RESOURCES

AND
DEVELOPMENT

CLASS X (GEOGRAPHY)

NATURAL RESOURCES

TYPES OF RESOURCES
ON THE BASIS OF ORIGIN:
BIOTIC RESOURCES

ABIOTIC RESOURCES

ON THE BASIS OF EXHAUSTIBILITY:

RENEWABLE RESOURCES

NON RENEWABLE RESOURCES

ON THE BASIS OF OWNERSHIP

INDIVIDUAL RESOURCES
COMMUNITY OWNED RESOURCES
NATIONAL RESOURCES
INTERNATIONAL RESOURCES

INDIVIDUAL RESOURCES

COMMUNITY OWNED
RESOURCES

NATIONAL RESOURCES

INTERNATIONAL RESOURCES

ON THE BASIS OF STATUS OF

DEVELOPMENT:
POTENTIAL RESOURCES
DEVELOPED RESOURCES
STOCK
RESERVE

DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES

It is the process of developing the resources in order to

make them useful for satisfying human wants. Some
resources cannot be used directly. They have to be
processed to make them useful for satisfying our wants.
Ex: Land has to be cleared and
ploughed for growing crops. Water has to be taken to
the field to irrigate.

PROBLEMS CREATED BY INDISCRIMINATE

USE OF RESOURCE BY MAN

a. Many resources got depleted. Ex: Forest

b. Resources got
of few people.
rich and poor.

accumulated in the hands

The society is divided into

c. Global warming, ozone layer depletion,

environmental degradation are other
problems.

SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
The economic development which does not
damage the environment and at the same time
takes care of the needs of the future generations
is called sustainable development
Sustainable Development is important because:
1) Many of the resources are
non-renewable and exhaustible. Over
exploitation of these resources will affect the
needs of our future generations.
2) Environmental pollution
has become a major threat to the survival of
human beings

RESOURCE PLANNING
Resource planning is a technique or skill of proper utilization of
resources.
STAGES OF RESOURCE PLANNING
a) IDENTIFICATION AND LISTING OF RESOURCES
Surveying, mapping and the
measurement of the qualities and the quantities of the
resources are the important activities undertaken at this stage.
b) PLANNING FOR EXPLOITATION
Develop a planning structure with
suitable technology, skill and institutional setup.

c) MATCH RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT PLANS WITH NATIONAL

DEVELOPMENT PLANS.

IMPORTANCE OF RESOURCE PLANNING

It is necessary for the balanced development of India.
1) Some regions of India are rich in certain resources and poor
in some other resources.
Ex: Rajasthan is poor in water resources but rich in
solar and wind energy.
2) Some regions are self sufficient while other regions are very
poor in important resources. Ex: Madhya Pradesh is rich in many
resources but Ladakh is poor in resources.
3) Wastage of resources can be avoided by planning.
4) Environmental pollution can be reduced.
5) Over exploitation of resources can be avoided.

RESOURCE CONSERVATION
Planned use of resources in order to meet the
present needs and to store a part for the future
generations is called resource conservation.
It is necessary because
1) Many resources are nonrenewable and exhaustible. If we conserve them
we can use them for a longer period of time.
2) Conservation of resources
helps us to reduce wastage. It will help in
economic progress.
3) Resource conservation
helps us to protect the environment.

IDEAS OF GANDHIJI ABOUT THE

CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES.
According to Gandhiji, There is enough for
everybodys need and not for anybodys
greed.
Greedy and selfish individuals and the
exploitative nature of modern technology
are the root cause for resource depletion.
He was against mass production and wanted
to replace it with production by masses.

LAND AS A RESOURCE.

Land is the habitat of man.

All the economic activities are performed
on land.
The soil cover on the land is essential for
plant growth. So land is necessary for
agriculture. Land is used to setup industrial
units.
Roads and railways are built on the land.
Commercial activities also require land.
Natural vegetation and wild life are
supported by land.

LAND UNDER DIFFERENT RELIEF

FEATURES IN INDIA

PLAINS
- 43%
MOUNTAINS
- 30%
PLATEAUES
- 27%
43% of Indias land area is plain. This
region is good for agriculture and
industry. 30% of the land area is
mountains. This region is rich in water
resources. Plateaus occupy 27% of the
land area. This region is rich in minerals,
fossil fuels and forest.

LAND USE PATTERN IN INDIA

Total land area of India is 3.28 million square km.
i). 43.41% of the land area is net sown area.
ii). Forests occupy 22.57% of land area.
iii). 6.29% of the land is waste land.
iv). 7.92% of the land is used for non agricultural
purposes.
v). 3.45% of the land is pastoral land.
vi). 1.10% of the land is tree crops.
vii). 4.41% of the land is cultivable waste.
viii). 3.82% of the land is fallow other than current
fallow.
ix) 7.03% of the land is current fallow.

CAUSES OF LAND DEGRADATION

i). Large scale soil erosion caused by running water

and wind.
ii). Dumping of waste materials from mining centers
and industrial units.
iii). Over irrigation leads to increase in salinity and
alkalinity in the soil.
iv). Over grazing by animals and deforestation by man.
v). Waste water from the industrial units pollute the
lands.
vii).Mineral processing like grinding of limestone for
cement industry and calcite and soap stone for
ceramic industry creates a lot of dust. This dust is
deposited in the neighbouring land.

HOW DO INDUSTRIES CAUSE LAND

DEGRADATION?
i). Some industries dump solid waste which
contains harmful chemicals on the
neighboring lands.
ii). Some industries discharge waste water to
the fields.
iii). Mineral processing like grinding of limestone
for cement industries and calcite and soap
stone for ceramic industry creates a lot of
dust. This dust is deposited in the
neighbouring land.
iv). Clearing of forest for industrial purpose also
cause degradation.

LAND CONSERVATION MEASURES

i). Soil erosion can be prevented by ending

deforestation, controlling grazing, encouraging
afforestation and practicing terrace farming in hilly
areas.
ii). Preparation of shelter belts of plants and stabilizing
of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes will help to
prevent land degradation in deserts.
iii). Mining activities should be controlled. New
technology which reduces wastage can be adopted.
iv). Industrial waste should be chemically treated to
remove the harmful substances.
v). Urban waste should be used for the production of
bio-gas and bio-manure.
vi). Over irrigation should be stopped and new method
of irrigation should be followed

DEGRADED LAND IN INDIA.

130 million hectares of land is degraded
in India.
56% of it is water eroded area.
28% of it is forest degraded area.
6% of it is saline and alkaline deposits.

SOIL

SOIL
The upper most layer of the earths crust which is loose ,
broken and useful for plants is called soil.

Soil consists of mineral matter such as sand and clay and

Organic matter such as humus, bacteria and earth
worms.
Soil is formed mainly due to the process of weathering.
As a result of weathering a layer of loose rock materials is
formed on the land surface. If this layer remains
undisturbed for a long period of time, chemical, physical
and organic changes take place in it. These changes lead
to the formation of soil.

FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE (OR)

GOVERN THE SOIL FORMATION PROCESS
1) Climate:
Climate decides the rate of weathering and the
type of vegetation.
2) Topography:
Topography of the land decides the accumulation of
soil.
3) Nature of parent rock:
It decides compositions and texture of the soil.
4)Vegetation:
Vegetation decides the amount of humus available
in the soil.

SOILS ARE OUR PRIME

RESOURCES
i). Man depends on the soil directly or
indirectly for his food.
ii). Agriculture can be practiced only if
soils are available.
iii). Man gets the materials needed for
shelter and clothing directly (or)
indirectly from the soil.
iv). Soils are essential for the growth of
forests.

ALLUVIAL SOILS

ALLUVIAL SOILS
i). Alluvial soil is the most fertile and wide
spread soil found in India.
ii). It is formed due to the deposition of fine
silt called alluvium by the rivers.
iii). It is found in the northern plains, Gujarat
plains and the coastal plains.
iv). It consists of sand, silt and clay.
v). It is divided into khadar and Bangar [new
alluvium and old alluvium] It contains soil
nutrients such as potash, phosphoric acid
and lime. So, it is fertile and good for the
growth of sugarcane, rice, wheat and pulses.

BLACK SOILS

BLACK SOILS
Regur soils are called black cotton soils because
they are black in colour and are very good for
cotton cultivation.
It is made up of extremely fine clayey materials.
It has the capacity to hold moisture for a long
time. These soils develop deep cracks in summer.
This helps in the aeration of the soil.
This soil is sticky. It is mainly found in the Deccan
Trap region of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya
Pradesh and Chattisgarh.
It is formed due to the weathering of volcanic
rocks. It is very rich in potash, calcium carbonate,
magnesium and lime. It is poor in phosphoric
content.

RED SOILS

RES SOILS
Red soils are formed due to the
weathering of crystalline igneous rocks
under low rainfall conditions.
It is red in colour because of the presence
of iron in it.
It is found in Tamilnadu, Karnataka,
Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Chattisgarh and
Jharkhand.

LATERITE SOILS

LATERITE SOIL
The word laterite originated from the Latin
word later which means brick.
Laterite soil is formed due to intense leaching
caused by tropical rainfall.
Humus content is less because the microorganisms get destroyed due to high
temperature.
This soil can be cultivated by using manure
and fertilizers. It is good for the cultivation of
tea, coffee and cashew nut. It is found in
Kerala, Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Madhya
Pradesh, Orissa and Assam.

ARID (DESERT) SOILS

ARID SOILS
Arid soils are red or brown in colour. They
are sandy and saline.
Humus and moisture contents are very
less. They can be cultivated after
irrigation.
Kankar layer in the
from seeping under

soil prevent the water

ground.

FOREST SOILS

FOREST SOILS
Forest soils are found in hilly and
mountainous regions.
They are loamy and silty in valleys and
coarse in the upper slopes.
In Himalayas they suffer denudation and
are acidic with low humus content.
The soils found in the lower slopes of the
valley are fertile.

SOIL EROSION
Removal of top soil from one place to
another by natural agencies is called
soil erosion.
It is caused by running water and
wind.
Deforestation, over grazing and
unscientific agricultural practices are
responsible for large scale soil
erosion.

GULLY EROSION
The rain water when moves down on an
uneven land scoops away the soil and
form deep channels called gullies. This
type of erosion is called gully erosion.
A land which is broken into many small
parts by the gullies is called bad land. A
bad land is unfit for cultivation and for
other economic activities.

GULLY EROSION

SHEET EROSION

Some times water flows as a sheet over

large areas down a slope. The water
takes away the top soil. This type of
erosion is called sheet erosion.

SOIL CONSERVATION MEASURES

i). Contour ploughing reduces the flow of water
and prevent soil erosion.
ii). In hilly areas terraced farming should be
followed.
iii). Strip farming helps to reduces the force of
winds.
iv). Shelter belts of plants around the fields
reduce soil erosion.
v). Afforestation should be practiced on a large
scale and deforestation should be stopped.
vi).Over grazing by animals should be avoided.