TutorialonLinux

Basics
KARUNYALINUXCLUB
www.karunya.edu/linuxclub

Outline
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

OverviewofLinuxSystem
BasicCommands
Relative&AbsolutePath
Redirect,AppendandPipe
Permission
ProcessManagement
InstallSoftware
TextEditor

OverviewofLinuxSystem
Kernel&Shell

Linuxisoperatingsystem(OS).
Linuxsystemisdescribedaskernel&
shell.
KernelisamainprogramofLinux
system.Itcontrolshardwares,CPU,
memory,harddisk,networkcardetc.
Shellisaninterfacebetweenuserand
kernel.Shellinterpretsyourinputas
commandsandpassthemtokernel.

User
input

Shell
Kernel

LinuxOverview(cont.)
Multiuser&Multiprocess
Manypeoplecanuseonemachineatthesame
time.
File&Process
Data,directory,process,harddisketc(almost
everything)areexpressedasafile.
Processisanrunningprogramidentifiedbya
uniqueid(PID).

LinuxOverview(cont.)
DirectoryStructure

Filesareputinadirectory.
Alldirectoriesareinahierarchicalstructure(tree
structure).
Usercanputandremoveanydirectoriesonthe
tree.
Topdirectoryis/,whichiscalledslashorroot.
Usershavetheowndirectory.(homedirectory)

LinuxOverview(cont.)
DirectoryStructure

LinuxOverview(cont.)
ImportantDirectories

/binThiscontainsfilesthatareessentialforcorrect
operationofthesystem.Theseareavailablefor
usebyallusers.
/mntProvidesalocationformountingdevices,suchas
remotefilesystemsandremovablemedia
/homeThisiswhereuserhomedirectoriesarestored.
/var Thisdirectoryisusedtostorefileswhichchange
frequently,andmustbeavailabletobewrittento.
/etc Varioussystemconfigurationfilesarestoredhere.

LinuxOverview(cont.)
ImportantDirectories

/dev Thiscontainsvariousdevicesasfiles,e.g.hard

disk,CDROMdrive,etc.
/rootThisistheroot(administrator)user'shome
directory
/sbin Binarieswhichareonlyexpectedtobeusedby
thesuperuser.
/tmpTemporaryfiles.
/bootHasthebootableLinuxkernelandboot
loaderconfigurationfiles(GRUB)
/usrContainsuserdocumentation,games,graphical
files,libraries(lib),etc..

LinuxOverview(cont.)
NormaluserandSuperuser
InLinuxsystem,thereisonespecialuserforadministrator,
whichcandoanything.
Thisspecialuseriscalledrootorsuperuser.
CaseSensitivity
LinuxlikeUNIXiscasesensitive.
MYFILE.doc,Myfile.doc,mYfiLe.Docaredifferent.
OnlineManual
Linuxhaswellwrittenonlinemanuals.

BasicCommands
Howtoruncommands

WhenyoulogonLinuxmachine,youwillsee,

[cswug@hyperion001cswug]$

Onecommandconsistsofthreeparts,i.e.commandname,
options,arguments.

Example)

[cswug~]$commandnameoptionAoptionBargument1argument2

BasicCommands
Howtoruncommands

Betweencommandname,optionsandarguments,spaceis
necessary.
Opitionsalwaysstartwith

Example)
cd..
lsl.bashrc
mvfileAfileB

BasicCommands
Commands

ls
showfilesincurrentposition
cd
changedirectory
cp
copyfileordirectory
mv
movefileordirectory
rm
removefileordirectory
pwd
showcurrentposition
mkdir
createdirectory
rmdir
removedirectory
catdisplayfilecontents
less
displayfilecontentspagewise
man
displayonlinemanual

BasicCommands
Commands

su
switchuser
passwd
changepassword
useradd
createnewuseraccount
userdel
deleteuseraccount
mount
mountfilesystem
umount
unmountfilesystem
df
showdiskspaceusage
shutdown
rebootorturnoffmachine

PracticeBasicCommands
1.Typefollowingcommandin
yourdirectory.

ls
lsa
lsla
lsFa

2.Makeadirectory
mkdirlinux
pwd
cdlinux
pwd
cd
pwd
rmdirlinux

3.Inyourhomedirectory,

ls.bash_profile
cp.bash_profilesample.txt
lesssample.txt(note:toquitless,pressq)
rmsample.txt

4.Trytochangeyourpassword,
passwdusername
(Typecurrentpasswordonce,then
typenewpasswordtwice.Youdonthaveto
changepasswordhere.Justapractice)

5.checkdiskspaceusage
df
dfh

Relative&AbsolutePath

Pathmeansapositioninthedirectorytree.
Toexpressapath,youcanuserelativepath
orabsolutepath.
Inrelativepathexpression,thepathisnot
defineduniquely,dependsonyourcurrent
path.
Inabsolutepathexpression,thepathis
defineduniquely,doesnotdependonyour
currentpath.

Relative&AbsolutePath

Charactersusedin
relativepath
.currentdirectory
..parentdirectory

Example)
cd..
./a.out

Absolutepathstartswith/
Example)
cd/home/user01
/home/root/a.out

Relative&AbsolutePath
Userelativepath.
Inhomedirectory,type
pwd
cd.
pwd
cd..
pwd
cd..
pwd
cd

Useabsolutepath.
Inhomedirectory,type
pwd
cd/home/cswug
pwd
cd/home
pwd
cd/
pwd
cd/home/cswug

Redirect,AppendandPipe
Redirectandappend

Outputofcommandisdisplayedonscreen.
Using>,youcanredirecttheoutputfromscreentoafile.
Using>>youcanappendtheoutputtothebottomofthefile.

Pipe

Somecommandsrequireinputfromafileorothercommands.
Using|,youcanuseoutputfromothercommandasinputtothe
command.

Redirect,AppendandPipe
Commands

head

showfirstseverallinesandomitotherlines.

tail

showlastseverallinesandomit otherlines.

grep

showlinesmatchingapattern

Redirect,AppendandPipe
Inhomedirectory,type
ls.bash_profile
cp.bash_profilesample.txt
lesssample.txt
Useredirect.
head3sample.txt
head3sample.txt>redirect.txt
Useappend.
tail3sample.txt
tail3sample.txt>>redirect.txt
lessredirect.txt

Usepipe.
lessredirect.txt
grepPATHredirect.txt
tailredirect.txt|grepPATH
rmsample.txt
rmredirect.txt

Permission

Alloffilesanddirectorieshaveownerandpermission.
Therearethreetypesofpermission,readable,
writeableandexecutable.
Permissionsaregiventothreekindsofgroup.owner,
groupmemberandothers.

Example)
[cswug@hyperion001cswug]$lsl.bash_profile

rwrr1cswugcswug191Jan413:11.bash_profile

r:

readable,w:writable,x:executable

Permission
Command

chmod
changefilemode,addorremove
permission
chown
changeownerofthefile

Example)
chmoda+wfilename
addwritablepermissiontoallusers
chmodoxfilename
removeexecutablepermissionfromothers

u:user(owner), g:group, o:others a:all

Permission

Checkpermission
lsl.bash_profile
cp.bash_profilesample.txt
lslsample.txt
Removereadablepermissionfromall.
chmodarsample.txt
lslsample.txt
lesssample.txt
Addreadable&writablepremissionstofileowner.
chmodu+rwsample.txt
lslsample.txt
lesssample.txt
rmsample.txt

ProcessManagement

Processisaunitofrunningprogram.
Eachprocesshassomeinformations,likeprocessID,owner,
priority,etc.

Example) Output of top command

ProcessManagement
Commands
kill
Sendsspecifiedsignaltospecified
process.Thisprocessisspecifiedby
processID.
killall
Stopaprogram.Theprogramis

specifiedbycommandname.
ps
Showprocessstatus
top
Showsystemusagestatistics

ProcessManagement

Checkyourprocess.
ps
psu

Checkprocessofallusers.
top(Toquittop,pressq)
pse
psef

Findyourprocess.

psef|grepcswug

InstallSoftware

Linux system has a de facto standard way to install a

software.
configure, make & make install

Typical software installation procedure as following.

1.
2.
3.

Download source code. Usually, it s archived with tar

command and compressed with gzip command.
configure command creates Makefile automatically which is
used to compile the source.
Program compilation is written in Makefile.

InstallSoftware
Commands

gzip
gunzip
tar
configure
make

compress a file
uncompress a file
archive or expand files
create Makefile
compile & install software

InstallSoftware
Example)parallelprogramminglibraryinstallation
Executingcommandslinebyline:
tarxvfzmpich.tar.gz
cdmpich1.2.5.2
./configureprefix=/usr/localrsh=ssh
make
makeinstall

TextEditor

Programs & configuration files are text file.

There are two popular text editors, vi and Emacs.
Very powerful and useful.

TextEditor
WritehelloworldprograminC(assumingGCCisinstalledon
yourLinuxsystem).
Typevihello.c[whereviiseditornameandhello.cisfilename]
PressIforinsertingandtypetehello.casfollows.
#include<stdio.h>
intmain(void){
printf(HelloWorld\n);
}
AfterfinishingtypingsavethefilebypressingESC
buttonandthentypingcolonfollowedbywqasfollows:
:wq[wtosaveandqtoquit]
Compile
gcchello.c
Run

./a.out

TextEditor

Weopenthevieditorforediting/writingafileusingvicommand
as:vifilename[wherefilenameisthenameofthefileused]

PressIforinserting(iefortypingintheeditor),ifany.

Aftertyping,pressESCfollowedby(eitherofthefollowing)
:q[toquitsimply]
:wq[tosaveandquit]
:q![toforcequitwithoutsaving]

TutorialofLinux
E
N
D