S D H

CONCEPTS
Thursday, December
01, 2005

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

CONTENTS

SDH
PROTECTION
PLANNING
SYNCHRONISATION

Thursday, December
01, 2005

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

SDH: DISCUSSION AREA

WHAT IS SDH ?
EVOLUTION
DRIVING FORCES
LIMITATIONS OF PDH
ADVANTAGES OF SDH
SIGNAL HIERARCHY
MULTIPLEXING STRUCTURE
FRAME REPRESENTATION
NETWORK ELEMENTS
NETWORK TOPOLOGY, etc....

Thursday, December
01, 2005

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

WHAT IS

SDH ?

SYNCHRONOUS :
ONE MASTER CLOCK & ALL ELEMENTS
SYNCHRONISE WITH IT.
DIGITAL:
INFORMATION IN BINARY.
HIERARCHY:
SET OF BIT RATES IN A HIERARCHIAL
ORDER.
Thursday, December
01, 2005

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

WHAT IS

S D H ? (CONTD)

SDH IS AN ITU-T STANDARD FOR A HIGH CAPACITY

TELECOM NETWORK.

SDH IS A SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL TRANSPORT

SYSTEM, AIM TO PROVIDE A SIMPLE, ECONOMICAL
AND FLEXIBLE TELECOM INFRASTRUCTURE.

Thursday, December
01, 2005

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

SYNC STANDARDS -EVOLUTION

ATTEMPTS TO FORMULATE STANDARDS FOR
TRANSMISSION OF SYNCHRONOUS SIGNALS
BEGAN IN U.S. AT THE BEGINNING OF 1984, BY
ANSI ACCREDITED T1X1 COMMITTEE.
IN 1985 SONET STANDARD WAS BORN.
IN 1986 CCITT BECAME INTERESTED IN SONET
STANDARD.

Thursday, December
01, 2005

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

SYNC STANDARDS -EVOLUTION

(CONTD)

CCITT PROPOSED CHANGES TO T1X1

COMMITTEE TO ACCOMMODATE BOTH
AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN HIERARCHIES.
FINAL AGREEMENT WAS REACHED IN 1988
AND CCITT WORKING GROUP-XVIII CAME
OUT WITH RECOMMENDATIONS ON SDH.

Thursday, December
01, 2005

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

DRIVING FORCES
NEW
NEWENHANCED
ENHANCEDSERVICES
SERVICES NEEDING
NEEDINGSYNCHRONIZATION
SYNCHRONIZATION
SOLUTION.
SOLUTION.
QoS
QoS REQUIREMENT
REQUIREMENT
MULTI-OPERATOR
MULTI-OPERATORENVIRONMENT
ENVIRONMENT
LIMITATION
LIMITATIONOF
OFTO-DAYS
TO-DAYS NETWORK
NETWORK
ADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES OF
OF SDH
SDH

Thursday, December
01, 2005

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

LIMITATIONS OF PDH
NON STANDARD EXPERIENCES:
-THREE DIFFERENT HIERARCHIES WITH
DIFFERENT SIGNAL FORMATS AND LINE
ENCODING METHODS.

BASIS OF TODAYS HIGH CAPACITY NETWORK

-ELABORATE ARRANGEMENT FOR DROPPING

NETWORK REQUIREMENT
-CHANGING REQUIREMENT

Thursday, December
01, 2005

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

PDH HIERARCHIES
EUROPE (Mbps)
565
x4
140
x4
34
x4
8
x4
2

Thursday, December
01, 2005

USA (Mbps)

274
x6
45
x7
6
x4
1.5

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

JAPAN (Mbps)
400
x4
100
x3
32
x5
6
x4
1.5

10

LIMITATIONS OF PDH
NON STANDARD EXPERIENCES:
-THREE DIFFERENT HIERARCHIES WITH
DIFFERENT SIGNAL FORMATS AND LINE
ENCODING METHODS.

BASIS OF TODAYS HIGH CAPACITY NETWORK

-ELABORATE ARRANGEMENT FOR DROPPING

NETWORK REQUIREMENT
-CHANGING REQUIREMENT

Thursday, December
01, 2005

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

11

BASIS OF TODAYS NETWORK

M
U
X

LINE

M
U
X
M
U
X

M
U
X
M
U
X

DDF

M
U
X

DDF

DDF

DDF

DDF

DDF
ELABORATE DROPPING ARRANGEMENT

Thursday, December
01, 2005

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

12

LIMITATIONS OF PDH
NON STANDARD EXPERIENCES:
-THREE DIFFERENT HIERARCHIES WITH
DIFFERENT SIGNAL FORMATS AND LINE
ENCODING METHODS.

BASIS OF TODAYS HIGH CAPACITY NETWORK

-ELABORATE ARRANGEMENT FOR DROPPING

NETWORK REQUIREMENT
-CHANGING REQUIREMENT

Thursday, December
01, 2005

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

13

CHANGING NETWORK REQUIREMENT

TODAYS
NETWORK
POINT-TO-POINT
TRANSMISSION
SUPPORTED BY

CUSTOMERS
NEED

FASTER PROVISIONING TELECOMMUNICATION

OF CIRCUITS AND
NETWORKING
SERVICES
&
SUPPORTED BY

MANUAL APPROACH DEMANDS FOR

TO NETWORK
SOPHISTICATED
MANAGEMENT AND TELECOM SERVICES
MAINTENANCE.

Thursday, December
01, 2005

TOMORROWS
NETWORK

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

COMPUTER BASED
INTEGRATED
NETWORK MANAGEMENT
MAINTENANCE

14

SDH- ADVANTAGES
SIMPLIFICATION (ABILITY TO DIRECTLY DROP LOWER TRIB)
CAN ACCOMMODATE BOTH EXISTING AND FUTURE SIGNALS
IMPROVED SERVICE QUALITY (THROUGH SUPERVISION )
ADVANCED N/W MANAGEMENT AND MTCE CAPABILITIES.
N/W SURVIVABILITY
DYNAMIC N/W CAPACITY MANAGEMENT
MULTI VENDOR NETWORKING (MID FIBRE MEET)

Thursday, December
01, 2005

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

15

SDH ACCOMMODATES
EXISTING SIGNALS

34M

8M

2M

140M

34M

C4
3

C3

M
U
X

8M

63
64K

2M

Thursday, December
01, 2005

S
D
H

C12

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

16

SIGNAL HIERARCHY
SONET vs SDH BIT RATES
SONET
SYNCHRONOUS
TRANSPORT SIGNAL
STS-1
STS-3
STS-9
STS-12
STS-18
STS-24
STS--36
STS-48
STS-192

OPTICAL
CARRIER
OC-1
OC-3
OC-9
OC-12
OC-18
OC-24
OC-36
OC-48
OC-192

BIT RATE
MBPS
51.84
155.52
466.56
622.08
933.12
1244.16
1866.24
2488.32
9953.28

SDH

SYNCHRONOUS
TRANSPORT MODULE
---STM-1
---STM-4
------STM-16
STM-64

*BIT RATES FOR HIGHER ORDER IS N-TIMES THE LOWER ORDER

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01, 2005

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17

REDUCED MUX STRUCTURE

STM-N

C-4 140Mbps

AUG AU-4 VC-4

TUG-3

TU-3

VC-3
C-3

34Mbps

C-1

2Mbps

TUG-2
TU-1

VC-1

(REDUCED DIAGRAM FOR SDH-MULTIPLEXING)

Thursday, December
01, 2005

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

18

The Container (C)

Basic packaging unit for tributary signals (PDH)

Synchronous to the STM-1
Bitrate adaptation is done via a positive stuffing procedure
Adaptation of synchronous tributaries by fixed stuffing bits
Bit by bit stuffing

The Virtual Container (VC)

Formation of the Container by adding of a POH (Path
Overhead)
Transport as a unit through the network (SDH)
A VC containing several VCs has also a pointer area
Thursday, December
01, 2005

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

19

 The Tributary Unit (TU)

Is formed via adding a pointer to the VC

The Tributary Unit Group (TUG)

Combines several TUs for a new VC

The Administrative Unit (AU)

Is shaped if a pointer is allocated to the VC formed at last

The Syncronous Transport Module Level 1 (STM1)

Formed by adding a Section Overhead (SOH) to AUs
Clock justification through positive-zero-negative stuffing
in the AU pointer area
byte by byte stuffing
Thursday, December
01, 2005

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

20

SDH FRAME REPRESENTATION

9

S
O
H

261

PAY
LOAD

270
(MATRIX REPRESENTATION)
Thursday, December
01, 2005

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

21

270 Columns (Bytes)

270

transmit
row by row

RSOH
3
4

Payload

AU Pointer

(transport capacity)

MSOH
9

RSOH: Regenerator section overhead

MSOH: Multiplex section overhead
Payload: Area for information transport
Transport capacity of one Byte: 64 kbit/s
Frame capacity: 270 x 9 x 8 x 8000 = 155.520 Mbit/s
Frame repetition time: 125 s
Thursday, December
01, 2005

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

22

FRAME REPRESENTATION
1ST ROW

2ND ROW

3RD ROW

9TH ROW

261
I

S
O
H

261

261
261

261
I

PAY LOAD

270

(MATRIX REPRESENTATION)
Thursday, December
01, 2005

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

23

270 Columns (Bytes)

270

transmit
row by row

RSOH
3
4

Payload

AU Pointer

(transport capacity)

MSOH
9

RSOH: Regenerator section

overhead
MSOH: Multiplex section overhead
Payload: Area for information
transport
Thursday, December
01, 2005

Transport capacity of one Byte: 64 kbit/s

Frame capacity: 270 x 9 x 8 x 8000
= 155.520 Mbit/s
Frame repetition time: 125 s

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

24

THE TRUCK

OVERHEAD

Thursday, December
01, 2005

PAYLOAD

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

25

THE TRUCK

OVERHEAD

Thursday, December
01, 2005

PAYLOAD

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

26

BIT RATE : STM-N

9

261

125

S
O
H

??

SEC
OPAY
N
DS
LOAD

270
(MATRIX REPRESENTATION)
Thursday, December
01, 2005

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

27

MUX PRINCIPLE
Container-n(
Container-n(n=1-4
n=1-4):):AAcontainer
containerisisthe
theinformation
informationstructure
structure
which
whichforms
formsthe
thenetwork
networksynchronous
synchronousinformation
informationpayload
payloadfor
for
aavirtual
virtualcontainer
container
SIGNAL

CONTAINER

Thursday, December
01, 2005

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

28

MUX PRINCIPLE: CONTAINERS(C-n)

SIG
SIGNAL

C-1

SIGNAL

C-3

C-4

Thursday, December
01, 2005

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

29

MUX PRINCIPLE: VC-n

Virtual
VirtualContainer-n(VC-n):It
Container-n(VC-n):Itisisthe
theinformation
informationstructure
structureused
used
to
tosupport
supportpath
pathlayer
layerconnections
connectionsin
inthe
theSDH.
SDH.
Two
Twotypes
typesof
ofVCs:
VCs: Lower
Lowerorder
orderVC-n(n=1,2)
VC-n(n=1,2)
Higher
Higherorder
orderVc-n(n=3,4)
Vc-n(n=3,4)

P
O
H

Thursday, December
01, 2005

CONTAINER

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

30

MUX PRINCIPLE: TU-n/ AU

It
Itisisan
aninformation
informationstructure
structurewhich
whichprovides
providesadaptation
adaptation between
betweentwo
two
layers:
layers: -Between
-Betweenlower
lowerand
andhigher
higherorder
orderpath
pathlayers
layersfor
forTU
TU
-Between
-Betweenhigher
higherorder
orderpath
pathlayer
layerand
andsection
sectionlayer
layerfor
forAU
AU

P
T
R

P
O
H

CONTAINER

POINTER
POINTERisisan
anindicator
indicator whose
whosevalue
valuedefines
definesthe
theframe
frameoffset
offsetof
ofaaVC
VC with
with
respect
respectto
tothe
theframe
framereference
referenceof
ofthe
thetransport
transportentity
entityon
on which
whichititisissupported
supported
Thursday, December
01, 2005

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

31

MUX PRINCIPLE: STM-1(from C-4 )

S
O
H

P P
T O
R H

Thursday, December
01, 2005

CONTAINER-4

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

32

MUX PRINCIPLE: STM-1(from C-3)

S
O
H

P P
T O
R H

TUG-3

P
T
R
Thursday, December
01, 2005

P
O
H

TUG-3

TUG-3

CONTAINER-3

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

33

MUX PRINCIPLE: STM-1(from C-1)

S
O
H

P
T
R

P
O
H

TUG-3

TUG-3

TUG-3

TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2

TU-1

P
T
R

Thursday, December
01, 2005

P
O
H

TU-1

TU-1

CONTAINER-1

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

34

BIT RATE : STM-N

NUMBER
NUMBEROF
OFROWS
ROWS==99
NUMBER
NUMBEROF
OFCOLUMNS
COLUMNS==9+261=270
9+261=270
NUMBER
NUMBEROF
OFBYTES
BYTES==9x270
9x270
NUMBER
NUMBEROF
OFBITS
BITS==9x270x8
9x270x8
NUMBER
NUMBEROF
OFBITS
BITS//SECOND
SECOND==9x270x8x8000
9x270x8x8000
=155520000
=155520000
=155.520
=155.520Mbps
Mbps(STM-1)
(STM-1)
BIT
BIT RATE
RATE OF
OFSTM-N
STM-N ==(Nx155.520)
(Nx155.520)Mbps
Mbps
Thursday, December
01, 2005

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

35

RSOH
AU pointer

MSOH

VC-4

TUG-3

Tu pointer

TU-12

TUG-2

VC-12

Thursday, December
01, 2005

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

36

SECTION OVERHEAD DETAILS

A1
B1
D1
B2
D4

A1

B2

D7
D10
S1

A1

B2

A2
E1
D2

A2

A2

K1

Thursday, December
01, 2005

K2
D6
D9
D12

D5
D8
D11
M1

A FRAMING
D DATACOM FOR NMS
F USER CHANNEL
K APS
RESERVED FOR NATIONAL USE
UNUSED RESERVED FOR FUTURE USE

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

J0
F1
D3

E2

B PARITY CHECK
E ORDERWIRE
M MS-REI
MEDIA DEPEDENT

37

NETWORK ELEMENTS
SYNCHRONOUS MULTIPLEXER (MUX):
* MAPPING OF PDH SIGNALS INTO SDH.
* MULTIPEXING OF LOWER -ORDER SDH SIGNALS INTO SDH

63 Nos. OF 2Mbps or
3 Nos.of 34Mbps or
1 Nos. of 140Mbps or
combination of above

PDH

TM
STM-n
STM-m
(m<n)

Thursday, December
01, 2005

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

38

NETWORK ELEMENTS
ADD & DROP MULTIPLEXER (ADM):
* PERMITS ADD& DROP OF LOWER ORDER SIGNALS.

ADM

STM-n

STM-n

(m<n)
STM-m

Thursday, December
01, 2005

PDH

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

39

NETWORK ELEMENTS
SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL CROSS CONNECT (SDXC):
* PERMITS SWITCHING OF TRANSMISSION LINES WITH
DIFFERENT BIT-RATES.
* SDXC CAN ADD AND DROP LOWER-ORDER SIGNALS.

STM-n

STM-n

STM-n
Thursday, December
01, 2005

STM-m/PDH

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

40

NETWORK ELEMENTS
SYNCHRONOUS REGENERATOR (REG):
*

REGENERATES THE INCOMING LINE SIGNAL.

* SUPERVISE THE TRANSMISSION QUALITY OF THE LINE

STM-n

Thursday, December
01, 2005

REG

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

STM-n

41

NETWORK ELEMENTS
N
NM
M SS
GNE

SDH AIMS TO PROVIDE:

STANDARDISED , CENTRALISED O&M SYSTEM .
Thursday, December
01, 2005

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42

Thursday, December
01, 2005

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

43

SDH MANAGEMENT

Performance Management

Fault / Event Management

Configuration Management

Accounting Management

Security Management

Thursday, December
01, 2005

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

44

NETWORK TOPOLOGY
* POINT-TO-POINT:
TM

TM

* POINT-TO-MULTIPOINT:

TM

Thursday, December
01, 2005

ADM

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

TM

45

NETWORK TOPOLOGY
* HUB-TOPOLOGY:
CO
TM

ADM

TM

TM

ADM

TM

(a) HUB WITH TM & ADM

TM

DXC

TM

TM

TM

(b) HUB WITH TM & DXC

Thursday, December
01, 2005

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

46

NETWORK TOPOLOGY
* RING-TOPOLOGY:
ADM

ADM

ADM

ADM

Thursday, December
01, 2005

ALTTC/TX1/SDH/CONCEPTS

47

SDH NETWORK
STRUCTURE
SDH ISLAND

PDH
NETWORK

SDH ISLAND

a) Mixed SDH-PDH network

STM -16
STM -4
STM -1

MAJOR TRUNKS
REGIONAL
LOCAL

b) Typical use of SDH rates.

Thursday, December
01, 2005

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48

Thursday, December
01, 2005

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49