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Ha i Cng
Ha i Cng
10/17/2012
Ha i Cng
Ha i Cng
10/17/2012
QU TRNH HA TAN
Bao gm hai giai on:
Ha i Cng
QU TRNH HA TAN
V d:
Xt qu trnh ha tan NaCl vo nc:
Lin kt hydro ca nc b ph v.
Ha i Cng
10/17/2012
Ha i Cng
Ch :
Qu trnh ph v lin kt
cc phn t: thu nhit.
Qu trnh to lin kt ca
cc phn t: ta nhit.
Ha i Cng
10/17/2012
H1 >0 v H2 >0.
H3 <0.
Ha i Cng
TAN
nh ngha:
Ha i Cng
10
10/17/2012
NH LUT HENRY
Sk
kPk
Mt s gi tr ca k:
Ha i Cng
11
CC YU T A.HNG N TAN
Nhit
p sut
Ha i Cng
12
10/17/2012
13
Ha i Cng
NHIT V P SUT
Ha tan cht kh trong cht lng:
Ha i Cng
14
10/17/2012
NHIT V P SUT
Ha tan cht rn trong cht lng:
15
Ha i Cng
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10/17/2012
NHIT V P SUT
Ha tan cht lng trong cht lng:
Ha i Cng
17
2. Nng mol
3. Nng molan
4. Nng phn mol
5. Nng ng lng
Ha i Cng
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10/17/2012
mi
100 (%)
mi
2. Nng mol
S mol cht tan trong 1 lit dung dch
CM
nct
(mol / l )
Vdd
19
Ha i Cng
Cm
Ha i Cng
n ct .1000
(mol / kg )
m dm
20
10
10/17/2012
ni
ni
Ni
5. Nng ng lng:
S ng lng gam cht tan trong 1 lit dung
dch (N = lg/l)
CN
mct
( N)
ct Vdd
21
Ha i Cng
NG LNG
ng lng:
ng lng ca mt nguyn t hay mt hp cht l s phn
khi lng ca nguyn t hay hp cht kt hp hoc thay
th va vi mt ng lng ca mt nguyn t hay hp
cht khc.
ng lng: A = M/n
Ha i Cng
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10/17/2012
A L MT NGUYN T
M:
n:
ha tr nguyn t
V d:
CO:
C=12/2=6
CO2 :
C=12/4=3
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Ha i Cng
A L ACID
M:
n:
V d:
H2SO4 + NaOH
NaHSO4 + H2O
A = 98/1=98
H2SO4 + 2NaOH
Na2SO4 + H2O
A = 98/2=49
Ha i Cng
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12
10/17/2012
A L BAZ
M:
n:
V d:
Ca(OH)2 + HCl
Ca(OH)Cl + H2O
A = M[Ca(OH)2]/1
Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl
CaCl2 + H2O
A = M[Ca(OH)2]/2
25
Ha i Cng
A L MUI
M:
n:
V d:
Al2(SO4)3
(Al+3) = M[Al2(SO4)3]/(2x3)
(SO4)-2)= M[Al2(SO4)3]/(3x2)
Fe2(SO4)3 + 2NH4OH = 2Fe(OH)SO4 + (NH4)2SO4
(NH4OH)= M[NH4OH] (1 nhm OH-)
(Fe2(SO4)3) = M[Fe2(SO4)3]/(1x2)
(v trong Fe2(SO4)3 c 1 nhm SO4-2 b thay th)
Ha i Cng
26
13
10/17/2012
A L CHT OXY HA KH
: khi lng phn t cht
: s e trao i trong phn ng
M
n
V d:
8Al+3KNO3+5KOH+2H2O=3NH3+8KAlO2
Al0 - 3e
Al+3
N+5 - 8e
N-3
Ha i Cng
A L CHT OXY HA KH
K2Cr2O7 + FeSO4 + H2SO4 = Cr2(SO4)3 +
Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O
2Cr+6 + 6e 2Cr+3
Fe+2 1e Fe+3
Ha i Cng
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10/17/2012
NH LUT NG LNG
29
Ha i Cng
NH LUT NG LNG
Phn ng:
aA + bB = cC + dD
Theo nh lut ng lng:
mA/A = mB/B hay mA/mB = A/B
V:
NAVA = NBVB = NCVC
Trong Ni l nng ng lng ca cht i.
Ha i Cng
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10/17/2012
NNG NG LNG
Nng ng lng:
L s ng lng gam cht tan trong 1 lt
dung dch.
K hiu: N, hoc CN.
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Ha i Cng
NNG NG LNG
V d:
Cho phn ng
H2SO4 + 2NH4OH = (NH4)2SO4 + 2H2O
Tm khi lng NH4OH cn thit phn ng va vi 2
lt dd H2SO4 0.5N.
Ta c n ca H2SO4 l 2 v ng lng l 49, nn
CA=NA/2 = 0.25M. Khi lng axit l 2x0.25x98=49g
m[NH4OH]=m[H2SO4]x([NH4OH]/[H2SO4])
Ha i Cng
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Ha i Cng
P SUT HI BO HA
Trn mt thong ca mt cht lng c cn bng lng- hi:
Bay hi
Lng
H > 0
P0(T)
Hi
Ngng t H < 0
Kp = (P)cb = P0
T, G = 0
p sut hi bo ho ca dd l hi cn bng vi
dung dch lng.
p sut hi bo ho ca cht lng l hng s
nhit xc nh v tng theo nhit
Ha i Cng
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10/17/2012
P SUT HI BO HA
cng 1 nhit , p sut hi bo ho ca dd
lun nh hn p sut hi bo ho ca dung mi
nguyn cht.
p sut hi bo ho ca dd bng tng p sut hi
bo ho ca tt c cc cu t c trong h.
Pdd = Pi
p sut hi bo ho ca dd lng, long cha
cht tan khng in ly, khng bay hi l p sut
hi bo ho ca dung mi trong dung dch.
35
Ha i Cng
NH LUT RAOULT 1
p sut hi bo ha ca dung dch bng p sut hi
bo ha ca dung mi nguyn cht nhn vi nng
phn mol ca dung mi trong dung dch
P1
P0 N1
Trong :
P0: p sut hi bo ha dung mi nguyn cht.
N1: Nng phn mol ca dung mi trong dd.
P1 <P0
Ha i Cng
P0 v P1 cng nhit T
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10/17/2012
NH LUT RAOULT 1
Gi s N2 l nng phn mol ca cht tan trong
dd.
N1 + N2 =1
N1 = 1 N2
P0 P1
P0
N2
P
P0
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Ha i Cng
NH LUT RAOULT 1
Ni Pi 0
Pi
N i Pi 0
Pdd
i
Ha i Cng
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10/17/2012
NH LUT RAOULT 1
Ti im si ca cht lng tinh khit, p sut hi
ca dung dch < 1atm.
Do cn nhit cao hn ( TS) t p sut
hi 1atm
TS
K S Cm
Ha i Cng
NHIT SI
Ha i Cng
40
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10/17/2012
NHIT NG C
h nhit ng c:
K Cm
41
Ha i Cng
Boiling Point
(oC)
Ks
(oC/(mol kg-1))
Freezing Point
(oC)
K
(oC/(mol kg-1))
Aniline
184.3
3.69
5.96
5.87
Acetic Acid
118.1
3.07
16.6
3.90
Benzene
80.1
2.65
5.5
4.90
Carbon Disulfide
46.2
2.34
111.5
3.83
Carbon
Tetrachloride
76.8
4.88
22.8
29.8
Chloroform
61.2
3.88
63.5
4.90
Cyclohexane
80.74
2.79
6.55
20.2
Diethyl Ether
34.5
2.16
116.2
1.79
Ethanol
78.4
1.19
114.6
1.99
Formic acid
101.0
2.4
8.0
2.77
Nitrobenzene
210.8
5.24
5.7
7.00
Phenol
181.75
3.60
43.0
7.27
Water
100.00 (exact)
0.52
0.0
1.86
Solvent
Ha i Cng
42
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10/17/2012
NH LUT RAOULT II
tng nhit si v gim nhit ng c ca
dung dch so vi dung mi nguyn cht th:
TS
K S Cm
K Cm
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Ha i Cng
S THM THU
Ha i Cng
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10/17/2012
S THM THU
45
Ha i Cng
nRT
n
RT
V
C M RT
Ha i Cng
46
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10/17/2012
C M RT
47
Ha i Cng
NHN XT
Ha i Cng
48
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