CENG

CENG131
131
Lecture
Lecture1.1.Introduction
IntroductiontotoBasic
BasicThermodynamic
ThermodynamicConcepts
Concepts(3(3h)
h)
Learning
Objectives:
Learning Objectives:

Thermodynamics
(1) Thermodynamics was developed by engineers to describe the
conversion of chemical energy stored in fossil fuel into heat
and useful work.

(1)
(1)Relevance
RelevancetotoChemical
ChemicalEngineering
Engineering
(2)
(2)Thermodynamic
ThermodynamicProperties
Properties
(3)
(3)Zeroth
ZerothLaw
LawofofThermodynamics
Thermodynamics
(4)
(4)First
FirstLaw
LawofofThermodynamics
Thermodynamics
Learning
LearningGuides:
Guides:
(1)
(1)Lecture
Lecturehandouts
handouts
(2)
(2)Chapters
Chapters11and
and22ofofIntroduction
IntroductiontotoChemical
ChemicalEngineering
Engineering
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics5th
5thed.
ed.(Smith,
(Smith,Van
VanNess,
Ness,Abbott)
Abbott)
(3)
(3)Please
Pleasereview
reviewyour
yourPhysical
PhysicalChemistry
ChemistryNotes
Notes

Chemical Energy

Heat

Work

With this in mind, it is not surprising to see many terms used to

described Thermodynamics have practical or engineering
origin. Most equations are developed for ease in their use rather
than for their elegance.

Thermodynamics in Chemical Engineering

(2) Chemical Engineering involves taking natural raw materials and

transforming them into useful products:

(3) Energy is needed to

(a) Transport materials

distillation

orm

ati
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Thermodynamics in Chemical Engineering

n sf

(b) Physical transform materials

Ph
y si

cal

tra

Crude Oil

Refinery

Smelting

Chemical transformation

Distillation

Thermodynamics in Chemical Engineering

(c) Chemically transform materials

Thermodynamics in Chemical Engineering

(4) Thermodynamics enable us to:
(a) Efficiency of a process

(b) Phase equilibria

Thermodynamics in Chemical Engineering

(c) Reaction

Thermodynamics in Chemical Engineering

(d) Physical properties of materials

Conductivity

Crystal shape and size

Protein folding

Self-assembly structures

Dimensions and Units in Engineering Thermodynamics

Dimensions and Units in Engineering Thermodynamics

(1) Fundamental dimensions length, mass and time

(b) Pressure
P = force/area = F/A

Metric unit
MKS: meter (m), kilogram (kg) and second (s)
cgs: centimeter (cm), gram (g) and second (s)
English unit
foot (ft), poundmass (lbm) and second (sec)
Conversions
1 m = 100 cm
= 3.28 ft = 39.37 in
1 kg = 1000 g
= 2.204 lbm
1 s = 1 sec
(2) Derived dimensions based on primitive units
(a) Force
F = mass x acceleration = ma

Metric unit MKS: Bar (bar) English unit: atmosphere (atm)

cgs: Pascal (Pa)
Conversions
1 bar = 105 kg m-1 s-2 = 105 N m-2
= 105 Pa = 102 kPa
= 106 dyne cm-2
= 0.986 atm = 14.504 psia = 750 torr

1 torr = 1 mm Hg
1 atm = pressure exerted by the air at
see level
1 atm = 760 mm Hg
1 atm = 14.7 psia
1 psia = 1 poundal per square inch
absolute

Metric unit MKS: Newton (N) English unit: poundal (lbf)

cgs: dyne
Conversions
1 N = 1 kg m s-2
= 105 dynes
= 0.2248 lbf
http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/chemistry/general/units_en.html

http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/chemistry/general/units_en.html

Dimensions and Units in Engineering Thermodynamics

(c) Temperature
Metric unit: Kelvin (K)

English unit: Rankine (R)

Conversions
T (K) = t(C) + 273 = T(R)/1.8
T (R) = t(F) + 460
t(F) = 1.8 t(C) + 32

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

Dimensions and Units in Engineering Thermodynamics

(d) Energy
E = force x distance = Fl
Metric unit MKS: Joules (J)
cgs: Erg (erg)

English unit: ft-lbf and BTU

Conversions
1 J = 1 kg m-2 s-2 = 1 N m
= 10 cm3 bar
= 107 dyne cm = 107 erg
= 0.239 cal
= 0.7376 ft-lbf
= 9.478 x 10-4 BTU
Types of Energies:
Stored Energies: Internal energy (energy stored in molecules)
Potential energy (configurational energy)
Kinetic energy (motion)
macroscopic

Transient Energies: Work (mechanical work)

Heat

Mechanical Energies

Mechanical Energies

(1) Kinetic Energy energy stored in moving objects

(2) Potential Energy energy stored in objects due to their relative

position or configuration.

Ek = 1/2 mu2
Gravitational potential energy: Ep = mgz

Elastic potential energy: Ep = 1/2kx2

Example 1. Calculate the kinetic and potential energies of 1 kg of

water located 50 m at the top of the Hoover dam, and when it
reaches the bottom. How much mechanical work could be extracted
from this kilogram of water if the turbine is 100 % efficient?

Example 2. A toy designer wanted to produce a new spring loaded

toy gun that shoots colored bubbles along with a 1 gram pellet to a
height of 100 ft. If the maximum deflection allowed in the gun
design is 3 cm, please calculate the spring constant needed for its
operation.

100 ft

50 m

spring

Internal Energy
energy stored within the molecule as translational, rotational and
vibrational energies. Change in the internal energy is usually
manifested by a change in the temperature.
U = f(T)

translational

rotational

vibrational

Example 3. A liter thermos of water at 50C was dropped by a

construction worker from a height 150 m. Calculate the initial and
final potential, kinetic and internal energies of the water.

Example 4. A car weighing 4000 kg decelerates from 200 kph to a

full stop at around 15 s. About 60 percent of the initial kinetic
energy is dissipated as heat at the brake pad and the rest absorbed
by the tire.

Work and Heat

Energy transfer between system and surrounding occurs either in
the form of work or heat
Work (W) refers to mechanical work
W = Fdl

Infrared picture of the braking car

Heat (Q) refers to energy transferred from a hot to a cold object.
Tire volume 10 liters
Initial tire pressure 30 psia
heat capacity of air 1 J/Kg
Tire bursting pressure 80 psia

First Law of Thermodynamics

Important Definitions

Law of conservation of energy the total quantity of energy is

constant and when energy disappears in one form it appears
simultaneously in another form.

Reversibility
reversible: if the process happens slow enough to be reversed.
irreversible: if the process cannot be reversed (like most processes)

For a closed system:

U + Ek + Ep = W + Q

Energy transfer to and from

the system from and to the
surrounding

Energy stored in the system

Work

U + Ek + Ep

Heat

SYSTEM

Reversible system allows more

efficient conversion to useful work
Rapid processes are usually irreversible
and most energy are dissipated by viscous
mixing into internal energy.
Generally less amount of useful work can
be gained from a irreversible system.

SURROUNDING
isolated systems: no exchange of matter or energy
closed systems: no exchange of matter but some exchange of energy
open systems: exchange of both matter and energy
http://www.cchem.berkeley.edu/~chem130a/sauer/outline/firstlaw.html

www.planemath.com/.../propulsion/ propulsion3.html

Reversibility

Reversibility

First Law of Thermodynamics

For a steady-state open system:
W

(PV)in

(PV)out

min
Uin

mout
Uout

Q
U + Ek + Ep = WT + Q

W - PV

U >> Ek + Ep
U + PV = W + Q
H
=W+Q

work related to fluid

expansion as it moved
through the pipe work

Enthalpy and Heat

Homework 1
February 11, 2002
Problem 1. A gas is contained in two cylinders A and B connected by a
piston of two different diameters, as shown in the figure below. The mass of
the piston is 10 kg and the gas pressure inside cylinder A is 200 kPa.
Calculate the pressure in cylinder B in kPa, bar, psi and inches of water.

d = 100 mm

Air P = 100 kPa

d = 25 mm

Problem 2. Nitrogen flows at steady-state through a horizontal, insulated

pipe with inside diameter of 1.5 inch. A pressure drop results from flow
through a partially opened valve. Just upstream from the valve the pressure
is 100 psia, the temperature is 120F, and the velocity is 20 ft/s. If the
pressure just downstream from the valve is 20 psia, what is the temperature?
Assume for nitrogen that PV/T is constant, Cv = 2.5R and Cp = 7.5R.
If a thermometer is use for measuring the temperature, what is the
temperature reading.