AMMAR AKHTAR

ROLL NO.176
1st YEAR
M.B.B.S
 GOLGI
APPARATUS
 DISCOVERY
 TheGolgi apparatus (also called the Golgi
body, Golgi complex, or dictyosome) is an
organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. It was
identified in 1898 by the Italian physician
Camillo Golgi and was named after him. The
primary function of the Golgi apparatus is to
process and package the macromolecules
such as proteins and lipids that are
synthesized by the cell. It is particularly
important in the processing of proteins for
secretion. The Golgi apparatus forms a part of
the endomembrane system of eukaryotic cells
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 TheGolgi is composed of membrane-
bound stacks known as cisternae.
Between five and eight are usually
present; however, as many as sixty
have been observed.
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 The Trans face of the trans-Golgi
network is the face of Golgi
apparatus from which vesicles leave
the Golgi apparatus and proceed to
further compartments
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A cisterna (plural cisternae) comprises a
flattened membrane disk that makes up the Golgi
apparatus. A typical Golgi has anywhere from 3
to 7 cisternae stacked upon each other like a
stack of dinner plates, but there are usually
around 6. The cisternae carry Golgi enzymes to
help or to modify cargo proteins traveling through
them destined for other parts of the cell.
 FUNCTION

 Thecisternae carry Golgi enzymes to

help or to modify cargo proteins
traveling through them destined for
other parts of the cell
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 Enzymes within the cisternae are able to
modify substances by the addition of
carbohydrates (glycosylation) and
phosphate (phosphorylation) to them. In
order to do so the Golgi transports
substances such as nucleotide sugars into
the organelle from the cytosol. Proteins are
also labeled with a signal sequence of
molecules which determine their final
destination. For example, the Golgi
apparatus adds a mannose-6-phosphate
label to proteins destined for lysosomes.
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 The Golgi also plays an important
role in the synthesis of proteoglycans
, molecules present in the
extracellular matrix of animals, and it
is a major site of carbohydrate
synthesis
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Vesicular
transport
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Exocytotic vesicles Vesicle
contains proteins destined for
extracellular release. After packaging
the vesicles bud off and immediately
move towards the plasma membrane,
where they fuse and release the
contents into the extracellular space
in a process known as constitutive
secretion.Antibody release by
activated plasma B cells
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Secretory vesicles Vesicle contains
proteins destined for extracellular
release. After packaging the vesicles bud
off and are stored in the cell until a signal
is given for their release. When the
appropriate signal is received they move
towards the membrane and fuse to
release their contents. This process is
known as regulated secretion.
Neurotransmitter release from neurons
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Lysosomal vesicles
Vesicle contains proteins destined for
the lysosome, an organelle of
degradation containing many acid
hydrolases, or to lysosome-like
storage organelles.Digestive
proteases destined for the lysosome
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 S