z, t

, PhD
-
haidich@med.auth.gr




0 ( = )
( )
..

|| > 0
(P<0,05)


(n>30) -
:
: 15
=50 Kg =6Kg.
: n=64 X=47 Kg
H0: X = (= 50)
Ha: (= 50)

X - X - 47 - 50
z
=
=
=
= -4

6
X
n
64

|Z|= 4 > Z0,05 = 1,96 P <0,05

> Z0,01= 2,576 P <0,01
> Z0,001= 3,29 P <0,001

0 .

x =47
=50

Z x = Z /n
95% : Z0,05 = 1,96

6
50 1,96
48,53 51,47 x = 47
=
64

99% : Z0.01 = 2,576

6
=
50 2,576
48,07 51,93 x = 47
64


99.7%
95%

68%

x
47

-4

49

48

-3

-2

-1

50
(kg)

51

0
1
2
3

53

52

=0,05

6
1,96
=
z0,05 x z=
= 1,96*0, 75 1,5
0,05
64
n

x = 50 47 = 3 > 1,5

95% ..: 48,53 51,47

95%
49 51 kg.
P


.

 2
(n>30) -
:

1o 195 18-25
x1 = 205,6 s1 =23,3
mg/100 ml

 2
2 239 10-15
x2=175,2 s2=21,2 mg/100 ml.
40

30

20

10

0
120

140

160
180
200
(mg/100 ml)

220

240


H0 : x1=x2 x1 - x2 = 0
Ha : x1 x2 x1 - x2 0
1) -:

x1 x2
=
z =
sx1 x2

Z = 14,08

x1 x2
=
s12 s22
+
n1 n2

205, 6 175, 2
= 14, 08
23,32 21, 22
+
195
239

> Z0,05 = 1,96 P <0,05

> Z0,01= 2,576 P <0,01
> Z0,001= 3,29 P <0,001 H0


2) 95% :
x1 x2 z0,05

s12 s22
+ = 205, 6 175, 2 1,96 2, 78 + 1,88
=
n1 n2

26,17 34,63 0

H0

3) :
2
2
z0,05 sx=
z
s
+
=
s
1,96 2, 78 + 1,88
= 4, 23
x1
x2
0,05
1 x2

x1 - x2 = 30,4 > 4,23 H0

t-

n<30
,
v= n-1


x t0,05;n 1sx =
x t0,05;n 1

s
n

:
n=11 x =32,36 s=7,91 mg/100ml

95% : t0,05;11-1=2,228
7,91
32,36 2, 228
=
27,06 - 37,66
11

99% : t0,01;11-1=3,169

32,36 3,169* 2,38 =

24,82 - 39,90

: () 2

H0 : x1=x2 Ha : x1 x2

(x1)
7
4
5
6
8
6
7
6
5
54

B (x2)
4
3
3
5
3
7
4
3
32

x12
49
16
25
36
64
36
49
36
25
336

x22
x1 54
=
x1
= = 6
16
n
9
1
9
9
x2 32
x=
= = 4
25
2
n2
8
9
2
(
x
)
49

1
x12

( xi1 x1 )
n1
16
s1 =
=
n1 1
n1 1
9

142

=
s2

( xi 2 x2 )
=
n2 1

( x2 )2
x n
2
n2 1
2
2

2
2
(
)
x

1
2
54
x1

336
n
9
1
=
=
=
1,5
s12
n1 1
8

2
2
(
)
x

2
2
32
x2

142
n
8
2
=
=
=
s22
2, 0
n2 1
7

2
2
(
n

1)
s
+
(
n

1)
s
12 + 14
2
1
1
2
2
=
s
= = 1, 73
n1 + n2 2
15

t-

t0,05;15 =

=
t

2,131

x1 x2
=
2
s
s2
+
n1 n2

t0,01;15= 2,947

t0,001;15 = 4,073

64
2
= = 3,13
1, 73 1, 73 0, 639
+
9
8

H0

0,001 < P <0,01

O 2

95%

x1 x2 t0,05;15
0
H0

s12 s22
+
= 6 4 2,131*0, 639 = 0, 64 - 3,36
n1 n2

 2

:
40
cm

1
2
2
3
3
2
6
4
3
7
5
8
4
6
4
7
1

18
22

 2
H0 : xM = xX Ha : xM xX

x1
3
4
5
6
7
.
=
x1

n1
2
3
8
4
1
18

n1x1
6
12
40
24
7
89

n x=
1 1

n1

n1x12
18
48
200
144
49
459

89
= 4,94
18

x2
1
2
3
4
5
.

=
x2

n2
2
3
6
7
4
22

n2x2
2
6
18
28
20
74

n x=
2 2

n2

n2x22
2
12
54
112
100
280

74
= 3,36
22

2
2
(
)
n
x

1 1
2
89
n1 x1

459
n
18 1,11
1
=
=
=
s12
n1 1
17

2
2
(
n
x
)

2 2
2
74
n2 x2

280
n2
2
22 1, 48
=
s2
= =
n2 1
21

2
2
(
n

1)
s
+
(
n

1)
s
18,94 + 31, 09
2
1
1
2
2

=
s
= = 1,32
n1 + n2 2
38

t- t0,05;38 = 1,96

x1 x2
=
s2 s2
+
n1 n2
H0

t0,01;38 = 2,576

t0,001;38= 3,291

4,94 3,36
= 4,327
1,32 1,32
+
18
22

P < 0,001

: 6
.
3 .

38,3
39,1
40,2
37,6
38,2
38,7

37,2
38,4
38,6
36,7
37,5
38,1

(d)
1,1
0,7
1,6
0,9
0,7
0,6

H0 : d = 0 Ha : d 0

=
d

sd2

d
=
n

1,1 + 0, 7 + 1, 6 + 0,9 + 0, 7 + 0, 6 5, 6
= = 0,93
6
6

2
(
d
)
5, 62

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1,1 + 0, 7 + 1, 6 + 0,9 + 0, 7 + 0, 6
d n
6
=
=
0,14
n 1
5

=
sd

=
sd2

0,14
= 0,37

= n-1
t- t0,05;5 = 2,571 t0,01;5= 4,032 t0,001;5= 6,896

d 0 0,93 0,93
=
t
= = = 6, 2
0,37 0,15
sd
6
n
H0

0,001 < P < 0,01