:

:
.
:
: .............. ................. ............ 1-
.
................ C-H
....................................................
: 2-
................... ......................
.....................
................ C-H
....................................................
: 3-
.................
................
....................................................
:
5

Naphthalene

3
Benzene

Cyclohexane

CH 3

Anthracene

Toluene

2
Cyclohexene

:
: -
: : 3-1 4,5
.................. : 6............................5.................4.................3..................2............... 1 :
................. : 6............................5.................4.................3..................2............... 1 :

: -
: 1 : 1 + 1-
: - : ...............
................. : -
................. : -
............... : -
: - : ...............
dil.HCL- 1 ..
1 +
1 + .................dil.NaOH- 1 ...................
:Br2/CCl42-
+ 3-1 : 1 1 ,
2 , 3 :
.
Br

HBr

u.v

Br2/CCl4

............................
Br

direct
Br

Br2/CCl4

..............................

Br

Fe
+ HBr

heat on water bath

Br2/CCl4

............................
.................. ..............
) ( : KMnO43-
+ 4-1 KMnO41 % NaOH+ 10 :
1 , 2 ......... ,.............
3 , 4 ......................
................

KMnO4

.......................................

heat on water bath

OH

MnO2 + KOH

KMnO4

heat on water bath

OH

..............................
KMnO4

....................................

heat on water bath

COOH

MnO2

CH 3

KMnO4
heat on water bath

........................
........... .......... ............. ...........
: 4-
.
HSO4 - + +NO2 + H2O

HNO3 + H2SO4

HNO3 / H2SO4
+ 4-3 ) ( + + 1
10) ( ......................................
20 . :
NO2
NO2

heat on water bath

or
..........................

NO2

.............................

NO2

NO2
CH 3

CH 3
CH 3

heat on water bath

or
O2 N

.............................

.............................

NO2

 5 2+ (glacial acetic acid) - + 3 + C.HNO3+

10 20
.
. 6
: 3 5- 4
- : 3 4
C ............
81
............... ........................ 110C
- : : 5C ........

........... .................... 93- C

: 5 6- 6
Picrate formation
1 + 6-5 +

)(picric acid in acetone

: ..........
. ..........