ALFA UNIVERZITET U BEOGRADU

Fakultet za Obrazovanje diplomiranih

pravnika i diplomiranih ekonomista za
Rukovodee Kadrove
Novi Sad

PRAKTIKUM
iz
Engleskog jezika 3

Nastavnik:
mr Biljana Vasev
mr Doloris Bei Vukainovi

Beograd, 2012.

Sadraj:
I Uvod
Literatura
Syllabus
Predispitne obaveze
Ispit
II Gramatika
Predavanja
Vebe
III Vokabular
Business terms
IV Diskusija
Analiza tekstova i konverzacija

I Uvod
Cilj predmeta Engleski jezik 3 jeste osposobljavanje
studenata za razumevanje strunih tekstova i poslovnu
komunikaciju, kako usmenu tako i pisanu.
Ishod predmeta Engleski jezik 3 podrazumeva ovladavanje
gramatikim strukturama engleskog jezika, jezikim vetinama
i poslovnom terminologijom na B2 nivou; samostalno korienje
Internet resursa na engleskom jeziku; itanje i analiziranje
autentinih strunih tekstova; samostalno istraivanje i
korienje poslovno-ekonomske terminologije iz obraenih
tema; razvijanje komunikacijskih vetina.

Literatura
Neophodna literatura za predmet Engleski jezik 2:
1. Students Book
English course, Book 3
Author: Slobodan Raki
2. Further reading and practice:
www.merriam-webster.com
www.ldoceonline.com
www.ego4u.com
www.englishgrammar.org
www.edufind.com
www.businessenglishsite.com
www.macmillanenglish.com

Syllabus
Engleski jezik 3 u svom programu sadri osim gramatikih
jedinica i vebe vokabulara. Gradivo se objedinjuje kroz vebe
prevoda i konverzacije.
Gramatika - Efikasna jezika nastava podrazumeva i
gramatiku grau kao imperativ. Cilj jeste obnavljanje,
utvrivanje i obrada novih gramatikih jedinica kao uslov za
sticanje osnove za razvijanje komunikacijske sposobnosti,
odnosno funkcionalne upotrebe engleskog jezika. Gramatika je
osnov komunikacije i bez vladanja odreenjim jezikim oblicima
nema prave komunikacije.
Gramatike jedinice koje su predviene za obradu su:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

All tenses (12)

Conditionals (all types)
Business terms (explanation in English)
Translation from Serbian into English (sentences)
Passive Voice
Discussion

Jezike vebe Kada je re o jezikim vebama od

studenata se oekuje da odreen broj reenica prevedu sa
srpskog na engleski jezik. Cilj ovih vebi jeste primena
adekvatnog vokabulara i gramatikih jedinica.
Struna terminologija Usvajanje novih termina i
bogaenje vokabulara strunom terminologijom je svakako
imperativ kvalitetnog uenja jezika. Ovaj deo gradiva
podrazumeva uspeno definisanje strune terminologije.
Od studenata se oekuje da na osnovu date definicije
prepoznau odgovarajui termin.
5

NB Svi termini se nalaze u udbeniku na kraju svake

lekcije i svi su prevedeni na srpski, a dato je i objanjenje
na engleskom.
Termini za kolokvijum na sledeim stranama: 187, 188,
189, 190, 208, 209, 210, 315, 331, 390, 391.
Slubena korespondencija U nastavi engleskog jezika
iji cilj je razvijanje komunikativne sposobnosti posebno
na poslovnom nivou, veoma vano mesto zauzima nastava
pismenog izraavanja.
Tako, e se studenti u ovom segmentuu uenja sresti sa
primerima poslovnog pisanog jezika i sami primeniti isti
pisanjem jednog poslovnog pisma.
Diskusija - Studenti e imati priliku da iskau svoje ideje
i stavove na najrazliitije teme, kao i svoje planove za dalje
napredovanje.
Potrebno je proitati tekstove sa sledeih stranica: 270,
271, 276-279, 366, 368-370, 438-440, jer emo na casu
diskutovati i o problematici iz ovih tekstova.

Predispitne obaveze
Predispitne obaveze studenata za predmet Engleski jezik 3
su podeljenje u tri oblasti:
1. Gramatike vebe:
Uraditi vebanja u radnoj svesci na sledeim stranicama:
strana 35 (Exercise 1, Exercise 2),
strana 41 (Exercise 8),
strana 44 (Exercise 9, Exercise 10),
strana 45 (Exercise 11),
strana 48 (Exercise 14),
strana 50 (Exercise 15),
strana 60 (Text 5),
strana 69 (Exercise 1),
strana 78 (Exercise 1, prvih 13 reenica),
strana 90 (Exercise 1).

2. Translation:
Prevod 3 lekcije po izboru iz Udbenika (str. 117-142)
3. Writing:
Napisati esej na jednu od ponuenih tema:

My first day at work

Top managers responsibility and pleasure
Modern technology pros and cons
How I manage my free time
My future after graduation

Ispit
Kolokvijum 1-Midterm Test 1
1. Grammar-Tenses
*Filling the gaps with the appropriate form of the verbs
2. Translation from Serbian into English
3. Vocabulary
*Business terms
Zavrni rad Final Exam
1. Grammar-Tenses within a text
*Filling the gaps with the appropriate form of the verbs
2. Translation from Serbian into English
3. Grammar- Conditionals

II Gramatika:
Predavanja
The Present Simple Tense
1.Form of the simple present tense
Positive form:
I, you, we, (you), they + BARE INF.
He, she, it + BARE INF. + -s/-es
Negative form:
I, you, we, (you), they + do not (dont) + BARE INF.
He, she, it + does not (doesnt) + BARE INF.
Interrogative form: Inversion
Do + I, you, we, (you), they + BARE INF.
Does + he, she, it + BARE INF.
Short Answers: Yes/No
*Complex Questions:
WH-word + Inversion
*NB: The third person singular-pronunciation and spelling
Pronunciation of the third person singular:
/s/ after /f, p, k, t/: laughs, puffs, drops, kicks, lets;
verbs ending in /z, d, s, , t, ks/ take an extra syllable in the
third person which is pronounced /Iz/: loses, manages, passes,
pushes, stiches, mixes;
other verbs are pronounced with /z/ in the thirs person
singular afer /b, d, g, l, m, n, /: robs, adds, digs, fills, dreams,
runs, rings; after vowel + w or r: draws, stirs; after /v/ loves;
after vowels: sees, pays.
Spelling of the third person singular:
Most verbs add s:
work/works, drive/drives, play/plays, run/runs.
Verbs normally add es when they end in:
-o: do/does; -s: miss/misses; -x: mix/mixes;
-ch: catch/catches; -sh: push/pushes.
9

When there is a consonant before y, there is a change to ies:

cry/cries, but not with vowel before y: say/says.

2. Uses of the simple present tense

Permanent or general truths - we use the simple present
for statements that are always true:
Summer follows spring.
Water boils at 100C.
The present period - we use the present simple to refer to
events, actions or situations which ate true in the present
period of time and which, for all we know, may continue
indefinitely.
We work for an international company.
My sister wears glasses.
Habitual actions or routines - the simple present can be
used with or without an adverb of time to describe
habitual actions, things that happen repeatedly.
I get up at 7 oclock.
John smokes a lot.
*We can be more precise about habitual actions by using
the simple present with adverbs of indefinite frequency
(always, never) or with adverbial phrases (every day).
I sometimes stay at work until late.
She visits her parents every day.
*We commonly use the simple present tense to ask and
answer questions which begin with: How often?
How often do you go to the dentist?-I go every six months.
*Questions relating to habit can be asked with ever and
answered with never.
Do you ever eat meat?-No, I never eat meat.
Observations and declarations we commonly use the
simple present tense with state and other verbs to make
observations and declarations in the course of
conversation.
10

I hope/assume/suppose/promise everything will be all

right.
We live in difficult times.-I agree.
Generalizations and definitions we commonly use the
simple present tense to refer to generalizations and
definitions.
Men like football, and women enjoy shopping.
Future reference this use is often related to timetables or
to events in the calendar.
The exhibition opens on January 1st and closes on
January 31st.
3. Adverbs of frequency and adverbial phrases
Adverbs of frequency:
Never-hardly
ever-sometimes-often-usually/normally-always,
may have three positions in a sentence:
1) Behind the verb to be
He is always late.
2) In front of the main verb
We often go to the concerts.
3) Between the auxiliary/modal verb and the main verb
We dont usually eat out.
He can always make me smile.
Adverbial phrases:
Every-day, weak, month, year
-morning, afternoon, evening, night
-spring, summer, autumn, winter
-weekday, weekend
-Monday, Tuesday on Mondays, on Tuesdays

11

The Present Continuous/Progressive Tense

1.Form of the present continuous/progressive tense
Positive form:
Person + am/is/are + bare inf. -ing
Negative form:
Person + as/is/are not (m not/isnt/arent) + bare inf. ing
Interrogative form: Inversion
Am/is/are + person + bare inf. ing
Short Answers: Yes/No
*Complex Questions:
WH-word + Inversion
*NB Spelling: how to add -ing to a verb
We can add ing to most verbs without changing the spelling of
their base firms: wait/waiting, drink/drinking.
If the verb ends in e, we omit the e and add ing:
come/coming, have/having, make/making.
A verb that is spelt with a single vowel followed with a single
consonant doubles its final consonant: run/running, sit/sitting.
With two-syllable verbs, the final consonant is normally doubled
when the last syllable is stressed: begin/beginning,
forget/forgetting.
**lie/lying, die/dying, tie/tying
2. Uses of the present continuous/progressive tense
Action in progress at the moment of speaking we use the
present continuous/progressive tense to describe actions
or events which are in progress at the moment of
speaking. To emphasize this, we often use adverbials like
now, at the moment, just, etc.
Someone is knocking at the door.
He is working at the moment, so he cannot come to the
telephone.

12

 Temporary situations and current trends - we use the

present continuous/progressive tense to describe actions
or events which may not have been happening long, or
which are thought of as being in progress for a limited
period. Such situations may not be happening at the
moment of speaking. Temporary events may be in progress
at the moment of speaking.
She is studying English at Durham University.
She is at her best when she is making big decisions.
The river is flowing very fast after last nights rain.
People are becoming less tolerant of smoking these days.
Repeated actions The adverbs always (in the sense of
frequently), constantly, continually, forever, perpetually
and repeatedly can be used with progressive forms to
describe continually-repeated actions.
She is always helping people.
*Sometimes there can be implied complaint in this use of
the progressive when it refers to something that happens
too often.
Our burglar alarm is forever going off for no reason.
Future
reference

we
use
the
present
continuous/progressive tense to refer to activities and
events planned for the future.
We are spending next winter in Australia.
3. Adverbs of frequency and adverbial phrases-signal words
At the moment, at this moment
Today, now, right now
Listen! Look! Wait!

13

The Past Simple Tense

1.Form of the simple past tense
Positive form:
+ BARE INF.+ -ed/-d (for regular verbs)
Person <
or
+ 2nd Column (for irregular verbs)
Negative form:
Person + did not (didnt) + BARE INF.
Interrogative form: Inversion
Did + person + BARE INF.
Short Answers: Yes/No
*Complex Questions:
WH-word + Inversion
*NB: Regular verb ending: -ed/-d pronunciation and spelling
Pronunciation
/d/ after vowel or voiced consonant:
to pull=pulled; to live=lived
/t/ after voiceless consonants /p, k, t , , s/
to stop=stopped; to look=looked
/Id/ after t & d
to start=started; to need=needed
Spelling
Short vowel & single consonant:
to slip; slip + ed=slipped
Bare inf. y:
to cry; cr + i + ed
BUT
to play; play + ed=played
Bare inf. e:
to decide; decide + d= decided

14

2. Uses of the simple past tense

Completed actions - events, actions or situations which
occurred in the past and are now finished.
The police stopped me on my way home last night.
Leila lived in Scotland from 1996 to 2006
A series of completed actions actions which happened
one after another.
Yesterday we finished our meeting successfully, went for a
lunch to a nearby restaurant and celebrated our success.
Past habits (like used to).
He smoked forty cigarettes a day till he gave up.
3. Adverbs of frequency and adverbial phrases
Adverbials with the simple past tense:
YESTERDAY, yesterday morning/afternoon
LAST week/month/year
last Monday/Tuesday
a week, a month, a year
2 days, 3 weeks, 6 months, 15 yearsAGO
10 minutes, many years, long time
In 1996

15

The Past Continuous/Progressive Tense

1.Form of the past continuous/progressive tense
Positive form:
Person + was/were + bare inf. ing
Negative form:
Person + was/were not (wasnt/werent) + bare inf. ing
Interrogative form: Inversion
Was/were + person + bare inf. ing
Short Answers: Yes/No
*Complex Questions:
WH-word + Inversion
*NB Spelling: how to add -ing to a verb
=
See the Present Continuous/Progressive Tense
*NB bare inf. -ing
!!! Remember that some verbs are normally used in simple
tenses only:
believe, belong, depend, know, like, love, mean, own, remember,
understand, want
We didnt know the market forecast.
(*NOT We werent knowing)
They owned five shops in Madrid alone.
(*NOT They were owning)
2. Uses of the past continuous/progressive tense
Actions in progress in the past - actions or situations that
were in progress at some time in the past:
Leila was working on her report last night.
My sister and I were living in London in 2005.

16

 Parallel actions in the past - we can emphasize that two or

more actions were in progress at the same time :
While I was cooking lunch, my husband was working in
the garden.
Most people were working at their desks, but Jo was
staring out the window and pretending to write something
at the same time.
An action or a situation in progress in the past
interrupted by another event:
We were having a meeting when we heard an explosion.
He received an important phone call while he was writing
his report.
To refer to situations that were changing over time in the
past:
During the 1980s, many of the older industries were
closing down.
At that time, we were coming out of recession and things
were improving.
3. Adverbs of frequency and adverbial phrases
Adverbials with the past continuous tense:
All day/morning/afternoon/night
While/as
When*(for the past simple clause)

17

The Present Perfect Simple Tense

1.Form of the present perfect simple tense
Positive form:
Person + have/has + bare inf. + -ed/-d or 3rd column
Negative form:
Person + have/has not + bare inf. + -ed/-d or 3rd column
(havent/hasnt)
Interrogative form: Inversion
Have/has + person + bare inf. + -ed/-d or 3rd column
Short Answers: Yes/No
*Complex Questions:
WH-word + Inversion

2. Uses of the present perfect simple tense

Recent events, without a definite time given or indefinite
events, which happened at an unknown time in the past
(no definite time is given):
Weve missed our plane.
Jo has had three car accidents.
Life experiences:
Shes never had to lead a team before.
Have you ever seen a ghost?
Past actions that continue from the past to the present:
We have been in this business for over 50 years.
Past events that have an impact in the present:
Recently profits have fallen sharply because of strong
competition.
*NB been & gone
Is there any difference between these two sentences? If
yes, what is it?
Leila has been to Paris for a meeting.
Leila has gone to Paris for a meeting.

18

3. Adverbs of frequency and adverbial phrases

Adverbials with the present perfect simple tense:
So far, this week, over the last few years
Since, for
Ever, never
Just, yet
Already, still, recently

19

The Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense

1.Form of the present perfect
continuous/progressive
tense
Positive form:
Person + have/has + been + bare inf. + -ing
Negative form:
Person + have/has not + been + bare inf. + -ing
(havent/hasnt)
Interrogative form: Inversion
Have/has + person +been + bare inf. + -ing
Short Answers: Yes/No
*Complex Questions:
WH-word + Inversion
*NB Spelling: how to add -ing to a verb
=
See the Present Continuous/Progressive Tense
2. Uses of the present perfect continuous/progressive tense
A state which lasts up to the present moment:
Ive been waiting for you for three hours.
An incomplete activity:
Ive been painting the house but I still havent finished.
To emphasize duration:
I have been writing e-mails all morning.
A recently finished activity:
Ive been running. Thats why I look hot.
A repeated activity:
Ive been taking French lessons this year.
3. Adverbs of frequency and adverbial phrases
Adverbials
with
the
present
continuous/progressive tense:
So far, this week, over the last few years
Since, for
Ever, never
Just, yet
Already, still, recently
20

perfect

The Past Perfect Simple Tense

1.Form of the past perfect simple tense
Positive form:
Person + had + bare inf. + -ed/-d or 3rd column
Negative form:
Person + had not + bare inf. + -ed/-d or 3rd column
(hadnt)
Interrogative form: Inversion
Had + person + bare inf. + -ed/-d or 3rd column
Short Answers: Yes/No
*Complex Questions:
WH-word + Inversion
2. Uses of the past perfect simple tense
The past perfect referring to an earlier past-the main use
of the past perfect is to show which of the two events
happened first:
The patient died. The doctor arrived.
The patient died when the doctor arrived.
The patient had died when the doctor arrived.
*NB
Some typical conjunctions used before a past perfect to refer
to an earlier past are: when and after, as soon as, by the
time that.
We cleaned up as soon as our guests had left.
Adverbs often associated with present perfect already, ever,
for, just, never, ever, neverbefore, since are often used with
past perfect to emphasize the sequence of events:
When he phoned, I had already left the office.
The past perfect as the past equivalent of the present
perfect - the past perfect sometimes functions simply as
the past form of the present perfect:
Leila is excited because she has never been to a dance
before. BUT
Leila was excited because she had never been to a dance
before.
21

 The past perfect for unfulfilled hopes and wishes we can

use the past perfect with verbs like expect, hope, mean,
suppose, think, want to describe things we hoped or
wished to do but didnt.
I had hoped to send him a letter to congratulate him on his
marriage, but I didnt manage it.
Also, the past perfect is often used with verbs of thinking,
like know, realize, remember, be sure, think and etc.
When I got to their office, I realized Id left all my papers
behind.
Mathew was sure they hadnt received the invoice, but he
checked one more time.

22

The Past Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense

1.Form of the past perfect continuous/progressive tense
Positive form:
Person + had + been + bare inf. + -ing
Negative form:
Person + had not + been + bare inf. + -ing
(hadnt)
Interrogative form: Inversion
Had + person +been + bare inf. + -ing
Short Answers: Yes/No
*Complex Questions:
WH-word + Inversion
*NB Spelling: how to add -ing to a verb
=
See the Present Continuous/Progressive Tense
2. Uses of the past perfect continuous/progressive tense
Actions in the progress throughout a period the past
perfect continuous is used for activities in progress during
an earlier past, often with consequences then:
She was very tired. She had been typing letters all day.
*NB
Some verbs like learn, lie, live, rain, sit, sleep, stand, study,
wait, work naturally suggest continuity and often occur
with perfect continuous forms with since or for and also in
questions beginning with How long?
When I first met Leila, she had been working for The Times
for 15 years.
The past perfect tense for drawing conclusions we use
the continuous forms to show that we have come to a
conclusion based on direct or indirect evidence:
Her eyes were red.
It was obvious she had been crying.
23

 The past perfect tense for repeated actions we use the

perfect continuous forms to show that an action was
frequently repeated:
Leila was annoyed. Mathew had been phoning her every
night for a whole week.

24

The Future Simple Tense

1.Form of the future simple tense
Positive form:
Person + will (ll) + bare inf.
Negative form:
Person + will not (wont) + bare inf.
Interrogative form: Inversion
Will + person +been + bare inf.
Short Answers: Yes/No
*Complex Questions:
WH-word + Inversion
2. Uses of the future simple tense
The Future Simple for predictions we use will to make
predictions about future (subjective ones) and to state
facts about future events:
Over the next decade there will be a big increase in the use
of nuclear power.
I think well open an office in Barcelona next year.
*We can add perhaps/maybe or probably*.
Maybe Ill join you later in the bar.
*NB The Word Order:
Hell probably agree with you.
He probably wont agree with you.
The Future Simple for instant decisions will can be used
also for instant decisions and thoughts that come into our
head at the moment of speaking:
Ill wait for you outside.
Ill call you tomorrow.
Will & modal uses - will also has modal uses and can
express an offer of help, a promise, certainty about
something, a request and etc.
Ill give you my full support in the meeting. (promise)
Will you hold the elevator for me, please? (request)
Will &conditional sentences - when we talk about future
events that will happen, or are likely to happen we use the
1st Conditional:
If you increase your order, well give you a bigger discount.
25

The Future Continuous Tense

Will + be + Present Participle
USE 1: Interrupted action in the future (a longer action in the
future will be interrupted by a shorter action)
Eg. I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight.
USE 2: Specific time in the future
Eg. At midnight tonight, we will still be driving through the
desert.
USE 3: Parallel actions in the future
Eg. Tonight, they will be eating dinner, discussing their
plans, and having a good time.
USE 4: Atmosphere in the future
Eg. When I arrive at the party, some people will be
dancing. Others will be talking. A few people will be
eating pizza.
Note:
*While I am finishing my homework, she will be making dinner.
*Jane will be at my house when you arrive. (Non-continuous
verb)
- Will you still be waiting for her when her plane arrives?
(interrogative)
- At 8:00 PM tonight, John will not be washing the dishes.
(negative)

26

The Future Perfect Tense

will + have + past participle
USE 1: Completed action before something in the future
Eg. By next November, I will have received my promotion.
*By the time he gets home, she will have cleaned the entire
house.
USE 2: Duration before something in the future (noncontinuous verbs)
Eg. By Monday, Susan will have had my book for a week.
- Will you only have learned a few words till then? (interrogative)
-He will not have completed the project before the deadline.
(negative)
The Future Perfect Continuous Tense
will + have been + present participle
USE 1: Duration before something in the future
Eg. Next year I will have been working for that firm for
three years.

USE 2: Cause of something in the future

Eg. Jason will be tired when he gets home because he will
have been jogging for over an hour.
Explain:
He will be tired because he will be exercising so hard.
He will be tired because he will have been exercising so hard.

27

Conditional Sentences
0
1st
2nd
3rd
profit.

If sales increase , we make more profit.

If sales increase, we will make more profit.
If sales increased, we would make more profit.
If sales had increased, we would have made more

General information about conditionals

A condition is something that has to be fulfilled before
something else can happen.
If, normally meaning provided that, is sometimes followed by
then. If then is not stated, it is implied:
If X happens, (then) Y follows.
Conditions: If (then)

Or

Conditional sentences have two parts, i.e. two clauses:

1. the If-clause
&
2. the main clause.
The order of the clauses:
Version 1
The If clause, the main clause
Version 2
The main clause the If clause
*NB: The order of the two clauses is flexible, it is not fixed.
BUT If the If clause comes first, it must be followed by a
comma.
If he runs, he will get there in time.
or
He will get there in time if he runs.

28

Types of conditional sentences

There are four types of conditional sentences. They are
classifies according to the degree of probability they express.
Each type of conditional sentence uses different tenses to
show the difference in the degree of probability.
4 types of conditional sentences
Zero conditional - things that are always or generally true
First conditional (likely future) events that will happen or
are likely to happen
Second conditional (imaginary future) events that are
imaginary, unlikely or impossible
Third conditional (imaginary past) past events that are
different to what really happened
Zero conditional
1. Form
In the condition clause there can be a variety of present
forms, i.e. Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present
Perfect.
When you fly business class, you get much more legroom.
(Present Simple)
If interest rates are rising, bank loans become more expensive.
(Present Continuous)
When you have finished the course, they give you a certificate.
(Present Perfect)
In the result clause there can be a Present simple or an
imperative form.
Keep trying. If you fail, try again.
* We can use either if or when in every case with no difference
in meaning.
2.Use
To talk about universal truths:
If you dont get the best people into the company, your
reputation suffers.
To talk about habits:
If she sees a spider, she gets very scared.
29

First conditional - real

1. Form:
In the condition clause there can be a variety of present
forms, i.e. Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present
Perfect.
If you increase your order, we will give you a bigger discount.
(Present Simple)
If you are meeting her at three, Ill join you later at about four.
(Present Continuous)
If I have made any mistakes, Ill correct them later. (Present
Perfect)
In the result clause ll is very common (like in the previous
examples). We can also use other future forms or an
imperative.
If anyone from the Head Office calls, say Im in a meeting.
(Imperative)
*If the result clause refers to the present, we use a present
tense.
If you need me, Im working in the study room.
2. Use
To speak about probable or possible future events:
If you follow this road, youll come to the station.
To make promises or warnings:
If you fail to finish the report, they will give you a sack.
To give commands:
If you are tired, go to bed.

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Second conditional-unreal
1. Form
Lets translate

,,BB-KBB

If I worked for The Times, Id get a better salary.

If you were still working for The Times, you could help me with
this project.
!!!Note that in the condition clause we use a past form to refer
to the future.

NB: If I was/ If I were issue

If I was is a colloquial alternative to If I were
In speech many English people use If I was, but If I
were is held to be grammatically correct.
If I were you, Id wait until tomorrow.
Id be more careful if I were you.
2. Use
To speak about present and future situations which are
unlikely to happen:
If I had any more money, I would lend it to you.

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Third conditional - unreal

1. Form:
If the sales had increased last quarter, my boss would have
been happier.
If the economic situation had been better, we wouldnt have lost
so many customers.
2. Use
To speak about impossible past events:
If they had gone by bus, they would have arrived mush later.
He would have travelled around the world if he had had more
money.
Other ways to say - If
Unless, ...
Even if,
Provided/providing (that), with the condition that, as long
as,
Imagine, suppose, supposing that,
In case,
NB: Unless
If he doesnt arrive soon, hell miss the flight.
Unless he arrives soon, hell miss the flight.
Unless means the same as Ifnot, and therefore it can replace
if
in the negative conditions.

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Passive Voice
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not
important or not known, however, who or what is performing
the action.
E.g. My bike was stolen.
( the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know,
however, who did it.)
Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active
voice, as in:
E.g. A mistake was made.
In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I
do not blame anyone:
E.g. You have made a mistake.
Form of Passive

Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column

of irregular verbs)
E.g. A letter was written.

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When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the

following:
1. the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the
passive sentence
2. the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
3. the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the
passive sentence (or is dropped)

Tenses which are rarely used in passive in everyday

conversation: Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect
Continuous, Future Continuous, Future Perfect Continuous.
We are normally not interested in the "doer" of an action in a
passive sentence. When we want to mention the "doer", we use
the preposition by.

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Subjects in active sentences that are omitted in passive ones:

we, everyone, anyone, someone, no one.., people, you (one),
they, the police.

Verbs with prepositions in passive

(e.g. break into, look after) - the preposition remains
immediately after the verb.
Someone broke into the pet shop. ---> The pet shop was broken
into.
Active sentences with two objects in passive
When there are two objects in an active sentence, there
are two possible active sentences and two possible passive
sentences.
object 1 = indirect object
object 2 = direct object
Each of the objects (direct and indirect) can be the subject in
the passive sentence.

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*Impersonal Passive - It is said ...

Active sentence: People say that children are afraid of ghosts.
Passive sentence version 1 (used in news):
It is said that children are afraid of ghosts.
Passive sentence version 2:
Children are said to be afraid of ghosts.

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II Gramatika
Vebe
Translate the following sentences:
1. Necu zavrsiti ovaj test do 3h.
2. Bice vise od sat vremena kako razgovaraju kada Tomas bude stigao.
3. Koliko ces drzava posetiti dok ne napunis 50 godina?
4. Neces biti unapredjen dok ne budes ovde radio koliko i Tom.
5. On ce veceras uciti u biblioteci pa nece videti Dzenifer kad bude stigla.
6. Sledee godine e biti drugaije. Obeavam.
7. Sledea godina e verovatno biti drugaija.
8. Pitam se da li e me prepoznati?
9. ta e te raditi sledee godine? Niste mi rekli vae planove.
10. ta e raditi sledee godine, da li zna?
11. Sutra u ovo vreme ja u biti na skijanju.
12. Sreno na ispitu, misliemo na tebe.
13. Graditelji kau da e on zavriti krov do subote.
14. Veeras u napisati izvetaj.
15. Napisau izvetaj do veeras.
16. Done! Piter odlazi. Doi i pozdravi se.
17. On e poludeti kad mu kaem da sam polupao njegov auto.
18. Dejv je tako ambiciozan, kladim se da e se obogatiti do svoje tridesete godine.
19. Upravo sam primio meil od Megan. Proita u ti ga.
20. Ogromna slika je zauzela polovinu zida u dnevnoj sobi.
21. Tako ozbiljne optube koje se tiu njegovih skoranjih poslovnih angamana su
ozbiljno naruile njegovu reputaciju u krugu uglednih privrednika.
22. Ekonomisti su predvideli pad valute na berzi kao i opadanje masovne zaposlenosti.
23. Ne mogu da hodam povredio sam nogu.
24. Ministar spoljnih poslova je umro.
25. Ko je ona? Nikad je ranije nisam video.
26. Moeteli da verujete da je danas imala trideset etiri telefonska poziva.
27. On je nezaposlen od kada je napustio kolu.
28. Nisam puno radio kada sam bio na fakultetu.
29. Moj najbolji prijatelj i ja se godinama poznajemo.
30. Sneg pada jo od utorka i veoma je hladno.
31. Bilo mi je ao mi je to nisam bila ljubaznija prema njemu.
32. Niko nije doao na sastanak jer je Anela zaboravila da obavesti ljude o tome.
33. Kada je okreio kuhinju i kupatilo, odluio je da se odmori.
34. Poto je isprobao est pari cipela, odluio je da mu se prve najvie dopadaju.
35. Kada je zavrio sa rukom otiao je do kafea na kafu.
36. Benu nije uivao u prvoj nedelji u vojsci. Nikada ranije nije bio odvojen od kue i
nikada nije nosio uniformu.
37. Kada sam ga upoznao on je godinu dana radio kao konobar.
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38. Kada je Kerol dola kui Mark je spremao veeru.

39. Kada je Kerol dola kui Mark je spremio veeru.
40. Alisa radi za jednu osiguravajuu kompaniju.
41. U est sati ovog jutra sanjao sam izvanredan san,ali onda je alarm zazvonio.
42. Kada sam uao unutra oni su razgovarali o ugovoru.
43. Dock sam razgovarao sa gospoom Adams neko je uao u moju kancelariju i ukrao
kompjuter.
44. Bil Geic je odrao svoj prvi govor na Komdeksu, ou kompjutersko-industrijske
razmene, 1983. godine.
45. Mikrosoft je najavio planove za novi program zvanim Windows.
46. Oni su sluali muziku kada je ona tri puta pozvonila.
47. Kakav je to divan miris? Moj suprug kuva.
48. Zvaninici su odbili da otkriju detalje pregovora koji su se odrzali u naem gradu.
49. Lopov joj je priao sa lea,brzo uzeo njenu tanu i orao.
50. Oni su igrali tenis kada ga je videla.
51. Popunio je aplikaciju,priloio kratku biografiju sa preporukama i poslao.
52. Prole godine smo dosta robe izvozili u Brazil.
53. Dok je kompanija istraivala nesreu,vlada je uvela nove propise.
54. Kada se vatra zapalila ona je nosila zatitnu odeu.
55. Jue u ovo vreme ja sam kucala izvetaj u mojoj kancelariji.
56. Ako ne odem rano u krevet, necu ustati na vreme.
57. Ako prihvatim ovu ponudu sta bi ti rekao.
58. Da nije toliko zauzeta pridruzila bi nam se.
59. Da si uradio sta su ti rekli, uspeo bi.
60. Ako ga vidim sutra sve cu mu reci.
61. Oni ne bi bili u nevolji da su prihvatili tvoj savet.
62. Kad bi cuo o tvom braku, iznenadio bi se.
63. Da imam sansu otisao bih u Englesku.
64. Otisao bih da ih posetim da sam znao da su kod kuce.
65. Da si bio na sastanku video bi ga.
66. Da sam znao da sam ti potreban, odmah bi dosao.
67. Da joj poznati reziser nije pomogao ona nikada ne bi bila zvezda.
68. Da je jos uvek mlad ne bi morao tako cesto da ide kod lekara.
69. Da ste poslusali njegove savete ne biste imali problema kada ste prelazili granicu.
70. Da niste toliko trosili kada ste bili mladi, do sada biste se obogatili.
71. Da nam se kola nisu pokvarila mi bismo stigli na planinu pre dva sata.
72. Kada bih ponovo bio mlad vise bih stedeo.
73. Da li bi kupio tu jaknu da si imao dovoljno novca?
74. Da sam visok kao kosarkas igrao bih kosarku svaki dan.
75. Da smo na vreme poceli dosad bismo zavrsili krecenje kuce.
76. Da sam imao svoja kola ne bih pozajmljivao kola svojih roditelja.
77. Da ne moram da polazem ovaj ispit sada bi se skijao na nekoj planini.
78. Da me niste povezli ja bih stajao na kisi i cekao autobus.
79. Da ste mi tacno objasnili gde zivite stigao bih na vreme.
80. Ako nastavite da ucite tom brzinom necete biti spremni za ispit.
81. Kad me pozoves ja dodjem.
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82. Ako se kornjace cuvaju u neodgovarajucim uslovima one umiru.

83. Ako vam je potrebna pomoc okrenite 999.
84. Kada bih ja nestao sutra, sta bi ti radio.
85. Da sam znao kakav ce to tezak posao biti, nikada im ne bi kupio kucnog ljubimca.
86. Da su mi rekli da ne idem ja ne bih otisao na njihovu zabavu.
87. Sta bi ti uradio kad bi video vanzemaljca.
88. Da je imao malo para on bi nesto kupio.
89. Da sam imao makaze pozajmio bih ti.
90. Ako pada sneg ja cu ostati u skoli.
91. On bi stigao na autobus da je brze pesacio.
92. Da im niste pomogli zakasnili bi na voz.
93. Da je padala kisa otisao bih otisao kuci.
94. Nikada ne bih stigao ovde na vreme da me niste povezli.
95. Da su znali da ste bili ovde odmah bi dosli. Kada je vreme lepo ja idem u prirodu.
96. Kada je umoran on rano ide u krevet.
97. Biljke rastu ako ih zalivate.
98. Kad god imam zubobolju ja idem kod zubara.
99. Ako je previse toplo majka vise voli da ostane kod kuce.
100. Ako bude slobodan pocice sa nama.
101. Ako ne pozuris zakasnices.
102. Ako mi pomognes zavrsicu do sest sati.
103. Oni ce biti veoma umorni ako putuju celu noc.
104. Gde cemo ih odvesti ako dodju sledece nedelje
105. Ako ga ponovo pitam odbice me.

Translate the following conditional sentences into English:

1. Poslao bih ti razglednicu da nisam bio izgubio tvoju adresu.

2. Ako bih izgubio posao, imao bih mnogo poteskoca da nadjem drugi.
3. Ako on ne prihvati nasu ponudu, mi cemo morati da se povucemo.
4. Ja bih kupio mercedes da sam bio u mogucnosti da ga priustim.
5. Ja bih ti pomogao da si me zamolio.
6. Kupicu dva ako mi date 10% popusta.
7. Moracemo da otpustimo neke radnike ukoliko se prodaja ne poboljsa uskoro.
8. Ako izvestaj ne bude na mom stolu sutra ujutru, bicete u velikoj nevolji.
9. Zaboravio bih sve oko toga da me niste podsetili.
10. Da sam na tvom mestu, ja bih radije dao ostavku.
11. Kad bismo vise trosili na istrazivanje i razvoj, ne bismo toliko tehnoloski zaostajali.
12. Izucavao bih ekonomiju da sam otisao na univerzitet.
13. Kad bismo malo bolje kontrolisali nase troskove, ustedeli bismo dosta novca.
14. Kad bismo otvorili kancelariju u Tokiju, ja bih bio zainteresovan da radim tamo.
15. Da sam otisao u Englesku, propustio bih Rejcelinu posetu.

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 Turn the following sentences into passive:

1. We will deliver the goods immediately.
2. Jane had booked a flight.
3. I always confirm the reservation.
4. You have made a mistake.
5. We are developing a new invoicing system.
6. The marketing department in your country will handle this complaint.
7. We are building a new office block not far from here.
8. You can return any unwanted materials.
9. They execute all orders carefully.
10. We are processing your order at the moment
11. We have accepted your suggestions.
12. You should check all of the outstanding invoices.
13. We will transport the goods immediately.
14. We produce most of the documentation in this office.
15. *They suppose that the new product will come out soon.
16. People have reported a number of other fires in the area in the last month.
17. People believe that the same young man may be responsible for all these fires.
18. The intense heat burned many of the rescuers.
19. Someone had taken away the fire-extinguishers.
20. The police know the identity of one of the victims.

40