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Local effects
(Prostaglandine,
free radicals, etc)
Endothelial damage
Pressure natriuresis
Platelet deposition
Hypovolemia
Mitogenic and
migration factors
Futher increase in
vassopressors
Myointimal
proliferation
Tissue ischemia
Hipertensive emergencies
1. Hipertensi enchepalopathy
2. Malignant hypertension (some cases)
3. Severe hypertension in association with acute complication
A. Cerebrovascular
Intracranial hemorrhage
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Acute atherothrombotic brain infarction
B. Renal
Rapidly progressive renal failure
C. Cardiac
Acute aortic dissection
Acute left ventricular failure with pulmonary edema
Acute myocardial infarction
Unstable angina
4. Eclampsia or severe hypertension during pregnancy
5. Cathecolamine excess states
A. Phaeochromocytoma crisis
B. Food and Drug interactions (thyramine) with monoamine oxidase-inhibis
C. Some cases of rebound hypertension following sudden withdrawal or
antihypertensive agent (ie. Clonidine, gunabenz, metyldopa)
6. Drug-induced hypertension (some cases)
A. Overdose with sympathetic or drugs with similar action (eg. Pencyclidine,
Lysergic acid dietylamide (LSD), cocaine, phenylpropanylamine)
7. Head trauma
8. Post-coronary artery bypass hypertension
Postoperative bleeding at vascular suture.
Hypertensive urgencies
1. Accelerated and malignant hypertension
2. Extensive body burns
3. Acute glomerulonephritis with severe hypertension
4. Scleroderma crisis
5. Scute systemic vasculitis with severe hypertension
6. Surgically related hypertension
A. Severe hypertension in patients requiring immediate surgery
B. Post operative hypertension
C. Severe hypertension after kidney transplantation
7. Severe epistaxis
8. Rebound hypertension after sudden withdrawal of antihypertensive agents
Labetalol
Esmolol
Metyldopa
Pentolamine
30-60min/4-6 h
1-2 min/10-30 min
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Pengobatan Hipertensi Urgensi
Pada umumnya pasien dengan hipertensi urgensi terjadi karena penghetian terapi
hipertensi sebelumnya. Penanganan penderita demikian, dilakukan observasi beberapa
menit dan bila tekanan darahnya tetap > 180/120 mm Hg, maka dapat dilakukan terapi
oral yang sesuai dan mungkin perlu dikombinasi dengan obat oral sebelumnya.terutama
jika jenis obat yang diberikan sebelumnya dapat mengontrol tekanan darahnya dengan
baik dan dapat ditoleransi oleh penderita.
Secara logis, dalam menentukan pemilihan obat untuk hipertensi urgensi hendaknya
dipilih obat yang short acting yang masih dapat dipergunakan dalam jangka lama.
Adapun pilihannya adalah sbb:
Tabel 2. Obat oral untuk hipertensi urgensi
Drug
Captopril
Clonidine
Furosemide
Labetalol
Nifedipin
Propanolol
Class
Dose
ACE-inhibitor
6.5-50 mg
Central -agonist 0.2 mg initially,
0.1 mg/h upto 0.8 mg total
Diuretic
20-40 mg
- and -blocker
100-200 mg
Ca-antagonist
5-10 mg
-blocker
20-40 mg
Onset
15 min
0.3-2.0 h
0.5-1.0 h
0.5-2.0 h
5-15 min
15-30 min
Duration (h)
4-6
6-8
6-8
8-12
3-5
3-6
Summary for the management of patients with severe hypertension (BP > 180/120
mm Hg) (dikutip dari 6)
Severe Hypertension
BP > 180/120 mmHg
Encephalopathy
Progressing target organ damage
No
Yes
(HT emergency)
New onset
(HT urgency)
Parentral Rx
Baseline lab
Reinstitute oral Rx
Oral Rx
Work up for
identifiable causes:
Renovascular HT
Follow up closely
Kepustakaan.
1. Ram S CV. Management of hypertensive emergencies:Changing therapeautic options.
Am Heart J 1991;122:356-363
2. Ram S CV. Current Consepts in the Diagnosis and Management of Hypertensive
Urgencies and Emergencies. Keio J Med 1990; 4:225-236.
3. Vidt DG. Management of Hypertensive Emergencies and Urgencies. In: Hypertension
Primer 2nd Editions.. Eds. Izzo Jr G JL, and Black HR. American Heart Association
1999; p. 437-440.
5. Izzo Jr GJ L, et.al. Seventh Report of JNC on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and
Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension 2003;42:1206-1252.
6. Kaplan Norman M. Hypertensive Crises. In: Kaplans Clinical Hypertension 8th
editions. Lippincott William & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2002.p. 339-356.