Infants

(birth to 1 year)

Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory

Psychosexual Development
Oral Stage

Child explores the world by using

mouth, especially the tongue
Infants are interested in oral
stimulation
Baby finds pleasure in the mouth

Eriksons Theory of
Psychosocial Development
Trust vs. Mistrust

Toddler
(1-3 y/o)

Anal Stage

Preschooler
(3-6y/o)

Phallic Stage

School-Age
(6-12 y/o)

Child learns to control urination and

defecation
Toilet training
It is a part of the toddlers selfdiscovery, a way of exerting
independence

The genitals are the pleasure of the

child
Oedipus and Electra Complex
Child learns identity through
awareness of genital area
Masturbation is common during this
phase
Children may also show
exhibitionism

Latent Stage / Latency Period

All the sexual desires arch

Childs personality development
appears to be nonactive or dormant

Psychosocial Virtue: Hope

Fear: strangers, anxiety, loud
noises, falls, sudden
movements in the
environment
Play: Solitary Reflect
Learning confidence or
learning to love

Autonmy vs. Shame

Psychosocial Theme: hold
on or
let go
Child learns to be
independent and make
decisions for self
Favorite word: I, no
Initiative vs. Guilt

Ability to try new things

Intensive activity and
consuming fantasies
Interjects parents social
consciousness
Child learns how to do things
and that doing things is
desirable
Knows right or wrong
Bogus playmates/imaginary
Fears: dark, being left alone,
large animals, ghosts,
body mutilation, pain &
objects
Industry vs. Inferiority

Makes things w/ others

Strives to achieve success
Child learns how to do things
well

Piagets Theory of
Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor Stage
Neonatal Reflex (1 mo.)
Stimuli are assimilated into beginning mental
images. Behavior entirely reflexive
Primary Circular Reaction (1-4 mos.)
Hand-mouth & ear-eye coordination develops.
Infant spends time looking at objects
Toy: rattle or tape of parents voice
Secondary Circular Reaction (4-8 mos.)
Infant learns to initiate, recognize, and repeat
pleasurable experiences
Infant anticipates familiar events
Toy: peel-a-boo
Coordination of Secondary Reactions
(8-12 mos.)
Infant can plan activities to attain specific goals.
Discovers a sense of identity, that his activities
are separate from the activities of others.
Toy: nesting toys; colored boxes
Inventions of new means through mental
combinations (1-2 y/o)
Transitional phase
Uses memory and imitation to act
Can solve basic problems, foresee maneuvers
that will succeed or fail
Toy: Blocks, colored plastic rings
Preoperational Thought (2-7 y/o)
Thought becomes more symbolic
Can arrive at answers mentally
Thinking is basically concrete and critical
Child is egocentric
Displays static thinking
.Concept of time is now, and concept of
distance is only as far as he/she can see
No awareness of reversibility (for every action
there is an opposite action)
Concrete Operational Thought (7-12 y/o)
Systematic reasoning
Uses memory to learn broad concepts
Classifications involve sorting objects accdg to
attributes
Child is aware of reversibility
Understands conservation, sees constancy
despite of transformation
Formal Operational Thought (12 yr)
Can solve hypothetical problems with scientific
reasoning
Understands causality
Can deal with the past, present & future
Adult or mature thought

Kohlbergs Theory of
Moral Development

Preconventional (Level I)
Stage 1: (2-3y/o)
Punishment / obedience
orientation
Heteronomous morality
Child does right because a
parent tells him or her to and to
avoid punishment
Stage 2: (4-7 y/o)
Individualism
Instrumental purpose and
exchange
Carries out actions to satisfy
own needs rather than societys
Will do something for that person
if that person does something for
the child
Conventional (Level II)
Stage 3: (7-10 y/o)
Orientation to interpersonal
relations of mutuality
Child follows rules because of a
need to be a good person in
own eyes and eyes of others
Stage 4: (10-12 y/o)
Child finds following rules and
authority
Child finds following rules
satisfying
Follows rules of authority figures
and parents in an effort to keep
the system working

Adolescent
(13-20 y/o)

Genital Stage

Young Adult

Conflict: Setting Rules

Genitals become awakened
Adolescent develops sexual
maturity and learns to establish
satisfactory relationships w/ the
opposite sex

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Determines own sense of self

Development of who, what &
where they are going
Become focus (self-concept)
Period of rebellion and
uncertainty
Adjusting to a new body and
seeking emancipation from
parents, choosing a vocation
& determining a value system
Intimacy vs. Isolation

Operational Thought

Capable of abstract thinking

Middle Adult

Person makes commitments

to one another
Isolation and self absorption if
unsuccessful
Independent from parents,
possible marriage /
partnership
Major goals to accomplish in
career and family
Marrying age
Fulfillment of career
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Middle Adulthood:

Older Adult

Physical Changes: graying

hair, wrinkling skin, pain &
muscle aches, menopausal
period
Psychosocial Virtue: Care
Mature adult is concerned w/
establishing & guiding the
new generation or else feels
personal impoverishment
Relates to older & younger
generations
Become Pillars of the
Community
Integrity vs. Despair

Achieves sense of
acceptance of own life
Adapts to triumphs &
disappointment w/ a certain
ego integrity
Accepts the inevitability of
death or else falls into despair
Appraisal of life & changing
social roles
Self-concerned & withdrawn

Settling down
Find jobs
Start a family

Late Adulthood

Satisfaction w/ career

Accomplishment of goals

Postconventional (Level III)

Stage 5: (Older than 12)
Social contract, utilitarian lawmaking persectives
Follows standards of society for
the good of all people
Stage 6:
Universal ethical principle
orientation
Follows internalized standards of
conduct.

Havighursts Age Periods and

Developmental Task
Infants
(birth to 1
year)

Sullivans Theory of
Interpersonal Relationships

Infancy
Infancy and Early Childhood

Learning to walk

Learning to take solid food

Learning to talk

Learning to control the elimination of

Maternal anxiety

Length: 19 to 21 in

Vital Signs:
Childhood
T 37.5 C

learns to interact

P 120 140 bpm

Use one specific

R 30 60 /min

Learning sexual differences & sexual

language at a time

BP 80/40 mmHg

modesty

(language shock)

Learning to relate emotionally to

Juvenile

The child slowly

parents, siblings & other people learning

accepts authority from

to distinguish right from wrong &

his subordinates

developing a conscience

More concept of self,

status, & role
5

Middle Childhood

Building wholesome attitudes toward

oneself as a growing organism

Learning to get along w/ age mates

Learning an appropriate masculine and

Grasp
Stepping
Tonic neck
Reflexes are fading

Can raise head and

chest
Teething
Reach out to object

Turns front to back

Has head lag when
pulled upright
Bears partial weight
on feet when pulled
upright

Roll over
Hold blocks at each
hand

Turns both ways

Moro reflex fading

Reaches out in
anticipation of being
picked up
Sits unsteadily

dada, mama
Sleeps on prone
position
Uses fingers to hold
objects
Transfers objects hand
to hand

Sits securely w/o

support

Sits alone steadily for

an indefinite period
Recognizes strangers
Peek-a-boo (to test
memory)

feminine social role

The baby knows how to

cry
Laughs aloud
Babbles and coos
Follows object past
midline

Learning physical skills necessary for

ordinary games

Holds head & chest

up when prone

Achieving psychologic stability forming

reality

Development of social
smile
Responds to familiar
voices

simple concepts of social and physical

Holds head up when

prone
2

As the child grows he

body wastes

Weight: 7 to 8 lbs

PHYSICAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Mo.
Gross
Fine Motor Development
Yr.
Motor Development
Largely reflex
The eyes is fixated on
the person
0-1
Keeps hands fisted
Able to follow object to
midline

Developing fundamental skills in

reading, writing & calculating

Developing concept necessary for

everyday living

Developing conscience, morality &

scale of values

Doubles birth weight

Eruption of 1st tooth
Sits w/ minimal support
Uses palmar grasp

Play

SOLITARY
PLAY

Achieving personal independence

Developing attitudes toward social

Creeps or crawls

Can hold own bottle

Starts to crawl
Understands simple
gestures

Pulls self to standing

From crawling to
standing
Responds when called
by his/her name

From crawling to
standing

Walks with assistance

12

Stands alone
Some infants take 1st
step

Triples birth weight

Can say 2 syllable
words
Can walk w/ help

15

Walks alone well

Can seat self in chair
Can creep upstairs

Puts small pellets into

small bottles
Scribbles voluntarily w/
a pencil / crayon
Holds a spoon

18

Can run and jump in

place
Can walk up and
down stairs w/
assistance

No longer rotates a
spoon to bring it to
mouth

24

Walks up stairs
alone

Can open doors by

turning doorknobs
Unscrew lids

30

Can jump down from

chairs

Makes simple lines or

strokes or crosses w/ a
pencil

Undresses self
Stacks tower of blocks
Draws a cross

groups & institutions

10

11

Toddler
(1-3 y/o)

Preschooler
(3-6 y/o)

A child gains about 5

to 6 lb and 5 in a
year during the
toddler stage
Head circumference
increases only about
2cm
Prominent abdomen
pouchy belly
Respirations slow
slightly
HR: 90 110 bpm
BP: 99/64 mmHg
The brain develops
to about 90% of its
adult size
Control of the urinary
and anal sphincters
becomes possible
8 new teeth (canines
and molars) erupt
Ectomorphic (slim
body built) or
endomorphic (large
body built) becomes
apparent
PR: 85 bpm
BP: 100/60 mmHg
Voiding is frequent
(about 9 to 10 times
a day)
The average child
gains only about 4.5
lb a year.
Height gain is also
minimal: 2 to 3.5
inches
Generally have all 20
deciduous teeth by
age 3

3
y/o

4
y/o

5
y/o

Alternates feet
Runs
Rides tricycle
Stands on one foot

PARALLEL
PLAY

Constantly in motion
Jumps
Skips

Can do simple buttons

A
S
S
O
C
I
A
T
I
V
E

Throws overhand

Draws a 6-part man

Can lace shoes

&
Imaginative
PLAY

 Average weight gain

is 3 to lb
Increase in height is
1 to 2 inches
By age 10 brain
growth is complete
Posture becomes
more erect
PR: 70 80 bpm
BP: 112/60 mmHg
Development of
Secondary Sex
Characteristics
Sexual Maturation:
Girls (12 18 y/o);
boys (14 - 20 y/o)
Deciduous teeth are
lost and permanent
teeth erupt

School-Age
(6-12 y/o)

Adolescent
(13-20 y/o)

Developing intellectual skills and

concepts necessary for civic
competence

Desiring and achieving socially

responsible behavior

Acquiring a set of values & an ethical

system as a guide to behavior

Achieving emotional independence from

parents & other adults achieving
assurance of economic independence

Selecting and preparing for an

occupation

Preparing for marriage and family life

Achieving a new and more mature

relations w/ age mates of both sexes

Onset of puberty
Cessation of body
growth
Most girls are 1 to 2
inches taller than
boys
Boys grow about 4 to
12 inches in ht and
gain 15 to 65 lb
Girls grow 2 to 8
inches and gain 15
to 55 lb
PR: 70 bpm
RR: 20 breaths/min
BP: 120/70 mmHg
Gain 2nd molars by
age 13 and 3rd
molars b/w 18 and
21 y/o

6
y/o

A year of constant motion

Skipping is a new skill
First molars erupt

7
y/o

Central incisors erupt

Difference b/w sexes become apparent in play
Spends time in quiet play

8
y/o

Coordination definitely improved

Playing with gang becomes important
Eyes become fully developed

9
y/o
10
y/o
11
y/o
12
y/o

All activities done w/ gang

Coordination improves
Active, but awkward and ungainly
Coordination improves

Yr

13
to
15

15
to
16

Achieving masculine or feminine social

role

Accepting ones physique & using the

body effectively

16
to
17

SEXUAL MATURATION
BOYS
GIRLS
Growth spurt
Pubic hair thick & curly,
continuing
triangular in distribution
Pubic hair
Breasts, areola & papilla
abundant & curly
form secondary mound
Testes, penis, &
Menstruation is ovulatory,
scrotum enlarging
making pregnancy
further
possible
Axillary hair
present
Facial hair fine &
downy
Voice changes
happening w/
annoying freq.
Genitalia adult
Pubic hair curly &
Pubic hair
abundant (adult); may
abundant & curly
extend onto medial aspect
Scrotum dark &
of thighs
heavily rugated
Breast tissue adult &
Facial and body
nipples protrude
hair present
Areolas no longer project
Sperm production
as separate ridges from
mature
breasts
May have some degree of
facial acne
Pubic hair curly &
abundant (adult);
END OF SKELETAL
may extend along
GROWTH
medial aspect of
thighs
Testes, scrotum &
penis adult in size
May have some
degree of facial
acne
Gynecomastia

A
S
S
O
C
I
A
T
I
V
E
PLAY

17
to
18

Young Adult /
Early
Adulthood

Middle Adult

Older Adult /
Late
Adulthood

Selecting a mate
Learning to live w/ a partner
Starting a family
Rearing children
Managing a home
Getting started in an occupation
Taking on civic responsibility
Finding a congenital social group
Achieving adult civic and social
responsibility
Establishing and maintaining economic
standard of living
Assisting teenage children to become
responsible and happy adult
Developing adult-leisure time activities
Relating oneself to ones spouse as a
person
Adjusting to decreasing physical
strength & health
Adjusting to retirement & reduced
income
Adjusting to death of a spouse
Establishing an explicit affiliation w/ one
age group

Terms:
INFANCY
Extrusion Reflex food placed on an infants tongue is thrust forward and out of the mouth.
Natal Teeth teeth in newborns
Neonatal Teeth teeth erupted in the first 4 weeks of life
Deciduous Teeth temporary baby teeth
Gross Motor Devt ability to accomplish large body movements
Fine Motor Devt measured by observing or testing the prehensile ability (ability to coordinate
hand movements)
Ventral Suspension refers to an infants appearance when held in midair on a horizontal plane,
supported by a hand under the abdomen
Landau Reflex develops at 3 mos. When held in ventral suspension, an infants head, legs, and
spine extend. When the head is depressed, the hips, knees and elbows flex
Parachute Reaction when infants are suddenly lowered toward an examining table from ventral
suspension, the arms extend as if to protect themselves from falling.
Neck-righting reflex this reflex causes the baby to lose balance and roll sideways when lifting the
head up
Thumb opposition ability to bring the thumb and fingers together (4 mos)
Pincer Grasp ability to bring the thumb and 1st finger together. This enables the baby to pick up
small objects (10 mos)
Binocular vision ability to fuse two images into one
Hand Regard hold hands in front of face and study their fingers for long periods of time
Eight-Month Anxiety the height of fear of strangers

END OF SKELETAL
GROWTH