Yupyxkethe ucropuyapa Bpanwuesa u TumouKe Kpajune BPAHHNEBCKH POACHHIK 6 TIOXKAPEBAIL 2009BPAHHMYEBCKH PIACHUK 6 ‘Aaekcannap Ysesratt 1 Ko je cransio Kusy ? mp Astexcanaap Ysera YJUK 94 (497,11)"12" Beorpaa Ko je cnasno uty? Anerpakr: Y agom wanxy Hacmojano je da ce na ocuosy pacnonoscuse uscopne epahe nonoso ananupajy oKoanocmu cmpadaiea manacmupa IKuie Kpajem XII eexa uu npeucnumajy docadaurva muuwerea u cmasosu. Taxohe, uaruren je noxyuaj da ce o6aj dozabaj nocmasu y wupu Konmexcm dyeompajne bopbe 3a xoumpony Had Ilodynaswem y Kojoj cy, noped cpnexux eiadapa Cmeana Apaeymuna u Cmeana Ypowa Il Musymuna, yuecmeosane Veapera, zocnodapu Buduia u Bpanusesa, kao u Monzoncxu senuxaue Hoeaj. Cnamnparme manacrapa Cseror Cmaca u cequura apxwenuckonuje %Kuse octaio je y cRectH caspemenuka w novorux reHepaluja Kao jeqaH of HajGomHMjax TpeHyraka y ucTopuju cpricKe upkee. Hu janac, upwua o crpajamy one 3amyxGune HemateuhKux Bilalapa Huje HW3ryOusla Ha BAKHOCTH U MHTepecoBalby. Eboj je, u3mMehy octanor, mocneheHoO HM jcqHO M3y3eTHO Jeo caBpeMeHe cpricKe xHbwxesnocrn.! Ca apyre crpane, Ouz0 je TextH ma ce y TOM HH 1 nipeMemTawy crowHor Mecta apxuenucKonuje y Heh, ca Kojum ce on YeCTO OBO y Be3y, Tpake KOPeHH akTyeTHEe NONMTHUKe CHTyallMje H Kpu3e Bezaue 3a nutawe Kocopa. Kaxo Tapa H. Maskomm, “na nuje ouio 0 Hanata Kymana u Tatapa [na Kuay|, Kocopo Moxa HuKay ne On crexi10 ONaKan 3Havaj KaKaB yMa 3a canpemene CpGe”.” KomnKo "PD, Merposnh, Oncada upxee Caemoe Cnaca, Beorpayt 1997. 2.N. Malcolm, Kosovo: A Short History, New York 1998, 50.BPAHHYEBCKH PIACHHK 6 Anexcansap Yaenan 2 Ko je cnanno Kusy ? TO TakaB CTAB MOKA3HRAO HeTOIHaBarbe JaTeKe MponuTocTH GamKaHcKHX Kpajeba HM BystrapuzoBatse noctojeher mpo6nema (HeKo Gu gonao Hu TeHJICHIHO3HOCT), OH CBeOUH O HOBOHAaCTaIOj MoTpeOH fa ce OBaj Aorahjaj, uo je Moryhe Bepoocrojuuje, H3HOBa Lpexcnara. Y ucropujckoj Hayum ctpaname Knye ce yrmaBHom mopesyje ca. NOXO,10M BHAMHCKOr rocrogapa IMmMana Ha CpOujy, 40 Kora je mpema onmrenpuxpaherom MunLBery Jomo 1292. ronnue.* Ilpe Hero mTo ce OcBpHeMO Ha yTeMesseHoct wspeyenor cranopnurra, uyKHO je noacerHTH ce Ha SypHa 30NBaKba Koja cy ce ouTpalta y OBO BpeMe. [pe cBcra, Tpe6a ce OCBPHYTH MojenMHe acnekte Gop6m OKO KOHTpoNe Ha Tlonynanmem kpajem XIII nexa y koje cy Gune yKuyyene HeKaanne oduactm JIpyror GyrapeKor uapersa, Yrapexa, CpOuja u 3uarua xop.ia, Ja 6M Ce TIpHKa3aste OKOMHOCTH Koje Cy OBEN lO OBOT THA. Toxo ypyre Honosune 1284. ro”uHe, OupuiM cpricKu Buajap Cretan J[parytnn Koju je tlocne ca6opa y Jlexesy 4 a6nnKannje ca Mipectos1a 3apKAO eMORE CpICKUX 3eMasba, OMHOCHO Kpajene OKO Pyauuxa, Apua u JlaGpa, 10610 je on yrapcxor Kpama JIanuemapa IV (1272-1290) Beorpax, Massy, Yeopy 1 Com y ceneposariannoj Bocnn. One o6sactu 6uie cy 0 Taxa Tox yrnpaBoM Kpamese Majxe Jenucanere.* Ha taj naan, w3mehy Yrapcxe n Cp6uje craopena je apkapna TBOpeBunA Koja je 3anpyxKama OmHMCKe Be3e H Ca CCBCPHHM H ca jy>KHUM °C. Cranojeunh, Kpae Murymun, Beorpay 1925, 7; K. Jupevex, Hemopuja Cp6a, 1, npes. J. Pazouuh, Beorpan 1952.2, 192; H. Hanes, “Ulmummaxosuar noxon cpeuy Cp6ua npes 1292. r.", Hemopurecku npezned 11 (1988) 50-59; J. Fine, The Late Medieval Balkans - A Critical Survey from the Late Twlfth century 10 the Ottoman Conquest, Ann Arbor 1997, 221. ¥ crapujoj awtepatypu ce cpehe mimmerse 2a cy 3a chamnsaise Kuve Gum onrowopH Gpaunuerckn rocnonapn JIpman 4 Kynenut, an Ges ay6me anamne: B. Mane, XKuva ~ na6upyw o manacmupy, uapody u oxomunu, Beorpax 1928, 17; B. Merkosuh, Mpezned ypkeenux cnomenuxa xpos nosecuuyy cpnekoe napoda, Beorpas 1950, 119. M. Kamannn ~ ‘B. Bouwosuh ~ 1. Mujosnt, 2Kuwa: ucmopuja, apxumexmypa, cauxapemso, beorpax 1969, 25. He uajamrbapajy ce 0 Y3pounMIMa Crpailaiba ManacTupa 1 camo Hawosle a ra je cnamura BojcKa Byrapa w Kymana oxo 1290; I. Vasary, Cumans and Tatars - Oriental Military in the Pre- Ottoman Balkans 1185-1365, Cambridge 2005, 100. (=Vasary. Cumans and Tatars) onGauHo je MHULBEIe o LIIMUMAHoBO} oArOBOPHOCTH, ai je, KAKO Tie ce BHeTH y HACTABKY, HOCTABHO HCYBMINe LIMPOKH XPOHOOMIKH OKBHP BOT AOrahaja - u3Mehy 1276. w 1292. KHBO. Tlopen xpononomKyx, moctoje “4 Apyre oKomHOcTH Koje cnpeyapajy fa ce clabHuBarbe Mavacrupa mopexe ca UlummanoBuM mposopom. Tpe6a uMaTH y Buy Na Ce Kao HalaqaqH, Kako HaM TIpeHocn Jlanvaion nactasman, nanore w3pmrmto Kymann, a onm uucy tlomenyrH y noTOmeM Moxosy rociozapa Buyuna Ha CpOnjy. Haume, Jlanuso I onucyjyhn Illmmmaxosy Bojcky TBpAH ya ce oHa cactojana on “rpmkiere jepeen TarapcKor napora Hw tkeroRHx”, oxHOcHO Gyrapexsx BojHuKa, OK cy ce KyMaHu, Kako cToju Koy ucTOr ayTopa, Hama3HIH camo y Bojenm GpanwuercKe Gpahe. O6a mucua, cpiick apxHenucKon 1 HeOB HacTaBJbay, MpaBHJIM Cy jacHy MMCTHHKIMjy Melhy ucTOuHHM Hapogmma - Kymanuma u Tatapyma. I[Itapmme om wx yReK cHOMHEY HO CBOjHM TpaBuM HMeHHMa, jep Cy HM, Kao caBpeMeHHItHMa, OHH BeoMa yo06po no3HaTH. [IpuMepa payu, y no3HHjHM HcTOpHjcKHM H3BOPUMa, Kao WTO cy T3B, Cmapu cpneku emonucu wau y jeNuMa cTpaHalla Koju cy mHcamH Hu cTBapamu y CpOuju (I puropuje LlamO.ak, Kouctantun Ounoco) oBa KapaktTepHcTuka ce ry6u, KaKO 3aTO TO je OBHX Hapoyla HecTano ca nalNMx MpocTopa, Tako M ycueA HocreneHor TIpoyMpakha BH3AHTH|CKOr MaHMpa apxan3Hpaka eTHOHHMa. Crora HHje ! Jlannio/Jannunh, 115; Janano/Mupxosuh, 87. ® Jlanwio/Jjanuunh, 117; JJanuno/MupKoruh, 88.BPAHMYEBCKH PJIACHHK 6 Anexcanzap Yaenau, 8 Ko je cnanmo Kusy ? u3HeHabyjyhe ia ce y THM TeKcTOBHMa OHH cpehy kao Cxwmu, Tomu wan max [epcujanyu.”> Teorpadcka cama pernona taxobe “csasyje xpusuny” 3a oBaj uh Ha Opahy v3 Bpasuvera, Hopuja uetpaxkupaiba oKa3aila cy a ce o6nact Kyyepo Hama3Hsia, He KaKO ce JOCKOpa BepoRao, HCTOUHO O1 Bemixe Mopane, neh Ha rwenoj steno) oGam na ce mpocrapasa na 3anay cre yo jykHMxX OOponaKka mianMHe Koemaj. Jo opor orkpuha yomao je A. Kperuh usyaapajyhn vTomoHomMacTH4Ke momatKe y OcMacKoM aedrepy 3a Céenepenckm cannax 3 1476/8."* Hectanax Kyuepa, 3ajeaHo ca Bpanuuenom, 3 smcte yrapeKux Kpamenckux Tocea niocne 1273. rpe6axo 6u oOjacumru Tame wro cy J{[pman u KyxenH, upeysesiid ynpaBy Hall WecHoM oGalom Bese Mopase, ycnoctaBHnH CBOjy BulacT H Ham cpemBoRcKOBHUM KydeBom. To ce, Kako Tpavehyje C. Mutmth, Moxe saKnyaurn i tia ocHORY wHXOBHX paTHHx onepammja, umajyhn y Buy aa cy on Mor ya yuaauy y Jparyranosy Maupy camo u3 Kysepa.” bumsHHa ope reorpatexe oOsacTH y onHOcy Ha J1OKallHjy MaHacTupa, CMemITeHOr HesaeKo ox yutha M6pa y 3anaquy Mopasy 1 mpapart H mas Kacnjer [lmmanosor noxoga ynepen na apyry crpany, y cplle cpucKe ApxaBe - o6sacr oKo [ehu, norknperbyjy cranopumire ja je IKuya, opHOswxKHO WIM MCTOBpemMeHO Kayla je ctpayaza u Maypa, Ouia cnamena of BojeKe y cryxOM KyMaHcKo- OyrapcKHx rocnozapa Bpanwyepa u Kyyesa. 3amro ce npaouTHo ceauurTe cprieKe apxuemucKonuje Koje ce je Haslaswio Meby J[paryTHHoBHM HoceuMa, Beh Ha TepuTOpHjH Koja je mpwmazanta upkapu meropor Gpata MunytTuHa, Halio Ha MeTH vananaya? JJa 1m je yspox Tome, Kako Hacayhyje Malapcxm ucrpaxunat VM. Bamapu, séxao y sHIeHMIH Ja cy HOMaycKe GaHye YecTo 3aHeMapuBale Hapelhera HajMomaBalla H BONeHe 2KeJbOM 3a IbadKOM. 3 Th. Crojanosuh, Cmapu epnexu podocroeu u aemonucu, Cpemcxn Kapnosun 1927, 78-79, 103; 1. Uladapuxs, “OKuwors xpaia Crespana JlevaucKors", Pnacuuxs Apyuimea ep6cke crosecnocmu 11 (1859) 71; B. Jaruh, “Koncranrun ustoxod a weros xKHBOT Aecrora Crepaua Tasapesmha", Mnacnux Cpnekoe yuenoe Opyumea 42 (1875) 271-274. * A. Kperwh, “Kyweso m 2Kenesnux y cperiy ocmanckux nedrepa”, Hcmopujcxu uaconuc 49 (2003) 139-162; cf. C. Muumh, “Kpaie Crean Ypou I Munyran a Byrapw”, Bpanneveaciu anaciur 2 (2003) 9-11. *C. Mumuh, Tepumopujaia opeanusayuja Bpanusesa (XII-XV eex), Bpaawueno Kpo3 ojuy 1 Kysrypuy Hetopniy Cponje, U3, yp. J. Haxomuh, Tloxapenau 2006, 14,BPAHHYEBCKH PJIACHHK 6 Anexcanaap Yseatt 9 Ko je enamio Karty ? pause Ha cpojy pyky?”® Yenyre KyMaHcKHX paTHHKa KopHeTiuiM cy He camo yrapckH BilalapH H Gpanuuescky roctiosapH, 0 4emy je Beh Guo peau, Beh u GyrapckH M1 BH3aHTHjCKH WapeBH, Ma Yak M cpricKkM KpasbenHt Munyraa 1 JIparyran.?” Mako cy oBA "BpCTH HM H3p:KbUBH HOAs BHCOKO CTajaTH Ha NeHH, wUX je KaTKA GHIO TeMIKO APKATH HON xoutposiom. Y YrapcKoj, TOKOM Bnazapuue Jlaqucuaza IV, KymaHcKo He3a10BO/bCTBO, 13a3BaHO TIpHHY/IHHM HaceybabatseM, ryOJbeHbeM cTatyca CHOOOAHHX JbYIIM HM HaCHJHOM XpHcTHjaHM3arMjoM, CHaKHO je w36u10 Ha noBpmmHy. Kpamb je Taxa olyyHO ya oO cRaky Weny gaycTaBu noKymaje nojenmAnx rpyna KymMana 2a w3OerHy 43 3eMzbe HY skecToOKo] OunH KoX jesepa Xoy 1282. roxune onHeo je moGemy Han iua. Ebnxop rHep ce umlaK HMje cMupuo. Beponaito ce a cy ynpano oHM n03BaIM Horaja a HanaqHe 3eMJby TpH ToAMHe KacHuje, a 1290. TOMHHe, 43a NOYMeHOr KpaweyOuctRa je crajana pyKa He3al{OBOJbHHX Kymana* Vcto Tako, y Busantaj me cy opm crercKH HajaMnnnn rakohe 6vsm mpHcyTHH, OHH HHcy NoKasHBaTH HHUITA Behy OLaHocT H nepHoct. Tako cy 1292. roqmue, ToKom pata ca EnapcKom yecnoTOBMHOM, 6¢3 Hajase HallycTHIM Bojcky uapa Angpornxa II 1 jeseprupaan.” Yupkoc THM LIpHMepHMa, OfTOROpHOcT 3a cTpatawe )Knye remmko 6M Ce MOLIa CBaJIMTH CAMO Ha HeyKPOTHBE HOMaj(CKe OIbaKe nopeksiom 13 [lpHomopcxHx crema. He 3a6opasuMo Jlaniione pen o parHoj onacHocrH 4 y36yuu xoje cy GWIM cBeCHM m CpmicKH MOHacH Ha ueny apxmemucKoniom Jaxopom I kayla cy ojiy4Hiim Ma Tpemecte Jeverarujene Moura Ha curypuuje Mecro. Hanaa nuje ycnenno CHOHTaHO, W3HeHaHO, WIM Ha caMocTalHy MHMIMMjaTHBy KyMaHCKHx wera, Beh je ca CIpeniiboM M crpaxom GHo OFeKHBaH Ha CpricKoj CTpaHu. *© Vasary, Cumans and Tatars, 100. 7 auwwio/Jjanwuuh, 17; Jarwt0/Mupxosuh, 16; Ioannis Cantacuzeni eximperatoris historiarum libri IV, ed. L. Schopen, vol. I, Bonn, 1828, 35; Busaumujcxu ussopu 3a ucmopujy napoda Jyzocnaeuje, V1, Beorpan 1986, 307-308. (C. hupxosuh, 6. cepjanunh) 2 A. Péléwi-Horvath, Pechenegs, Cumans, lasians - Steppe Peoples in Medieval Hungary, Budapest 1989, 78-82; N. Berend, At the Gate of Christendom - Jews Muslims and "Pagans" in Medieval Hungary c.1000-c.1300, Cambridge 2001, 142-147. 2M. Bartusis, The Late Byzantine Army = Arms and Society 1204-1453, Philadelphia 1992, 27; D. Nicol, The Despotate of Epiros 1267-1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages, Cambridge 1984, 38-40.BPAHHUYEBCKH PIACHHK 6 Anexcanmap Yaenan 10 Ko je camo Kinsy ? Patna uperia Koja ce Tana HaypHna na MaHacTup, OAHOCHIIa ce, HECYMIHBO, Ha BOJHA JejcTRa WIMpoKHX pasMepa Koje cy roctoapH Bpanmuesa ynepiuim nporis cBojix cycesta u LporMBHuKa. Mehy runa ce, Tpe6a ncrahu, ommenwo Hanasuza n Munytanosa Cp6uja. Ja sua je 4 KakaB HOBO) 34 Nanay CplcKH Baap NpyKHO, KyMaHCKO-6yrapcKHM BOIMKAUIMMa HHje TosHaTo, am je Moryhe jla je TO yHNHHO HeKaKpoM PakHjoM nonpmikom Jiparyraay uu ompxKaBamem GnCKHX Re3a ca yrapcKHM jBopoM. Jiyrorpajne Gop6e Koje cy JIpman u Kysenun Bonin uporHs Opojuux mpoTupHuKa: Yrapcxe, J[paryranoze Hw Kako cMo BHIeNH MunytuHope apkane 1 muxoB pelatusan yenex Hcy Gm zacnonann camo na noxpuNM yHajMsbeHux Kymana nm Tarapa. Maa arpecnpxor ApxKaiba OpanMuercKHX “onMeTHHKa” crajaua je jena MHoro MohnHja cuna oumyena y Horajesoj jm4unocTH, a 'HxXoBe aKkTHBHOCTH Mpentcranmane cy camo jean semh y RenKoM Mosauxy ersapara ovoppemene TatapeKe yruuajHe cibepe y Mosynansy.”° Ho, roKasasio ce 21a je IUXOB y3s1eT Guo MpHBpemen H KparkoTpajan, 0K je MunytaHon 1 Aparyrunor noxyxnar yuepen nporHe wHX Guo yerenmo HaBeETeN. Tpu capesimka Koje je nosesnpana Gop6a npoTHE sajequM4KOr UPOTHBHHKA ullak HHCY MMA@JIH HCTOBeTHe TexIbe, Mntepee yrapeke KpyHe, da cc HEMUPHE OOJACTH NOHORO Bpate TOL HeHY HenOcpenHY WH mocpeyHy yupary, Guo je noctarayr Kana je Crean J[paryran cnojrm 3emsnama upucajesuuno Bpaunaeso (owreqno m Kyyeno). Ca pyre erpane, 3a PawKy OL yrapeKHX, ann n JIparyraiosnx wianoBa KOjM cy TeXMI 3aySHMalby OBHX OGnacTH M MOry Ce HOCMaTpaTH Kao HacTaBaK pannje yrapcKe NOTHTHKe y perHoHy u3 Bpemena bene TV u Creqaua V, MuntytHiono jIpKare y Kon rMKTy He OTKpHBa OcBaja4Ke, Beh upe 6u ce peKNo mpenentHBne Hamepe. Wun ce ja on y TOM TpeHYTKY Huje HOcTaRI.aO jAIeKOCEKUMje CTpATEMIKe MMERe on oGes6ehuarsa ceBepoHcToune rpaHuie cpoje Apxkase, miro je 4 OHIO NocTurHyTO culaMarem paroGopHUX H OLacCHHX cycesla, OLPOBOpHHX 3a cTpaarmbe cemumrra cpricke apxuenuckonuje y Kian. TL. Huxons, “TatapoGnurapeKn orHomenua npese CpemHHTe BEKOBE Cb Oren KBMB Hapysanero 1a Camtena”, Poduunux na Copuiicxus yuusepcumem 15-16 (1919-1920) 1-95; TI. Tasos, “Teonop Cxerocnas, Horaj reproreupr Tanaoneon”, Memopuxo- apxeonozwvecku wsenedeanut 6 naem na npod. dp. Cmanxo Baxiunas, Beniko TupHiowo 1994, 177-185; Vasary, Cumans and Tatars, 86-98BPAHHUEBCKH PSIACHHK 6 Anexcasaap Vsewran, ant Ko je crianno Kusy ? SUMMARY Destruction of the Ziéa monastery was by no means one of the most painful moments in the history of Serbian medieval church. In this article attempt is made to shed some light upon that episode and to put it in the context of battle for supremacy in Danubian basin at the end of XII century. In these events numerous powers were engaged, among them Hungarian rulers and two Serbian kings and brothers Stephen Dragutin and Stephen Uro§ II Milutin on one side, and Cumano- Bulgarian lords of Braniéevo Drman (Dorman) and Kudelin, prince $i8man of Vidin and Mongol chieftain Nogay on the other. According to prevalent opinion in historiography, the monastery was burned down during the Sisman’s marauding campaign against king Milutin. Chronological evidence drawn from the Biographies of Serbian kings and archbishops reveals that devastation of Zita happened between the last years of the penultimate decade of Thirteenth century and 1292. Approximately, at the same time, in 1291-1292, according to data from Hungarian royal charters issued by King Andrew II, assault of Drman and Kudelin against king Stephen Dragutin took place. Sigman’s incursion, which occurred only after these events and subsequent Serbian conquest of Brani¢evo, must have happened after 1292. Therefore, the hypothesis about his responsibility has to be dismissed. Taking into account not only notices derived from those sources, but also bearing in mind political geography of the region at the time, it is concluded that the attack on Zita happened during the aforementioned operations of lords of Branigevo, which they carried with the help of Cuman nad Tatar mercenaries. Fact that Ziéa was situated not on Dragutin’s soil, but on the teritory under control of his younger brother Milutin demonstrates the range and scale of their military enterprise. The forthcoming retributive campaign of two Serbian rulers ensued, and as a consequence, Branigevo was incorporated into possessions of king Stephen Dragutin. While Hungarian and Dragutin’s policy towards lords of Braniéevo was hostileBPAHUMEBCKH PIACHHK 6 Anexcannap Yaenant 2 Ko je crramo 1Kity ? and aggressive, Milutis attitude in these events reveals that his temporary interests lied mainly in keeping northeastern borders of his state safe and secure.