Modul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements 4.1: Analysing the Periodic Table of Elements A student is able to: © identify groups and periods in the Periodic Table, state the basic principle of arranging the elements in the Periodic Table from their proton numbers, relate the electron arrangement of an element to its group and period, explain the advantages of grouping elements in the Periodic Table, predict the group and the period of an element based on its electron arrangement. 1. Elements are arranged systematically in the Periodic Table in the order of increasing proton number which enables: * Chemists to study understand and remember the chemical and physical properties of all the elements and compounds in an orderly manner. * Properties of elements and their compounds are predicted based on the position of elements in the Periodic Table. * Relationship between the elements from different groups can be known. 2. Scientists Contribution to the Historical Development of the Periodic Table Scientists | Discoveries 1 ¢ In 1789, first Chemist try to classify the substance, Antoinne include the light and heat into metals and non-metals. Lavoiser * Unsuccessful because light, heat and a few other (1743 - 1794) compounds were also considered as elements, 2 * In 1829, he divided the elements into the groups of three elements with similar chemical properties. « know as Dobereiner’s Triad. Johann W | * The atomic mass of the middle element was approximately Dobereiner the average atomic mass of the other two elements in each (1780 — 1849) triad. © Triad system wi onfined to some elements only * Led chemists to realise that there was a relationshi; between the chemical properties and the atomic mass Page 100 | update: Jan 2011 Jeikguadhra wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements 3 John Newlands (1837 - 1898) From 1864 — 1865, he arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass. Elements with similar properties recurred at every eight element. Know as the Law of Octaves. Failure because the Law of Octaves was obeyed by the 17 first elements only Shows the existence of a periodic pattern for the properties of elements Lothar Meyer (1830 - 1895) Dmitri Mendeleev (1834 -1907) In 1870, he plotted graph of the atomic volume against the atomic mass. Realised that elements with similar chemical properties occupied equivalent positions on the curve He found that the properties of the elements formed a periodic pattern against their atomic masses. In 1869, he arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass and grouped them according to similar chemical properties in vertical coloum. He left gaps (empty spaces) in the table to be filled by undiscovered elements. He was able to predict the properties of undiscovered elements. Hendry J. G. Moseley (1887 - 1915) In 1914, he studied the X-ray spectrum of elements. From experiment, he concluded that proton number should be the basic for the periodic change of chemic properties instead of the atomic mass. He arrangement the elements in order of increasing proton number in the Periodic Table. Thus, he confirmed the works or Mendeleev. The modern Periodic Table based on the foundation of Henry J. G Moseley. Page 101 | update: Jan 2011 Jeikguadhra wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements 3. The modern periodic table and the Arrangement of The Elements in The Modern Periodic Table: Element symbol A——] Nucleon Number GROUP Vv B Proton Number 18 PERIOD 1 vf 4 Ht 7 He a ee |) see ge ages, 2 1 2 ees ieee [zeta pte 19g 20 2| uo | Be Bi} c|n|ol|Fr Ne a 4 5 |e |7 |/s8 |e |10 24a | 24, oe ea 23.|24 |25 |26 |27 |28 23 (| 24 a7 [28 (31 | 32 35 | 40 3|,Na | Mo a |si | Pp | os | oo | oa nu |t2 |» a)eae 14 [15604 eRe |p 178e |e 281 | 282 283 |284 | 285 |286 |287 |288 141 345678 9 O14 2 al, | 40 80 K | Ca Br 19 | 20 35 288. | 288 4 2 4, Compare the electron arrangement for each element in above the Periodic Table of Elements. 5. Elements in the Periodic Table are arranged in the order of increasing of .-proton number. a ‘The Periodic Table are: a. Two main components of the Periodic Table are: I. Group I. Period I: GROUP: a. The ...vertical... columns in the Periodic Table are arranged according to the number of valence electron... in the ...outermost shells... are called groups. b. There are 18 vertical columns, called Group 1, Group 2, Group 3 until Group 18. Page 102 | update: Jan 2011 Jcikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements Number of electron valence | 1 Group 1 3 ]4 ]5 |6 |7 |8 (except Helium) 13 [14 [15 [16 [17 [18 es For elements with 3 to 8 electron valence, the group number ist 10 + number of electron c. Specific name of groups in Periodic Table: Group Group 1 | Group2 | ~—~—SAlkalkEarihMefals CO Group 2 Group 3 to 12 Transition Elements Group 17 Group 18 Halogens Name Alkali Metals. Noble Gases d. Types of substance according to the groups: i. The elements of Group 1, 2 and 13 where the element each element with 1, 2 and 3 electron valence are metals. ii, The elements of group 3 to 12 where the each element is transition elements which are metals. iii, The elements of Group 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 where the each element has 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 electrons valence and are non-metals. Il. PERIOD: a. The horizontal row of elements in the Periodic Table, arranged according to the number of shells... occupied with ...electron... inn ...atom , is known as period. b. There are seven horizontal rows of elements known as period 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 Period Number of elements Period 1 Period 2 and 3 .2 elements ..8 elements Period 4 and 5 18 elements Period 6 32 elements Period 7 23 elements Page 103 | update: Jan 2011 jeikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements Activity 4.1: Complete the table below. Element | Proton | Electron Number of | Group | Number | Period number | arrangement | electron valence of shell H 1 1 1 1 1 1 He 2 2 2 (duplet) 18 i 7 Li 3 2A 1 1 2 2 Be 4 22 2 2 2 2 B 5 23 3 3 2 2 c 6 24 4 14 2 2 N 7 25 5 15 2 2 O 8 26 6 16 2 2 5 9 27 7 17 2 2 Ne 10 28 8 (octet) 18 2 2 Na rT 2.8.4 7 1 3 3 Mg 12 2.8.2 2 2 3 3 Al 13 283 3 13 3 3 Exercise 4.2 Element | Nucleon number | Number of neutrons | yore A 9 4 Nucleon no. By 31 16 = proton no. + no. of neutrons No, of electrons cc oe ne 1. of protons D 40 20 = Proton no. Answer the following questions based on the above table. a) The proton number of atom A is ...5... and the number of electrons in atom A is ...5.... The electron arrangement of atom A is ...2.3... and the valence electron of atom A is ...3. Page 104 | update: Jan 2011 Jeikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements b) Atom A is in Group ... 13... and Period ...2 ©) Atom Bis in Group ... 15... and Period ...3 d) A student states that atom C is in Group 17. Is the statement true or false? Explain your answer, True, electron arrangement for atom C is 2.8.7, then valence electron atom C is 7, atom C is located to group 17 4.2: Analysing Group 18 elements A student is able to * ‘ist all Group 18 elements, + state in general the physical properties of Group 18 elements, describe the changes in the physical properties of Group 18 elements, escribe the inert nature of elements of Group 18, relate the inert nature of Group 18 elements to thei electron arrangements relate the duplet and octet electron arrangements of Group 18 elements to their stability describe uses of Group 18 elements in daily ite 1. Group 18 is the last group in Periodic Table of elements 2. Member of Group 18: Consist the elements: Elements | Symbol | Proton No | Electron arrangement | No. of shells Helium | He 2 a : Neon Ne 10 er 2 Argon Ar 18 288 3 Krypton | Kr 36 2.8.18.8 4 Xenon | Xe 54 2.8.18.18.8 5 Radon | Ra 86 2.8.18.32.18.8 ce 3. Physical property of Group 18 are: a, They exist as monoatoms at room condition because Noble Gases have attained stable electron arrangement which is ...duplet... for helium and ...octet.. for other elements of other Noble Gases. b. So the element in Group 18 does not have to lose, gain or share electrons. Page 105 | update: Jan 2011 Jeikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements c. Going down group 18: Diagram Explanation © The atomic size is increasing because of the ©) number of ...shells.... occupies of ...electron. increases © The melting point/ boiling point is very low because the atoms of Noble Gases are attracted by ... weak... Van der Waals forces. Less ...heat... However, the melting point/ boiling point increases going down the group because the atomic size increases causing , the Van der Waal force to increase and more heat energy is required to overcome it. The density is low and increases gradually because the mass increases greatly going down the group. Draw 3 diagram to show the size is increase All noble gases are insoluble in water and cannot conduct electricity in all conditions NOTE !! Physical properties are: (i) State (solid, liquid or gas); (ii) Melting / boiling points; (iii) de (iv) solubility in water or other solvent ty (iv) conductivity of electricity. 4, Chemical Property of Group 18 There are no chemical property for group 18 becau (i) Helium already achieve valence electron duplet electrons arrangement. (ii) Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon and Radon already achieve valence electron octet electrons arrangement. Page 106 | update: Jan 2011 Jeikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements 5. The uses of noble gases in the table below: Noble gases Uses Helium To fill weather balloons and air ship Neon _|To fillneon light (for advertisement board) Argon | To fill electrical bulb Krypton _| To fill photographic flash lamp Xenon __ | Making electrons tube Radon To treat cancer Exercise 4.2: Quick Review B (Text Book pg 65) 1. Explain each of the following statements. (a) Neon exists as. a monoatomic gas. 1. Neon atom has electron arrangement is 2.8 2. Neon atom has valence electron is 8. 3. Neon atom already achieves the octet electron arrangement. 4, Neon atom does not need to donate/ receive or share the electron with other element. 5. Neon atom exists as monoatomic gas. (b) Helium gas is used in weather balloons but not hydrogen Helium atom has valence electron is 2. Helium atom already duplet electron ‘arrangement. Helium atom is unreactive. Helium atom is suitable Hydrogen atom has valence electron is 1. Hydrogen atom very reactive and not stable. Also can explode. Hydrogen atom not suitable. (c) Argon gas is used in light bulbs but not air. Argon atom has electron arrangement 2.8.8. valence electron for argon atom Is 8. Argon atom is unreactive. Air contains oxygen and other gas, that are reactive. Page 107 | update: Jan 2011 Jeikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements Cee ae err i 28 M 28.18.8 Q 2.8.18.32.18.8 2. Table above shows the electron arrangements of atoms of elements L, Mand a (a) Arrange the elements in ascending order of boiling points. Give reasons for your answer. 1.LM.Q 2. @atom have big size of atom, follow by M atom and the Latom is the smallest size. 3. The intermolecular force Q atom to another @ atom is stronger. 4, More heat energy required by Q atom. 5. Latom has weak intermolecular force between another L atom, 6. Latom need less heat energy. (b) Elements L, M and Q are chemically unreactive. Why? 1. The valence electron for L, M and Q already 8, already achieve octet electron arrangement. 2. L, Mand Q no need to lose / donate, receive and share electron with other element. 3. L. Mand Q are chemically unreactive. 4.3 Analysing Group 1 elements A student is able to: «list all Group 1 elements. state the general physical properties of lithium, sodium and potassium, describe changes in the physical properties from lithium to potassium, list the chemical properties of lithium, sodium and potassium, describe the similarities in chemical properties of lithium, sodium and potassium, relate the chemical properties of Group 1 elements to their electron arrangements, describe changes in reactivity of Group 1 elements down the group, predict physical and chemical properties of other elements in Group 1, state the safety precautions when handling Group 1 elements Page 108 | update: Jan 2011 Jcikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements 1. The first group in Periodic Table of elements. 2. Also know as Alkali metals. 3. The member of Group 1 consists of: Elements | Symbol of | Proton no. | Electron arrangement | No. of shells element Lithium ui 3 21 2 Going Sodium Na an 2.8.1 3 ldown Potassium K abd 2.8.8.1 4 Group 1 Rubidium Rb 37 2.8.18.8.1 5 Cesium Cs 55 2.8.18.18.8.1 6 Francium Fr 87 2.8.18.32.18.8.1 7 4, Physical property of Group 1: a. Phy ical properties: i. Grey solid with shiny surface. ii, Softer and the density is lower compared to other metals. iii, Low melting/ boiling points compared to other metals. 5. Change in the physical properties going down the group: i. The atomic size increases because the number of shells occupies electron increases. ii, The density increases because mass increases, faster than the increase in radius. iii, The melting / boiling points decrease because when the atomic size increases, the metal bonds decreases. 6. Chemical Property of Group 1 Chemical Properties for group 1: i) Has one electron valence, the stable electron arrangement is attained by losing one electron valence. Li — iLlr +e Na — > Na +e 21 2.8.1 28 Oot fF) 6 Page 109 | update: Jan 2011 Jcikguadhra wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements (i) All elements in Group 1 have similar chemical properties because all ...atom. in Group 1 have . valence electron to attain the stable ...octet arrangement by ...donate.. its valence electron to form a ...positive.. charged ion. (il) The different reactivity of alkali metals ... increases... as the go down the group. Explanation: Diagram Explanation The metal atoms of Group 1 attained a stable electron arrangement of noble gases by losing one electron valence to form a +1 charged ion. ‘The metal reactivity of Group 1 depends on the case for (O} atoms to lose electron; the easier to lose electron the more reactive. Going down Group 1, the number of ...shells.. increases, the atomic radius increases and the single electron in the outermost shell gets ...further.. from the nucleus. The nucleus attraction force get ...weaker.., the valence electron is loosely pulled and the electron is ...easier... to be donate. Reactivity increase: 7. The chemical Reaction for Group 1: <——7 A piece of Group 1 metal Ee i) With water Elements Observations Reactions Lithium moves slowly on the water ‘2Li + 2H2O => 2LIOH + He surface. Lithium, li The colourless solution formed turns red litmus paper to blue, Sodium, | Sodium moves quickly on the water 2Na + 2H;0 —> 2NGOH + He Na | surface and produce yellow flame. Page 110 | update: Jan 2011 Jeikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Potassium moves very quickly on the The colourless solution formed turns red litmus paper to blue. water surface and produce yellow Potassium | flame. The colourless solution formed turns red litmus paper to blue, Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements 2K + 2H2O —> 2KOH + Ho General equation for the reaction: 2X + 2,0 --> 2XOH + Ho ii) with chlorine: Burning metal ag 7 <——| chlorine gas General equation : 2X + Cl, -> 2 XC1 X is a metal elements of Group 1 Reaction equations Elements | Observations | Lithium, Lithium burns slowly with a red flame. 2Li + Cle --> 2LIC! Li |_| White solid is produced. Sodium, | Sodium bums brightly with a yellow flame. | 2Na+ Cl > 2NaCl Na |_| White solid is produced. Potassium | Potassium burns very brightly with a purple flame. | 2K* Cl--> 2KCI K white solid is produced. ii, With Oxygen 4X + Oo{g) --> 2X20 (burn in oxygen) Ive in water) X20 + H20 --> 2X0OH (dis Elements Lithium, Li Observations Lithium burn slowly with a red flame. White solid is produced. Dissolve in water. Reaction equations ALi + O2--> 2Li20 LizO + H2O --> 2 LIOH Page 111 | update: Jan 2011 Jcikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements Change the red litmus paper fo blue colour Sodium bum brightly with a yellow 4Na + 02> 2Na20 flame. NazO + H2O --> 2 NaQH Sodium, —_| White solid is produced. Dissolve in Na water. Change the red litmus paper to blue colour Potassium burn very brightly with a AK + O2—> 2K20 purple flame. KO + HO ~> 2 KOH Potassium, | White solid is produced. Dissolve in K water. Change the red litmus paper to blue colour Conclusion: Going down Group 1: Li Na K Rb Increase in reactivity 8. Safety precautions in handling Group 1 elements a, All alkali metals are extremely reactive. Lithium, sodium and potassium must be stored in paraffin oil in bottles. b. Safety precautions must be taken when handling alkali metals. Do not hold alkali \Is with bare hands. Use forceps to take them and remember to wear safety goggles and gloves. c, When conducting experiments, make sure that only a small piece of alkali metal is used. 4.4 Analysing group 17 elements A student is able to: * list all Group 17 elements, ‘© state the general physical properties of chlorine, bromine and iodine, ‘© describe changes in the physical properties from chlorine to iodine, t the chemical properties of chlorine, bromine and iodine, lescribe the similarities in chemical properties of chlorine, bromine and iodine, relate the chemical properties of Group 17 elements with their electron arrangements, describe changes in reactivity of Group 17 elements down the group, predict physical and chemical properties of other elements in Group 17, state the safety precautions when handling Group 17 elements. Page 112 | update: Jan 2011 Jcikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements 1. The second last group in the Periodic Table of elements. 2. Also known as Halogen, 3. The member of Group 17 consists of: Elements | Symbol of | Proton | Electron arrangement | No of shell Element no. Fluorine F 9 ey : Chlorine a 17 oom 2 Bromine Br 35 2.8.18.7 : Iodine 1 53 2.8.18.18.7 e Astatine As 85 2.8.18.32.18.7 . 4. Physical property of Group 17: a. Physical Properties; i. Cannot conduct electricity in all state. (Solid, liquid or gas} ii, Cannot conduct heat. ii, Flourine and chlorine exist as a gas (molecule F., Cl,), Bromine exist as liquid, Iodine and astatine as solid iv. Low boiling and melting point. v. Not dissolved in water. b. The changes in physical properties going down the group: Diagram Explanation Physical properties changed from gas ( Fz, Cl) to liquid (Bra) and solid (I2) The atomic size ... increases... going down the group because of the increasing in number of ... shells occupied with electrons. The density is low and increases as going down the group. The melting and boiling points are low because the molecules are pulled by the weak Van der Waals force, and little heat energy is required to overcome it. However the melting/ boiling point increase as going down the group because The Page 113 | update: Jan 2011 Jeikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements increases in atomic size cause a stronger intermolecular force/ Van der Waals. More heat energy is required to overcome these force The colour of the elements becomes ... more darker.. going down the group: Fluorine (light yellow], Chlorine (greenish yellow), Bromine (Brown) and lodine (Purplish black). 5. Chemical Property of Group 17 a, Chemical properties of Group 17. ctron and attain a (i) All... atoms.. of elements Group 17 have ...7.... valence stable electron arrangement by accepting ...1.. electron to form ... negative.. charged ions: F +e — > F cl +e ——» Cl 27 28 2.8.7, 28.8 6) oC) (» (ii) Chemical properties of all elements are same because the number of valence electrons are the same and attain the noble gas arrangement in a similar way. (iii) Reactivity of halogens decreases as going down the group. Diagram Explanation All the atoms of Group 17 have seven valence electrons and attain a stable Noble Gas electron arrangement by accepting one electron to form -1 ion charge or by sharing a pair of electrons. ‘The reactivity of the elements in Group 17 depends on ... easier... atom accepts electron. Going down Group 17, the number of ... shells. increases, the atomic ... radius.. increases Outer shell became ... further/ far away ..... from the nucleus. ‘The nucleus attraction on the other electrons becomes. weaker .... ‘The strength of halogen atom to pull electron ... decreases . . from fluorine to astatine (electronegativity decreases) Page 114 | update: Jan 2011 Jeikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements Exists as diatomic molecules (2 atoms of elements sharing a pair of valence electron) to attain an octet stability 6. Chemical reaction of Group 17 elements: i. With water a. Solubility (The red tivity of reaction decreases going down Group 17) Fa, Ch, Bra, reactivity decreases b, reaction with F2, Cl reactions: 2F2 + H20 --> 4HF + Op F2 { Ch-——> Ch + H2.0 — HOC! + HCL water c. Reaction with bromine - shake bromine water with water, a brown solution is formed Br + HO = HBr + HOBr d. Reaction with iodine - difficult to dissolve, must shake hard/heat b+ HO == HI+ HO! ii. With NaOH (Sodium hydroxide): X2 + 2NaOH --> NaX + NaOX + H20 a. (The arrangement of apparatus is similar to the experiment on the reaction with water): Complete: Br2 + NaOH — ... NaBr+NaOBr+H,0 lh + NaOH — ... Nal + NaOl +H,0 Page 115 | update: Jan 2011 Jeikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya iii, With iron (Fe) : General equation : 2 Fe + Xe Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements Chlorine o bromine [7 [ | Pieces of iodine gas JL, | naottto t t t NS absorb Iron wool c/Br ‘X2 represents any halogens ( Cla, Brz or I Halogens Observations Equations Iron wools buns brightly and forms a 2Fe + 3Cl—> 2FeCls Chlorine | brown solid when cooled iron (Ill) chloride lron wools glows brightly and forms a 2Fe + 3Br2 —> 2FeBrs Bromine | brown solid when cooled. iron (Ill) bromide Iron wools glows slowly and forms a 2Fe + 3l2—> 2Fels Iodine brown solid when cooled. iron Ill) iodide Experiments i, i, ili show that all halogens have ...same... chemical properties but their ... reactivity decreases ... going down the group 4.5 Analysing elements in a period Acstudent is able to: * list all elements in Period 3. Write the electron arrangements of all elements in Period 3, Describe changes in the properties of elements across Period 3. State changes in the properties of the oxides of elements across period 3. Predict changes in the properties of elements across Period 2 Describe uses of semi-metals. 1. Horizontal rows in the periodic table 2. There are 7 periods known as period 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. 3. The period number of an element represents the number of ... shell fill with electrons.. each element has. Page 116 | update: Jan 2011 Jeikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements 4, Example 1 Element Proton No | Electron arrangement | No of period | Period Li 3 zl 2 2 Na 11 2.8.1 3 3 K 19 2.8.8.1 4 4 5. Period 3 elements: Element Na | Mg Al si P 8 cl Ar Proton No. it | 12 13 14 15 16 i7 is Electron 261 /262 [263 [264 |285 (286 [287 [288 arrangement Nucleus charge sil | +12 | +13 | +14 | +15 | +16 | +17 | +18 (number of protons} Radius 0.156 | 0.136 | 0.125 | 0.117 | 0.110 | 0.104 | 0.009 | 0.001 6. Physical property of elements in period 3 a, The physical changes across the period (from left to right) i, Atomic radius decreases because All the atoms of elements have ...3.. shells occupied with electron, ii, The Proton number increases by one unit from one element to the next element. iii, Increases in proton number causes the number of ... positive... charge in the nucleus to increase. Nuclei attraction on the valence electrons ... increases... . The atomic radius of elements ... decreases. . b. Electronegativity increases: is the strength of an atom in a molecule to attract electron. towards its nucleus. The atomic radius ... decreases. due to the ... strong.. nuclei attraction on the valence electron. The strength of nucleus to attract electrons... also ... decrease. c. Physical state: The physical state of elements in a period changes from solid to gas, from left to right Page 117 | update: Jan 2011 Jeikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements d. Metallic properties is Metallic, semi -metal and non metal properties across the period from the left to right: Metallic properties decreases across a period Example: Period 3: Na, Mg, Al P, S, Cl, Ar 4 t Metal semi-Metal Non metal Good conductor of electricity. | Weak electrical conductivity Cannot conduct electricity ‘The conductivity but it increases as the decreases with the increase in temperature rises temperature Uses : Semiconductor 7. Changes in the chemical properties a. Metals form basic oxides (i) Metal oxide + water --> alkali :Na,O + H,0 --> 2NaOH (ii) metal oxide + acid —~ salt + water : MgO + 2HCI -> MgCl + H0 b. Non metals usually form acidic oxide: (i) Non metal oxide + water-----> acid 1 SO, + H,0 ------> H2SOs (ii) Non metal oxide+ alkali Salt + water : SiO. + 2NaOH + Na,SO, + H.0 c. Aluminium element that is located between metals and non metals has amphoteri © properties (i) Amphoteric oxide will react both acid and alkali to form salt and water. (React as alkali) AlOs + 6HNOs — 2Al(NOs)._ + 3H,0 (React as acid) AO; + NaOH — 2NaAlO, —+3H,0 Page 118 | update: Jan 2011 [cikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements 8. Chemical Property of elements in period 3 a. oxides of elements change from : Basic oxide --> amphoteric oxide --> _ acidic oxide from left to right across the period. In brief: Element Na| Mg AL Si P s cl | Ar Metallic properties ‘tal (from the aspect of met Semimetal Non metal electrical conductivity) Chemical properties of oxides Basic | Amphoteric (from the aspect of reaction | oxide oxide with acid and alkali) Acid oxide 4.6 Understanding transition elements A student is able to: ‘© Identify the position of transition elements in the Periodic Table © Give example of transition elements © Describe properties of transition elements. ‘© State uses of transition elements in industries. 1, Situated between Group 2 and 13. Example Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Fe, Ni, Cu, and Zn. 2. Show metallic properties like Shiny, conducts heat and electricity, malleable, high tensile strength, high melting point and density. c. Special characteristics: (i) Form coloured ions: Example: Iron (Il) Chloride - Brown Iron (I) Chloride - Green Copper (II) Sulphate - Blue (ii) Form different oxidation numbers (iii) Form complex ions: MnO, Cr.07, CrOs, ete. Page 119 | update: Jan 2011 Jeikguadhra wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements (iv) Useful as a catalyst in industries. Example: i, Iron : Haber process in the manufacture of ammonia ii, Vanadium (V) Oxide : Contact Process in the manufacture of sulphuric acid iii, Platinum : Ostwald process in the manufacture of nitric acid Page 120 | update: Jan 2011 Jcikguadura wordpress.com