carrying out not long ago her expansive military polic with the decentralizing efforts of the depetiianienn cae a eat ee tories were isolating them from one another, and forced them to surrender either into the hands of the Turks, or Poland which was taking advantage of Sigismund’s difficulties, pursuing her own interests. ‘ Under these circumstances Sigismund set out for the first anti-Turkish military expedition, at the beginning of the year 1392 (partial conflicts were taking place already in the year 1391). As the Turks were not sufficiently prepared for the war, they retreated from the Hungarian frontier. Sigis- mund took the advantage of this, to do away even with another group of his enemies, with the rebellious Horvathys. He sieged and destroyed their fortresses. Bishop Horvathy succeeded in escaping but the leader of the resistance Johann Horvathy was executed along with the other most im- portant conspirators. Also the inner discrepancies among the rebellious lords which arose after Tvrdko’s death helped the liquidation of the re- sistent clique. When Tvrdko’s successor, Stephan Dabischia, saw the un- maintainble position of the Horvathys, he quickly joined Sigismund, sur- rendered to him, and because of that he got Bosnia for his life-time. After his death Bosnia had to fall under the Hungarian crown.” Sigismund did not want to waste time in vain. (His army consisted pro- bably of mercenary soldiers that cost him a lot of money — see the participa- tion of foreign people and both his cousins the Moravian margraves.) This is why he attacked both Walachia and the Turks. He destroyed the Turkish navy on the Danube, expelled them from Bulgaria (from the northern part adjacent to the Danube), and his armies conquered and fortified Maly Nikopol on the Danube. Nevertheless, this success was not of a lasting nature.5t Sigismund was compelled to focus his attention on Poland for a certain period of time, to avert the danger threatening the side of Vladislas Jagello and Queen Hedviga.®? At the same time he observed also the situation in Bohemia, where opposition against his brother Wenceslas IV was being formed, and grouped into the so-called “Lords’ Union”. Wenceslas’ ® On the Sigismund’s discussions with Dabi8 and on the struggle with aristocracy in the South, see KARACSONYI, J.: A diakovari egyeszég éve, Szazadok XLIII, 1909, p. 579. See also ASCHBACH, op. cit. I, p. 81. He assumes, however, that Queen Mary died in 1392 and so he shifts the defeat of the Horvaths to 1392, which is not correct. The decisive fights at Dobor, centre of the rebels, took place in Autumn 1393 and in | Spring 1394, Jén Horvathy was captured. Dabi’a met Sigismund in July 1394, i, e. after the defeat of rebels. See HOMAN - SZEKF, op. cit. Il, p. 338. _ & ASCHBACK, op. cit, I, p. 91.