set are equal.
o Thus, a mechanism, known as Power balancing, is required
o Alcatel-Lucent claims 10-15% gain on capacity with power balancing
Power Control
Power balancing algorithm
DL Power control (NBAP)

Serving
Node B
RNC
Measurement report (RRC)

NODE B
UE
CPICH_Ec/Io is
regularly measured by the
UE for all cells in the
active set and reported to
the CRNC via RRC
signaling.
Change the DL DPCCH

transmit power of each cells
in the UE active set when
receiving a DL power
control command from the
CRNC
A correction is periodically
performed towards the
reference power
SRNC
Regularly computes
the DL DPCCH power as
for the initial power
Regularly sends a DL
power control command
to all Nodes B in the UE
active set (only for UE in
SHO) DL reference
power
Goal = align Node Bs transmitter powers involved in a Soft HO with a UE

Soft Handover (SHO)

Principles
Connection is shifted softly from one cell to

another cell on the same carrier
RNC
All Node Bs, which are involved in soft/softer

handover belong to the Active Set (AS) of
the communication
The decision to change the AS will mainly rely
on the measured PCPICH level of the cell
Max AS size is limited by parameter settings
All Node Bs from the AS process the signal
from the UE
Node-B 2
Received
Pilot
Signal
3 dB
Macrodiversity
Node-B 1
A softer handover is a soft handover between

different sectors of the same Node B
The UE receives the same signal from
different cells and therefore from different
paths diversity gain
Soft Handover (SHO)

Macrodiversity gain
Soft HO
In UL selection of the best signal on a frame basis at RNC level selection diversity
RNC
In DL Maximum Ratio combining due to RAKE receiver at UE

For UL & DL good decorrelation due to different locations of Node
Bs many multipaths
Softer HO
In UL Maximum. Ratio Combining at Node B
In DL Maximum Ration combining due to RAKE receiver at UE
For UL & DL less decorrelation due to same location of sectors
less multipaths
RNC
Soft Handover (SHO)

Events vs. Periodic Reporting
o The UE is told by the UTRAN, which events shall trigger a measurement report
less reports than every 480 ms in GSM
o The report is evaluated by the HO algorithm
o For Release 99 only intra frequency events are defined:

1A - a PCPICH enters the reporting range

1B - a PCPICH leaves the reporting range
1C - a nonactive PCPICH becomes better than an active primary CPICH
1D - change of best cell (Primary)
1E - a PCPICH becomes better than an absolute threshold
1F - a PCPICH becomes worse than an absolute threshold
Soft Handover (SHO)

Algorithm example
Measurement
CPICH 1
Only cell 2 in AS
As_Th + As_Th_Hyst
Only cell 1 in AS
AS_Th As_Th_Hyst
As_Rep_Hyst
CPICH 2
CPICH 3
Time
Event 1A
Add Cell 2
Event 1B
Event 1C
Replace Cell 1 Remove Cell 3
with Cell 3
Cell 1
Cell 2
Cell 3
Soft Handover (SHO)

UL closed loop Power Control and SHO
o In SHO, more than one TPC commands are sent to the UE

o The UE must combine all received TPC commands and get a single TPC value.
If at least one of the Node-Bs in the active set is sending a power down
command, the UE will reduce its output power.
TPC = Down
TPC = Up
TPC = Down
Soft Handover (SHO)

DL closed loop Power Control and SHO
Received TPC = Sent TPC ?
TPC
o As each Node-B processes the UE TPC command independently power drifting

is possible
o One Node-B performs power up while another one performs power down
o This would degrade the SHO performance and should be avoided with slower power
control:
o UE sends 3 times the same TPC and Node-B combines all the 3 to improve accuracy
Inter-Frequency handover
Hard handover
o RNC can trigger blind hard hand-over or Compress Mode HHO

o The terminal must make measurements on other frequencies while still
having the connection running on the current frequency:
Dual receiver
simple handover operation, but expensive receiver
Compressed mode (or slotted mode)

simple receiver, but complicated handover operation
UTRA cell
GSM cell
o The information is compressed time periodically (a few ms), in order to

perform measurements on the other frequencies
Compressed
frame
Downlink
10ms frame
Idle period
Hard handover
o Blind hand-over: requires overlapping of the source cell by the target cell
o Compressed mode:
o Transmission and/or reception is stopped during few ms
o UE can do measurements on another frequency
o Frames are compressed to create transmission gaps
Hard handover
o 3GPP has defined three methods for compressed mode:

o Higher layer scheduling: through reduction of the data rate
o Spreading factor reduction: PHY data rate is increased
o Puncturing: symbol rate reduction at PHY layer
o Measurements types:
o GSM Initial BSIC identification
o GSM BSIC reconfirmation
o GSM carrier RSSI
o WCDMA carrier RSSI
Call Admission Control

Principle
CAC (Call Admission Control)

Rejects all calls requesting UTRAN resources above the existing hw/sw limits
Applies to all types of traffic (CS & PS)
iRM CAC part of larger set of iRM

algorithms (intelligent resources
management)
Performs PS RABs downsize at admission according

to the load level of different resources monitored
(RF Power, Codes, CEM, Iub) and also RL quality.
Applies only on R99 PS traffic.
Other features acting during Call admission in case of lack of UTRAN resources:
HSPA2DCH Fallback: HSPA call can be reconfigured to DCH if no HSPA resources.
iMCTA CAC allows to redirect a call on another Frequency or RAT if no resources available on
the current primary cell
Call Admission Control

High traffic load behaviour
UE requests an UTRAN resource (Power, Codes, CEM, Iub) and is not getting it because
the resource is not available => resource Blocking
Blocking can impact different phases of the call:
Call Phase
Blocking Cause
Effect
Call Admission
Lack of resources at call setup
Call admission failure
Call Reconfiguration
Lack of resources to perform iRM transitions

(RB Adaptation Upsize, iRM Sched Upgrade)
Call is not reconfigured (impact on user

throughput)
Mobility
No resources available for additional RL
Additional RL not added in the Active

Set (risk of call drop)
Blocking during Call Admission phase as it is considered the most impacting for call
integrity (direct impact on call success).
The only solutions against blocking:
Additional hw resources
Resources management features activation (iRM, HSDPA fallback, iMCTA CAC)
Resources management features (iRM) usage is highly recommended

in order to avoid useless hw upgrade
RAB Allocation Procedure

Successful PS RAB Allocation
RNC
BTS
UE
CN
PS call initial connection (RRC phase)

RAB Assignment Request
iRM CAC
RNC mechanisms
RNC CAC
Radio Link Reconfiguration Prepare
BTS mechanism
BTS CAC
Radio Link Reconfiguration Ready

UP / DL Synchronization
UP / UL Synchronization
Radio Link Reconfiguration Commit
Radio Bearer Setup
Radio Bearer Setup Complete

RAB Assignment Response (Success)
BTS and RNC CAC mechanisms are involved in different call establishment phases.
iRM CAC is a specific RNC mechanism
RAB Allocation Procedure

Successful PS RAB Allocation
Main UTRAN Resources that can trigger CAC action (call admission blocking):
BTS Channel Elements Resource managed by BTS CAC
Blocking of this resource RB rejection or RL Setup/Reconfiguration failures
Iub ATM Resource managed by RNC CAC
Blocking of this resource RB rejection
RF power Resource managed by RNC CAC
UL load (RTWP) Resource managed by BTS CAC
Blocking of this resource RB rejection or RL Setup/Reconfiguration failures
OVSF Codes Resource managed by RNC CAC
RNC CPU Resource managed by the RNC
Blocking of this resource Overload mechanism => RB rejection
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Introduction to UMTS

2 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

ITU: International Telecommunications Union

IMT-2000 spectrum band identified in 1992 (Confrence Mondiale des

3 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

Variable bit rate capability

4 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

Integration with the Fixed Network

5 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

3G Frequency Band World-Wide

1885 MHz 1918 MHz

Source: The UMTS Forum

6 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

7 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

UMTS : Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

8 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

UTRA - UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access

1980 2010 2025

W-CDMA FDD mode for the paired band

TD-CDMA TDD mode for the unpaired band

9 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

Multiple Access Techniques

10 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

UTRA FDD - Characteristics

W-CDMA multiple access

11 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

UMTS Radio Access Network

12 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

Uu is the UMTS air interface between the

The mobile equipment is the radio

USIM-UMTS Subscriber Identity Module

13 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

UMTS radio access network

radio station like the BTS in GSM.

RNC-Radio Network Controller

controls radio resources of several Node Bs

RNS-Radio Network Subsystem

like BSS in GSM

UMTS Radio Access Network

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

UMTS radio access network interfaces

basic inter RNC mobility (e.g. soft

UMTS Radio Access Network

15 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

Core network - circuit switched

for circuit switched services

MSC-Mobile Services switching Center

VLR-Visitor Location Register

register database for visitors of the radio

switch from mobile network to external