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    26 Pub

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    Proc, Indian Acad. Sci., Vol, C 2, Pt. 1, March 1979, pp. 49-66. © Printed in India. Development of vertical axis wind turbines PN SHANKAR ‘National Aeronautical Laboratory, Bangalore 560 017 MS received 9 February 1978 ‘Abstract. This paper summarises the work done at the National Aeronautical Labo- jatory (NAL) between 1975 and 1977 on the development of vertical axis wind furbines based on the Darrieus rotor. On the analytical side, a performance analysi vas developed whisk permis te eimaton of the characteris of such machines, ‘A'S m high wind turbine Using curved Wooden blades was designed, fabricated and {ested Both the theory and initial tests confirmed the low starting torque of the turbine. Wind tunnel tests were performed on model, Savonius rotors to determine optimura starter bucket configurations. Finally a straight-bladed turbine was designed ‘and constructed, Itis concluded from our experience that Darrieus turbines are likely {o-be useful in large systems used to generate electrical power for the grid; for direct ‘water pumping purposes, however, these turbines are unlikely to be suitable. Keywords. Wind turbine; Darrieus rotors vertical axis windmill. 1, Introduction Vertical axis windmills have a feature that is particularly attractive—they accept wind from any horizontal direction and do not need the complicated head mechanisms of conventional horizontal axis windmills. The resulting mechanical simplification is sufficient to warrant interest in any new vertical axis concept that arises. During the early seventies, South & Rangi (1971, 1972) conducted wind tunnel tests on a novel vertical axis configuration at the National Research Council, Canada, which showed that the device worked efficiently at high tip speed ratios but had poor starting torque. In effect, the new device behaved much like a low solidity horizontal axis machine but was conceptually a great deal simpler. It appears that the configuration was originally discovered and patented by Darrieus (1931). We refer to this configura- tion as the Darrieus rotor and when used as a turbine as the vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT). The Darrius rotor (figure 1a) consists of a number of curved blades rotating about the vertical axis through their ends. Sections of any blade, in planes normal to the slope of the major (lengthwise) axis, are of aerofoil shape with the chords aligned in the azimuthal direction, One can understand how the device works by studying figures 1b and 1c, These figures show elemental sections of a blade at various azimuthal positions ¢ for a given wind speed Vin and at a particular blade angular speed Q. When the local azimuthal speed rQ is large compared with the local wind speed (figure 1b) the blade clement is unstalled for all ¢ as the effective angle of attack a is small (note that dD has been exaggerated in the figure for clarity). In this condition the elemental lift dL contributes positively to the torque while the 49 50 PN Shankar elemental drag dD detracts from it. On the other hand, when 1Q.

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