PHC LC:

I.............................LI GII THIU..............................

..................................3
II.......................PHNG PHP NN NH BNG YVAVELET
4
II. 1 Tng quan v k thut nn....................................
............................................4
11.1.1...........................Gii thiu chung v nn nh s
4
11.1.2...............................Cc k thut nn c tn hao
6
11.2............................C s l thuytbin i Wavelet
14
11.2.1.................................Cc php bin i Wavelet
14
11.2.2...........................Tnh cht ca bin i Wavelet
17
11.3..........................................Nn nh bng Wavelet
19
11.3.1..........................................S khi tng qut
20
11.3.2................................................Bin i Waveet
20
11.3.3............................Tnh ton nng lng tiu hao
21
11.3.4.....Thut ton nn nh bng Wavelet hiu nng EEW

23

11.4......Chun nn nh tnh da trn bin i WaveletJFEG2000........................................................................25

11.4.1.......................................X l trc bin .....
26
11.4.2............................Bin i lin thnh phn........
................................. . . .26
11.4.3......Bin i ring thnh phn (bin i Wavelet)
26
11.4.5........M ho v kt hp dng d liu sau m ho
28
III...................KT LUN .............................................
..........................30
IV.................................................TI LI THAM KHO
31
PHNG PHP PHN TCH NH BNG WAVELET
Thnh cng c bn ca cng ngh nn nh l gim s lng
bit cn dng th hin nh vi bin dng cm nhn l t nht.
M ha bng con s dng Wavelets l mt cng ngh th hin tt
nht gia trong nhng cng ngh nn. Hnh 1.1 di y th hin
s khi ca h thong nn nh da trn cng ngh wavelet. Ba
khi u tin ca s (DWT, quanter and entropy coder) chu
trch nhim nn d liu, trong khi 2 khi tip theo (entropy
decoder, inverse discrete wavelet transform(IDWT) s khi phc
hnh nh t d liu b nn.

Image X
DWT

Quantiz

Entrop

Channel

Entrop

IDWT

er
y
y
Fig 1.1 S khi ca mt h thng nn lossy da frn
wavelet

I.

LI GII THIU

Bin i Wavelet c nghin cu t nhng nm 60 ca th

k trc v cng c ng dng trong mt s ngnh khoa hc
v cng ngh khc nhau. Tuy nhin bin i Wavelet vn l mt lnh
vc ang v s tip tc c nghin cu pht trin cng nh
ng dng rng ri hn na. c bit bin i Wavelet ngy cng
c p dng rng ri trong x l ting ni, x l nh s.
C nhiu thut ton s dng cho nn nh nh: da theo php
bin i, lng t ho vct hoc m ho bng con. Vic la chn
thut ton trong truyn thng a phng tin khng ch ph thuc
vo t s nn t c, cht lng nh khi phc m cn lin quan
n nng lng tiu hao cng nh kh nng chng li li bit cao
hn.
Mc ch ca tiu lun l trnh by mt k thut nn nh s
dng bin i Wavelet cho nh tnh v c bit l nh tnh trong
cc dch v d liu a phng tin. So vi cc k thut nn s dng
php bin i trc y nh bin i Fourier (FT), bin i cosine
ri rc (DCT), bin i xp chng (LT),.., bin i Wavelet (DWT) c
nhiu u im Khng ch trong x l nh m cn nhiu ng dng
khc.
c bit gn y nhm JPEG pht trin chun nn nh da
trn bin i Wavelet gi l JPEG2000 vi nhiu u im. Tuy nhin

thng k cho thy bc bin i Wavelet trong qu trnh nn tiu

tn hn 60% thi gian CPU. Nh vy nu ti u cc c im ca

thut ton bc bin i th nng lng v hiu sut nn c

th c ci thin ng k. Do ta tp trung vo ti u nng
lng tiu hao bc bin i.
II. PHNG PHP NN NH BNG WAVELET
11.1 Tng quan v k thut nn
11.1.1

Gii thiu chung v nn nh s

Nn d liu l qu nh lm gim lng thng tin d tha

trong d liu gc v do vy lng thng tin thu c sau nn
thng nh hn d liu gc rt nhiu.
Nn nh s l mt kiu ca nn d liu n l mt ti
nghin cu rt ph bin trong lnh vc x l d liu a phng tin.
Mc ch l lm th no lu tr bc nh di dng c kch thc
nh hn hay di dng biu din m ch yu cu s bit m ho t
hn so vi bc nh gc.
Mt trong cc c trng quan trng nht ca mi phng
php nn l t s nn. T s nn c tnh = 1/r % (trong r =
Kch thc d liu gc / Kch thc d liu thu c sau nn).
Vi mc ch nn l lm gim bt d liu d tha th vic xc
nh bn cht cc d liu d tha l rt c ch cho vic xy dng
cc phng php nn d liu khc nhau. Ta c 4 loi d liu d
tha khc nhau:
>

Trong mt dy k t, c mt s k t c tn sut xut

hin nhiu hn mt s dy khc. Do vy ta c th m ha d liu

mt cch c ng hom, cc k t c tn sut cao s c thay i
bi mt t m nh phn vi s bit nh, ngc li cc dy c tn
sut thp s c m ha bi t m c nhiu bit hn. Ngi ta gi
l s phn b k t.

>

S lp li ca cc k t: trong mt s tnh hung nh

trong nh, mt k hiu (bit 0 hoc bit 1) c lp i lp li mt s

ln th ta thay dy lp bi dy mi gm 2 thnh phn: s ln lp
v k hiu dng m.
>

Nhng mu s dng tn sut: l mt dy k hiu no

xut hin mt tn sut cao th ta c th m ha bi s lng bit t

hn.

>

d tha v tr: l s ph thuc ln nhau ca d liu i

khi bit c gi tr xut hin ti mt v tr, ng thi c th on

c s xut hin ca gi tr mt v tr khc.
+ Cc phng php nn:
>

Nn chnh xc hay nn khng mt thng tin: l cc

phng php nn m sau khi gii nn ta thu c nh d liu chnh

xc khng mt mt.
>

Nn c mt mt thng tin: l cc phng php nn m

sau khi thu c d liu nn khng nh bn gc.

>

Phng php khng gian: l cc phng php nn bng

cch tc ng trc tip ln vt ly mu ca nh trong min khng

gian.
>

Phng php s dng bin i: l cc phng php tc

ng ln s bin i ca nh gc m khng tc ng trc tip.

Nhn chung qu trnh nn v gii nn d liu c th m t mt
cch tm tt nh sau: QU TRNH NN
D liu gc

Dliu nn

QU TRNH GII NN
Hnh 1.2 Qu trnh nn v gii nn d liu Tn hiu nh,
video hay audio u c th nn li bi chng c nhng tnh cht nh
sau:
>

C s tng quan (d tha) thng tin v khng gian:

Trong phm vi mt bc nh hay mt khung video tn ti s tng

quan ng k gia cc im nh ln cn.
>

C s tng quan (d tha) thng tin v ph: Cc d liu

thu c t cc b cm bin ca thit b thu nhn nh tn ti s

tng quan ng k gia cc mu thu, y chnh l s tng quan

v ph.
>

C s tng quan (d tha) thng tin v thi gian: Trong

mt chui nh video, tn ti s tng quan gia cc im nh ca

cc khung video (Frame).

II.1.2

Cc k thut nn c tn hao

II.1.2.1

K thut m ho bng con (subband codng)

T tng chnh ca k thut m ho bng con l: cc nh c

ly mu u vo c phn ly thnh cc bng tn khc nhau (gi
l cc tn hiu bng con). Yu cu ca k thut ny l lm th no
cc bng con khng b chng cho ln nhau. e c th phn ly tn
hiu b m ho (encoder) thrih cc bng con, nh c cho qua
mt bank lc (Filter bank) gi l bank lc phn tch v mi u ra
ca bank lc bng con c ly mu xung h s 2. Cc u ra bng
con tn s c ly mu xung s ln lt c: lng t ho c
lp bng cc b lc v hng khc nhau, m ho entropy, lu tr v
uyn i.
pha b gii m (decoder), qu trnh c thc hin ngc
li: gii lng t bng con tn s, ly mu ln vi h s 2, cho i qua
bank lc bng con tng hp ri cng tt c cc u ra ca b lc
khi phc li nh. Cc b lc bng con thng c thit k xp x
tha mn tiu chun ca cc p ng tn s khng chng cho. Mc
ch l gii tng quan cc h s tn s kt qu. y chnh l tnh
cht quan trng m qu trnh lc bng con c gng t c.
Cc b lc bng con c thit k l cc xp x vi cc b
lc chn tn s l tng, trong p ng tng hp t tt c cc b
lc bao trm tt c bng tn ca nh. Tuy nhin trong thc t, s
tng quan tng khng bao gi t c do nhng b lc ny ch
xp x vi cc b lc l tng.
Cc b lc s dng trong m ho bng con l cc b lc
gng t phng - QMF (quardrature mirror filters), do vy chng
ta ch cn thit k cc b lc thng thp c p ng H((w) cn p
ng ca cc b lc thng cao l H((w+ ) ch l s dch pha 180
so vi b lc thng thp. S chnh xc ca b lc ph thuc vo s
cc h s ca b lc.
Mt trong cc phng php m ho bng con l p dng s
phn ly cy bt phn phn ly d liu nh thnh cc bng tn khc
nhau. tng ca phng php ny l: trc tin lc vo lc b
nh phn ly nh thnh cc bng con tn s cao v thp, sau
11

tip tc phn ly nhng ch p dng cho bng con tn s thp to

thnh cc bng con tn s cao v thp tip tc lc b. K thut
ny rt ph bin v cng c p dng trong cc b m s dng
bin i Wavelet. u ra ca cc bng con sau khi gin lc s
c lng t ho v m ho c lp. Mi bng con s s dng b
lng t ho ring v mi b lng t ho ny c tc ly mu
ring (bit mu).
Nh vy r rng m ho bng con khng t c s nn, m
n ch thc hin vic gii tng quan gi nh gc v tp trung nng
lng ca nh vo mt s bng con. Nn ch t c l do s lc
b nh (decimation) v do s lng t ho (quantization).

Hnh 1.3 Minh ha qu trnh phn ly bng con cy bt phn

Trong cc h thng m ho bng con hai chiu thc t, ngi ta
chia min tn s - khng gian hai chiu ca nh gc thnh cc bng
khc nhau bt k mc no.
II.l.2.2.K thut m ho da trn php bin i
II.

1.2.2.1 K thut m ho da trn php bin i DCT

Php bin i cosine ri rc - DCT (Discrete Cosine Tranform)

bin i thng tin nh t min khng gian sang min tn s c
th biu din di dng gn hn. Tnh cht ca n tng t nh bin
i Fourier, coi nh u vo l cc tn hiu n nh bt bin theo thi
gian.
+ Bin i Fourier - FT
Bin i Fourier - FT (Fourier Transform) l mt php bin i
thun nghch, n cho php s chuyn i thun nghch gia thng
tin gc (min khng gian hoc thi gian) v tn hiu c x l (c
12

bin i). Tuy nhin mt thi im bt k ch tn ti mt min

thng tin c th hin. Ngha l tn hiu trong min khng gian
khng c s xut hin thng tin v tn s v tn hiu sau bin i
Fourier khng c s xut hin thng tin v thi gian.

13

FT cho bit thng tin tn s ca tn hiu, cho bit nhng tn s

no c trong tn hiu, tuy nhin n khng cho bit tn s xut
hin khi no trong tn hiu. Nu nh tn hiu l n nh (stationary c cc thnh phn tn s khng thay i theo thi gian) th vic xc
nhcc thnh phn tn s xut hin khi no trong tn hiu l khng
cn thit. Php bin i FT thun v nghch c nh ngha nh sau:

X ( f )= x ( t ) e2 jft dt

(1.2
)

x (t)= X ( f )e 2 jft df

Php bin i FT cng c th c p dng cho tn hiu

khng n nh (non- stationary) nu nh chng ta ch quan tm n
thnh phn ph no c trong tn hiu m khng quan tm n n
xut hin khi no trong tn hiu. Tuy nhin, nu thng tin v thi gian
xut hin ca ph trong tn hiu l cn thit, th php bin i FT
khng c kh nng p ng c yu cu ny, y cng l hn ch
ca php bin i. c bin i Fourier ri rc -DFT (Discrete
Fourier Transform) th php tch phn trong biu thc ton hc ca
bin i FT, ta thay bng php tng v tnh ton n vi cc mu hu
hn.
H s php bin i DFT th k ca mt chui gm N mu
{x(n)} c nh ngha:
N =1

X(k) =

x ( n ) W knN , k =0, , N1

(1.3)

n=0

j2/N
=cos
Trong WN = e

( 2N ) jsin( 2N )

, cn chui {x(n)} c

th khi phc bng DFT ngc nh sau:

1
x ( n )=
N

N 1

X ( k ) W kn
N , n=0 , N 1

(1.4)

k=0

nh ngha v cc tnh cht ca bin i DCT

Bin i DCT thun v ngc mt chiu gm N mu c nh

ngha nh sau:

N 1
( 2 n+1 ) k
2
DCT =X ( k )= Ck x ( n ) cos
, k=0,1, .. N1 (1.5)
N
2N
n=0

14

IDCT =x ( n )=

2
N

N1

C k X ( k ) cos
k=0

( 2 n+1 ) k
, k =0,1, .. N1 (1.6)
2N

Trong

C k=

1
, k =0
2
1, k 0

C DCT v IDCT u l bin i trc giao, tch bit v thc.

15

Tnh cht phn tch (separable) y ngha l bin i nhiu

chiu ca n c th phn tch thnh cc bin i mt chiu.
Tnh cht trc giao y ngha l nu cc ma trn ca DCT v
IDCT l khng bt thng (non-singular) v thc th bin i ngc
ca chng c th t c bng cch p dng ton t hon v. Cng
nh bin i FT, DCT cng coi d liu u vo l tn hiu n nh (bt
bin).
Trong cc chun nn nh tnh vo video, ngi ta thng s
dng DCT v IDCT c kch thc 8 mu. Bc nh hoc khung nh
video kch thc NxN c chia thnh cc khi khng chng cho
nhau hai chiu gi l cc nh con kch thc 8x8 ri p dng bin i
DCT hai chiu b m ho v p dng bin i IDCT b gii m.
Bin i DCT v IDCT 8 mu to thnh cc ma trn 8x8 theo
cng thc:
2D DCT =X k ,l=

c (k ) c (l) 7 7
( 2 m+1 ) k
( 2 n+1 ) l
X m , n cos
cos

4
16
16
m =0 n=0

) (

(1.7)

c (k ) c (l)
( 2 m+1 ) k
( 2 n+1 ) l
X cos
cos
4
16
16
k, l

(1.8)

Trong k , l=0,1, , 7
7

2D IDCT = X m .n=
m=0 n=0

) (

Trong k , l=0,1, , 7
v

c ( k ) , c(l)=

1
, k, l=0
2
1, k 2 +l 2 0

Thut ton tnh 2-D DCT v IDCT l: thc hin php bin i
-D ln lt cho hng ri n ct ca ma trn.
+ Nn v gii nn nh da theo php bin i DCT trong JPEG
JPEG l chun nn s quc t u tin cho cc nh tnh c tng
mu lin tc gm c nh n sc v nh mu. Trong k thut ny
cc khi nh kch thc 8x8 c p dng thc hin DCT, sau
lng t ho cc h s ri m ho entropy sau lng t.
i vi nhng nh mu RGB, p dng k thut nn ny,
trc ht phi chuyn sang ch mu YUV (Y l thnh phn chi, u
v V l hai thnh phn mu). Thnh phn chi l nh n sc
16

xm. Hai thnh phn mu cn li cha thng tin v mu. Vic m

ho v gii m nh trong JPEG c thc hin cho thnh phn chi
v mu.
S khi b m ho v gii m ca JPEG nh sau:

Hnh 1.4 S b m ha theo chun JPEG

r - st / / / t / t i
f / y y4
Vs / s y
t / / s / *
/ f
s
/ Vt r
r*'
t
Hnh 1.5 sp xp Zigzag cc h s DCT b m ha

Hnh 1.6 S khi b gii m theo chun JPEG

17

Qu trnh x l thnh phn chi pha m ha c gii

thch nh sau:
(a)

nh gc c chia thnh cc khi nh (block) nh kch

thc 8x8 khng chng cho ln nhau. Tip theo, gi tr ca mi

im nh mi khi khi nh s c tr i 128. L do l do gi tr
cc im nh c gi tr t 0 n 255 (c m ho bi 8 bt khng
du), p dng bin i DCT s to ra cc h s AC c di gi tr t
1023 n +1023 (c th c m ho bi 11 bt c du). Nhng

h s DC li c gii gi tr t 0 n 2040 (c m ho bi 11 bt
khng du) v cn cch x l khc phn cng hoc phn mm so
vi cc h s AC. Chnh v th vic tr gi tr mi im nh i 128 l
sau khi bin i DCT c cc h s DC v AC c cng di gi tr
thun li cho vic x l v biu din.
(b)

mi khi nh hai chiu kch thc 8x8, p dng bin i

DCT to ra mng hai chiu cc h s bin i. H s c tng ng

vi tn s khng gian thp nht nhng li c gi tr ln nht c gi
l h s DC (mt chiu), n t l vi chi trung bnh ca c khi
nh 8x8. Cc h s cn li gi l cc h s AC (xoay chiu). Theo l
thuyt, bin i DCT khng em li s mt mt thng tin nh, m
n gin n ch chuyn thng tin nh sang min khng gian mi
thun li hn cho m ho bc tip theo.
(c)

Mng hai chiu cc h s bin i c lng t ho s

dng b lng t ha t l ng nht. Ngha l cc h s s c

lng t ho ring l v c lp. Qu trnh lng t ho l da trn
sinh l ca h thng mt ngi: cm nhn hnh nh c nhy km
hn cc h s tn s cao v c nhy tt hn cc h s c tn
s thp. V th cc h s c chn sao cho thc hin lng t ho
th i vi cc h s tn s cao v lng t ho tinh i vi cc h
s c tn s thp. Bng lng t ho c ly t l to ra cc mc
nn thay i tu theo tc bt v cht lng nh. Vic lng t ho
s to ra rt nhiu gi tr 0, c bit l tn s cao. Qu trnh lm

18

trn trong khi lng t ho chnh l nguyn nhn chnh gy ra s tn

hao nhng li l nhn t chnh em li hiu sut nn.
(d)

tn dng u im ca cc h s c lng t c

gi tr gn bng 0, mng hai chiu cc h s c lng t s

c sp xp theo hnh Zigzag to thnh mng mt chiu. Cch sp
xp ny cho php gim thiu nng lng tn hao trung bnh v to
ra dy cc gi tr bng 0 lin tip. Cng theo cch sp xp ny, cc
h s DC c tch khi cc h s AC v s dng k thut m ho
iu xung m vi sai - DPCM.
(e)

Bc cui cng ca b m ho l s dng m ho entropy

chng hn m ho Huffman cho cc AC v DC (sau khi m ho

DPCM) tng thm hiu qu nn cng nh gim thiu li.
pha gii m, lung bt m ho c gii m entropy, sau
mng hai chiu cc h s DCT c lng t ho c gii sp
xp Zigzag v gii lng t. Mng hai chiu cc h s DCT kt qu s
c bin i IDCT ri cng mi gi tr vi 128 xp x to thnh
cc khi nh con kch thc 8x8. Ch l bng lng t ho v m
ho entropy c pha m ho v gii m l ng nht. Hai thnh
phn mu cng c m ho tng t nh thnh phn chi ngoi tr
khc bit l chng c ly mu xung h s 2 hoc 4 c chiu
ngang v dc trc khi bin i DCT. pha gii m, thnh phn
mu s c ni suy thnh kch thc gc.
III.

1.2.2.2 K thut m ho da trn php bin i DWT

Mi quan h gia bin i Wavelet v Fourier

Khng ging nh bin i Fourer ch thch hp khi phn tch

nhng tn hiu n nh (stationary), Wavelet l php bin i c s
dng phn tch cc tn hiu khng n nh (non-stationary) - l
nhng tn hiu c p ng tn s thay i theo thi gian.
khc phc nhng hn ch ca bin i FT, php bin i
Fourer thi gian ngn - STFT c xut. Ch c mt s khc bit
nh gia STFT v FT: Trong bin i STFT, tn hiu c chia thnh
cc khong nh v trong khong tn hiu c gi nh l tn hiu
n nh. thc hin k thut ny cn chn mt hm ca s w sao
cho di ca ca s ng bng cc khong tn hiu phn chia. Vi
19

php bin i STFT, chng ta c th thu c p ng tn s - thi

gian ca tn hiu ng thi m vi php bin i FT ta khng thc
hin c. Bin i STFT i vi tn hiu lin tc thc c nh
ngha nh sau:

X ( f , t )= [x ( t ) w ( t ) ]e2 jft dt

(1.9)

Trong di thi gian ca ca s l (t- ), chng ta c th

dch chuyn v tr ca ca s bng cch thay i gi tr t v thu
c cc p ng tn s khc nhau ca on tn hiu ta thay i gi
tr

.
Gii thch bin i STFT bng nguyn l bt nh Heissenber,

nguyn l ny pht biu l: Khng th bit c chnh xc c biu

din thi gian - tn s ca mt tn hiu (hay khng th bit cc
thnh phn ph ca tn hiu mt thi im nht nh). Ci m ta c
th bit l trong mt khong thi gian nht nh tn hiu c nhng
bng tn no. y c gi l bi ton phn gii, vn ny lin
quan n rng ca hm ca s m chng ta s dng. Nu hm
ca s cng hp th phn gii cng tt hn v gi nh tn hiu l
n nh cng c chnh xc nhng phn gii tn s li km i.
Ta c cc h qu sau:
Ca s hp -> phn gii thi gian tt, phn gii tn s km
Ca s rng -> phn gii tn s tt, phn gii thi gian km
Trn c s cch tip cn bin i STFT, bin i Wavelet c
pht trin gii quyt vn v phn gii tn hiu (min thi
gian hoc tn s) m STFT vn cn hn ch. Bin i Wavelet c
thc hin theo cch: tn hiu c nhn vi hm Wavelet (tng t
nh nhn vi hm ca s trong bin i STFT), ri thc hin bin i
ring r cho cc khong tn hiu khc nhau trong min thi gian ti
cc tn s khc nhau. Cch tip cn nh vy cn c gi l: phn
tch a phn gii - MRA (Multi Resolution Analysis): phn tch tn hiu
cc tn s khc nhau v cho cc phn gii khc nhau.
MRA khi phn tch tn hiu cho php: phn gii thi gian tt v
phn gii tn s km cc tn s cao; phn gii tn s tt v phn
gii thi gian km cc tn s thp. Nh vy k thut ny rt thch
20

hp vi nhng tn hiu: c cc thnh phn tn s cao xut hin trong

khong thi gian ngn, cc thnh phn tn s thp xut hin trong
khong thi gian di chng hn nh nh v khung nh video.
*

Bin i Wavelet ri rc - DWT

Bc ny c th hiu php bin i DWT nh l p dng mt

tp cc b lc thng cao v thng thp. Thit k cc b lc ny
tng ng nh k thut m ho bng con (subband coding) ngha
l: ch cn thit k cc b lc thng thp, cn cc b lc thng cao
chnh l cc b lc thng thp dch pha i mt gc 180, Tuy nhin
khc vi m ho bng con, cc b lc trong DWT c thit k phi
c p ng ph phng, trn v trc giao. Bin i DWT mt chiu: tn
hiu c cho i qua cc b lc thng cao v thng thp H v G ri
c ly mu xung (down sampling) h s 2 to thnh bin i
DWT mc 1. Bin i ngc th thc hin ngc li: ly mu ln (up
sampling) h s 2 ri s dng cc b lc khi phc H, G (l tng l
H' v G' chnh l H, G).

Hnh 1.7 Bank lc khi phc l thuyt s dng DWT 1D

T bin i DWT mt chiu c th m rng nh ngha bin i
DWT hai chiu theo cch: S dng cc b lc ring bit, thc hin
bin i DWT mt chiu d liu vo (nh) theo hng ri thc hin
theo ct. Theo cch ny nu thc hin bin i DWT mc 1, s to
ra 4 nhm h s bin i. Qu trnh bin i DWT hai chiu c th
minh ho nh hnh 1.8 di y, trong 4 nhm h s l: LL, HL,
LH, HH (ch ci u tin tng ng thc hin lc theo hng, ch
ci th hai tng ng thc hin lc theo ct).

21

IMA
GE

D
WT

WT

L
L

heo
heo H
H
Hnh 1.8 Minh ho DWT hai chiu cho
nh
II.2 C s l thuyt bin i Wavelet
II.2.1

Cc php bin i Wavelet

II.2.1.1 Bin i Wavelet lin tc (Continuous Wavelet

Transform - CWT)
Bin i Wavelet lin tc ca mt hm f(t) c bt
t

mt hm

Wavelet) (t).

Wavelet

Hm Wavelet m

u
(mother

(t) c th l bt k mt

hm s thc hoc phc lin tc no tha mn cc tnh cht sau y:

Tch phn suy rng trn ton b trc t ca hm

(t) l

bng 0. Tc l:

( t ) dt=0

(1.10)

Tch phn nng lng ca hm trn ton b trc t l mt s

hu hn, tc l:

| (t )| dt<

(1.11)

iu kin trn c ngha l hm

(t )

phi l mt hm bnh

phng kh tch.
Sau khi hm Wavelet

(t )

c la chn, bin i Wavelet

lin tc ca mt hm bnh phng kh tch f(t) c tnh theo cng

thc:

W ( a , b )= f ( t )

1
tb
(
) dt
a
|a|

(1.12)

Bin i ny l mt hm ca hai tham s thc a v b. Du * k

hiu l lin hip phc ca
a ,b ( t )

( t ) . Nu chng ta nh ngha mt hm

theo biu thc:

22

Chng ta c th vit c:
a ,b ( t )=

1
t b

|a| a

( )

(1.14)

Theo ton hc ta gi y l tch v hng ca hai hm f(t) v

a ,b (t ) , gi tr l h s chun ho m bo rng tch phn nng

lng ca hm a ,b ( t) s c lp vi a v b.

| a , b (t)| dt = | (t )| dt

(1.15)
Vi mi gi tr ca a th

a ,b ( t)

l mt bn sao ca

a ,b ( t)

c dch i b n v trn trc thi gian. Do b c gi l tham s

dch. t tham s dch b = 0 ta thu c:
( w )=

1
t

(1.16)
|a| a

()

iu cho thy rng a l tham s t l. Khi a >1 th hm

Wavelet s c tri rng cn khi 0< a <1 th hm s c co li.
Sau y chng ta s nh ngha php bin i ngc ca bin
i Wavelet lin tc. Gi ' ( w )

l bin i i Fourier ca ( t ) :

( w )= ( t ) e jwt dt

(1.17)
Nu W(a,b) l bin i CWT ca f(t) bng hm Wavelet

(t ) ,

th bin i ngc ca bin i CWT s c tnh nh sau:

1
1
f ( t )= 2 W (a , b) a ,b ( t ) dadb
c |a|

(1.18)

vi gi tr ca c c nh ngha l:

C=

| (w)|
|w|

dw

(1.19)

Bin i CWT ch tn ti nu C dng v hu hn. Do C

c gi l iu kin tn ti ca bin i Wavelet. Cng vi hai iu
kin nu trn, y l iu kin th 3 m mt hm

23

cn phi tha mn c th c la chn lm hm Wavelet.

Chng ta c th xem bin i CWT nh l mt ma trn hai chiu cc
kt qu ca php tnh tch v hng gia hai hm f(t) v a ,b (t).
Cc hng ca ma trn tng ng vi cc gi tr ca a v cc ct
tng ng vi cc gi tr ca b do cch tnh bin i Wavelet theo
tch v hng trnh by trn:
f (t ) , a ,b ( t ) dt

f ( t ) g( t ) dt

(1.20)

(f (t), g (t))=

II.2.1.2

Bin i Wavelet ri rc (DWT)

Vic tnh ton cc h s Wavelet ti tt c cc t l l mt cng

vic ht sc phc tp, nu tnh ton nh vy s to ra mt lng d
liu khng l.
gim thiu cng vic tnh ton ngi ta ch chn ra mt tp
nh cc gi tr t l v cc v tr tin hnh tnh ton. Hn na nu
vic tnh ton c tin hnh ti cc t l v cc v tr trn c s ly
tha c s 2 th kt qu thu c s hiu qu v chnh xc hn rt
nhiu. Qu trnh chn cc t l v cc v tr tnh ton nh trn to
thnh li nh t (dyadic). Mt phn tch nh trn hon ton c th
thc hin c nh bin i Wavelet ri rc (DWT).
Do , vic tnh ton bin i DWT thc cht l s ri rc ho
bin i Wavelet lin tc (CWT) vic ri rc ho c thc hin vi s
la chn cc h s a v b nh sau:
a = 2m;b = 2mn; m,n

Vic tnh ton h s ca bin i Wavelet c th d dng thc

hin bng cc bng lc s nhiu nhp a knh, mt l thuyt rt
quen thuc ong x l tn hiu.

24

Hnh 2.1. Minh ho i nh t dyadc vi cc gi tr ca m v n

II.2.2. Tnh cht ca bin i Wavelet
-

Bin i Wavelet d ch lm vic vi cc tn hiu mt

chiu (lin tc hoc ri rc) nhng sau khi bin i xong ta thu c
mt hm s hai bin hoc mt tp cc cp gi tr W(a,b) minh ha
cc thnh phn tn s khc nhau ca tn hiu xy ra ti thi im t.
-

Cc gi tr W(a, b) to thnh mt ct (i=1, 2,...., n) cho

bit mt thnh phn tn s c trong nhng thi im t no v cc

gi tr W(a,b) to thnh hng cho bit ti mt thi im t ca tn
hiu f(t) c cc thnh phn tn s no.
-

Tham s b trong bin i Wavelet cho bit khong dch

ca hm Wavelet m v phn gii cc tn s khc nhau ca f(t)

c minh ha bi h s t l chnh l a.
-

Ta kt hp bin i Wavelet vi cc hm Wavelet thch

hp vi dng tn hiu cn kho st v php phn tch a phn

gii vic x l tn hiu ting ni v hnh nh t hiu qu cao
hn.
+ L thuyt v a phn gii trong phn tch tn hiu nh sau:
Gi s chng ta cn xp x ho mt tn hiu lin tc c dng
mt hm bnh phng kh tch f(x) bng mt tp cc gi tr ri rc
(v d hm f(x) l hm cng sng ca nh).
Php xp x n gin thc hin da trn l thuyt php ly
trung bnh v da vo hm xp x l hm

(x )

c dng:
25

( x )

{0 cc gi1 xtrcnli

(2.1)

Vi fn chnh l gi tr xp x ca hm f(x) trong khong [n;n+1).

y chnh l gi tr trung bnh ca hm f(x) trong khong [n;n+1)
c cho bi biu thc:
n+1

(2.2)

f n= f ( x )
n

Nh vy chng ta c th xp x ho hm f(x) bng mt tp cc

hm tng t nh hm (x) v php xp x ho hm f(x) cho bi:
A [ f ( x ) ] = ( ~
( xn ) . f ( x ) ) ( xn )

(2.3)

26

c gi l hm trng v

(x )

( x )

l hm ni suy,

xp x ( x ) tha mn iu kin:

( ( x ) , ~ ( xn ) )= [ n ] (2.4)
Vic phi tha mn iu kin trn l m bo rng hm
f(x) c th c xp x ho bng mt t hp tuyn tnh ca cc
hm

( x n) . Ngoi ra hai hm

(x )

phi c chun

|( x)| dx=|(x )| dx=1

(2.5)

(x )

ho tha mn:
2

Trong thc t, hm f(x) thng c gi thit l c chu k

nguyn v chng ta ch cn mt s hu hn cc t hp tuyn tnh
xp x ho hm

f (x) . Chng ta c th thay i phn gii

ca php xp x bng cch thay i h s t l ca cc hm

(x )

v ( x ) . Cho:
j ( x )=22 ( 2 j x ) v j ( x ) =22 ~
(2 j x )

Ta c xp x:
A j [ f ( x ) ] = ( f ( x ) , ~
j ( x2 j k ) ) j ( x21 k ) (2.6)
k

ca hm f(x) l cc php chiu trc giao ca hm f(x) ln

khng gian ly

{ f (x2 j k) }

lm c s. Vic thay i gi tr ca j s

lm thay i mc chnh xc ca php xp x hm f(x) ca chng

ta nh trn hnh v.

Hnh 2.2 Phn tch a phn gii p dng cho biu din tn
hiu

Hm

(x) c gi l hm t l v chng ta thy hm ny

c mt tnh cht c bit l cc hm ng vi phn gii th j (tc

l c chiu rng 2j ) l trng hp c bit ca
cc hm c phn gii th j +1 (chiu rng 2-j-1) bi v cc
hm c phn gii j c th d dng biu din t cc hm c
phn gii j+1. iu dn ti:
Vj Vj+1
V vy chng ta c th biu din hm f(x) theo cc mc phn
gii khc nhau da trn cc php chiu trc giao ca hm f(x) ln
cc khng gian Vj. Chnh v th ngi ta nh ngha mt php phn
tch a phn gii nh sau:
-

Mt phn tch a phn gii bao gm mt chui khng

gian bao hm nhau:

-

.V2 V1 V 0 V 1 V 2 .

tha mn:
V j=L2 (R)
j Z

J z V j= {0 }

Tnh bt bin t l
f ( x ) V j
f ( 2 j x ) V 0

Tnh bt bin dch:

f ( x ) V 0 f ( xn ) V 0 n Z

Tnh tn ti ca c s: tn ti vi

V 0 vi

{ ( xn|n Z ) l

mt c s trc chun ca V0. Nu chng ta gi A[f(x)]= Proj Vm[f(x)]

l hnh chiu trc giao ca f(x) ln Vm th ta c:
lim m [ f ( x ) ]=f (x)

Trn y l c s l thuyt ca php phn tch a phn gii

vi tn hiu 1D tng qut. Vic p dng trong tn hiu nh (tn hiu
2D) c th d dng m rng t vic phn tch a phn gii 1D.

II.3 Nn nh bng Wavelet

K thut nn nh bng Wavelet hiu nng vi hai c tnh
quan trng trong thut ton:
1.

Gim thiu nng lng tnh ton thc hin nn nh.

2.

Gim thiu nng lng khi truyn thng.

II.3.1. S khi tng qut

Hnh 3.1 S khi qu trnh nn nh bng Wavelet

Hnh 3.1 ch ra s khi qut qu trnh nn nh (m ho

ngun) nh sau:
- nh mu c a qua mt php bin i to thnh tp
h s bin i.
- Cc h s ny tip tc c lng t ho (chia cho cc gi
tr c nh cho trc) gim dung lng d liu. u ra ca
bc ny l mt lung cc s nguyn m mi mt trng s
tng ng vi mt ch s nh phn c lng t ho.
-

Bc cui cng l m ho: cc lung d liu c

chuyn thnh chui cc t m nh phn (binary Symbol).

C nhiu thut ton s dng cho nn nh nh: da theo php
bin i, lng t ho vct hoc m ho bng con.
II.3.2

Bin i Wavelet

Php bin i Wavelet thun s dng s phn ly 1D (mt

chiu) chuyn tp cc mu 1D thnh hai bng: bng con thng
thp (Li) v bng con hng cao (Hi). Bng Li l phin bn c
phn gii thp ca nh gc c ly mu xung (downsampled),
bng H biu th thng tin d tha ca nh gc (ch cn thit kh
cn khi phc hon ton nh gc t bng thng thp).
Qu trnh phn ly bng con 2D ch l s m rng qu h
phn l bng con 1D. Ton b qu trnh chnh l s thc hin qu
trnh phn l 1D hai ln: u tin theo hng, ri theo ct. Theo cch
ny, bng con thng thp Li to thnh khi phn ly theo hng li

tip tc c phn ly theo ct to thnh bng con LLi v LHL Tng

t nh vy, bng con Hi tip tc c phn ly thnh HLi v HHi.
Sau mc bin i u tin, nh c th tip tc c phn ly bng
cch p dng qu trnh phn ly 2D cho bng con LLi. Nhur vy nh
c th c bin i nhiu mc.

II.3.3

Tnh ton nng lng tiu hao

e thc hin bin i Wavelet cn chn mt b lc p nhng

u im sau:
Kt qu sau b lc Wavelet c cha thng tin im nh

ln cn v nh th loi b c hiu ng khi m bin i DCT gp

phi.
C tnh cht i xng v nh v cho php d dng pht

hin ng vin, tnh ton nhanh, nh nn c cht lng cao.

D dng thc hin bng phn cng v n ch gm cc b

cng v b dch li phn Ta s dng b lc: Daubechies 5-tap/3-tap,

c phng trnh l:
L[2n]

_ ' - *[2b - 2] + 2x[ -1] + fa[2 J + 2*[2 +1] -

+ 2]

'
(3.1)
4

V d: trong php phn ly Wavelet thun s dng b lc

trn, cn 8 php ton cng - A(Add) v dch - S(Shift) chuyn
nhng im nh mu thnh mt h s thng thp.
Tng t nh vy, s phn ly thng cao cn 2 php ton dch
v 4 php ton cng.

Chng ta lp m hnh tiu hao nng lng ca s phn ly

thng thp/cao bng cch m s cc php ton v xem chng nh
l ti tnh ton.
Nh vy c 8*s (php dch) + 8*A (php cng) l ti tnh ton
cn cho mt im nh trong qu trnh phn ly thng thp v 2S +
4A php ton cho thng cao.
Vi mt nh u vo cho trc kch thc Mx N v qu nh
phn ly c p dng vi L mc bin i, khi chng ta c th
nh gi c tng ti tnh ton nh sau: Gi s trc tin chng ta
p dng qu trnh phn ly theo chiu ngang. Nhng do tt c cc
im nh v tr chn c phn ly thnh cc h s thng thp v
cc im nh v tr l c phn ly thnh cc h s thng cao,
tng ti tnh ton trong qu trnh phn ly chiu ngang s l
/2MN(0S+2A). Lng ti tnh ton trong qu trnh phn ly theo
chiu dc cng d nhn ra. Do kch thc ca nh gim theo h s 4
sau mi mc bin i, tng ti tnh ton c th c biu din bng
cng thc sau:
* Ti tnh ton vi bin i Wavelet thng - CW:
cv

=MN(l2+lQS)-T

MN(2A+lOS)^^r<-MN(l2A+lOS)
(3.2)

(-14

14 3

Ngoi cc php ton s hc, bc bin i cng bao gm mt

s lng ln cc ln truy nhp b nh. Do vy nng lng tiu hao
trong cc ln truyn d liu ni v ngoi h thng c th ng k,

chng ta c lng ti truy nhp d liu (data-acces load) bng

cch m tng s cc ln truy nhp b nh trong qu trnh thc hin
bin i Wavelet. Ti mt mc bin i, mi im nh s c c
hai ln v c ghi hai ln. Do vy, vi cng mt iu kin cng nh
cng phng php nh gi nh trn, tng ti truy nhp d liu rt
ra bng s cc ton t c v ghi.
Ti truy nhp d liu vi bin i Wavelet thng:
<W.=fW=2M''^^

(3-3)

Nng lng tnh ton tng c tnh bng tng trng s ca ti

tnh ton v ti truy nhp d liu. T kt qu tin hnh thc nghim,
ta thy rng thc hin cc php cng tiu tn nng lng gp i so
vi thc hin php dch v nng lng tiu tn cho ti truy nhp
d liu gp 2.7 ln ti tnh ton. Chng ta cng c lng nng
lng truyn thng bng C*R, trong c l kch thc ca nh
nn (tnh bng bt) v R l tn hao nng lng truyn mt bt
bng b pht RF.

11.3.4

Thut ton nn nh bng Wavelet hiu nng

- EEW
Trong phn ny, chng ta trnh by thut ton EEW (Ejfect\e
Energy Wa\elet) - mt thut ton bin i bng Wavelet m mc
ch l tit kim nng ng trong khi cht ng nh ch b nh
hng t nht.
Cch ny c hai u im chnh sau:
+ Th nht, bi v cc h s thng cao khng cn phi tnh
ton, EEW\m gim nng lng tnh ton tiu hao trong qu bnh
nn h bng Wavelet bng cch gim s lng cc php ton
c thc hin.
+ Th hai, bi v b m ho v gii m l k thut lm trn
(c lng), v th khng c thng tin yu cu c truyn qua
knh v tuyn, do gim, c nng lng tiu hao cn c.
p7 30

eo

50

High-pass
CoeHcrents
(IVI
1)
Hi<)hpas
CoeHcrents
{level
2)

*
o 3)
-rv
*
0 9 .
Integer Value Range after transormatioi
Hnh3.3 Phn b s hc cc h s thng cao su php bin
i Wavelet mc 2
S dng k thut c lng trn chng ta xy dng c
thut ton gm hai k thut hn ch tiu hao nng lng: hn ch
tnh ton v truyn thng cho cc h s thng cao: K thut u

tin l loi b bng con t ngha nht. Trong s 4 bng con ta thy
bng con ng cho (HH) l t ngha nht, v ng c vin
sng gi loi b trong bc bin i Wavelet. Chng ta gi k
thut ny l k thut loi b HH. k thut th 2, th ch nhng
bng con c ngha nht (cha thng tn phn gii thp, LL)
c gi li cn cc bng thng cao khc (Lti HL v HH) u
c oi b. Chng ta gi k thut ny l k thut loi b H* (tt
c cc bng con thng cao u b loi b trong bc bin i).
*

Hiu nng ca cc k thut loi b

e thc hin cc k thut loi b HH v H* (EEW), chng ta

thay i php bin i Wavelet nh m t trong hnh 3.4. Nh
gii thch trn, trong qu trnh bin i Wavelet, mi nh u vo
c thc hin php bin i theo hng ri n ct v phn ly nh
thnh bn bng con (LL, LH, HL, HH). Tuy nhin, thc hin k
thut loi b HH, th sau Khi thc hin bin i theo hng, cc h s
thng cao ch c a vo b lc thng thp m khng c a
vo b lc thng cao trong bc bin i theo ct tip theo (trong
hnh 4 bn di <HHEliminatiori>, k hiu l nhng hnh c bng
sng). Cch lm ny loi b bng con ng cho HH. Cn
thc hin k thut loi b H*, nh u vo c x l ch cho qua
b lc thng thp trong c qu trnh thc hin bin i hng v ct.
V nh vy chng ta cng loi b c tt c cc bc phn ly
thng cao trong qu trnh bin i.
< HH Elmiintkm >

<

H*

Elimination

>

Hnh 3.4 D liu sau php bin i Wavelet vi hai k thut

loi b HHv H*
e c lng hiu nng ca cc k thut EEW trn, chng
ta s tin hnh tnh ti tnh ton v ti truy nhp d liu theo
phng php cp trn. Chng ta gi thit rng, cc k
thut tnh ton ch c p dng E mc bin i u tin ong
tng s L mc. L do l bi v u im ca cc h s thng cao thc
hin loi b cng ngha cc mc bin i thp.

Trong k thut loi b HH, ti tnh ton ong qu trnh thc

hin bin i theo hng bng vi thut ton Wavelet thng. Tuy
nhin, trong qu trnh thc hin bin i theo ct bng con thng
cao l kt qu t php bin i theo dng trc, bng con HH
khng c tnh. Kt qu trong mc trn ch ra rng lm nh vy c
th tit kim 1/4MN(4A+2S) cc php ton cho ti tnh ton (ngha
l tit kim c 7.4% so vi thut ton Wavelet thng). V v th,
tng ti ti ton c th c tnh nh sau:
CSB =

+19S

) -L+I 2A+LOS)

-L

(3.4)
^

M*

i-E+1 ^

Bi v bng con thng cao sau php bin i theo hng vn

cn tnh bng con HL trong php bin i theo ct nn chng ta
c th tit kim s ln c trong k thut loi b HH. Tuy nhin,
chng ta ch tit kim c 1/4 cc ln ghi (tit kim 25%) trong
qu trnh thc hin php bin i theo ct. Do vy kt qu bng
con HH c gn trc bng 0 trc khi qu trnh bin i c
thc hin. Do vy, tng ti truy cp d liu s c tnh:
=Cmr,<^mm =
4 w 4

4-

(3.5)

-E- 4

K thut loi b H* cho kt qu ng k trong vic tit kim

nng lng tnh ton bi c 3 trong tng s 4 bng con c loi
b. Phn ti chng ta s tp trung m t v minh ha cc k thut
trn.
II.3 Chun nn nh tnh da trn bin i WaveletJFEG2000
Cc bc thc hin nn nh theo chun JPEG2000

Anh MU li

Hnh 4.1 Trnh t m ha (a) v gii m JPEG2000 (b) Bc 1:

X l trc bin i Bc 2: Bin i lin thnh phn Bc 3: Bin
i ring thnh phn (bin i Wavelet)
Bc 4: Lng t ha - Gii lng t ho Bc 5: M ha v
kt hp dng d liu sau m ha
II.4.1

X l trc bin

Do s dng bin i Wavelet, JPEG2000 cn c d liu nh

u vo dng i xng qua . X l trc bin i chnh l giai
on m bo d liu a vo nn nh c dng trn. pha gii
m, giai on x l sau bin i s tr li gi tr gc ban u cho d
liu nh.
II.4.2

Bin Hn thnh phn

Giai on ny s loi b tnh tng quan gia cc thnh phn

ca nh. JPEG2000 s dng hai loi bin i lin thnh phn l bin
i mu thun nghch {Reversbe Color Transorm - RCT) v bin
i mu khng thun nghch rreversble Color Transorm - ICT)
trong bin i thun nghch lm vic vi cc gi tr nguyn, cn
bin khng thun nghch lm vic vi cc gi tr thc. ICT v
RCT chuyn d liu nh t khng gian mu RGB sang YCrCb. RCT
c p dng trong c hai dng hc nn c tn tht v khng tn
tht, cn ICT ch p dng cho nn c tn tht Vic p dng cc bin
i ny trc khi nn nh khng nm ngoi mc ch lm tng hiu
qu nn. Cc thnh phn Cr, Cb c nh hng rt t ti s cm

nhn hnh nh ca mt trong kh thnh phn chi Y c nh

hng rt ln ti nh.
RGB

Hnh 4.2 Minh ho nh vi RGB v YCrCb

II.4.3

Bin ring thnh phn (bin Wavelet)

Bin i ring thnh phn c p dng trong JPEG2000 chnh

l bin i Wavelet. m bo tnh ton vn thng tin cng phi
p dng cc php bin i thun nghch hoc khng thun nghch.
Do php bin i Wavelet khng phi l mt php bin i trc
giao nh bin i DCT m l mt php bin i bng con nn cc
thnh phn s c phn chia
thnh cc bng tn s khc nhau v mi bng s c m
ha ring r. JPEG2000 p dng bin i Wavelet nguyn thun
nghch 5/3 (IWT) v bin i thc khng thun nghch Daubechies
9/7. Vic tnh ton bin i trong JPEG2000 ny s c thc hin
theo phng php Lting. S ca phng php Lting 1D p
dng trong JPEG2000 trn hnh 4.3.Vic tnh ton bin i
Wavelet 2D suy ra t bin i Wavelet 1D theo cc phng php
phn gii nh tu chn. Trong JPEG2000 c 3 phng php phn
gii nh nhng phng php c s dng nhiu nht chnh l
phng php km t thp.

Hnh 4.3 Phng php Litng 1D dng tnh ton bin i

Wavelet
Do bin i Wavelet 5/3 l bin i thun nghch nn c th
p dng cho nn nh theo c hai phng php, c tn tht v
khng tn tht trong khi bin i 9/7 ch p dng cho nn nh theo
phng php c tn tht thng tin.
III.4.4 Lng t ho - Gii lng t ho
Cc h s ca php bin i s c tin hnh lng t ho.
Qu trnh lng t ho cho php t t l nn cao hn bng cch
th hin cc gi tr bin i vi chnh xc tng ng cn thit
vi mc chi tit ca nh cn nn. Cc h s bin i s c lng
t ho theo php lng t ho v hng. Cc hm lng t ho
khc nhau s c p dng cho cc bng con khc nhau v c
thc theo biu thc:
r(x,y),U(*->(SmU(x,,)

(4.1)

vi l bc lng t, U(x,y) l gi tr bng con u vo;

V(x,y) l gi tr sau lng t ho. Trong dng bin i nguyn, t
bc lng t bng l.Vi dng bin i thc th bc lng t s
c chn tng ng cho tng bng con ring r. Bc lng t
ca mi bng do phi c trong dng bt truyn i pha thu
c th gii lng t cho nh. Cng thc gii lng t ho l:

r l mt tham s xc nh du v lm trn, cc gi tr (
ux,y);V(x,y) tng ng l cc gi tr khi phc v gi tr lng t
ho nhn c. JPEG2000 khng cho trc r tuy nhin thng chn
r = 1/2 .
II.4.5

M ho v kt hp dng d liu sau m ho

JPEG2000 theo khuyn ngh ca u ban JPEG quc t c th

s dng nhiu phng php m ho khc nhau cng nh nhiu
cch bin i Wavelet khc nhau c th thu c cht lng nh
tng ng vi ng dng cn x l. iu ny gip cho JPEG2000
mm do hn nhiu so vi JPEG. Vic p dng cc phng php m
ho khc nhau cng c m rng sang lnh vc nn nh ng
bng bin i Wavelet. Trong thc t cc phng php m ho nh
c p dng khi nn nh bng bin i Wavelet cng nh
JPEG2000 th c hai phng php c coi l c s v c p dng
nhiu nht: phng php SPIHT v phng php EZW.
Hin nay JPEG2000 vn c p dng m ho bng hai
phng php ny v mt phng php pht trin t hai phng
php ny l phng php m ho mt phng bt. V th y
chng ta s xem xt hai phng php ny. Vic kt hp dng d
liu sau m ho ca JPEG2000 thc cht l thc hin cc tnh
nng c bit ca JPEG2000 nh tnh nng ROI v.v...
*

Phng php m ho EZW

Phng php m ho EZW (Embedded Zerotree Wavelet

Encoder) da trn c s php m ho ly tin (Progressive codng).

Phng php ny ch yu da trn khi nim v cy zero

{zerofree). Sau y chng ta s xem xt cc khi nim c bn ca
thut ton:
Cy t phn: Sau khi p dng bin i Wavelet ng vi cc
mc phn gii khc nhau chng ta c th biu din cc h s bin
i di dng mt cy. Ta thy rng vi cy biu din ny c mi
nt cha th c 4 nt con. S d c c iu ny l do qu trnh bin
i Wavelet cc t l khc nhau. Ta gi y l cc cy t phn
(quadtree). S cy t phn c minh ho hnh 4.4

Hnh 4.4 Minh ha cy t phn () v s phn mc (b)

Cy zero (zerotree): Cy zero l mt cy t phn, trong tt
c cc nt ca n u nh hn nt gc. Mt cy nh vy khi m ho
s c m ho bng mt i tng duy nht v khi gii m th
chng t cho tt c cc gi tr bng khng. Ngoi ra c th m
ho c cc h s vaveet trong trng hp ny, gi tr ca nt gc
phi nh hom gi tr ngng ang c xem xt ng vi h s
Wavelet .
Sau khi c cc khi nim cn thit v cy t phn v cy
zero, chng ta c th trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca thut ton.
Thut ton s m ho cc h s theo th t gim dn. Chng ta s
dng mt gi tr gi l ngng (threshod) v s dng ngng ny
tin hnh m ho cc h s bin i. Cc h s c m ho theo th
t t vng tn s thp n vng tn s cao. V ch nhng h s c
gi tr tuyt i ln hom hoc bng ngng th mi c m ho.
Tip theo gim ngng v tip tc lm nh vy cho ti khi ngng
t ti mt gi tr nh hn g tr ca h s nh nht. Cch gim gi
tr ngng y thc hin tng c bit, gi tr ca ngng

44

gim xung mt na so vi trc . B gii m phi bit cc mc

ngng ny th mi c th g m nh thnh cng. Nhng kh ta i t
nt cha n nt con trong cy t phn th n vn c 3 nt con. Vy ta
phi i theo nhnh c nt con no trc. Hay ni mt cch dy
hn ta di chuyn t h s ny n h s khc theo th t nh th
no. C nhiu cch d chuyn khc nhau, tuy nhin hai cch d
chuyn trn hnh 4.5 c s dng nhiu nht

Raster ScanMcrrOn

Scan

Hnh 4.5 Hai cch sp xp th t cc h s bin i

Vic sp xp ny cn phi c quy c thng nht gia qu
trnh m ho v qu trnh gii m vic gii m nh c thnh
cng. Trn y ch l nguyn l c bn ca phng php m ho
EZW. Ch tit v thut ton m ho c th xem phn chng trnh.
Hin nay phng php m ho ny c p dng ngy cng nhiu
nn nh ng. Phng php ny cho t l nn v tin cy gii m
cao. Ngoi ra phng php EZW rt d trin khai trn my tnh bi
phng php ny khng yu cu vic p trnh qu phc tp.
III.

KT LUN

45

K thut nn nh ngy nay pht trin mnh m nh p ng

c cc thut ton mi, c h tr nhiu thit b tnh ton v tr
thnh mt cng c khng th thiu trong mng truyn thng. Cc
ng dng v ha, hnh nh, video a phng tin... p dng hiu
qu cng c ny chng minh cho iu . Bi tiu lun ny m
t khi qut cc m hnh nn nh thng dng trn c s cc l thut
v ng hc v ton hc.
-

Nn nh l mt qu trnh m ha, gii m cc thng tin

gi liu nh nhm loi b cc d liu d tha hoc khng quan trng

cho tnh trc quan gim ung lng d liu.
-

Hai k thut c bn l s dng cc php bin i DCT v

Wavelet v php d on.

-

C kh nng x l cc nh phc tp, a thnh phn.

c th a cc tham s u vo cc b bin i ca qu

trnh nn nh t ngi s dng hoc cc ng dng nhm iu chinh

c t l nn v cht lng nh theo yu cu.
IV.

TI LIU THAM KHO

1.

TSKH. Nguyn Ngc San: Bi ging mn hc v cng c

ton hc c s v l thuyt h thng-x l tn hiu; Chuyn mn

hc XLSTH, MHH&M phng mng thng tin CH TVT kha 5 do thy
gio hng dn, 2004-2005, Hc vin CNBCVT VNPT.
2.

Nhp mn x l nh s - Lng Mnh B- Nguyn Thanh

3.

Borko Furht, Stephen W.Smoliar, Hong Jiang Zhang- Video

Thy.
andmage Processing in multmedia systems

46

4.

Geoffrey Davis - Arina Nosratinia - Waveed-BasedImage

Encodng - Overvieyv.
5.

Geoffrey Davis - Roger Claypoole - Wim Sweldens -

Richard G.Baraniuk - Nonlnear Wavelet tramorm for Image Coding

via iting
6.

PKS Inside, Third Edition. William K. Pratt: Digital Image

Processing
7.

Rchard w. Hamming: Haar Wavelets

8.

Martin Vetterli - Jelena Kovacevic - Wavelet and Subband

Coding

47