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Chapter 13
13-1
d P = 17/8 = 2.125 in
dG =

N2
1120
(2.125) = 4.375 in
dP =
N3
544

NG = PdG = 8(4.375) = 35 teeth Ans.

C = (2.125 + 4.375)/2 = 3.25 in Ans.
13-2
n G = 1600(15/60) = 400 rev/min Ans.
p = m = 3 mm Ans.
C = [3(15 + 60)]/2 = 112.5 mm Ans.
13-3
NG = 20(2.80) = 56 teeth Ans.
dG = NG m = 56(4) = 224 mm Ans.
d P = N P m = 20(4) = 80 mm Ans.
C = (224 + 80)/2 = 152 mm Ans.
13-4

Mesh:

a = 1/P = 1/3 = 0.3333 in Ans.

b = 1.25/P = 1.25/3 = 0.4167 in Ans.
c = b a = 0.0834 in Ans.
p = /P = /3 = 1.047 in Ans.
t = p/2 = 1.047/2 = 0.523 in Ans.

Pinion Base-Circle:

d1 = N1 /P = 21/3 = 7 in
d1b = 7 cos 20 = 6.578 in Ans.

Gear Base-Circle:

d2 = N2 /P = 28/3 = 9.333 in
d2b = 9.333 cos 20 = 8.770 in Ans.

Base pitch:

pb = pc cos = (/3) cos 20 = 0.984 in Ans.

Contact Ratio:

m c = L ab / pb = 1.53/0.984 = 1.55 Ans.

See the next page for a drawing of the gears and the arc lengths.

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O2

10.5

10

Arc of approach  0.87 in

Arc of recess  0.77 in
Arc of action  1.64 in
Lab  1.53 in

P
B

14

Ans.
Ans.
Ans.

12.6

O1

13-5


(a) A O =

2.333
2

2

5.333
+
2

2 1/2
= 2.910 in Ans.
(b) = tan1 (14/32) = 23.63 Ans.

AO
2

1"
3

 = tan1 (32/14) = 66.37 Ans.




(c) d P = 14/6 = 2.333 in,

dG = 32/6 = 5.333 in Ans.

1"
3

(d) From Table 13-3, 0.3A O = 0.873 in and 10/P = 10/6 = 1.67
0.873 < 1.67 F = 0.873 in Ans.
13-6

30

(a) pn = /5 = 0.6283 in
pt = pn /cos = 0.6283/cos 30 = 0.7255 in
px = pt /tan = 0.7255/tan 30 = 1.25 in

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Chapter 13

(b) pnb = pn cos n = 0.6283 cos 20 = 0.590 in Ans.

(c) Pt = Pn cos = 5 cos 30 = 4.33 teeth/in
t = tan1 (tan n /cos ) = tan1 (tan 20/cos 30 ) = 22.8 Ans.
(d) Table 13-4:
a = 1/5 = 0.200 in Ans.
b = 1.25/5 = 0.250 in Ans.
17
dP =
= 3.926 in Ans.
5 cos 30
dG =

34
= 7.852 in Ans.
5 cos 30

13-7
P

G
20

n = 14.5,

Pn = 10 teeth/in

(a) pn = /10 = 0.3142 in Ans.

pt =

0.3142
pn
=
= 0.3343 in Ans.
cos
cos 20

px =

0.3343
pt
=
= 0.9185 in Ans.
tan
tan 20

(b) Pt = Pn cos = 10 cos 20 = 9.397 teeth/in



1 tan 14.5
t = tan
= 15.39 Ans.
cos 20
(c)

a = 1/10 = 0.100 in Ans.

b = 1.25/10 = 0.125 in Ans.
19
dP =
= 2.022 in Ans.
10 cos 20
dG =

57
= 6.066 in Ans.
10 cos 20

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From Ex. 13-1, a 16-tooth spur pinion meshes with a 40-tooth gear, m G = 40/16 = 2.5.
Equations (13-10) through (13-13) apply.
(a) The smallest pinion tooth count that will run with itself is found from Eq. (13-10)



4k
2
1 + 1 + 3 sin
NP
6 sin2


4(1) 
2
1
+
3
sin
20

1
+
6 sin2 20
12.32 13 teeth Ans.
(b) The smallest pinion that will mesh with a gear ratio of m G = 2.5, from Eq. (13-11) is


2(1)
2
2
2.5 + 2.5 + [1 + 2(2.5)] sin 20
NP
[1 + 2(2.5)] sin2 20
14.64 15 pinion teeth Ans.
(c) The smallest pinion that will mesh with a rack, from Eq. (13-12)
4k
4(1)
=
NP
2 sin2
2 sin2 20
17.097 18 teeth Ans.
(d) The largest gear-tooth count possible to mesh with this pinion, from Eq. (13-13) is
NG

N P2 sin2 4k 2
4k 2N P sin2
132 sin2 20 4(1) 2
4(1) 2(13) sin2 20

16.45 16 teeth Ans.

13-9

From Ex. 13-2, a 20 pressure angle, 30 helix angle, pt = 6 teeth/in pinion with 18 full
depth teeth, and t = 21.88.
(a) The smallest tooth count that will mesh with a like gear, from Eq. (13-21), is



4k cos
2
1 + 1 + 3 sin t
NP
6 sin2 t


4(1) cos 30 
2

1 + 1 + 3 sin 21.88
6 sin2 21.88
9.11 10 teeth Ans.
(b) The smallest pinion-tooth count that will run with a rack, from Eq. (13-23), is
4k cos
2 sin2 t
4(1) cos 30

2 sin2 21.88
12.47 13 teeth Ans.

NP

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Chapter 13

(c) The largest gear tooth possible, from Eq. (13-24) is

NG

N P2 sin2 t 4k 2 cos2
4k cos 2N P sin2 t

102 sin2 21.88 4(12 ) cos2 30

4(1) cos 30 2(10) sin2 21.88

15.86 15 teeth
13-10

Pressure Angle:

t = tan

tan 20
cos 30

Ans.


= 22.796

Program Eq. (13-24) on a computer using a spreadsheet or code and increment N P . The
first value of N P that can be doubled is N P = 10 teeth, where NG 26.01 teeth. So NG =
20 teeth will work. Higher tooth counts will work also, for example 11:22, 12:24, etc.
Use 10:20 Ans.
13-11

Refer to Prob. 13-10 solution. The first value of N P that can be multiplied by 6 is
N P = 11 teeth where NG 93.6 teeth. So NG = 66 teeth.
Use 11:66 Ans.

13-12

Begin with the more general relation, Eq. (13-24), for full depth teeth.
NG =

N P2 sin2 t 4 cos2
4 cos 2N P sin2 t

Set the denominator to zero

4 cos 2N P sin2 t = 0
From which

2 cos
NP

2 cos
t = sin1
NP

sin t =

For N P = 9 teeth and cos = 1

t = sin1

2(1)
= 28.126 Ans.
9

13-13
18T

32T

 25
, n  20
, m  3 mm

(a) pn = m n = 3 mm Ans.
pt = 3/cos 25 = 10.4 mm Ans.
px = 10.4/tan 25 = 22.3 mm Ans.

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(b) m t = 10.4/ = 3.310 mm Ans.

tan 20
= 21.88 Ans.
t = tan1
cos 25
(c) d P = 3.310(18) = 59.58 mm Ans.
dG = 3.310(32) = 105.92 mm Ans.
13-14

(a) The axial force of 2 on shaft a is in the negative direction. The axial force of 3 on
shaft b is in the positive direction of z. Ans.

a
2

The axial force of gear 4 on shaft b is in the positive z-direction. The axial force of
gear 5 on shaft c is in the negative z-direction. Ans.
5

14 16
(900) = +103.7 rev/min ccw Ans.
54 36
= 14/(10 cos 30) = 1.6166 in
= 54/(10 cos 30) = 6.2354 in

(b) n c = n 5 =
(c) d P 2
dG 3

Cab =

1.6166 + 6.2354
= 3.926 in Ans.
2

d P 4 = 16/(6 cos 25) = 2.9423 in

dG 5 = 36/(6 cos 25) = 6.6203 in
Cbc = 4.781 in Ans.
13-15

  
4
20 8
20
=
e=
40 17
60
51
4
n d = (600) = 47.06 rev/min cw Ans.
51

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Chapter 13

13-16

6
e=
10
na =

18
38



20
48



3
36

3
304

3
(1200) = 11.84 rev/min cw Ans.
304

13-17
(a) n c =

12 1
(540) = 162 rev/min cw about x. Ans.
40 1

(b) d P = 12/(8 cos 23) = 1.630 in

dG = 40/(8 cos 23) = 5.432 in
d P + dG
= 3.531 in Ans.
2
32
= 8 in at the large end of the teeth. Ans.
(c) d =
4
13-18

(a) The planet gears act as keys and the wheel speeds are the same as that of the ring gear.
Thus
n A = n 3 = 1200(17/54) = 377.8 rev/min Ans.
n F = n 5 = 0,

(b)

n L = n6,

e = 1

n 6 377.8
0 377.8
377.8 = n 6 377.8
1 =

n 6 = 755.6 rev/min Ans.

Alternatively, the velocity of the center of gear 4 is v4c N6 n 3 . The velocity of the
left edge of gear 4 is zero since the left wheel is resting on the ground. Thus, the velocity of the right edge of gear 4 is 2v4 c 2N6 n 3 . This velocity, divided by the radius
of gear 6 N6 , is angular velocity of gear 6the speed of wheel 6.

n6 =

2N6 n 3
= 2n 3 = 2(377.8) = 755.6 rev/min Ans.
N6

(c) The wheel spins freely on icy surfaces, leaving no traction for the other wheel. The
car is stalled. Ans.
13-19

(a) The motive power is divided equally among four wheels instead of two.
(b) Locking the center differential causes 50 percent of the power to be applied to the
rear wheels and 50 percent to the front wheels. If one of the rear wheels, rests on
a slippery surface such as ice, the other rear wheel has no traction. But the front
wheels still provide traction, and so you have two-wheel drive. However, if the rear
differential is locked, you have 3-wheel drive because the rear-wheel power is now
distributed 50-50.

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Let gear 2 be first, then n F = n 2 = 0. Let gear 6 be last, then n L = n 6 = 12 rev/min.

 
16
nL n A
20 16
= , e=
e=
30 34
51
nF nA
(0 n A )

16
= 12 n A
51
nA =

12
= 17.49 rev/min (negative indicates cw) Ans.
35/51

Alternatively, since N r, let v = N n (crazy units).

v = N6 n 6
v
vA
=
N4
N4 N5

4
5

vA

vA =

N4 N6 n 6
N4 N5

vA
N4 N6 n 6
=
N2 + N4
( N2 + N4 )( N4 N5 )

nA =

v0
v

N6 = 20 + 30 16 = 34 teeth

30(34)(12)
(20 + 30)(30 16)

= 17.49 rev/min cw Ans.

13-21

Let gear 2 be first, then n F = n 2 = 180 rev/min. Let gear 6 be last, then n L = n 6 = 0.
20
e=
30
(180 n A )

16
34


=

16
,
51

e=

nL n A
nF nA

16
= (0 n A )
51


16
nA =
180 = 82.29 rev/min
35

The negative sign indicates opposite n 2

n A = 82.29 rev/min cw Ans.

Alternatively, since N r, let v = N n (crazy units).

v
N2 n 2
vA
=
=
N5
N4 N5
N4 N5

v  N2 n2

N2
5
2
v0
vA

N5 N2 n 2
N4 N5
vA
N5 N2 n 2
nA =
=
N2 + N4
( N2 + N4 )( N4 N5 )
vA =

16(20)(180)
= 82.29 rev/min cw Ans.
(20 + 30)(30 16)

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Chapter 13

13-22

N5 = 12 + 2(16) + 2(12) = 68 teeth Ans.

Let gear 2 be first, n F = n 2 = 320 rev/min. Let gear 5 be last, n L = n 5 = 0
  
3
nL n A
12 16
12
= , e=
e=
16 12
68
17
nF nA
17
320 n A = (0 n A )
3
3
n A = (320) = 68.57 rev/min
14
The negative sign indicates opposite of n 2 n A = 68.57 rev/min cw Ans.
Alternatively,
v0
nA(N2  2N3  N4)
2nA(N2  2N3  N4)  n2N2  2nA(N2  N3)

v  n 2 N2

nA(N2  N3)

nA =

2nA(N2  2N3  N4)  2nA(N2  N3)  n2N2

320(12)
n 2 N2
=
2( N3 + N4 )
2(16 + 12)

= 68.57 rev/min cw Ans.

13-23

Let n F = n 2 then n L = n 7 = 0.
  
24 18
8
36
e=
=
18 30
54
15
n L n5
8
e=
=
n F n5
15
8
15
05
=
n 2 = 5 + (5) = 14.375 turns in same direction
n2 5
15
8

13-24

(a) Let n F = n 2 = 0, then n L = n 5 .



99 101
9999
e=
=
,
100 100
10 000

e=

nL n A
nL n A
=
nF nA
0 nA

n L n A = en A
n L = n A (e + 1)
1
9999
nL
=
= 0.0001 Ans.
=1e =1
nA
10 000
10 000
101
N4
=
= 10.1 in
P
10
100
d5 =
= 10 in
10 



10
d5
dhousing > 2 d4 +
= 2 10.1 +
= 30.2 in Ans.
2
2

(b) d4 =

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13-25

n2 = nb = n F ,

n A = na ,

n L = n5 = 0
nL n A
21
=
e=
444
nF nA

21
(n F n A ) = 0 n A
444

With shaft b as input

na =

21
nb,
465

21
21
444
nF +
nA +
nA = 0
444
444
444
nA
na
21
=
=
nF
nb
465

in the same direction as shaft b, the input. Ans.

Alternatively,
n 2 N2
vA
=
N4
N3 + N4

v0
4
vA
3

vA =

n 2 N2 N4
N3 + N4

vA
n 2 N2 N4
=
N2 + N3
( N2 + N3 )( N3 + N4 )

na = n A =

n2 N2
2

=
13-26

n F = n2 = na ,

21
18(21)(n b )
=
n b in the same direction as b
(18 + 72)(72 + 21)
465

n L = n6 = 0
 
24 22
11
e=
= ,
18 64
24

e=

nL n A
0 nb
=
nF nA
na nb

0 nb
11
=

24
na nb
Yes, both shafts rotate in the same direction. Ans.

nb
11
=
na
35

Ans.

Alternatively,
v0
5
vA

n2 N2
2

vA
n 2 N2
N2
N2 N5
=
=
na , v A =
na
N5
N3 + N5
N3 + N5
N3 + N5
vA
N2 N5
na
n A = nb =
=
N2 + N3
( N2 + N3 )( N3 + N5 )
11
24(22)
nb
=
=
na
(24 + 18)(22 + 18)
35
n b rotates ccw

13-27

n 2 = n F = 0,

n L = n5 = nb,

Yes Ans.

n A = na
 
25
20 20
=
e=+
24 24
36

Ans.

Ans.

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Chapter 13

nb na
25
=
36
0 na
11
nb
=
Ans.
na
36
Same sense, therefore shaft b rotates in the same direction as a.

Ans.

Alternatively,
( N2 + N3 )n a
v5
=
N3 N4
N3

(N2  N3)na

v5 =

3
v5
v0

nb =

( N2 + N3 )( N3 N4 )n
N3

v5
( N2 + N3 )( N3 N4 )n a
=
N5
N3 N5
(20 + 24)(24 20)
nb
=
na
24(24)
=

13-28

11
36

same sense Ans.

= 2n/60

(a)

H = T = 2 T n/60 (T in N m, H in W)
So

T =

60H (103 )
2n

= 9550H/n (H in kW, n in rev/min)

Ta =

9550(75)
= 398 N m
1800

r2 =

5(17)
m N2
=
= 42.5 mm
2
2

So
t
=
F32

Ta
398
= 9.36 kN
=
r2
42.5
F t32

9.36

a
2

Ta2
398 N m

F3b = Fb3 = 2(9.36) = 18.73 kN in the positive x-direction. Ans.

See the figure in part (b) on the following page.

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r4 =

(b)

5(51)
m N4
=
= 127.5 mm
2
2
9.36
F t43

3
O
b
Fb3

18.73

F t23
9.36

Tc4 = 9.36(127.5) = 1193 N m ccw

T4c

= 1193 N m cw

Ans.

Note: The solution is independent of the pressure angle.

c
Tc4  1193
9.36

13-29

4
5

N
6
d2 = 4 in, d4 = 4 in, d5 = 6 in, d6 = 24 in
 

24 24
36
e=
= 1/6, n P = n 2 = 1000 rev/min
24 36
144
d=

n L = n6 = 0
e=

nL n A
0 nA
=
nF nA
1000 n A

n A = 200 rev/min

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Chapter 13

Input torque:

T2 =

63 025H
n

T2 =

63 025(25)
= 1576 lbf in
1000

For 100 percent gear efficiency

Tarm =

63 025(25)
= 7878 lbf in
200

Gear 2
F ta2
T2  1576 lbf in

n2

Wt =

r
F32
= 788 tan 20 = 287 lbf

F r42

F ra2

1576
= 788 lbf
2

2
Wt

Gear 4
Wt

Wt

Fr

FA4 = 2W t = 2(788) = 1576 lbf

Fr
n4
FA4

Gear 5
2W t  1576 lbf

F r  287 lbf

Fr
Wt

W t  788 lbf

Arm
1576 lbf

Tout



4"

13-30


5"

Tout = 1576(9) 1576(4) = 7880 lbf in

Ans.

1576 lbf

Given: P = 2 teeth/in, n P = 1800 rev/min cw, N2 = 18T, N3 = 32T, N4 = 18T,

N5 = 48T.
Pitch Diameters: d2 = 18/2 = 9 in; d3 = 32/2 = 16 in; d4 = 18/2 = 9 in; d5 =
48/2 = 24 in.

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Gear 2
W r  566 lbf

Ta 2 = 63 025(200)/1800 = 7003 lbf in

W t  1556 lbf

W t = 7003/4.5 = 1556 lbf

W r = 1556 tan 20 = 566 lbf

2
Ta2  7003 lbf in

Gears 3 and 4
y
W t  2766 lbf
3

4
b
W r  1007 lbf

W t (4.5) = 1556(8),

W t = 2766 lbf

W r = 2766 tan 20 = 1007 lbf

W t  1556 lbf

Ans.

W r  566 lbf

13-31

P = 5 teeth/in, N2 = 18T,
Given:
1800 rev/min.

N3 = 45T,

n = 20,

H = 32 hp,

Gear 2
Tin =
W r32

Tin
F ta2
2

F ra2

18
= 3.600 in
5
45
dG =
= 9.000 in
5
1120
t
W32
= 622 lbf
=
3.6/2
dP =

W t32

63 025(32)
= 1120 lbf in
1800

r
W32
= 622 tan 20 = 226 lbf
t
= 622 lbf,
Fat 2 = W32

r
Far2 = W32
= 226 lbf

Fa 2 = (6222 + 2262 ) 1/2 = 662 lbf

Each bearing on shaft a has the same radial load of R A = R B = 662/2 = 331 lbf.

n2 =

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Chapter 13

Gear 3
Fbr3

Tout  W t23 r3
 2799 lbf in

t
t
= W32
= 622 lbf
W23
r
r
W23
= W32
= 226 lbf

Fbt3

Fb3 = Fb2 = 662 lbf

RC = R D = 662/2 = 331 lbf

W t23
W r23

Each bearing on shaft b has the same radial load which is equal to the radial load of bearings, A and B. Thus, all four bearings have the same radial load of 331 lbf. Ans.
13-32

Given: P = 4 teeth/in, n = 20 ,

N P = 20T,

n 2 = 900 rev/min.

d2 =

20
NP
=
= 5.000 in
P
4

Tin =

63 025(30)(2)
= 4202 lbf in
900

t
W32
= Tin /(d2 /2) = 4202/(5/2) = 1681 lbf
r
W32
= 1681 tan 20 = 612 lbf
y

z
2

Load on 2
due to 3

Equivalent

4202 lbf in
r
 612 lbf
W 32

612 lbf

z
W t32  1681 lbf

1681 lbf

The motor mount resists the equivalent forces and torque. The radial force due to torque
Fr =

4202
= 150 lbf
14(2)

150
B

150

14"
C

150

150

4202 lbf in

Forces reverse with rotational

sense as torque reverses.

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t
,
The compressive loads at A and D are absorbed by the base plate, not the bolts. For W32
the tensions in C and D are

M AB = 0

1681(4.875 + 15.25) 2F(15.25) = 0

B

F = 1109 lbf

F
F1

F
15.25"

F1

4.875

1681 lbf

t
If W32
reverses, 15.25 in changes to 13.25 in, 4.815 in changes to 2.875 in, and the forces
change direction. For A and B,

1681(2.875) 2F1 (13.25) = 0

F1 = 182.4 lbf

r
For W32
153 lbf
612
 153 lbf
4

F2

F2

D
a
612 lbf
14

153 lbf

11.25
F2

4.875

F2
C
153 lbf

M = 612(4.875 + 11.25/2) = 6426 lbf in


a = (14/2) 2 + (11.25/2) 2 = 8.98 in
F2 =

6426
= 179 lbf
4(8.98)

At C and D, the shear forces are:


FS 1 = [153 + 179(5.625/8.98)]2 + [179(7/8.98)]2
= 300 lbf
At A and B, the shear forces are:

FS 2 = [153 179(5.625/8.98)]2 + [179(7/8.98)]2
= 145 lbf

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349

Chapter 13

The shear forces are independent of the rotational sense.

The bolt tensions and the shear forces for cw rotation are,

A
B
C
D

Tension (lbf)

Shear (lbf)

0
0
1109
1109

145
145
300
300

Tension (lbf)

Shear (lbf)

182
182
0
0

145
145
300
300

For ccw rotation,

A
B
C
D
13-33

Tin = 63 025H/n = 63 025(2.5)/240 = 656.5 lbf in

W t = T /r = 656.5/2 = 328.3 lbf

y
2

= tan1 (2/4) = 26.565

Wa
a
G

Wr

 = tan1 (4/2) = 63.435

Wt

FBz
FBx 2
B

1
2

FAz
A
z

FAx

FAy

a = 2 + (1.5 cos 26.565)/2 = 2.67 in

W r = 328.3 tan 20 cos 26.565 = 106.9 lbf
W a = 328.3 tan 20 sin 26.565 = 53.4 lbf
W = 106.9i 53.4j + 328.3k lbf

Tin
Not to scale

R AG = 2i + 5.17j, R AB = 2.5j

M4 = R AG W + R AB F B + T = 0

Solving gives
R AB F B = 2.5FBz i 2.5FBx k
R AG W = 1697i + 656.6j 445.9k
So



(1697i + 656.6j 445.9k) + 2.5FBz i 2.5FBx k + T j = 0
FBz = 1697/2.5 = 678.8 lbf
T = 656.6 lbf in
FBx = 445.9/2.5 = 178.4 lbf

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So
FB = [(678.8) 2 + (178.4) 2 ]1/2 = 702 lbf Ans.
F A = (F B + W)
= (178.4i 678.8k + 106.9i 53.4j + 328.3k)
= 71.5i + 53.4j + 350.5k
FA (radial) = (71.52 + 350.52 ) 1/2 = 358 lbf Ans.
FA (thrust) = 53.4 lbf Ans.
13-34
d2 = 15/10 = 1.5 in,
0.75

= tan1


1.25

DE =
y

Wa

Wt

Wr
G

1.25"

 = 59.04

9
+ 0.5 cos 59.04 = 0.8197 in
16

W r = 30 tan 20 cos 59.04 = 5.617 lbf

W a = 30 tan 20 sin 59.04 = 9.363 lbf

R DC = 0.625j

M D = R DG W + R DC FC + T = 0

FDx
D
5"
8

C
FCx

25
= 2.5 in
10

R DG = 0.8197j + 1.25i

0.8197"

FDy

0.75
= 30.96,
1.25

d3 =

W = 5.617i 9.363j + 30k

FDz

W t = 30 lbf,

R DG W = 24.591i 37.5j 7.099k

R DC FC = 0.625FCz i + 0.625FCx k

FCz

T = 37.5 lbf in Ans.

z
Not to scale

FC = 11.4i + 39.3k lbf Ans.

FC = (11.42 + 39.32 ) 1/2 = 40.9 lbf Ans.

F=0

F D = 5.78i + 9.363j 69.3k lbf

FD (radial) = [(5.78) 2 + (69.3) 2 ]1/2 = 69.5 lbf Ans.

FD (thrust) = W a = 9.363 lbf Ans.

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351

Chapter 13

13-35

Sketch gear 2 pictorially.

z

Pt = Pn cos = 4 cos 30 = 3.464 teeth/in

Wa
2
W

Wr

t = tan1

tan n
tan 20
= tan1
= 22.80
cos
cos 30

Sketch gear 3 pictorially,

z

Wt

Wr

x
TG

Wa
3

dP =

18
= 5.196 in
3.464

Pinion (Gear 2)
W r = W t tan t = 800 tan 22.80 = 336 lbf
W a = W t tan = 800 tan 30 = 462 lbf
W = 336i 462j + 800k lbf Ans.
W = [(336) 2 + (462) 2 + 8002 ]1/2 = 983 lbf Ans.
Gear 3
W = 336i + 462j 800k lbf Ans.
W = 983 lbf Ans.
dG =

32
= 9.238 in
3.464

TG = W t r = 800(9.238) = 7390 lbf in

13-36

From Prob. 13-35 solution,

3
800

462

800
4

462
336

336

336

336
2

462
800

800

462

Notice that the idler shaft reaction contains a couple tending to turn the shaft end-overend. Also the idler teeth are bent both ways. Idlers are more severely loaded than other
gears, belying their name. Thus be cautious.

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13-37
y

Gear 3:

Wr
r4

Pt = Pn cos = 7 cos 30 = 6.062 teeth/in

tan 20
= 0.4203, t = 22.8
tan t =
cos 30

Wt
W

54
= 8.908 in
6.062
W t = 500 lbf
d3 =

W a = 500 tan 30 = 288.7 lbf

r3

W r = 500 tan 22.8 = 210.2 lbf

x
Wr

Wa

Wt

W3 = 210.2i + 288.7j 500k lbf Ans.

z

Gear 4:
14
= 2.309 in
6.062
8.908
W t = 500
= 1929 lbf
2.309
W a = 1929 tan 30 = 1114 lbf
d4 =

W r = 1929 tan 22.8 = 811 lbf

W4 = 811i + 1114j 1929k lbf Ans.
13-38
Pt = 6 cos 30 = 5.196 teeth/in

y
3

d3 =

T3

t = 22.8

T2

d2 =
x

42
= 8.083 in
5.196

16
= 3.079 in
5.196

63 025(25)
= 916 lbf in
1720
916
T
= 595 lbf
Wt = =
r
3.079/2
T2 =

W a = 595 tan 30 = 344 lbf

W r = 595 tan 22.8 = 250 lbf
W = 344i + 250j + 595k lbf
R DC = 6i,

R DG = 3i 4.04j

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353

Chapter 13
y
FCy

x
FCx

C
3"

3"

FCz

D
FDz

4.04"

FDy
Wt
G
Wa

Wr

M D = R DC FC + R DG W + T = 0

R DG W = 2404i 1785j + 2140k

y
R DC FC = 6FCz j + 6FC k
Substituting and solving Eq. (1) gives
T = 2404i lbf in
FCz = 297.5 lbf
y

F = 356.7 lbf
C
F = F D + FC + W = 0
Substituting and solving gives

FCx = 344 lbf

y

FD = 106.7 lbf
FDz = 297.5 lbf
So
FC = 344i 356.7j 297.5k lbf Ans.
F D = 106.7j 297.5k lbf Ans.
13-39

Pt = 8 cos 15 = 7.727 teeth/in

y
x

t
F32
r
F32

a
2
Fa2
a
F32

t
Fa2

r
Fa2

(1)

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y

F tc4

d2 = 16/7.727 = 2.07 in
d3 = 36/7.727 = 4.66 in
d4 = 28/7.727 = 3.62 in

c
4

F rc4

F a34
F ac4

T2 =

F r34

63 025(7.5)
= 274.8 lbf in
1720

Wt =

274.8
= 266 lbf
2.07/2

F t34

F t43
x

W r = 266 tan 20 = 96.8 lbf

W a = 266 tan 15 = 71.3 lbf
F2a = 266i 96.8j 71.3k lbf Ans.
F3b = (266 96.8)i (266 96.8)j
= 169i 169j lbf Ans.
F4c = 96.8i + 266j + 71.3k lbf Ans.

F r43

3
F xb3

F a43

Fb3
F yb3
F a23

F r23
F t23

13-40

FDy
D

FDx
2.6"R

b
FDz

2"

F r54
1.55"R

F a54
G
F t54

1"
2

F a23

3"

FCx

H
F r23

F t23

C
z

FCy

14
N
36
=
= 2.021 in, d3 =
= 5.196 in
Pn cos
8 cos 30
8 cos 30
15
45
d4 =
= 3.106 in, d5 =
= 9.317 in
5 cos 15
5 cos 15
d2 =

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355

Chapter 13

For gears 2 and 3: t = tan1 (tan n /cos ) = tan1 (tan 20/cos 30 ) = 22.8,
For gears 4 and 5: t = tan1 (tan 20/cos 15) = 20.6,
t
F23
= T2 /r = 1200/(2.021/2) = 1188 lbf
5.196
t
= 1987 lbf
= 1188
F54
3.106
r
t
F23
= F23
tan t = 1188 tan 22.8 = 499 lbf
r
= 1986 tan 20.6 = 746 lbf
F54
a
t
= F23
tan = 1188 tan 30 = 686 lbf
F23
a
= 1986 tan 15 = 532 lbf
F54

Next, designate the points of action on gears 4 and 3, respectively, as points G and H,
as shown. Position vectors are
RC G = 1.553j 3k
RC H = 2.598j 6.5k
RC D = 8.5k
Force vectors are
F54 = 1986i 748j + 532k
F23 = 1188i + 500j 686k
y

FC = FCx i + FC j
y

F D = FDx i + FD j + FDz k
Now, a summation of moments about bearing C gives

MC = RC G F54 + RC H F23 + RC D F D = 0
The terms for this equation are found to be
RC G F54 = 1412i + 5961j + 3086k
RC H F23 = 5026i + 7722j 3086k
y
RC D F D = 8.5FD i 8.5FDx j
When these terms are placed back into the moment equation, the k terms, representing
the shaft torque, cancel. The i and j terms give
3614
= 425 lbf Ans.
8.5
(13 683)
= 1610 lbf Ans.
FDx =
8.5
Next, we sum the forces to zero.

F = FC + F54 + F23 + F D = 0
y

FD =

Substituting, gives
 x
y 
FC i + FC j + (1987i 746j + 532k) + (1188i + 499j 686k)
+ (1610i 425j + FDz k) = 0

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Solving gives
FCx = 1987 + 1188 1610 = 1565 lbf
y

FC = 746 499 + 425 = 672 lbf

FDz = 532 + 686 = 154 lbf Ans.
13-41
y

VW =
B

WW t =

100

H
2000
= 637 N
=
VW

L = px N W = 25(1) = 25 mm
L
= tan1
dW

100
50
Wa

(0.100)(600)
dW n W
=
= m/s
60
60

A
z

Wr

Wt

= tan1

Worm shaft diagram

25
= 4.550
(100)

W =

WW t
cos n sin + f cos

VS =

VW
=
= 3.152 m/s
cos
cos 4.550

lead angle

In ft/min: VS = 3.28(3.152) = 10.33 ft/s = 620 ft/min

Use f = 0.043 from curve A of Fig. 13-42. Then from the first of Eq. (13-43)
W =

637
= 5323 N
cos 14.5(sin 4.55) + 0.043 cos 4.55

W y = W sin n = 5323 sin 14.5 = 1333 N

W z = 5323[cos 14.5(cos 4.55) 0.043 sin 4.55] = 5119 N
The force acting against the worm is
W = 637i + 1333j + 5119k N
Thus A is the thrust bearing. Ans.
R AG = 0.05j 0.10k, R AB = 0.20k

M A = R AG W + R AB F B + T = 0
R AG W = 122.6i + 63.7j 31.85k
y

R AB F B = 0.2FB i 0.2FBx j
Substituting and solving gives
T = 31.85 N m Ans.
FBx = 318.5 N,
So

FB = 613 N

F B = 318.5i + 613j N Ans.

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Chapter 13

Or

Radial

FB = [(613) 2 + (318.5) 2 ]1/2 = 691 N radial

F = F A + W + RB = 0
F A = (W + F B ) = (637i + 1333j + 5119k + 318.5i + 613j)
= 318.5i 1946j 5119k Ans.
FrA = 318.5i 1946j N,
FAr = [(318.5) 2 + (1946) 2 ]1/2 = 1972 N

Thrust
13-42

FAa = 5119 N

From Prob. 13-41

So

WG = 637i 1333j 5119k N

pt = px
dG =

48(25)
N G px
=
= 382 mm

Bearing D to take thrust load

M D = R DG WG + R DC FC + T = 0
R DG = 0.0725i + 0.191j
R DC = 0.1075i
The position vectors are in meters.
R DG WG = 977.7i 371.1j 25.02k
y
R DC FC = 0.1075 FCz j 0.1075FC k
Putting it together and solving
y

WG

G
Not to scale
191

FC

35

72.5
z
D

FD

Gives
T = 977.7 N m Ans.
FC = 233j + 3450k N, FC = 3460 N

F = FC + WG + F D = 0

Ans.

F D = (FC + WG ) = 637i + 1566j + 1669k N

Ans.

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Radial

FrD = 1566j + 1669k N

Or

FDr = 2289 N (total radial)

FtD = 637i N (thrust)

13-43
y
y
T
z

0.75"

x
WWt

VW =

(1.5)(900)
= 353.4 ft/min
12

W x = WW t =
pt = px =

33 000(0.5)
= 46.69 lbf
353.4

= 0.314 16 in
10

L = 0.314 16(2) = 0.628 in

0.628
= 7.59
(1.5)
46.7
W =
= 263 lbf
cos 14.5 sin 7.59 + 0.05 cos 7.59
= tan1

W y = 263 sin 14.5 = 65.8 lbf

W z = 263[cos 14.5 (cos 7.59 ) 0.05 sin 7.59 ] = 251 lbf
So

W = 46.7i + 65.8j + 251k lbf Ans.

T = 46.7(0.75) = 35 lbf in Ans.

13-44
100:101 Mesh
dP =

100
= 2.083 33 in
48

dG =

101
= 2.104 17 in
48

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359

Chapter 13

Proper center-to-center distance:

2.083 33 + 2.104 17
d P + dG
=
= 2.093 75 in
2
2
2.0833
cos 20 = 0.9788 in
= r cos =
2

C=
rb P
99:100 Mesh

Proper:

dP =

99
= 2.0625 in
48

dG =

100
= 2.083 33 in
48

C=

99/48 + 100/48
= 2.072 917 in
2

rb P = r cos =
Improper:

2.0625
cos 20 = 0.969 06 in
2

d P + dG
d P + (100/99)d P
=
= 2.093 75 in
C =
2
2


d P =

2(2.093 75)
= 2.0832 in
1 + (100/99)
rb P
0.969 06
= cos1
= 21.5

d P /2
2.0832/2

 = cos1
From Ex. 13-1 last line


= cos

= cos

= cos
13-45

Computer programs will vary.

rb P
d P /2

= cos

( N P /P) cos
(2C  /(1 + m G ))

(d P /2) cos
d P /2

(1 + m G ) N P cos
2PC 


Ans.