: . . . .

ASHRAE

...:

3503

2006-08

. . .

. ,

2006

1.

2.

3.

5. :

4.

6. :

. . .

7. :
ASHRAE
8. :

9. :

10. :

11. :

, 2005

3503
12. :

, 2006

14. :

.


,
, , ,
,
.
.

13. :

2006-08
15. :
. : 73
. : 34
. : 2
. : 7
. : . : -

16. :
.

,



.

17. :
.

,
.
,
, ,
.
, , .

18. :

19. :


,

. ,
, ,
.
,
, .
, ,
. ,
, .
, .
, ...,
.
. , ,
,
, .

....................................................................................................................... 1

1.1

...................................................................................................... 1

1.2

...................................................................... 2

1.3

............................................................ 2

............................................................................................ 5

2.1

......................................................................................................... 5

2.2

......................................................................................................... 6

2.3
........................................................................................ 10
2.3.1 .................................................................................................... 11
2.3.2 ........................................................................................... 13
2.3.3 ............................................................................................. 17
3

.......................................................... 19

3.1

....................................................................................................... 19

3.2

.............................................. 20

3.3

..................................................................... 22

3.4

............................................................. 24

................ 27

4.1
............................................................................... 28
4.1.1 ................................................................................ 30
4.1.2 .................................................................................... 35
4.1.2.1 ...................... 39
4.1.2.2 ...... 43
4.1.2.3 ............. 44
5

.......................................................................... 49

5.1

........................................................................................................ 50

5.2

.................................................... 51

5.3
-
..................................................... 53
i

5.3.1 ................................................................................................................. 53
5.3.2 ................................................................................................................. 54
5.3.3 .................................................................................................................. 55
5.4

.......................................... 57

5.5

........................................... 59

5.6

.............................................................. 60

5.7
....................................................................... 62
5.7.1 ................................................................................................................. 62
5.7.2 ................................................................................................................. 63
6
.................................................................................................................................... 67
7

....................................................................................................... 71

.................................................................................................................... 73

ii

1.1

.
,

.
(
) , - . ,

, , .
,
, ,
( )
.
,
[1].

W.Carrier 1902. ,
. Carrier
. ,
1911,
. .

()
1930. 1940,
, [2].

1.2

, , .
.
.
, ,
:

. ,

, (
).
.
. ,

,
.
. . ,

,
.
,
,
[2].

1.3

, . ,
:
I.
:

,
. , , , ..
,

.
, .
II.

:
( )
( )


, .
.
, .

, . , ,
.
III.


. ,
, :
,
.

. ,
.
. -

,
.
:

Split Units.
, ,

, ,
.


[2].

2.1

1852 W. Thomson,
,
, . ,
. 1880
, .
1928 T.G. Haldane , .
,
,
Southern California Edison Co. . 1050 kW
(COP), 2,5.
1940 ,
,
.
.
.
1970, 850.000 . , 1980 , 30%
.

, , , . 1990
,
. ,
1980.
,
, , .
, . ,
,
/ [3].

2.2

.
, 2.1. ,
Th,
T.
Q W, :
Qh = Qc + W

(2.1)

n,

Th. :

n=

W
Qh

(2.2)

Th

Th
Qh

Qh

W

Qc

Qc
Tc

Tc

2.1:
, ,
, ,

, . , 2.1
, Qh Qc
.
.
,
,
.
,
. ,
,
, ,
. , Qh Qc
W,
Qh/W ,
2 . , , COP (coefficient of performance) COPh COPc
.
:

COPh =

Qh
W

(2.3)

:
COPc =

Qc
W

(2.4)

1 :
COPh = COPc + 1

(2.5)

. ,
,
.

.
.

,
. .
.
,
Carnot, Carnot
. - (T-s) 2.2
. 1
2. 3. ,
Qh . 3,
4 1

Qc.

2.2: - (T-s) Carnot [3]

Carnot,

:

W Qh Qc
=
Qh
Qh

(2.6)

Th Tc
Th

(2.7)

, 1 2 T-s,
:
A1
=
(2.8)
A1 + A2

COPh COPc :

COPh =

Qh
Th
A + A2
= 1
=
Qh Qc
A1
Th Tc

(2.9)

Qc
Tc
A
= 2 =
Qh Qc A1 Th Tc

(2.10)

COPc =

,
. Carnot ,
. ,


.
.
, . ,
, ,
. ,

.
5 oC

20 oC .
COPh=293/15=19,5.
1 kW
19,5 kW .
.. 5
,
COPh=298/25=11,9.
.
6 . COPh
,
[4].

2.3
.
,
. ,
(radiators), (convectors),
-. -
.
/
, . , (fan-coils),
-.
.
[5]. 2.3
2.4 .
:

10

2.3 : [1]

2.4 : [1]

2.3.1

. ,
(
, .., ) .

11

, . ,
. ,
, , .
, .
,
.
, .
.

.
. ,
, .
,
. ,
, ,
.
.

. ,
, ,
[4].
2.5
, .

12

2.5: [1].

2.3.2

:

. ,

13

, . ,
()

()

. 2.6 2.7
2.8 - -
.

2.6 :
:

41
4
1
.

12
, 2
.

23
2
3.

14

2.7 : - [4]

2.8 : - [4]
34
3
.

Qc
Qh [4].

:
12
23

34

h2-h1 ( )
h2-h3 ( )

15

41
h1-h4 ( )

:
COPh =

h2 h3
h2 h1

(2.11)

h1 h4
h2 h1

(2.12)

COPc =

. ,

. , [5]:

,

( 2.9, 2).

, ( 2.9,
1).

(-)
.
( 2.9, 2-3 4-1).

.. ,
( 2.9, 3)

,
,
,
.

16

2.9: - [5]

2.3.3
, . ,
. ,
.

, , , , ,
. ,
,
.
, ,
, . , , ,
, .
, .
,
, .
, .
, , R12 R21,

17

, .
,
.
, ,
. ,
, , .
, ,
,
. ,
[3].

18

3
3.1
, ,
,
(Ground-Source Heat Pumps).
,
,
. , ,
,
. ,
. ,
,
, .

3.1:
[9]

,
,
,
,
.
:

19

,

,
, .
.

3.2
, . ,
. ,
-, . , , . -,
, .
, DX (Direct expansion).
, , , - ,
.

. ,
. , , , . U ,
.
12 40 50 200 ,
. ,
,

, , .
, .

20

3.2: (- ) [10]
,
, .
, , ,
. :

()

3.3: [11]
4 . , , .
( ) . ,

21

, 30 60 cm.
,
.

. 20%
30%
.

3.4: [12]
, . ,
,
[6].

3.3

, ,
. ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
, ,
.

22

. , ,
-,
. , (
- ), -
-, ,
.

3.5 : [13]
,
,
, .
.
,
. .

.
. ,
.
, .
. ,
, ,

23

,
[6].

3.6: [13]


.
, ,
,
, ,
,
, [6].

3.4


. ,
, ,
. ,
. .
-
-,
, .
24

-
. , ,
.
. (PVC) . 19 25
mm. (30 40 mm)
. .
, , , , , .
,
, . ,
.

3.7: [14]

. ,
, . , , .
- -.
4,5
. 10 C .

25

, ,
.
:

.
, ,
. .
. ,

.
.
.
, , [6].

3.8: [14]

26

4
,
. ,
.
, .
, ,
. , , .
.

,
.
.
, ,
.

. , ,
. ,
,
( ) ( ).

,
. /
, ,

. , .

.

.
, .

27

.
Carslaw Jaeger. Ingersoll
.

. .

, ,
. , . ,
,
.
, ,
.
. ,
.
.

[6].

4.1
Ingersoll
. , ,
L, R tg tw.
:

q=

L(t g tw )
R

(4. 1)

L, ,

.

28

,
. ,
, :
_

q R + (q1h Wh ) ( Rb + PLFm Rgm + Rgd Fsc )

Lh = a ga
t +t
t g wi wo t p
2

(4.2)

:
_

q R + (q1c Wc ) ( Rb + PLFm Rgm + Rgd Fsc )

Lc = a ga
t +t
t g wi wo t p
2

Fsc

(4.3)

:
:
:
:
:
:

[ m]
[ m]

[ kW]
[ kW]
[ kW]

[ mK/W]

Rgm

[ mK/W]

Rgd

[ mK/W]

Rb
tg

[ mK/W]

[ ]

tp

[ ]

twi
two

:
:

[ ]
[ ]

[ kW]

[ kW]

Lc
Lh
PLFm
qa
qlc

qlh
Rga

Wc
_

Wh

4.2 4.3,
. ,
,

29

(qa),
,
, ,
. , ,
4 .

4.2 4.3.
,
.
,
, ,
.
, ,

, [6].

4.1.1
4
( ).
(Rga, Rgm Rgd).
. ,
Rb . ,

, Rb .
:
-


:

R = R . + R . + R .

(4.4)

30

R
4.1:

-, ,
, , . , ,
. rin,
:

R . =

1
2 rin.is.

R .

[ mK/W]

rin

:
:

[ W/m2K]
[ m]

(4.5)

, ,
2300 W/m2K
. , ,
, . , ,
, .
,
U ,
. , ,
, . ,

31

, ,
, :
Dis = n Do

(4.6)

n ,
U, , U,
Do, ( ) .
Dbore

Dbore

du-tube

du-tube

Dbore

du-tube
3

4.2:
4.4
:

ln out .is.
r
R . = in.is
2 k .

R .

[ mK/W]

rout.is.
rin.is.
k.

:
:
:

[ m]
[ m]
[ W/mK]

(4.7)

4.1 , Wirsbo-evalPEX.

32

4.1: Wirsbo-evalPEX [15]

x
(mm)
12x1,8
14x2,0
16x2,0
18x2,0
18x2,5
20x2,0
25x2,3
32x2,9
40x3,7

(mm)
8,4
10
12
14
13
16
20,4
26,2
32,6

(W/mK)
0,4
0,4
0,4
0,4
0,4
0,4
0,4
0,4
0,4

, 4.4,
:

r
ln bore
r
R . = out .is.
2 k .

R . :
rbore

(4.8)

[ mK/W]
[ m]

, rout.is. :
[ m]
[ W/mK]
k. :
4.2
U.
, , . ,
, ,
.
, .
,
. - .

33

4.2 : [8]
A/A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37

[W/mK]
(40% )
1,211

0,606
()
0,735

1,050

2,100

1,500
100 Kp
1,200
5 Kp
0,700
,
0,380
, 1,5
1,100
, 3
1,100
, 6
1,150
, 8
1,250

0,090

1,280

0,520

0,090

1,200

1,270
,1
(10% )
0,720
(15% )
0,790
(20% )
1,440
(40% )
1,150
(5% )
0,430
(80% )
0,940
(5%
0,550
)
(10%
0,850
)
(15%
1,200
)
-
1,150
-
0,720
-
0,940
-
1,440
-
0,430
-
0,790

1,500

0,700

2,00

. ,

34

, , . ,
3 5 .
,
.
, ,
. ,

[6].

4.1.2
,
. , ,
.
. , ,
, 4.3
. . , , . 4.3 , 80%
. ,
80% .
4.2 4.3
.
Carslaw Jaeger ,
g, Fourier:

Fo =

4 ag t

dis 2

(4.9)

35

4.3: [6]

(W/mK)

80%

(W/mK)

cp
(J/kgK)

(kg/m3)

(10%
)
(25%
)

()

( .)

(25%
)

( )

(25%
)

( )

5,20%

1,900 - 5,190

2,250 - 3,285

879

2643

5,20%

1,900 - 5,190

2,595 - 3,630

879

2643

8,56%
8,56%
8,56%

1,900 - 4,670
1,385 - 4,840
2,075 - 2,420

2,595 - 3,805
1,555 - 2,420
-

502
712 - 879

2803 - 3124
2563
2883

8,56%

1,555 - 2,765

754

2963

8,56%

2,075 - 3,63

754

2963

921
879

2883
2723

879
921
837
1005
-

2723 - 2803
2403 - 2803
2082 - 2162
2563 - 2723
-

5,60%
5,60%
1,70%
-

2,075 - 3,285 2,075 - 2,940

2,075 - 3,46

1,900 - 2,940
1,555 - 6,225 2,765 - 6,225
1,385 - 6,225 2,420 - 3,805
6,400
2,075 - 3,460
1,385 - 2,420
-

1,05%

1,035 - 3,980

1,730 - 3,115

879

2082 - 2643

1,05%

1,0350 - 3,980

1,035 - 1,555

879

2082 - 2643

1,05%

1,035 - 3,980

1,385 - 2,420

879

2082 - 2643

1,05%

1,035 - 3,980

1,035 - 1,385

879

2082 - 2643

1,730 - 5,705 2,250 - 3,460
2,075 - 5,535 2,075 - 3,285
5,190 - 6,920
2,075 - 4,495 2,420 -3,805

921
921
837
-

2563 - 2803
2723
2563
2723 - 3204

921

2723 - 2803

21,4%
0,9%
5,1%
-

1,555 - 2,595

36

, Carslaw Jaeger .
3 ,
10 (3650 ) qa, (30 ) qm, 4 (0,167
) qd. :
1=3650
2=3650+30=3680
f=3650+30+0,167=3680,167
Fourier 4.9 :
F0f=4f/dis2

(4. 10)

F01=4(f1)/ dis2

(4. 11)

F02=4(f2)/ dis2

(4. 12)

Fourier G.
G, Fo = 0,248e13,643G.
4.1. , G, Fourier
, G.
Fourier 4.10, 4.11 4.12.
,
G , :

R ga =

G f G1
kg

(4. 13)

R gm =

G1 G2
kg

(4. 14)

37

R gd =

G2
kg

(4. 15)

G
10000000

Fourier

1000000
100000
10000
1000
100
10
1
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9

1,1 1,2

4.1: Fourier- G [6]

U. 2%
11 lt/min. 1,02,
. ,
.
U,
. , 38 mm
180 240 ..

.
180 ,
90 , 60 .
[6].

38

4.1.2.1

.
. .

.
,
, . , ,
.
,
.
,
. ,

. ,
, . , .
, .

,
.
,
, ,
.
,
, ,
. , ,
. ,
. ,
. ,
,
.

39

, . ,
Austin, Gehlin van Gelder Witte [7]. , ,
,
,
,
, .
,
.
,
.. ,
, 50
2000 W.
, Austin Gehlin [7].


. ,

.
.
-
. ,
(buffer) (0,5 m3),

, , . ,
.
( ) , (
) . ,
4 6 oC .
.
.

[7]. (

40

)
, :
i

k=

-( m cp (Tout -Tin ))

(4. 16)

4 H s

s
:
i

-( m cp (Tout -Tin )) 4 t ( m cp (Tout -Tin )) Rb

+ Tsur
Tf =
ln 2 +
4 k H
r
H
o

(4. 17)

,
:

5 r02

(4. 18)

k : [W/mK]
i

m : [kg/s]
cp : [kJ/kgK]
Tout : [oC]
Tout : [oC]
: [m]
s :

[oC]
[oC]
[/Wm]
Eulers

f
sur
Rb

:
:
:
:

t
ro

: [s]
: [m]
: [ m2/s]

41

4.3:
[7]

4.2: - [7]

42

4.1.2.2
4.2 4.3
, , , , . (PLFm), , :

PLFm =

( a 4 h )

o o 24 h

(4. 19)

,
, ,
. , .
, . ,

.
,
:
6

(4 h ) /
n =1

o o
(4. 20)

o , , .
, ,
.
(qa),
.
,
.
,
, .
:

43

lc

qa =

COPc +1
COPh 1
hcis + qlh
hhis
COPc
COPh
8760h / yr

(4. 21)

qlc qlh
. COPh
COPc , hh
hc, .

.
,
.
(, ) .
PLF
.
:
_

W c = PLFd Wc

(4. 22)

PLFd
. ,
, . , PLFd
,
( ), (
) [6].

4.1.2.3
4.2 4.3 .

,
.

.
,
44

,
, . ,
, ,

. ,
, 10 15C tg,
5 10C
.
.
.
, , -5
.
tp
.
,

(Lc, Lh). 0,5-3C 10
4.2 4.3.
, 4.2 4.3 .
,
,
.

. ,
.
,
( ).
( ) .

,
(dsep). , :

45

t p1 =

Qstored
2
c p d sep
L

(4. 23)

,

,
(
).
6 . , 6 , .
.
, qa
. ,

, 10 .
, 4
3
3,5
( ).
1m ( 3
4 m, 4 5 m .).
dsep, 2,5
( 6 ,
3 7,5 ). ,
.
,
1m
. :
Q . = c p L(r2 . r2 . ) (tr )

(4. 24)

Q.:

:
cp :

46

:
( )
ro, ri :
: r
cp
k/,
tr

.
,

. , ,
(r). Ingersoll :

X=

r
2 a

(4. 25)

01

( x) = a0 + a1 X + a2 X 2 + a3 X 3 + a4 X 4 + a5 X 5 ln X

(4. 26)

0=-0,57721
1= 0,99999
2=-0,24991

3= 0,05519
4=-0,00976
5= 0,00107

1<
( x) =

X 2 + a1 X + a2
( X 2 + b1 X + b2 ) x e x

(4. 27)

1= 2,334733
2= 0,250621

b1= 3,330657
b2= 1,681534

r (tr), :

47

tr =

qa I ( X )
2 kg L

(4. 28)

qa : [ kW]
I(X) :
kg. : [ W/mK]
L : [ m]
( )
4.24, 4.25, 4.26, 4.27, 4.28
4.23, .
, 4 . ,
, .
4. ,
,
:
tp =

N 4 + 0,5 N 3 + 0, 25 N 2 + 0,1 N1
t pl

(4. 29)

tpl 4
1, 2, 3, 4
.
[6].
, 3x4 2
4, 6 3 , 4
2. , 4.29 :

tp =

2 + 0,5 6 + 0, 25 4
t pl = 0,5 t pl
3 4

48

5
GSHPEDL1.0 7 .
:

1
2

1. (Beginingform)
2. (changeprices)
3.
(pricenew)
4. (Thermalresistancebore)
5. (Thermalresistanceofground)
6. (final)
7. (heatpumpsthatused)

isopen. ,
Visual Basic . ,
MSCOMCT2.OCX WINDOWS\
SYSTEM32. cd
.
, .

49

5.1
(Beginingform), . 4 .
,
Pricenew . ,
changeprices, ,
,
. ,
, ,
Windows,
Windows.

5.1:

50

5.2
(changeprices),
.
, .
Beginingform .

5.2:

, ,
, -
, ,
.
, .
,
Climaveneta.
,
, .
Wirsbo. ,
51

, .
,
. . ,
, .
. .
,
. .
,
, 80% ,
. ,
, 0,
, .

52

5.3
(pricenew),
. , . ,
(Thermalresistancebore)
. ,
.

5.3.1
15 . .
, .
/, . , . .
.
.
, . ,
,
. , ,
. ,


. .
.
, .
, ,
.

53

5.3: ( )

5.3.2
,
.
,
, .
. ,
,
. , , ,
- . , ,
, .
,
PLF.
, ,
,
.
.
.. , . , ,
54

5.4: ( )

5.3.3
,
.
. , ,
. , , . , , 1/3 1/4 , . ,
.
.
,
. - ,
,
.
. ,
.

, ,
. PLFm
55

, ,
, .
qa
, .

5.5: ( )

56

5.4
(Thermalresistancebore),
. ,
.
.

.
. , .

, , , .
-,
, .
, 4.4
4.8 . , 2
U.
, .
, :
= ( D + d . + 10) 1,1 [cm]

(5.1)

D
:
[cm]
d. : ( ) [cm]
10 ,
, 1,1
,

. :
D=

n d .

[cm]

(5.2)

D
:
[ cm]
d. : ( ) [ cm]

57

5.6:

5.7:

58

5.5
(Thermalresistanceofground), . , ,
, ,
, ,
. .

5.8:

59

5.6
(final), . ,
.
. , ,
1,02, tg. , . , ,
. -5,
,
.
.

5.9:

. 4,5 6 .
, .
, 1, 2, 3 4
. 5 5.10 4 -

60

1 1 4 .
1, 2, 3 4

. ,

. ,
.

5.10:

61

5.7
(heatpumpsthatused),
.
,
. 2 .

5.7.1
1
, . 1 .
. 1
pricenew. , 6
,
.
. , ,
, .

5.11: ( )

62

5.7.2
o 5
. , 1 ,
- .
2, , 3,
. 4
. , 5 , ,
. ,
.

5.12: ( )

3 . 1
final.
,
5.11, 5.12, 5.13 5.14 .

63

5.13:

5.14:

64

5.15:

5.16:

65

66

6
. ,
.
. ,
,
, , , .

2 . , ,
(/),
.
, (Demo)
, Ground Source
Heat Pump Software (GchpCalc 4.1) .
[6],
,
GSHPEDL 1.0.

,
.
6.1:

[kW(Mbtu/h)]
Z

0-4

4-8

8 - 12

12 - 16 16 - 20

20 - 24

2,3 (8) 2,3 (8) 10,6 (36) 4,4 (15)

2,3 (8)

2,3 (8)

38,4

1,5 (5) 1,5 (5) 5,3 (18)

1,5 (5)

1,5 (5)

10,8

3,5 (12) 3,5 (12) 11,1 (38) 5,9 (20) 2,9 (10) 3,5 (12)

20,1

2,9 (10) 2,9 (10)

7 (24) 2,9 (10) 2,9 (10) 2,9 (10)

83,5

6,7 (23) 6,7 (23) 15,5 (53) 5,3 (18) 6,2 (21) 6,7 (23)

28,8

5,3 (18) 5,3 (18) 12,3 (42) 2,9 (10) 4,4 (15) 5,3 (18)

36,4

4,4 (15) 4,4 (15) 9,4 (32)

39,7

2,3 (8)

2,3 (8) 3,5 (12) 4,4 (15)

67

6.2:

[kW(Mbtu/h)]
Z

0-4

4-8

8 - 12

12 - 16 16 - 20

20 - 24

0 18,2 (62) 26 (89)

165,5

0 17 (58) 25 (85)

178,6

0 13,5 (46) 10,6 (36) 6,2 (21)

117

0 7,6 (26) 5,3 (18) 4,4 (15)

83,5

0 5,9 (20) 10,6 (36) 26,4 (90)

69,3

0 18,2 (62) 16,4 (56)

142,1

0 9,7 (33) 6,4 (22)

138,7

6.3:
GSHPEDL 1.0

[6]
GSHPEDL 1.0

7,2 (45)
7
[oC(F)]
-
29,4-35 (85-95)
30-35
[oC(F)]
Qa [kW(Mbtu/h)]
-15,21(-51,9)
-15,21
PLFm
0,27
0,27

0,063 (0,11)
0,063
[mK/W(hftF/ Btu)]
[oC(F)]
16,6 (62)
16,6

Rga [mK/W(hftF/ Btu)]

Rgm [mK/W(hftF/ Btu)]
Rgd [mK/W(hftF/ Btu)]
[m(ft)]

[m(ft)]

0,144 (0,25)
0,179 (0,31)
0,109 (0,19)
6,1 (20)
5x6
2198,8 (7214)
-

0,144
0,179
0,109
6,1
5x6
2153,3
-2%

, ,
4.2. ,
, (COPh, COPc),
(qa) . ,
Fourier, ,

68

, , GSHPEDL 1.0,
. ,

. , GSHPEDL 1.0 ,
Fourier
(qa), 2283,6 m (+3,8%).
6.4:
GchpCalc 4.1 GSHPEDL 1.0

GCHPCalc 4.1 GSHPEDL 1.0

[oC(F)]
-
[oC(F)]

[W/mK(Btu/hftF)]

[mK/W(hftF/ Btu)]
[oC(F)]

[W/mK(Btu/hftF)]

[m2/day(ft2/day)]
Rga [mK/W(hftF/ Btu)]
Rgm [mK/W(hftF/ Btu)]
Rgd [mK/W(hftF/ Btu)]
[m(ft)]


[m(ft)]

7,2 (45)

29,4-35 (85-95)

30-35

1,72 (1)

1,720

0,127 (0,219)

0,127

16,6 (62)

16,6

2,070 (1,2)

2,070

0,074 (0,8)

0,074

6,1 (20)
5x6
5/7
2685,3 (8810)

0,170
0,184
0,155
6,1
5x6
5/7
2951,7
+9,9%

GCHPCalc 4.1
, , . , GCHPCalc 4.1
Rga, Rgm Rgd
. , 2 , ,

69

,
, .

70

7

. ,
, , . ,
-,
, ,

. , .

.
70% , .
, 15 oC , . , , 30% 40%, -,
(ENERGY STAR).
, ,

[16].
:


(COPc) (COPh),
.
,

,
.


.

71

[6]:




.

,
,
. ,
, .
. access,
, ,
,

. ,
, Fourier,
.
, ,
2300 W/m2K -,

, .

72

[1]
. .., & , , (1995)
[2]
. ., , (1991)
[3]
Kazimierz Brodowicz, Tomasz Dyakowski, , Heat Pumps, -
Mirosaw L Wyszynski, British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data, (1993)
[4]
J. T. McMullan, R. Morgan, Heat Pumps, Page Bros (Norwich) Ltd., (1981)
[5]
., , ,
, , (2003)
[6]
Stephen P. Kavanaugh, Kevin Rafferty, Ground-Source Heat Pumps, American
society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., (1997)
[7]
Henk J. L. Witte, Guus J. Van Gelder, Jeffrey D. Spitler, In situ measurement of
ground thermal conductivity: A dutch perspective , ASHRAE transactions, (2002), No 01
[8]
J A Clarke, P P Yaneske & A A Pinney, The harmonisation of thermal properties of
building material, Research Report BRE Publication, (1990)

[9]
http://www.canren.gc.ca/prod_serv/index.asp?CaId=150&PgId=769

[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]

http://www.hosted-fabermaunsell.com/visionfm/newsletter.asp?n=3
http://www.lewiscountyrec.org
http://www.rosebudelectric.com/heatpump.htm
http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/publications/infosource/pub/home/heating-heatpump/gsheatpumps.cfm
http://www.iaheatpump.org/lake.html
http://www.wirsbo.com
http://www.nyserda.org/programs/geothermal/default.asp

73