JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT, 85(2), 170-178 (D200, Lawrence Enhaum Assocs, Ine Measuring Values With the Short Schwartz’s Value Survey Marjaana Lindeman and Markku Verkasalo Department of Psychology University of Helsinki he relibilty and validity of the Show Schwart:s Value Survey (SSVS) was examined in 4 Sdlies: In Scudy 1(1W=670), weexamined whether value scares obtained withthe SSVS corre live with those obwined with Schysart’s Value Survey (SVS; Schwartz, 1992, 199) and the Portrait Values Questionnaire (Schwart etal. 2001) and whether the quis-cicular sructure ‘of values can be found with the SSVS. [n Study 2(N'= 3.261), we replicated the qu Sinucture in s moreheterogensous sample and assessed whether the SSVS can differentiate ap- proptiately between gencer.retigiosty, stunts from different Fields, and supporters of left and right-wing politcal partes, In Study 3 (N= 112), we examined the test-retest reliability of the SSVS and in Study 4 (N= 38), time saving gained by the SSVS compared to the SYS. The results show that the new seale had good reliability and validity and thatthe values measured by the SSVS were arrayed on circle ilentical tothe theoretical structure of values. We aso pro- vided equations that can be used in future studies to measure individuals’ seores onthe 2 main value dimensions, Sel Transcendence and Censervation, Many researchers have suggested that vakies function as standards that guide thought snd action (Feather. 2002: Rohan, 2000; Schwartz & Bilsky, 1987, 1990). As Rokeach (1973) pur it: Values are multifaceted standard that guide conductin s vee riety of ways. They lead us to take particular positions on so- cial issues ind they predispose us to favor ome ideology over another. They are standanls employed to evahtate aud judge others and ourselves, Considering their cemtral role in social life, values deserve more research attention than they have received thas far: For ‘example, Rohan observed that no discussion of value theory appears in a sample of 10 introductory social psychology and personality texthooks published between 1990 and 2000. ‘The most commonly used method in recent value research is Schwartz's Value Survey (SVS; Setwartz, 1992), which is based on Schwartz's value theory. Acconding to the theory the 57 value items of the SVS represent 10 motivationally distinet values that are theoretically derived from universal requirements of human life, namely, Power, Achievement Hedonism, Stimulation, Self-Direction, Universalism, Be- nevolence, Tradition, Conformity. and Security. Thus, the focus of the SVS is highly similar to that of a new branch of psychology, namely, positive psychology: The SVS mea sures individual and cultural differences in certain abstract ideals, and research on pesitive psychology’ addresses how very similar types of ideals turn ino courses of action and virtues such as wistom, humanity, couraye, and justice (Pe- terson & Seligman, 2004; Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000; “Values in Action,” n.d.) Schwartz's (1992, 1904; Strich, Schwartz, & van der Kino’, 2002) value theory suggests that the 10 values, each named after its central goal, haves quasi-circular structure Of relations (Figure 1). The structure is quasi-cine that the values are spaced on a circle, but they are nat equally spaced [for details. see Schwartz & Boehnke. 2004). The quasi-circular structure indicates, first, which values are compatible, incompatible, or unrelated. For ex- ample, Self Direction is in opposition to Conformity in that preferring reliance on one’s own capacities contradicts de- pendence on social expectations. In turn, the location of Self-Direction on the boundary of Stimulation indicates that both of these values serve similar individual interests and are therefore compatible, Tradition is located outside of Conformity because the two are empirically distinct (Con- formity values entail subordination to persons, and Tradi- tion values entail subordination to abstract objects) while sharing the same motivational goal (subordination of self in favor of socially imposed expectations) In addition, thequasi-cirewlar structure of the 10 valuesin= icates that together they form a two-dimensional spaceSHORT SCHWARTZ’S VALUE SURVEY 71 FIGURE 1 Senwiets mel of te relations neren vanes te From "Universal in the Crnteat aed Sastre Values: The srieal Advances and Empicial Tests in 2 Counties" by 5. Schwarz, 1992, Advwnces in Eyerinensal Socal Prychelogy 25, 45, Copynght 1892 fy Elsevier Adapted with perission, (Schwart7, 1992}. The dimensions can be understaod in terms of two fundamental human protlems that need t0 be solved (Rohan, 2000: Schwartz, 1992). The first dimension is called Conservation versus Openness to Change. Itrelates to the conflict between the motivation to preserve the status ‘quo and the certainty that confomnity to noms provides {high Conservation), on one hand, and the motivation to fol low one’s own intellectual and emotional interests (low Con- servation) on the other hand. The second dimension is called Self-Transcendence versus Self-Enhancement and it relates to the conflict between concer forthe welfare of other peo- ple (high Self-Transcendonce) and concera far individual outcomes and personal interests (low Self-Transcendence), Hedonismis relatedto both higher order value dimensions as indicated by the dashed line around Hedonism. ‘On the SVS, the respondents first rate 57 value items for importance. Scores on each of the 10 value scales are then Calculated by averaging the scores om items that belong to each value, Studies in some 70 countries have supported the validity of the SVS, These studies have shown that the 10) values measured by the SVS encompass all base values within and across cultures and that they have @ quasi circular structure in that conflicts and congruity of values ‘re universally found as postulated by the theory (Schwartz, 1992: Schwartz & Bilsky, 1987, 1990), In adel tion, values meastired with the SVS have shown predictshle and systematic relations with, among others, political and environmental attitudes (Duriez, Luyten, Saauwoert & Hutsebaut, 2002; Grunent & Juhl, 1995; Helkama, Uutels, & Schwartz, 1892; Schwartz, 1996), religiosity (Roocas, 002; Schwartz & Huismans, 1995), interpersonal cooperation (Schwartz, 1996), belay for aimed al valve atuainment (Bani & Schwartz, 2003), gender (Feather, 1984; Kasser, Koestaer, & Lekes, 2002 ‘Suuch etal, 2002; Verkasalo, Daun, & Niit, 1994), field of study (Verkasalo et al, 1994), and the Big Five personality traits (Roceas et al., 2002), However. in ms fale with $7 items may’ be toe time-consum.ng to fill in, and it may take up 190 much spave in questionnaires. Exnpivical value research could ben= efit greaily from the develapment of a more compact mea suze that does not have these shortcomings. Therefore, we conducted © set of studies to develop « short version of the SVS. The first aim of this study was to analyze whether the LO values ean be reliably and validly & items, that is, by usking the respondents to rate the impor tance of the 10 values direst In addition, we argue thst examination of individuals’ val- tues on the two dimensions would yield important informa- tion especially in studies in which only mough information bout people"s values is needed, Therefore, the second aim lyze whether Conservation and Self Transcendence cm be reliably and validly examined with a shortened version of the SVS We designed! 1 set of studies in which we examined the reliability and validity of the Short Schwartz's Value Sur- vey (SVS). In Study 1. we examined whether value scores obiained with the SSVS correlate with those obtained with the original SVS and whether the quasi-circular structure of values can be found with the SSVS. To examine the con- cucrent validity further, we analyzed correlations between the SSVS and a related seule, The Portrait Values Question- naire (PVQ: Schwartz et al, 2001), Schwantz et al. devel- coped the PVQ to enable individuals with less abstract thinking ability—such as young individuals, those with minimal schooling, the elderly. and people from rural areas of less developed nations—to participate in value surveys. In Study 2, we analyzed the validity of the SSVS with 2 more heterogeneous simple than the student population tested in Study |, In Study 3, we exatnined the test-retest reliability of the SSVS and in Study 4, the time savings when using the SSVS. 9 suudies. smined with oaly 10 lof this work was to ana STUDY 1 Method Participants A total of 670 individuals from Finland (72.34% women) ‘whose ages ranged from 15 10 58 years (M = 19.76 years, SD us) participated inthis study. OF those, 362 were in senior high school and 278 were university students studying psychology either as their major or a minor, OF the 699 indi- viluals who originally took part. 20 were excluded because of missing data172 LINDEMAN AND VERKASALO. Procedure The participants were recruited from the University of Helsinki and from four senior high sehools, three in Helsinki ind one in Central Finland, All participants were adminis tered the questionnaires in group settings. The participants were told that the study concemed values, thst participation would be voluntary. and thar all information would be treated confidentially Measures SVS. The original SVS (Schwary, 1992, 1996) in- cludes $7 items and [0 value seales. Schwartz (1992) sg gesied that to enable cross-cultural comparisons, only those 45 items that show intercultural stability are to be included in the 10 scales, Acconlingly. the scales, ith the value items in parentheses. ate Power (social power. authority, ‘wealthy, Achievement (success. capability, ambition, infla- ence on people and events). Hedonism (gratification of de enjoyment sn fife. self-indulgence), Stimulation (die= ing, a varied and challenging life. an exciting life), Self Direction (creativity, freedom, curiosity, independence choosing one’s own goals), Universalism (broat- mindedness, beauiy of nature and ars, social justice, a World at peace, equality, wisdom, unity with nature, eni- ronmental protection), Benevolence (helpfulness. honesty, forgiveness, loyalty, responsibility), Trudiion (respect tit tradition, humbleness, accepting one’s portion in life, devo~ tion, modesty). Conformity (obudienee, honoring, parents and elders, selF-uisciptine, politeness). and Seourity: (na: tional security, family security, social order, cleanliness, re- ciprocation of favers) Seores on these 10 value scales have teen shown to foad on two dimensions: Conservation ve sus Openness 10 Change and Self-Transcerdence ers Self-Enhancement (Schwarz, 1992), We used the Finnish Sersion of the SVS, which was back translated by a nat speaker of English, Schwartz accepted the back translation as equivalent (S. Schwarz, personal commusication, Sep- tember, 1988), the participants were asked to rate the importance they ‘ould give tothe 57 value items as life-euiding principles an point rating scale ranging from-—I (oppased ro my prinei= les), U (not important), 3 Gomportans). to 7 (of supreme in- rroriance), To control rating bias, we used proportional sum \ariubles. This was done in the follawing way. A personal ean of all 37 items was counted for each pautipant sepa- rately. The reason for selecting al 57 tenis was that the mean cr the #3 items would have caused the problem of linear de- Tendency in some analyses. Scores for each ofthe 10 scales ‘were objained by cividing the sum of the appropriate items ty the personal mean ofa items multiplied by he number of items on the scale, For example, the score of value Power ‘ais counted us follows: Power = (social power + wealth + authority (3 x personal mean af all ters) SSYS._ in tie short version of Schwartz's seule, partici: ppan’s were presented with the name of each valve together swith ity value items. For lustance, the participants were asked to rate the importance as # life-guiding principle of “Power that is, social power, authority, weal” and “Achievement, thats, success, capability, ambition, and influence on people and events.” 4 similar phrasing was used for all 10 values, Hence, the S8VS included 10 items, each of which indicated fone original value and the related original value items descriptors. The 10 value items were rated on a 9-poiit Seale ranging From (opposed to my principles), | (aot important), 4 (inportent), to 8 (of supreme importance) PVQ. The 10 basic values were also measured by the PVQ. which includes short verbal portraits of 40 different people (Schwartz et ul, 2001), Each portrait deseribes a per son's goals, aspirations, or wishes that pointimplicitly to the importance of a value, For example, the item "Thinking up new ideas and being creative is important to hi, He likes 10 cdo things in bis own original way” deseribes a person for whom self-direetion values are important, and “It is impor tantto him tobe rich, He wants w havea lot of money anil ex- pensive things” dessribes 4 parson who cherishes Power val wes, Foresch portrait, the participants were asked s6 indicate "How much like you is this person?" ranging from 6 (rery mucit like me) to | (not tke me at all). Agsin, proportional Sunt variables were used. For computation of the personal ‘mean. 30 of the 40 items were selected, These 30 items were selected to be as representative of the 10 values as possible ‘The reason for selecting only 30 items of the toial number of 40 items was that the mean af all 40 items would have the problem of linear dependency in some analyses. We ob- tained scores foreach of the 10 seules by dividing the stim of the appropriate items by the personal mean of all 30 items ‘multiplied by the numberof items on the seale avseil Analysis and Results Tyetamine whetheratwo-dimensionalstrictureof valuescan be found with the SSVS, we conducted multidimensional scal- ing. Fist, the two-dimensional spatial representations of the correlations among the 10 values of the SSVS were produced Shepard, and Torgerson (X YST; Kruskal, 1g, & Seery, 1973). KYST isa too! for multidimensional scaling with which all values ean be represented simulta neously ina multidimensional space, The distances between the points reflect heempiricalreltionsamong the values. The more similar two values are conceptually, the higher the intercorrelation between their importance ratings, the more similar their pattern of correlations with all oder values, and the closer they le inthe multidimensional space, Dissimilae ‘alles have opposing patterns of correlations and will thus be located at « substantial distance from one another The two-dimensional spatial representation also includes Scores for each variable, in this case, for each of the items,SHORT SCHWARTZ’S VALUE SURVEY 173 These scores were rotated toward a configuration in which the Self-Direction item was kept as a murker variable. Ln ber words. the Seif-Direction value item was allocated on the left side of the s-axis representing the Openness 10 (Change end of the Openness to Change versus Conservation ditnension. In addition, the Power item was sitzated low on the ysanis representing the Seli-Enhaneement end of the Self-enbancement versus Self-Transcendence dimension. ‘These spatial relations display a similar structure as has been obtained in earlier studies (Schwartz, 1992, 1994), This structure forns the theoretieal basis of the (wo-dimensionsl model of values (Figure 1). The results (Figure 2) indicate nigh similarity with the structure obtained by the SVS (Fig: use 1), The Security value item situates a litle higher than in the original model, but the stuciure does nv essentially dif fer from tht found! in other studies (Schwarz et i. 2001), To enable assessment of the value dimensions Conserva- tion ang Self- Transcendence and to examine the stability of the two-dimensional structure across. samples, we com: structed Conservation and Self Transcendence va ables, We rotated the loadings obtained from KYST so that the means for the newly constructed variables were forced to be Oand the sandard deviations 1. Based on the constant (First in the equation) and the weights obtained, individuals’ scores ‘on the (wo value dimension variables ware ealeulated as a linear combination of each participants’ responses on the items in the following way: Conservation = 82.4 (.05 ¥ Power) + (6 x Achievement) (04. Heclonism) ~ (09 Stimulation) — (18x Self-Direction) ~ (16% Universalism) + (03 x Benevolence! +(.16 x Tradition) + (1) (18 x Conformity) 4 (.11 > Security). Selranscenderce “Benevolence “Univarzaiom EEE *Securt Openness curity Corser techange *Seltalection valion Hogenism +Simution “Achievement ‘Solt-ennancamant FIGURE 2 The two-dimensional suetre of values in Stay SeltTranscendence =~ 60 —(.19 x Powe (14 x Achievement) ~ (09 x Hedonism) — ULL x Stim ation) + (OL x Selt-Direetion) + (10x Universalism) + (.13 x Benevolence) + (07 Tradition) + (06 x Conformity) + (02 x Security), e ‘Nowe that the constant must he added w the equation 1 obtain 1 distribution with a mean of 0 and that these weights apply ‘only 0 9-point seales, Weevaluated intemulcoasistencyor thetwo scales withihe general reliability coeicient (GRC: Tarkkonen & ‘Vetnkalabti, in press). Like Cronbach’ salplta (uo, this isa sta tistical technique for assessing reliability of omposite seales, The advantazes of te GRCarethat itreponts the exectintemnal consistency, not only thelower bound, andit doesnes have the same rigid assumptions of equal variances and correlations of theitemsasCronbach' salpha. The GRC for 78. and for Selt-Trunscendence. it was 72, ‘whereas their re- spective alpha efficients. 60 and .58, were lower. Both rl ability measures ae expressed onthe sume scale on whichthe GRC scores can be considered adequate ‘We used the follewing procedures to examine the cor cence validity of the SSVS and the SVS. that is, to evaluate 10 what extent the two scales measure the sume constructs. For the first evalustion, we conducted two-dimensional multi mensional sealing en the 10 sum variables of the SVS, We rorated the variables thus obtained using the sume proc asdeseribed previously for the SSVS variables; We assessed ity of the SVS and SSVS matrices with the coefti- cient of congruence (Harman, 1976}, which 2 This value indicates very high similar For our second evaluation of the congruence validity of the SSVS with the SVS and the PVQ. we formed Conser tion and Self-Tra PVO. We did this by giving weights as described in Equa tions 1 and 2 to the [0 sum variables of the SVS andl PVQ The Conservation variuble of the SSVS comelited .75 ancl 76 with the Conservation variahlesof the SVS and PVQ.n spectively. The corresponding correlations tor the Self Transcendence scales were.78 and 76, Notice that these cor- relations are of the same order of magnitude as the GRCs of the SSVS end remarkably higher than the Cronbach alpho hilties. This result implies twothings. First. the congru- ence validity of the two-dimensional measures of the SVS is very high, and second, the Cronbac alphas probably under: estimate the true rel ability ofthe SVS, The reader is referred to Tarkkonen and Yehkalahti (in press) for reasons for this Uunderestinration Next, the correlations hetween values assessed with the SSVS. the SVS, and the PVQ were obtained (Table 1) They ranged from 5 to .70, the average correlation being 6, and the correlations between SSVS and SVS were of 3 Similar order of magnitude as the correlations between SVS and PVO. the sini nauinted tor 6 of the matrices rendence variables for the SVS and the174 LINDEMAN AND VERKASALO TABLE 1 Correlations of Value Scores Measured With the SSVS, the SVS and the PVQ SSVSnt SSN ad SVS and alee ss pve " “ 66 Achevemeat 6 se Renin, 7 n Stim x 2 eltetion “s 6 niversaisa 8 62 Traitor st 3 onformisn ‘ 53 Security 4 a6 Note All ps © 101, SSVS = Shon Schwarts" Value Survey SVS = Schwart's Value Survey: VQ = Port Questionnaire sTupy2 A methodological consideration that limits the conclusive. ness ofthe Findings of Study 1 is the low number of male par- ticipants and the homogenous nature of the sample (high school and psychology’ students), Therefore, in Study 2, we examined whether the quasi-citcular structure ofthe 10 vale items could be replicated in a more heterogenous sample. We also examined the criterion validity of the SVS. Pre~ vious studies have shown that women attach less importance to power and more to universalism and benevolence than men (Feather, 1984; Kasser et al.. 2002: Werksalo et al. 1994). In addition, voting for right-wing parties has been shown to correlate positively with power, security, and achievement and negatively with universalism and benevio- lence (Schwartz, 1996). As regards values and interests in different academic disciplines, earlier work has Shown that business and technology students value power more and uni- ‘ersalism less than students of the humanities and social sci- ences (Verkasslo et al, 1994), Furthermore, there is preliminary evidence that religiosity is positively associated ‘ith tradition and negatively with hedonism and stimulation values Roceas etal. 2002), We expected that these relution- ships would be found with the SSVS. Method Participants A total of 3.087 individuals took part in the study, Ori- sinally, 3261 participated, but 174 were excluded because of missing data, Participan’s’ mean age was 24 years (SD 4.70) with a range from 15 to 60. OF the participants, 74% were women (14 participants did not report their gender). Of il participants. 85% reported being full-time students, 9 % ‘were full-time employed, and the remainder 6 % were other- \wise occupied. OF those studying, 77% were university stu- ents and 23% attended a vocational school. Among the un)- versity students, there were 77 business students (69% women), 193 technology students (44% women), 408 hu- rmanitics students (88% women), 181 theology students (62% women), and 107 social science students (77% women). Other disciplines represented among the university students were medical sciences, psycholegy, philosophy, natural seiences, law, forestry, architecture, and education, ‘whereas the vocational sctiool siudents represented the Fells cf arts and crafts, technology, business, and service. Procedure ‘The participants were recruited through sia universitiesand 10 vocational schools in Fit land, Whece applicable, areevuit- sent message was semttoun clectronic student mailing list. I nositch ist wasin use, an employee of the educational institu posted information on the study on an electronic or areal bll tin boand, depending on which was available. A minority ofthe participants (V'= 279) was informed shout the study by are searcher at the beginning of a lecture at their school. The 54 email ists that we wurgeted had an estimated total of 16,(00 subscribed members, and the educational institutes, that posted messages on theircommunieation boards had ato- tal of approximately 4,000 stadents. Because no data is avai able on how many people were reached by the recruitinent message, the response rate cannot be reliably calculated. ‘The participants were told that the study concerned be JiefS. personality. cognition. uni! values (cata for other stud- ies were also gothered with the questionnaire), Our names and contact information were available in the recruitment message. Students were referred to the questionaire, which ‘was posted on the Internet. In the messages sent out to the mailing lis, a hyperlink to the questionnaire was included Confidentialiy and voluntariness of participation were stressed. and the respondents were given ketween | and 3 ‘weeks time to participate in the study The respondents were informed that by taking pact, they hada chance of winning: a 50¢ boat trip for two tothe city of ‘Tallinn. All the participants were also promised feedback on theit responses approximately 2 months alter their participa- tion in the study, which would require them to reveal their pseudonym but not their identity, Such feedback, given on request, consisted of general description of the phenomena studied, absolute scale ranges and means, and the partici- pant’s owa score on each of the scales Measures SVSS, The SSVS was used as described in Study | ex- ceptthat the values were measured ona 7-point scale ranging from ~1 (against my principles) to 5 (of suprense impor tance). A narrower scale ringe wasused because researchers have suggested that a scale with five to seven response choices is optimal (Berz, 1996)SHORT SCHWARTZ’S VALLE SURVEY 175 Political orientation and religiosity. The participants ‘were given the name of the eight political parties in the Finn- ish Parliament, and they were asked to indicate which party they would vote for ifthe general elections were now; Partic pants who said they would vote for the Netional Coalition Party or the True Finns were categorized as supporters of rnght-wing onentation (N= $22), Participants who seid they ‘would vote for the Social Democratic Party or Lett Alliance Were categorized as supporters of left-wing orientation (AV 561). Religiosity was operationalize in two separate ways, Those who either voted for The Finnish Chnstian Lewgue ( (09) or studied theology (AV =181) were placed in the cate- {gory “clearly religious"; other participants were categorized ay “religiosity unclear” Results First, the relationships between endorsement of single ues, gender, political orientation, religiosity, and study disei- pline were analyzed by analyses of variance (ANOVAS), To avoid Type Terror, the alpha level was adjusted downward (p <.001), The results show thal in compatison to men, women attached more importance 1 Universalism, FI, 307% 66.92, p <1, d= .32;and to Benevolence, Fil, 3071) = HA9S, p< O01, d= 49; and less to Power, FL, 2072 8.61. =.003 ‘When compuredto the supportersofleft-wing political par ties, supporters of right-wing political parties pat more value ‘on Power, F(!, 1081)=91.92, p<.001, d=.56; Security, FC), 1081)=44.04. p<.001, d= ll and Achievement, F(J, 1081) 7.83, <.001, d=. and less on Universalism, FU, 1081) 2.33, p= OOL, d= 43, The hypothesis that supporters of Fght-wing political parties would value Benevolence less than left-wingers was not supported, .09, As regarils participants who voted fer the Finnish Cheis- tian League, itturned out thatthey valued Traditionmore.F(| 2012) = 50.70, p <.0001,d = Sd; and both Hedonism, FU, 2012 '=_$6 and Stimulation less than other participants, F(1, 2912) = 16.14. p-<.001.d=.31- Inaddition, 12 the results showed that in comparison with the students from the humanities and social sciences, business and technology students valued Power more, FUL, 1217)=27.32,p<.001,d= 30nd Universalismless, FUL, 1217) =91.04,p<.001,¢=53, Incomparison(o other students, theology students valued Tra- dition more, (1, 2912)=50,70,p<.00),d=.34,and both He- donism, F(1.2912)=54.42,p<.001,d'=.50;anu Stimulation less, (1, 2912) = 15.19, p< 001, d=.31, All means can be seen in Table 2, Next. to replicate the finding that the quasi ture of Value items san be detected with the SVS, we con- ducted multidimensional scaling in a similar way as in Study 1. Figure 3 shows that the strussure of the value items was ayuin highly’ similar to that obtained with the original SVS (Figure |) and with the SSVS in Study 1 (Figure 2), Using mulidimensional scaling in-a similar way as in Study 1. individuals’ scores on the higher order dimensions Conservation and SelfTranscendence were calculated. Based on the constants and weights obtained, scores on the two dimensions were obtained with the follow ircular struc- -qvations: Conservation = 92 + (15 x Power) + (.03 » Achievement) ~ (.17 x Hestonisen) ~ (.25 x Stimulation) —(.31 »Self-Direetion)— (26% Universalisia) + (.04 x Benevelence) + (302 Tredition) + (.30 % Conformity) + (20% Security) Self- Transcendence = -.36 ~ (30 x Power) (33 « Achievement) — (.16x Hedonism) — (14 Stimulation) + (,04 s Self-Ditection) + (22 Universalism) + (24 x Benevolence) + (12. Tradition) + (03 x Conformity) + (03 x Security). a ‘Those weights apply only to 7-point scales, It should be noted that the constant must be added to the equation to ob- tain a distribution with a mean of 0. The general reliability TABLE 2 ns of Value Scores (Ranging From —1 to 5) Meacured With the Short Schwartz's Value Survey Gender Paced Onemtion Study Fe Vali Wore Men igh ef Christin Socal Sereaces Technolo Thectony Power 2» Les Dae 200 Achievement 343 348 a7 337 303 erdoniam ‘305 a 346 a3 3S? Stimalaten| M3 31 fe Rs Sell Direction 321 397 a7 Univeriisn 3 30 $09 Renevolence 42 4st a8 “raion 239 es 338 Coniormisn 307 ABI 321176 LINDEMAN AND VERKASALO Sotiris a “Usenist gen som oe conn tochenge *Set-dection oe sun “senor Settenrancement FIGURES Thetwo-dimersional stractre of values in Sly 2 coefficient (Heise & Bohrastedt, 1970: Tarkkonen & Vebhkatahti in press) for Conservation was .75, and for Sel Transcendence. it was 69. To confirm that the weights for Conservation and Self= ‘Transcendenceobsainedin Study (and Study 2were similarto each otherand thusapplicableto future stuciesas well, w lyzed whether the esults would remain the same ifthe weights oobiained from data in Study | were used in Study 2. Nove that the weights and scores were different because in Study 1.29 point scale was used, whereas in Study 2. 7-point used, Wethas expected the scoresto be similarin heirrelative size, notin theirabsolutesize. Consequently, besides theorigi- nal Conservation and Self-Transcendence variables obtained in Study 2, we obtained twonew variables: Coaservationy und Self-Transcendences, The results showed that the correlation between Conservation and Conservations was .98, p-< 001 and hetweer Self-Transcendence and Self-Transcendence,.it was 99, p <.001, Asa second test, we correlated the Weis, themselves and found very similar results: for the Conserva- tion variables, 97 and for the Self-Transcendence variables, 98. The results indicate high stability ofthe weights between Aliffereat samples and show that these weights can be used in future studies to calculate individuals’ seores on the twovalue dimensions, Toexamine whether the two value dimensions differenti- ate between gender, religiosity. study discipline, and polit- cal orientation in a similar way asthe individual values did, ANOVAS were conducted to compare the scares on the two Value dimensions among the groups, The results showed, first, hat women scored higher on the Self-Transcendenc dimension (M = 09) than men (M = —28), Fil, 3071 80.05,p <.00)1.d=.36, No gender differences were foundon Conservatism, (1, 3071) = Léd.ns, d=.08. The resus also indicated that the supporters of right-wing political parties UL more weight on Conservatism values (M = 30) than the supporters of left-wing parties (M = ~.10), Fil, 1081 99.26, p< 001, d = .60 and that they endorsed less Sele Trunscendence values (M =—40) than the supporters of left wing parties (M=—01), FU, 1081) =43.08, p<.001.d=.39. In addition, participants who voted for the Finnish Chris tian League endorsed Conservatism values more (i than participants who voted for other parties (4 2718) = 35447, p < 001, d = 58 and endorsed Selt- ‘Transcendence values more (= .80) than participants who voted for other parties (Mf = —04), FUL, 2718) = 75,62, p< O01, d =.84, Furtacrmoce, the students front dhe humanities and the social sciences attached less iinporeance to Conserva- lism (Mf = ~34) than business and technology students (MY 15), FUL, 1217) = 75.34, 2s ,001, d= 39 and more impor- tance to SelF-Transcendence values (M = .10) than business. and technology students (M-=~.29), F(1, 1217) = 48.40, p< OL, d =.39. Theology students, in turn, valued Conserva- tism (M = .16) more than other students (M = ~01), Fil, 2012) = 5.20, p < 001, d =.17 und also placed niore impor tance on Sell- Transcendence (M = .63) than other students [M= 06), F(1.2912) = 82.95, <.001.¢ =.69. Thus, the re- sults concerning the validity of the two value ditnensions Were equally good as those concerning the value items sTuoys The test-retest reliability of the SSVS was analyzed with ample of 112 participants (81% women) who were included in Study 1. OF those, 35 werestudentsof senior highschool and 77 studied psychologyeitherasamajur ordsa minor. Theirage varied from 15 tod years (M=20.77, $D=4.77). The partici pants filled in the SSVS twice with a 2-week interval ‘The iniractass cormekaions hetween the west and retest are shown in Table 3, Except Sell-Direetion, the results indicate sufficient reliability for the measure. It should be noted that the standard deviation of the Self-Direction item was the TABLES 2-Week Test-Retest ICC of the Value Scores Obtained With the SSVS vale Ke Power 7 Achievement “0 Heals um Self Dirston ue Universalis 6 Henevotsnee su Train 58 Contorsite ‘a Seoiity 34 spirtuaity 33 Value dimensions ‘Conservation n Saltseanscenteave w Hoe. Alleomelatinnsaresigniconan p= 001 TCC was the SPSS mode! ICC(3,1) arent, IC Shon Sehwarte’s Valu mpd tag nterclasscorelation; SPSS.SHORT SCHWARTZ’S VALUE SURVEY 7 lowest, and its mean was among the highest in the whole scale, Itis thus possible that its correlation was deflated, STUDY 4 “To compare the cognitive loud of the SSVS, the SVS, and the PVQ, 38 psychology students filled in the three question- naires a5 a course requirement. The participants were asked to write dawn the exact time when they stared and finished filling in each scale, The results show that ittook on average 12min to lin the $7-tem SVS, 6 min and 40 sec to fill in the 4(+item PVQ, and 2 min to Gillin the 10-item SSVS. GENERAL DISCUSSION These four studies showed that the 10-item SSVS provides a practicable alternative (o the original 37-item SVS. The new scale lad good infernal consistency and temporal stability, Ihe scores obtained with the SSVS were highly comelated with those obrained with the original SVS and with the PV, and the value scores were arrayed on a cirele ina way that is, identical bout to the structure obvained in a variety of cultures and (0 the theoretical structure of values (Schwarz, 1992, 1994), Values measured by the SSVS were also associated with various validity criteria as expected on the basis of pre- vious studies (Feather, 1984, Roceas et al, 2002; Schwartz, 1996; Verkasalo et al., 1994), Accordingly, woren valued Universalism and benevolence more dan inen, and vouing for right-wing parties was positively associated with endorse- ‘ment of power, security, and achievement and negatively With cudorsement of universalism values. Moreover, busi= ness.and technolo, salism less than students oF the humanities and social scl ences, and theslogy students valued tradition more and hedonism and stimulation less thaw others, ‘The short value seale gives insight in broad values, notin the 57 specific values measured with the SVS. Thus, if de- tuiled und comprehensive information is needed, the original SVS res smeat of values, In addition, the SSV values with only one item each, whereas the original SVS measures them with three (» nine items, Single-item mes- sures ure lypivully discouraged in psychological reseureh be- gy students valued power more and univer wins the best available seale fora more thorough as- measures the 10) cause they are presumed to be unreliable and because internal consistency coefficients cannot be calculated for them. Although evidence of good reliability and validity of the SSVS was obtained here, researchers who are reluctant to use single-ftem measures may use the SSVS as an instrument for rapid assessment of the two broad vulue dimensions, that is, Sel Transcendence versus Sel/-Enhancement and Cor: servation versus Openness to Chany whether people are motivated to transcend selfish concerns tnd promote the welfare of others or whether they e. The former refle rmotivited to enhance their own personal interests even at the expense of others. The latter dimension shows whether peo- pile resist change and emphasize self-restriction and order or ‘whether they are ready for new experiences and emphasize independent action and thought. These two dimensions reflect the different motivational goals of the 1 baste values and the two major conflicts that Organize the Whole value system. AsSchwartz (1996) and his associates (Bardi & Schwartz, 2003) have noted, attitudes and behaviors are guided by these goals and coniliets, not by the priority given to a single value such as universalism or hedonism, Moreover, Rohan (2000) suggested that these two dimensions may reflect people’ s ideologies and belictsabout hhuman nature. personality traits, temperament, seli-theories ani self-regulatory focus. In this study, we offered equations that can be applied in future studies to assess individuals scores on the tio Value dimensions, We provided two types of equations, one to be used with 8-point rating scales and (one for 7-point scales. We ended up producing two equations because the original SVS has nine response alternatives, but ‘most experts of psychological measurement agree that be- tween ve and seven is an optimal mumber of response choices (Betz, 1996) ‘Besides assessing the two value dimensions, SSVS is ‘convenient measure far conducting value comparisons. For example, ifrespondents are asked to fill in the SSVS several times in a rox—for example, to compare their own values ‘with what they believe are those of otbers—importantinfor- ‘mation sbout potential value conflicts or eoncurences in the respondent's life space can be obtained, Sueh comparisons are much more lahorious to conduct with the 57-item SWS with the 40-item PVQ. On the who SVS ani the SVS are more appropriate value questionnaires for adults tan the PVQ, whieh contains verbal reports of people and does not ident topic oFinvestigation, Thus, unlike the SSVS or the SVS, the PYQdoes not ask self-conscious val the values as the “snd the respondents due Unaware that they ate answering a value questionnaire (Schwartz, in pr 2001). n addition, as Schwartz noted, the language level of PVQ is that of around I1-yearolds, and therefore, PVQ is not the best value ques: tionnaire for educated, Western adults Of the 13 hypothesized relationships between SSVS value seores and their validity criteria, 12 received support, and as 1 whole, the criteria for ubbreviating an existing scale were met (Smith, MeCurhy, d& Anderson, 2000). However, this study did not provide information on how its validity coeff cients compare to those of the SVS. Recause of the different operstionalizations of theoretical constructs such as rel ity oF political orientation, different types of measurements (Continuous vs, diserste vs, dichotomous variables), different statistical methods, and the omission ofefleet sizes from pre- vious studies, we do not know whether the concurrent valid: ity of SSVS is of sufficient magnitude to support its validity sscross all domains, In addition, come of the comelations be- tween the valves measured with the SSVS and the SVS were s: Schwartz et al178 LINDEMAN AND VERKASALO rather low, Therefore, the validity of SSVS should be ana= lyzed in more detail in future studies Values are psychological constructs that are inherently tinked with personality, motivation, and hehavior, but they hhave aunique contibution for understanding any psycholog- phenomenon that somehow ties in with evaluation, justi- fiemion, or selection of actions. 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