Chng 20: Xut bn v in n vi mu sc ph hp

Photoshop CS

Ni dung ca trang ny thuc bn quyn ca B tc Monte Cristo - Final Fantasy v www.vietphotoshop.com. Nhng bi vit
trong ny c th c in ra dng vi mc ch c nhn v phi thng mi. Nu bn mun pht hnh li trong trang web ca bn lm
n lin lc vi ti hoc t nht phi trch dn li ngun l: B tc Monte Cristo - Final Fantasy v www.vietphotoshop.com

to ra mu sc ph hp, bn xc nh khong mu chnh sa v hin th hnh di dng RGB

tip sau l chnh sa, hin th v in hnh di dng CMYK. Vi cch lm ny bn c th chc chn
hnh c in ra s c mu ging nh khi n hin trn my tnh vy.
Chng s gip cc bn thit lp mu sc gia hai h mu RGB (cho vic hin th) v CMYK (cho in
n)
Trong bi ny chng ta s hc nhng phn sau

Xc nh nhng mng kiu mu RGB, grayscale v CMYK trong vic hin th, in n v chnh
sa nh.

Chun b cho vic in nh trn mt my in PostScript CMYK.

Chun b trc khi in.

To cc mng mu (separation), qu trnh x l mu cho mt hnh RGB c b cc bi bn

mu mc in : cyan, magenta, yellow v black.

Hiu cc bc chun b trc khi in.

Ti to mu

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Chng 20: Xut bn v in n vi mu sc ph hp

Photoshop CS

Ti to mu
Mu sc hin th trn mn hnh c kt hp bi mu , xanh l cy v xanh dng(hay c gi l
RGB), trong khi nhng mu c in ra li c to bi bn mu lam, ti (cnh sen), vng v
en(hay c gi l CMYK). y l bn mu chun trong qu trong in mu.

Bi v RGB v CMYK s dng cc phng thc hin th khc nhau, chng c nhng phng thc ti
to cc gam mu hay mng mu khc nhau. V d, RGB s dng cc gam sng to mu, gam mu
ca n bao gm nhng mu neon (neon colors). Ngc li, mu ca mc in li vt tri trong vic ti
to nhng mu mc c th ngoi phm vi gam mu ca RGB nh l mu nht v mu thun en.
r s khc bit gia gam mu RGB v CMYK xem hnh 18-3,18-4 v 18-5.
Nhng khng phi tt c cc gam mu RGB v CMYK l ging nhau. i vi mi mt kiu mn hnh
hay my in, chng u hin th cc gam mu c i cht khc nhau. V d nh mn hnh ca nh sn
xut ny c th hin th mu xanh dng hi sng hn so vi mu ca nh sn xut khc. Mu sc
cho hnh v c quyt nh bi cc gam mu m n c th ti to
Chng ta s xem xt qua mt cht v hai h mu RGB v CYMK
H thng mu RGB
Hu ht cc mu u c th th hin c qua ba mu l (Red), Lc (Green), Lam (Blue) vi
cng sng rt cao. Khi phi hp li chng cng c th to c cc mu CYM v W (trng), nn
chng cng c gi l h mu Cng. Tt c cc mu c phi hp vi cng sng cao nht s
to ra mu trng, v tt c cc nh sng s c nh x ngc tr li mt v to nn mu trng. H

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Chng 20: Xut bn v in n vi mu sc ph hp

Photoshop CS

mu cng c s dung trong mn hnh, video, nh sng.

H thng mu CYMK
L vic to mu da theo s hp th nh sng ca mc in ln giy. Khi nh sng p vo mc in, mt
s bc sng c hp th trn giy, mt s khc c phn x vo mt. Theo l thuyt, mu Xanh
lc (Cyan), mu Vng (Yellow) v mu Cnh sen (Magenta) kt hp vi nhau hp thu nh sng to
nn mu en v chng c gi l h mu Tr. Tuy nhin do trong thc t, cc ht mc in kt hp vi
nhau to thnh mt mu en khng thun khit, nn ngi ta cho thm mt lp mu en na to
nn mu en thun khit, v trnh lm ln vi mu xanh nn c vit tt l K. Vic kt hp nhng
mu mc in ny c gi l tin trnh in bn mu.
ICC ( International Color Consortium) : Mt t chc nh ra tiu chun mu sc gip cho cc phn
mm v cc thit b c th hiu c nhau (ND). ICC profile l mt tp hp nhng thng s nhm c
t khng gian mu ca mt thit b, v d : khng gian mu CYMK nhm s dng cho cc thit b in n.
Trong bi ny ta s hc cch s dng cc tp mu RGB v CMYK. Photoshop (hay cc ng dng c
th s dng nh ngha mu theo chun ICC) s s dng nhng thng s theo chun ICC qun l
mu cho cc file hnh nh ca mnh. Ta c th tham kho thm v vic qun l mu v chun b nhng
xc lp cho mn hnh trong bi
19. Trc khi vo bi chng ta cn xc lp mc nh cho Adobe photoshop trong phn Khi phc
nhng tham chiu mc nh.
Ch nh nhng xc lp qun l mu
Trong phn u bi ny chng ta c bit lm th no xc lp mt tin trnh qun l mu.
h tr vic xc lp ny, Photoshop t ng hin th mt hp hi thoi cho vic xc lp mu ngay khi
khi ng Photoshop. V d, Photoshop s xc lp mu RGB l mc nh cho qu trnh h tr web.
Tuy nhin ta cng c th thay i xc lp nhm ph hp cho vic in ra nhng bc nh p hn l hin
th chng trn mn hnh. bt u cho vic xc lp mu ny, chng ta hy khi ng Photoshop, v
bt tay cho vic ty bin mu sc theo ca mnh.
1. Khi ng Photoshop
Nu ta s dng nhng ng dng khc thay i nhng xc lp trong file nh ngha mu mc nh,
mt hp hi thoi xut hin nhc nh ta ng ha mu sc theo nhng xc lp bnh thng hoc m
li hp xc lp mu sc ca Photoshop.
Vic ng ha nhng xc lp mu nhm m bo cho vic Photoshop s dng mu ca minh c
ng nht vi cc ng dng khc ca Adobe cng s dng hp thoi Color Setting. Bn cng c th
chia s nhng thng s thit lp mu ca bn cho ngi khc bng cch lu li xc lp mu vo mt
tp tin ca ng dng m bn mun v dng ti s dng cho cc ng dng, hay chia s vi nhng

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Chng 20: Xut bn v in n vi mu sc ph hp

Photoshop CS

ngi khc.
2. Trn thanh menu, chn Edit > Color Setting m hp hi thoi Color Settings

di cng ca hp thoi cha thng tin v nhiu la chn qun l mu sc m bn s hc phn

di y.
3. Di chuyn con tr qua tng phn ca hp thoi, bao gm c tn ca tng vng (nh l Working
Spaces) v nhng la chn bn c th chn (nh l nhng menu la chn khc nhau), tr li gi tr
mc nh ca n khi bn lm xong. Khi bn di chuyn con tr, n dng thng tin xut hin phn
di ca hp thoi. Hy chn mt tp hp la chn chung v n s ch c th cho bn tng la chn
mt. Trong trng hp ny, bn s chn mt la chn c thit k in n hn l nhng sn phm
ho cho web.
4. Chng ta s s dng xc lp U.S. prepress Default v nhn vo nt OK
In th mt tm hnh
Trong phn ny ca bi hc, bn s lm vic vi dng ti liu c trng m bn c th c c nh
scan vo t nh gc. Bn s m n ra, bin i thng s mu ca n, v thit lp khi bn in ra
th kt qu ca n cng ging nh khi bn nhn n trn mn hnh. iu ny cho php bn c mt bn in
th trn mn hnh ca ti liu bn mun in ra giy. Bn s bt u bng vic m ti liu .
1. Trn thanh menu, chn File > Open, m file 20start.tif t th mc lesson20. V 20start.tif bao gm
lc mu cho bc nh c nh ngha cho mt khng gian mu sc khc vi xc lp trn
Photoshop, v vy s xut hin hp hi thoi Embedded Profile Mismatch, yu cu bn phi thay i
xc lp mu. C ba la chn trong hp hi thoi ny:

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Chng 20: Xut bn v in n vi mu sc ph hp

Photoshop CS

La chn Use the embedded profile thay i nhng xc lp mu m c nh ngha t

nhng phin lm vic trc theo nhng xc lp mu c s dng i theo tp file nh.

La chn Discard the Embedded Profile hin th theo ch khng c thng s mu i theo
v c th s gy ra vic mu sc s khng c hin th chnh xc.

Ni chung, nu khng v nhng l do c bit, th ta nn s dng la chn th 2 Convert

Documents Colors to the Working Space.

2. La chn Convert Documents Colors to the Working Space v nhn OK.

Hnh nh scan ca tm bu tip s hin ra ch mu RGB

La chn Convert Documents Color to the Working Space yu cu Photoshop so snh thng s mu
ca tp tin nh vi thng s mu m bn xc nh trc y trong hp thoi Color Setting, v
Photoshop s chn ra mu ng nht cho tp tin nh hin th ln mn hnh.
Ch : Da vo nhng thng s c xc lp trong phn xc lp mu ca Photoshop, nu nh tp
tin nh khng c phn nh ngha xc lp mu i theo, mt ca s xc nhn vic mt Thng s mu s
xut hin, ca s ny s gip bn c cn xc lp mt tp thng s mu cho tp tin nh hay khng. Ca
s ny gip ta la chn vic s dng nhng thng s mu hin hnh hay chon t nhng danh sch
thng s c trong sn trong cc tp thng s. Ni chung, ta nn la chn xc lp mu hin hnh.
Trc khi thc hin vic s l mu sc (trn mn hnh) tc l vic chun b mu sc trc khi in n, ta
nn thit lp trc cc thng s (cng cn c gi l phn proof setup). Nhng thng s xc lp
ny nhm mc ch chun b cho tp tin nh c in ra chnh xc nh nhng g th hin trn mn
hnh. Photoshop c rt nhiu nhng xc lp ginh cho tng trng hp hin th mu sc nh in n,
web hay mn hnh.
Trc khi "in th" l dng to mt bn in trn mnhnh hoc thc s in tm hnh, bn phi thit lp
thng s mu in th. Thng s mu in th (hay cn c gi l Thit lp in th) xc nh ti liu ny s

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Chng 20: Xut bn v in n vi mu sc ph hp

Photoshop CS

c in nh th no, v s thm nhng tnh nng th gic vo phin bn hin th trn mn hnh
cung cp cho bn mt mu in th chnh xc hn. Photoshop cung cp mt s lng a dng nhng
thit lp m c th gip bn in th mt tm hnh cho nhiu mc ch s dng khc nhau, bo gm c in
ra giy v hin th trn mn hnh. Trong bi hc ny bn s hc cch to mt tu bin thit lp mu in
th. Bn c th lu li nhng thit lp ny s dng cho nhng bc hnh khc v c cng mt kt
qu u ra.
3. Trn menu bar chn View > Proof Setup > Custom.
4. t du kim trn la chn Preview.
5. Ti phn Profile trong hp hi thoi Proof Setup, la chn mt xc lp ph hp vi ngun nhn tp
tin nh (v d nh my in), trong trng hp ny, v ta khng a ra my in, nn ni chung Working
CMYK - U.S. Web Coated (SWOP) v2 l mt la chn tt.
6. Phi m bo rng Preserve Color Numbers l khng c la chn. Vic g la chn ny s
m bo rng, tp tin nh s hin th c mu sc gn nht vi thng s mu c thit lp.
Ch : La chn ny khng c sn trn tt c cc h iu hnh. Tip tc bc tip theo
7. T menu Intent, chn mt loi Rendering bt k cho vic bin i (ti chn Relative Colorimetric, mt
la chon tt cho vic bo tr mi quan h ca tp mu m khng lm mt tnh chnh xc ca h mu
xc lp)
8. Nu thng s mu ca bn cho php, Chn Ink Black v sau chn Paper White.
Bn s nhn ra tng phn ca tm hnh b mt i nhiu. La chn ny s gi lp c mu en
thun ch khng phi l mu en nht), sau chn Paper White (s gi lp c mu trng nh
ging mu giy thc. iu cho thy phn mu trng tm hnh di l bt chc mu trng ca
giy.

9. Nhn OK

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Chng 20: Xut bn v in n vi mu sc ph hp

Photoshop CS

thay i xc lp mu, vo View-> Proof Colors

Xc nh nhng gam mu nm ngoi kh nng hin th ca h mu
Hu nh nhng bc nh c qut bao gm h mu RGB, u c ph mu nm trong h mu CMYK,
vic chuyn i tp tin nh c h mu RGB sang h mu CMYK (thao tc m ta s lm trc khi in ra)
hu nh khng c my khc bit. Mc du vy, nhng tp tin nh c tgo bi cng ngh s c h
mu RGB u c ph mu nm ngoi h mu CMYK, v d mu ca nh sang n n-ng.
Ch : Nhng gam mu no khng xc nh c s th hin mt du chm than trong ca s mu
(Color pallete) hay ca s thng s mu (Info pallete).
Trc khi ta mun chuyn t h mu RGB sang h mu CMYK, ta cn xem nhng gi tr mu CMYK
khi tp tin nh vn cn trong h mu RGB.
1.Chn View -> Gammut Warning xem nhng gam mu nm ngoi h mu CMYK. Adobe
photoshop xy dng mt bng chuyn i v s dng mu xm trung tnh th hin nhng gam mu
nm ngoi h mu cn chuyn i. Bi v mu xm l mu rt kh nhn bit nn ta cn chuyn i n
ti mu d nhn bit hn.
2. Chn Edit >Preferences > Transparency & Gamut, sau la chn mu mu ti y ca hp hi
thoi.
3. Chn mt mu tht ni hoc thun nht nh mu hng hoc mu xanh m.
4. Nhn vo OK v ng ca s Transparency & Gamut li. Mu xm s c thay th bi mu ta
chn.

5. Chn View > Gamut Warning g b ch xem cc gam mu ngoi ph mu.

Photoshop s t ng sa nhng mu ny khi ta lu tp tin di dng Photoshop EPS cui chng

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Chng 20: Xut bn v in n vi mu sc ph hp

Photoshop CS

ny.Photoshop EPS s chuyn i mu RGB ti mu CMYK, iu chnh nhng ph mu trong RGB

sao cho ph hp vi nhng ph mu c trong CMYK.
iu chnh mu v chun b cho vic in n
Bc tip theo l iu chnh mu cho tp tin nh c in ra. Trong chng ny, chng ta s hc cch
thm v iu chnh mu trn bc nh c qut. cho vic so snh c chnh xc, ta s to
mt bn copy.
1. Chn Image > Duplicate, ri chn OK
2. t 2 bc nh trn mn hnh sao cho c th tin so snh nht.
y chng ta s iu chnh mu sc v bo ha mu. C rt nhiu cch iu chnh mu, l
vic s dng Levels v Curves. Trong chng ny chng ta s dung Hue/Saturation iu chnh mu
trong vng lm vic..
3. La chn tp tin nh 20start.tif, ri chn Image > Adjustments > Hue/Saturation
4. Chuyn v tr ca s hp thoi sao cho c th nhn thy nh trn mn hnh.

Ko thanh trt trong phn Hue, sao cho n lc nhn nh trng c v t nhin hn.

Ko thanh trt trn Saturation, sao cho cng mu tr v trng thi bnh thng.

Ko thanh trt th hin thuc tnh sang (Lightness) v v tr 0

5.Vn vi nh c la chn, ta chn File > Print With Preview

6. Trong hp hi thoi Print, cn m bp rng Show More Options c kim. Sau la chn theo
nhng bc di y:

Ngay khi chn Show more Options s xut hin mt trnh n, chn Color Management.

Trong phn Source Space chn Proof Setup.

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Chng 20: Xut bn v in n vi mu sc ph hp

Photoshop CS

Trong phn Print Space, la chn trong trnh n Profile v Intent c nhng thng s
cho vic in ra my in mu m ta c nh in ra. Nu ta cha c mt my in mc nh no th
chn Working CMYK

Sau chn Done

7. Chn File > Save lu tp tin.

8. In ra mt bn so snh vi hnh trn mn hnh
Lu nh thnh mt tp tin ring bit
Trong phn ny ta s hc cch lu nh thnh tp tin ring bit, c th in ra phin bn Cyan,
Magneta, Yellow, Black ring bit.
1. Chn File > save as (Tt nhin i vi tp tin 20start.tif).
2. Trong hp hi thoi save as, la chn nhng thuc tnh sau:

Ti trnh n Format , chn Photo EPS.

Trong phn la chn ca Save as, vi phn Color chn Use Proof Setup: Working CMYK.

Ch : Nhng la chn ny s gip cho tp tin nh t ng chuyn t h mu RGB sang CMYK khi n
c lu di dng Photoshop Encasulated PostScrip (EPS)
3. t tn tp tin l 20start.eps ri lu li.

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Chng 20: Xut bn v in n vi mu sc ph hp

Photoshop CS

4. Nhn vo nt OK, hp hi thai EPS Options s xut hin.

5. Chn File > Open, ri m tp tin 20start.eps. Lu rng y l tp tin CMYK.
6. Sao lu li tp tin 20start.tif, by gi ch cn tp tin 20start.eps ang c m.
La chn cho in n
- xc lp nhng thng tin cho vic in n, ta c th ch nh trong phn File info v Print Preview,
sau xc lp t phn Options t ca s hi thoi Print.
ng nhp thng tin File
Photoshop h tr chun t Hip hi bo ch Hoa k v Hi ng xut bn Vin thng quc t xc
nh c ch truyn vn bn v hnh nh.
1. Trong tp tin nh 18start.eps, chn File -> File Info. Ca s hi thoi File Info s xu hin vi tham
s General trong phn Section.

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Chng 20: Xut bn v in n vi mu sc ph hp

Photoshop CS

2. Nhp nhng thng tin nh : tiu , tc gi, ph .

Ch : in phn ph cho tp tin nh, chn File -> Print With Preview v chn Description Option.
3. Nhp t kha (V d : Skate hay winter) ri nhn vo nt Add. Ta c th nhp bt k mt t kha
no ta thch.

4. Trong List Menu chn Origin.

6.Nhn vo today ly ngy hin hnh, hoc c th nhp vo bt k ngy no ta mun, cng tng
t i vi cc thng tin khc.

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Chng 20: Xut bn v in n vi mu sc ph hp

Photoshop CS

7. Nhn vo OK ng ca s hi thoi File Info, ri chn File > Save

Ch : Ngoi 2 la chn trn ca phn Section, n cn c nhng la chn khc m ta c th nhp
thm.
In n
t c kt qu tt nht cho vic in ra, ta nn theo nhng theo mt s quy tc sau:

Thit lp cc tham s cho mn hnh bn sc (halftone screen).

Nn in mt bn in mu phi hp (hay cn c gi l color comp). Mt bn in mu phi hp

ngha l bn in phi hp cc mu , Xanh v Xanh dng (RGB) hoc CMYK. Vic ny s
lm cho bn in ra ging vi ci ta nhn thy trn mn hnh.

In tch di tm hnh c tch di ng cch.

In ra film

In trng nh bn sc
ch nh mt mn hnh bn sc khi in mt tp tin nh, ta s dng la chn Screen trong ca s hi
thoi Print With Preview. Kt qu ca s dng mn hnh bn sc ch c trong bn sao c in, ta
khng th xem c mn hnh bn sc trn mn hnh.
Ta s dng mn hnh bn sc in ra mt bc nh mu xm. Ta s dng bn mn hnh bn sc (mt
cho mi tin trnh mu) in ra nhng mu ring bit. Trong v d ny, chng ta s dng vic iu
chnh tn s mn hnh v chm im to ra mn hnh n sc cho bc nh c gam mu xm.
Tn s mn hnh kim sot mt cc im trn mn hnh. Cc im c sp xp theo dng trn
mn hnh, n v o lng thong thng cho tn s trn mn hnh l dng trn inch (lpi). Nu tn s
mn hnh cng cao, th nh cng p (l thuc vo kh nng qut dng mn hnh ca my in). Nhng
tp ch thng s dng nhng mn hnh c tn s qut dng tt nh 133 lpi hoc cao hn, v h in n
trn cc loi giy c trng ph hoc nhng n bn c cht lng cao.Bo ch th li c in vi cht
lng thp hn ln ch cn nhng mn hnh c tn s qut dng khong 85 lpi.
Gc mn hnh c s dng to bn sc cho nh mu xm khong 45. t c kt qu tt
nht cho cc mu ring bit l s dng la chn Auto trong ca s hi thoi Halftone (chn Page
Setup -> Screens ->Halftone Screens). Ta cng c th ch nh gc cho tng mu. Nn thit lp cc

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Chng 20: Xut bn v in n vi mu sc ph hp

Photoshop CS

mn hnh vi cc gc khc nhau m bo rng cc chm im t trn bn mn hnh c v l c

mu lin tc v khng to ra vic nhiu mu.
Nhng chm im dng hnh thoi thng c s dng trong mn hnh bn sc, tuy nhin Photoshop
cng cho php ta s dng cc dng hnh khc nh : trn, e lp, gch ni, ng k.
Ch : Mc nh mt nh s s dng nhng xc lp mn hnh bn sc ca thit b hoc phn mm ni
m ta xut tp tin nh, nh chng trnh dn trang. Ta khng cn phi ch nh nhng xc lp mn
hnh n sc nh di y tr trng hp ta mun chn ln nhng xc lp mc nh.
1. m bo rng ca s ca tp tin nh c kch hot.
2. Chn Image > Mode > Grayscale sau chn Ok hy b thong tin mu.
3. Chn File > Print With Preview m bo Show More Options c la chn.
4. Lp tc ca s Show More Options s xut hin, la chn output t trnh n bn di

5. Nhn vo Screen m ca s hi thoi Halftone Screen v la chn nhng thng tin di y:

G b la chn Use Printers Default Screen.

Phn Frequency nhp s 133, v m boLines/Inch c la chn.

Phn Angle chn gc 45.

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Chng 20: Xut bn v in n vi mu sc ph hp

Phn Shape chn Elipse.

Nhn Ok ng ca s Halftone Screen

Photoshop CS

6. Nhn vo Done ng ca s Print With Preview

7. in nh, chn File -> Print
8. Chn File > Close ng tp tin nh (khng lu gi nhng g thay i)
In n nhng bn ring bit
Mc nh, nh h mu CMYK c in ra nh mt tp tin nh duy nht, v l mt tp tin nh hp thnh
ca bn mu. in ra thnh bn tp tin nh ring bit, ta cn la chn phn Separations trong ca s
hi thoi Print With Preview.
in nh hin thi theo gam mu, ta lm nh sau :
1. Chn File > Open v m tp tin 18start.eps.
2. Chn File > Print With Preview.
3. Trong ca s hi thoi Print, m bo rng la chn Show More Options, v xc lp theo nh
nhng thng tin di y

Trong trnh n pop-up ngay bn di Show more Options, chn Color Management.

Trong phn Source Space chn Document.

Trong trnh n pop-up Profile, chn Separations.

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Chng 20: Xut bn v in n vi mu sc ph hp

Photoshop CS

4. Nhn vo Print (Nu ta khng mun in ra, c th b qua bc ny).

5. Chn File > Close ng tp tin (Nh khng lu).
Ti y chng ta hon tt vic s dng mu ring bit va in n cho mt tp tin nh trong Adobe
Photoshop.

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Chng 20: Xut bn v in n vi mu sc ph hp

Photoshop CS

Cu hi n tp

1. C nhng bc g ti to mu chnh xc ?
2. Gam mu l g?
3. ICC profile l g?
4. Mu ring bit l g ? nh h mu CMYK khc vi h mu RGB nh th no ?
5. Nhng bc no chun b in ra nhng mu ring bit trong mt tp tin nh ?
p n
1. Xc nh c mn hnh, sau s dng ca s Color Setting xc lp thng tin v khng gian
mu. V d : Ta c th s dng h mu RGB cho nhng nh trc tuyn, h mu CMYK cho nhng nh
c in ra.
2. Ta cng c th chun b trc khi cho in ra nhng tm nh, kim tra nhng gam mu khng nm
trong nhng gam mu ca h mu chn, iu chnh mu theo mun, i vi nhng nh cn in ra,
c th in ra nhng nh c gam mu ring bit.
3. Gam mu l phm vi mu c ti to li bi thit b hoc h mu, v d, h mu RGB v CMYK l
2 h mu khc nhau nn cho nhng bc nh khc nhau.
4. ICC profile l tp thng tin c t khng gian mu ca mt thit b, v d nh h mu CMYK c t
khn ggian mu ca mt loi my in. Nhng ng dng nh Photoshop s dng ICC Profile cho lu tr
thng tin mu ca tp tin nh khi chuyn qua cc ng dng khc vn gi c nguyn mu sc ca
chng.
5. Chun b nh c in ra c th gi c mu chun, sau chuyn i t h mu RGB sang h
mu CMYK xy dng c nhng gam mu ring bit.
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