afj

1.2 afj nfhitf - TlY fjY

khf, khf, cWf bfGf, nfhitf go nghwtiw
eh VHh tFnyna fWnsh. bghGJ nfhitfSfhd fhQ
cjhuzfis fUJnth.
cjhuz
(i) x + 5 (ii) 3y - 2 (iii) 5m2 (iv) 2xy + 11
x + 5 vw nfhitahdJ kh x I kh 5 I bfhL
cUthfgLsJ.
3y - 2 vw nfhitahdJ kh y I khf 3 I 2 I bfhL
cUthfgLsJ.
5m2 vw nfhitahdJ kh m I kh 5 I bfhL cUthf
gLsJ. 2xy + 11 vw nfhitahdJ khf x I y I kW khf
2 I 11 I bfhL cUthfgLsJ.
1.2.1 afj nfhit kf
xU nfhit cs khf kf khWbghGJ nfhit
k khW vgij eh mnth. cjhuzkhf x + 5 vw nfhitia vLJ
bfhnth. x kf khWbghGJ nfhit kfS khWtij
nHs mltiz fhLwJ.

x k

nfhit x + 5 k

1+5=6

2+5=7

3+5=8

4+5=9

1
2
3

1+5= 4

1
2

1 + 5 = 11
2
2

F :
mltiz, x
btntW kfSnfg
nf hi t k
khWtij kh 5
k khw iy
vgij ftf.

2+5=3
3+5=2

1. nkfl cjhuz cs Vida nfhitf cs

khfSF btntW kfis mJ mt kfis
fhf.
2. khf kf VnjD khw cdF bjwjh?

maha 1
1.2.2 cWf, fhuf kW bfGf.
xU kh myJ kh jahfnth myJ bgUf, j _y
nrnjh X cWig cUthF.
cjhuz 3, y, ab, a , 3x , - 21
b 5y
3
cWf, Tl myJ fj _y nrJ nfhitfshwd.

2x + 3 vw nfhitia vLJ bfhnth. J 2x, 3 Ma U cWfsh

MdJ. cWf fhuf bgUfyh cUthwd. 2x vw cW 2, x
Ma fhuf bgUfyh cUthfgLsJ. 3 vw cW xnu xU
fhuah kL MdJ.

3ab 5a vw nfhitia vLJ bfhnth. 3ab , - 5a vw U

cWf csd. 3ab vw cW fhuf 3, a, b Mat bgUf gydh
MdJ. - 5a vw cW - 5 , a Mat bgUf gydhF. X cW xU
kh bfG vgJ xU fhuahfnth myJ fhufshfnth UF.
cjhuz : 3ab vw cW:
(i) ab bfG 3 MF

(ii) a bfG 3b MF

(iii) b bfG 3a MF.

nkY, 5a vw cW a bfG 5 MF.

afj

x2 y2 - 5x2 y + 3 xy2 - 11 vw nfhit cs cWf

5
vif cWf bfGfis flJ nHs
mltizia uf.
tir
v

cW

cW bfG

x2 y2

2
3
4
1.2.3 gYW nfhit mogil fUJf :
XUW nfhit, <UW nfhit, _W nfhit, gYW nfhit
XUW nfhit : xnu xU cWig kL bfhl X afj nfhit
XUW nfhit vdgL.
cjhuz : 2x2, 3ab, - 7p, 5 a2 b, - 8, 81xyz , ....
11
<UW nfhit : uL cWfis kL bfhl X afj
nfhit <UW nfhit vdgL.
cjhuz : x + y, 4a - 3b, 2 - 3x2 y, l2 - 7m , ...
_W nfhit : _W cWfis kL bfhl X afj
nfhit _W nfhit vdgL.
cjhuz : x + y + z, 2a - 3b + 4, x2 y + y2 z - z, ....
gYWnfhit : KoW
vif
mikj
akw
bfGitila gy cWfis bfhl nfhitia gYWU nfhit
vnwh. ijna, khf, bfGf, KG v mLFf nrifah
cUthd KoW vif bfhl cWfsh Md nfhit vW
Twyh.
cjhuz :
a + b + c + d, 7xy, 3abc - 10, 2x + 3y - 5z, 3x5 + 4x4 - 3x3 + 72x + 5 ....
XUWnfhit, <UWnfhit, _Wnfhit, ...
MaitfS gYWnfhitfns.

gYW nfhit go : gYW nfhit cs XUW

nfhitf
mj cWf vdgLwd. cWf f caj
mLF myJ go mj gYW nfhit go vdgL. f caj
mLif bgw cW bfGit gYW nfhit jiyaha
bfG myJ t el brY bfG vnwh.

maha 1
cjhuz :
2x5 - x4 + 7x3 - 6x2 + 12x - 4 vgJ x mikj xU gYW nfhit.
F 2x5, - x4, 7x3, - 6x2, 12x , - 4 Ma MW XUW nfhitf csd. it
gYW nfhit cWf vdgLwd.
gYW nfhit go 5. jiyaha bfG 2 MF.
13x4 - 2x2 y3 - 4 vw gYW nfhit goia fhQkhW
khztfl X Ma TanghJ U khztf fLsthW
ilajhf. ah brjJ r? bfsjkh? Mhth?

bfsj

cf il Mh v r.
cdJ il bfsj v, jtW vnf csJ?
bghGJ, 13x4 - 2x2 y3 - 4 vw bfhLfgl gYW nfhitia
Muhnth.
Kj cW : 13x4 " , x4 - bfG 13. kh x , nkY x - mLF 4.
vdnt 13x4 " go 4.
ulh cW : - 2x2 y3 " , x2 y3 - bfG - 2 . khf x, y. x-
mLF 2, y- mLF 3. vdnt x2 y3 - go 2 + 3 = 5 ( x, y Ma khf
mLFf TLj).
_wh cW : - 4 " J xU kh cW. ij - 4x0 y0 vd vGjyh.
khf x0 y0 - mLF a. vdnt 4 go a.
bfsj brj jtW vd?
ulh cWghd - 2x2 y3 go ulhfnth myJ _whfnth
UF vd bfsj idjh. FHgnk mtid jtwhd KoF
GJ brwJ. Mdh rahd t nkny sfgLsJ.
gYW nfhit l tot
xU

gYW

nfhitYs

xbthU

cWig

mt

mLFfSnfg wF tir vGJtij mgYW nfhit l

tot vdyh.

afj

cjhuz :
2 + 9x - 9x2 + 2x4 - 6x3 vw gYW nfhitia l to vGJf.
2x4 - 6x3 - 9x2 + 9x + 2 vd eh gYW nfhitia l to
vGJnwh.
id bfhf: mLFf VJ fhfgliy v mij 1
vnw Jbfhs ntL.
cjhuz : 9x = 9x1
xj cWf, khWgl cWf
xj khfis xj mLFfis bfhl cWf xj myJ
Xd cWf vdgLwd. fl nfhitfis fUJf.

nHs nfhitfis fhf :

3x, 5x2, 2xy, - 70x, - 7, - 3y2, - 3x2, - 20yx, 20, 4x, - 2 , 3y.
7
xj myJ Xd cWfis eh nHsthW goalyh :

(i)

3x, - 70x , 4x

(ii)

5x2 , - 3x2

(iii)

2xy , - 20yx

(iv)

- 7, 20 , - 2
7

1. 3x , 3y Mait V Xd
cWf my?
2. 5x2 , - 3y2 Mait V Xd
cWf my?

1.2.4 afj nfhitf TlY fjY - ghit

VHh tF eh afj nfhitf Tliy fjiy
fWnsh. xj myJ Xd cWfis kLnk Tlnth ffnth Ko.
tiw bghGJ eh L ghngh.

maha 1
vLJfhL 1.1
3x3 + x2 - 2 , 2x2 + 5x + 5 Matiw TLf.

Kj tiw nHsthW khaikJ wF TLnth.

3x3 + x2

-2

2x + 5x + 5

(+)

ijna thW vGjyh

(myJ)
(+)

3x3 + 3x2 + 5x + 3

3x3 + x2 + 0x - 2
0x3 + 2x2 + 5x + 5
3x 3 + 3x 2 + 5 x + 3

eh 2x2 vw ulhtJ gYW nfhit cWig mj xj

cWghd x2 vw Kj gYW nfhit cW nH vGsij
cW neh mf. mnjngh kh cWghd + 5 MdJ kh cWghd
2 nH vGjgLsJ. Kj gYW nfhit x cW ulh
gYW nfhit x3 cW yhjjh Tliy vikgLJtjfhf
mtWFa lf fhahf lgLsd. khwhf yhj cWfSF
gyhf a bfGfis izJ eh Tl fzFfis brayh.
vLJfhL 1.2
3x - y, 2y - 2x , x + y Ma gYW nfhitf TLjiy fhf.

u Kiw Tl
(3x - y) + (2y - 2x) + (x + y)

u Kiw Tl

= (3x - 2x + x) + (- y + 2y + y)
= (4x - 2x) + (3y - y)

3x 2y
2x + 2y
x + 2y
(+)

( 2y - 2x vgij
- 2x + 2y
vd khaikj )

= 2x + 2y .
Xd cWfis xwhf nrj _y
gYW nfhit Tl iuKiw
bragLwJ

2x + 2y
vLJfhL 1.3

(i) 8xy UJ 5xy I ff.

(ii) 5c - d2 UJ 3c + 7d2 I ff.
(iii) 3x2 - 7y2 + 9 UJ 2x2 + 2y2 - 6 I ff.

(i) 8xy UJ 5xy I ff

Kj nHsthW mikngh ; wF fngh.
8xy
- 5xy
3xy

( 8xy, 5xy Ma uL Xd cWf)

` 8xy - 5xy = 3xy

afj

(ii) 5c - d2 UJ 3c + 7d2 I ff.

2

5c - d
- (3c + 7d2)
__________
__________

mofo
eh ij
thW
brnth

(myJ)

5c - d
- 3c - 7d2
________
2c - 8d2
________

"

5c - d2
3c + 7d2
-_______
2c - 8d2
_______

khwhf, ij thW brayh :

(5c - d2) - ^3c + 7d2h = 5c - d2 - 3c - 7d2
= (5c - 3c) + ^- d2 - 7d2h
= 2c + (- 8d2)
= 2c - 8d2

(iii) 3x2 - 7y2 + 9 UJ 2x2 + 2y2 - 6 I ff.

khW Kiw :
2

3x - 7y + 9
2x2 + 2y2 - 6 (Ffis khWj)
- -

x2 - 9y2 + 15

(3x2 - 7y2 + 9) - (2x2 + 2y2 - 6)

= 3x2 - 7y2 + 9 - 2x2 - 2y2 + 6
= (3x2 - 2x2) + (- 7y2 - 2y2) + (9 + 6)
= x2 + (- 9y2) + 15
= x2 - 9y2 + 15

g 1.1
1. fhQ dhfSFa rahd ilia njbjL.
(i) - 5x 7 + 3 x4 - 3x3 + 7x2 - 1 x4 bfG .......... .
7
(A) 5
(B) 3
(C) 3
(D) 7
7
2
2
2
2
(ii) 7x - 14x y + 14xy - 5 xy bfG .......... .
(A) 7
(B) 14
(C) 14
(D) 5
(iii) x3 y2 z2 vw cW go .......... .
(A) 3
(B) 2
(C) 12
(D) 7
(iv) x2 - 5x4 + 3 x 7 - 73x + 5 vw gYW nfhit go .......... .
4
(A) 7
(B) 3
(C) 4
(D) 73
4
(v) x2 - 5x2 y3 + 30x3 y4 - 576xy vw gYW nfhit go .......... .
(A) 576
(B) 4
(C) 5
(D) 7
(vi) x2 + y2 - 2z2 + 5x - 7 vgJ xU .......... nfhit.
(A) XUW
(B) <UW
(C) _W

(D) gYW

(vii) 0.4x 7 - 75y2 - 0.75 kh cW .......... .

(A) 0.4
(B) 0.75
(C) 0.75

(D) 75

maha 1
2. fhQ nfhitf cWfis J mt bfGfis fhf:
(i) 3abc - 5ca (ii) 1 + x + y2
(iii) 3x2 y2 - 3xyz + z3
y
(iv) - 7 + 2pq - 5 qr + rp
(v) x - - 0.3xy
7
2 2
3. nHs gYW nfhitfis XUW, <UW, _W nfhitfshf
tifgLJf:
3x2 , 3x + 2 ,

x2 - 4x + 2 , x5 - 7 ,

s2 + 3st - 2t2 , xy + yz + zx , a2 b + b2 c ,

x2 + 3xy + y2 ,
2l + 2m

4. tU afj nfhitfis TLf:

(i) 2x2 + 3x + 5, 3x2 - 4x - 7
(ii) x2 - 2x - 3 , x2 + 3x + 1
(iii) 2t2 + t - 4, 1 - 3t - 5t2
(iv) xy - yz, yz - xz, zx - xy
(v) a2 + b2, b2 + c2, c2 + a2, 2ab + 2bc + 2ca .
5. (i) 3a - b UJ 2 a b I ff.

(ii) - 7x - 10y UJ - 3x + 8y I ff.

(iii) 7ab 2bc + 10ca UJ 2ab + 5bc 3ca I ff.

(iv) x3 + 3x2 + 1 UJ x5 - 2x2 - 3x I ff.

(v) 15 - 2x + 5y - 11xy + 2xy2 + 8x2 y UJ
3x2 y - 2xy + 2xy2 + 5x - 7y - 10 I ff.
6. fhQ gYWnfhitf gofis jiyaha bfGfis
fhf:
(i) x2 - 2x3 + 5x7 - 8 x3 - 70x - 8
(ii) 13x3 - x13 - 113
7
(iv) - 181 + 0.8y - 8y2 + 115y3 + y8
(iii) - 77 + 7x2 - x7

(v) x7 - 2x3 y5 + 3xy4 - 10xy + 11

1.3 afj nfhitf bgUf

1.3.1 U XUW nfhitf bgUf
x + x + x + x + x vgij RUfkhf 5x vd
vGjyh.

Tl RUfgl
totnk bgUf MF.

mnjngh, 5 # (2x) = (2x) + (2x) + (2x) + (2x) + (2x) = 10x vd vGjyh.

eh jbghGJ fhgitfis cW nehFnth.
cjhuz

(i) x # 5y = x # 5 # y = 5 # x # y = 5xy
(ii) 2x # 3y = 2 # x # 3 # y = 2 # 3 # x # y = 6xy
(iii) 2x # (- 3y) = 2 # (- 3) # x # y =- 6 # x # y =- 6xy

(iv) 2x # 3x2 = 2 # x # 3 # x2 = (2 # 3) # (x # x2) = 6x3

(v) 2x # (- 3xyz) = 2 # (- 3) # (x # xyz) =- 6x2 yz.
10

afj

F: 1. XUW nfhitf bgUf gy X XUW nfhit MF.

2.
bgUf gy bfG = Kj XUW nfhit bfG #

ulh XUW nfhit bfG
m
n
m+n
3.
a # a = a vw mLFF cWf bgUf gyid
fhz cjwJ.
4.
a , b bgUf gy a b, ab, a.b, a (b), (a) b, (a) (b), (ab) vbwyh
FfgLwJ.
(3x2) (4x3)

(myJ)

(vi) (3x2) (4x3)

= (3 x ) (4 x x x)

= (3 # 4) (x2 # x3)

=
(3 # 4) (x # x # x # x # x)

= 12 (x2 + 3) = 12x5
m
n
m n
( a # a = a + I gagLdh)

=
12x5

nkY y gaDs cjhuzf tUkhW:

(vii) 2x # 3y # 5z = (2x # 3y) # 5z

= (6xy) # 5z

= 30 xyz
(myJ)

2x # 3y # 5z = (2 # 3 # 5) # (x # y # z) = 30xyz

(viii) 4ab # 3a2 b2 # 2a3 b3 = (4ab # 3a2 b2) # 2a3 b3

= (12a3 b3) (2a3 b3)

(myJ)

= 24a6 b6
4ab # 3a2 b2 # 2a3 b3 = 4 # 3 # 2 # (ab # a2 b2 # a3 b3)

= 24 (a1 + 2 + 3 # b1 + 2 + 3)

= 24a6 b6

1.3.2 X XUW nfhitia X <UW nfhitah bgUFj

tU vLJfhLf _y X XUW nfhitia X <UW
nfhitah vthW bgUFtJ vgij eh fngh.
vLJfhL 1.4
RUFf: (2x) # (3x + 5)

(2x) # (3x + 5) = (2x # 3x) + (2x # 5)

(gL gig gagL thW vGJnwh)

= 6x2 + 10x

11

maha 1
vLJfhL 1.5
RUFf: (- 2x) # (4 - 5y)

(- 2x) # (4 - 5y) = [(- 2x) # 4] + [(- 2x) # (- 5y)]

= (- 8x) + (10xy) (gL ggo)

=- 8x + 10xy
F: (i) X XUW nfhitia X <UW nfhitah bgUdh
bgUf gy X <UW nfhitahF.

(ii) gkhW gig gL gfis eh fzFfis
br nghJ gagLJnwh. a # b = b # a (gkhW g)

a (b + c) = ab + ac kW a (b - c) = ab - ac

(gL gf)

1.3.3 X XUW nfhitia xU gYW nfhitah bgUFj

xF nkgl cWfis bfhl xU gYW nfhitia, X
XUW nfhitah tUkhW bgUfyh.
vLJfhL 1.6
RUFf:

(i) 3 (5y2 - 3y + 2)

(ii) 2x2 # (3x2 - 5x + 8)

(myJ)

(i)

3 (5y2 - 3y + 2) = (3 # 5y ) + (3 # - 3y) + (3 # 2)

5y2 - 3y + 2
#

15y2 - 9y + 6

= 15y2 - 9y + 6
(myJ)

(ii) 2x2 # (3x2 - 5x + 8)

= (2x2 # 3x2) + (2x2 # ( - 5x) ) + (2x2 # 8)
4

= 6x - 10x + 16x

3x2 - 5x + 8
2x2
#
6x4 - 10x3 + 16x2

1.3.4 X <UW nfhitia knwh <UW nfhitah bgUFj

gkhW g kW gL gfis gagL X <UW
nfhitia knwh <UW nfhitah bgUFtij eh bghGJ ff
cnsh. tU vLJfhil fUJnth.
vLJfhL 1.7
RUFf : (2a + 3b) (5a + 4b)

bgUf, X <UW nfhit xbthU cW knwh <UW

nfhit xbthU cWig bgUFwJ.

12

afj

= (2a # 5a) + (2a # 4b) + (3b # 5a) + (3b # 4b)

= 10a2 + 8ab + 15ba + 12b2
= 10a2 + 8ab + 15ab + 12b2
2

= 10a + 23ab + 12b

[a ab = ba]

(8ab, 15ab Mait Xd cWf. vdnt mtiw TLnwh)

(2a + 3b) (5a + 4b) = 10a2 + 23ab + 12b2

F : nkfl vLJfho, U <UW nfhitfis bgUFnghJ

eh vghF 2 # 2 = 4 cWfSF gyhf il 3 cWfns csd.
Vbd Xd cWfshd 8ab, 15ab Matiw eh nrJnlh.
1.3.5 X <UW nfhitia xU _W nfhitah bgUFj
<UW nfhit cs xbthU cWghY _W nfhit cs
xbthU cWig bgUFtj _y tif bgUf bragLwJ.
vLJfhL 1.8
RUFf: (x + 3) (x2 - 5x + 7)

= x3 - 5x2 + 7x + 3x2 - 15x + 21

= x3 - 5x2 + 3x2 + 7x - 15x + 21 (Xd cWfis bjhFj)
= x3 - 2x2 - 8x + 21 (Xd cWfis nrj)

khW Kiw :
(x + 3)

# (x2 - 5x + 7)

x (x2 - 5x + 7) : x3 - 5x2 + 7x

:
3 (x2 - 5x + 7)
3x2 - 15x + 21

= x3 - 2x2 - 8x + 21

(gL ggo)

j vLJfho, bgUF
nghJ 2 3 = 6 cWfis v
ghjjF khwhfbgUf
gy ekF 4 cWfns
ilJsd. j fhuzij
cdh fla Kokh?

FHgij btnaW
1.

2xx = 2x vgJ rah?

iy. 2xx vgij eh 2 (x) (x) = 2x2 vd vGjyh. J, 2, x, x Mat
bgUf gydhF. Mdh 2x vgJ x + x myJ 2 (x) vd bghUgL.
2. 7xxy = 7xy vgJ rah?
iy. 7xxy vgJ 7, x, x, y Mat bgUf gynda
7, x, y Mat bgUf gy mW. vdnt 7xxy vgjF rahd
il 7 (x) (x) (y) = 7x2y vgjhF.
13

maha 1

g 1.2
1.
tU XUW nrhof bgUf gyid fhf:

(i) 3, 7x (ii) 7x, 3y (iii) 3a, 5ab (iv) 5a2, 4a(v) 3 x5 , 14 x2
7
9
(vi) xy2, x2 y (vii) x3 y5, xy2 (viii) abc, abc (ix) xyz. x2 yz (x) a2 b2 c3, abc2
2.
tU mltizia bgUf gyfsh uf:
Kjyh XUW nfhit "
ulh XUW nfhit .

2x

2x

4x2

3y

4x2

5xy

7x2y

6x2y2

3y
4x2
25x2y2

5xy
7x2y
6x2y2

18x2y3

3.
bgUf gyfis fhf:
(i) 2a, 3a2 , 5a4 (ii) 2x, 4y, 9z
(iv) m, 4m, 3m2, - 6m3

(iii) ab, bc, ca

(v) xyz, y2 z, yx2 (vi) lm2, mn2, ln2

(vii) - 2p, - 3q, - 5p2

4.
bgUf gyfis fhf:
(i) (a3) # (2a5) # (4a15) (ii) (5 - 2x) (4 + x) (iii) (x + 3y) (3x - y)
(iv) (3x + 2) (4x - 3) (v) ( 2 ab) ( - 15 a2 b2)
3
8
5.
tUtdt bgUf gyfis fhf:
(i) (a + b) (2a2 - 5ab + 3b2) (ii) (2x + 3y) (x2 - xy + y2)
(iii) (x + y + z) (x + y - z)

(iv) (a + b) (a2 + 2ab + b2) (v) (m - n) (m2 + mn + n2)

6.
(i) 2x (x - y - z) , 2y (z - y - x) Matiw TLf.

(ii) 4a (5a + 2b - 3c) UJ 3a (a - 2b + 3c) I ff.

1.4 KbwhUikf
^ x + 2h^ x + 3h = x2 + 5x + 6 vw rkghil fUJnth.

rkgho U gff kfis x VnjD xU

kF fhf. cjhuzkhf, x = 5 v

l gf = ^ x + 2h^ x + 3h = ^5 + 2h^5 + 3h = 7 # 8 = 56

ty gf = x2 + 5x + 6 = 52 + 5^5h + 6 = 25 + 25 + 6 = 56
Mfnt, rkgho Ugff kfS x = 5 vDnghJ rk
Mwd.

14

afj

bghGJ, x =- 5 vd vLJbfhlh,

l gf = ^ x + 2h^ x + 3h = ^- 5 + 2h^- 5 + 3h = ^- 3h^- 2h = 6

ty gf = x2 + 5x + 6 = ^- 5h2 + 5^- 5h + 6 = 25 - 25 + 6 = 6

x =- 5 vD nghJ rkgho UgfJ kfS rkkhwd.

Mfnt rkgho cs khF vj kig mjhY, lgf
k tygf k rkkhwJ. vdnt ^ x + 2h^ x + 3h = x2 + 5x + 6 vgJ xU
KbwhUik MF.
KbwhUik: kh VF vyh kfS xU rkghil iw br
v mrkghL xU KbwhUik vdgL.
fhgitf xU KbwhUikah? iyah? vgij
rgh.
(i) 5^ x + 4h = 5x + 20
(ii) 6x + 10 = 4x + 20.
1.4.1 afj KbwhUikf
gy fzFfis f mf gagL _W Ka afj
KbwhUikfis eh bghGJ fngh. X <UW nfhitia knwh
<UW nfhitah bgUFtj _y eh KbwhUikfis bgWnwh.
Kjyh KbwhUik
^a + bh2 vgij fUJnth.

^a + bh2 =

= a2 + ab + ba + b2
= a2 + ab + ab + b2
= a2 + 2ab + b2
Mfnt,

^a + bh2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

^a + bh2 toa sf

gl,

aBCD vw rJu gf
^a + bh MF.

` rJu aBCD - gu
= ^a + bh^a + bh

15

[a ab = ba]

maha 1
= rJu aEHG gu + brtf EBIH gu +
brtf GHFD gu + rJu HICF gu
= ^a # ah + ^b # ah + ^a # bh + ^b # bh
= a2 + ba + ab + b2
^a + bh2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

^a + bh2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

ulh KbwhUik
^a - bh2 vgij fUJnth.
^a - bh2 =

= a2 - ab - ba + b2
= a2 - ab - ab + b2
= a2 - 2ab + b2

Mfnt, ^a - bh2 = a2 - 2ab + b2

^a - bh2 toa sf

aBCD vw rJu gu a2 rJu myFf MF.

^a - bh I gfkhf bfhl aHFE vw

rJu gu ^a - bh2 rJu myFf MF.

J gl ytz cs rJu
gFahF.
brtf BCIH gu = a # b rJu myFf
brtf EGCD gu = a # b rJu myFf
rJu FGCI gu = b2 rJu myFf

BGFH gu = brtf BCIH gu rJu FGCI gu

= ab - b

bghGJ, rJu aHFE gu

= rJu aBCD gu - (brtf EGCD

gu + brtf BGFH gu)

^a - bh2 = a2 - ^ab + ab - b2h

= a2 - ab - ab + b2
= a2 - 2ab + b2

^a - bh2 = a2 - 2ab + b2

16

afj

_wh KbwhUik
^a + bh ^a - bh vgij fUJnth.

= a2 - ab + ba - b2
= a2 - ab + ab - b2
= a2 - b2
Mfnt, ^a + bh ^a - bh = a2 - b2

^a + bh ^a - bh toa sf

brtf aHGE gu = ^a + bh # ^a - bh

= rJu aBCD gu -

brtf EFCD gu +
brtf BHIC gu rJu FGIC gu
=
a2 - ab + ab - b2
=
a2 - b2
`

^ a + bh # ^ a - bh = a 2 - b 2

bghJ KbwhUik

(x + a) (x + b) vgij fUJnth
= x2 + bx + ax + ab
= x2 + ax + bx + ab
Mfnt, ^ x + ah ^ x + bh = x2 + ^a + bh x + ab
^ x + ah ^ x + bh toa sf

brtf aBCD gu = ^ x + ah^ x + bh

= rJu DHIG gu +
brtf aEIH gu +
brtf IFCG gu +
brtf EBFI gu
= x2 + ax + bx + ab
= x2 + ^a + bh x + ab
\

^ x + ah ^ x + bh = x2 + ^a + bh x + ab

17

[ a ab = ba]

maha 1
afj KbwhUikf
^a + bh2 / a2 + 2ab + b2
^a - bh2 / a2 - 2ab + b2
^a + bh ^a - bh / a2 - b2
^ x + ah ^ x + bh / x2 + ^a + bh x + ab
(bghJthf KbwhUikf rkiyF / vw Fpil gagLJtJ tHf. vik
fU F eh = vw Fpil gagLJnwh.)

1.4.2 KbwhUikfis gagLJj

vLJfhL 1.9
thFf : (i) ^ x + 5h2 (ii) ^ x + 2yh2 (iii) ^2x + 3yh2 (iv) 1052 .

(i)

^ x + 5h2 = x2 + 2^ xh^5h + 52

= x2 + 10x + 25
khW Kiw : ^ x + 5h2 = ^ x + 5h^ x + 5h
= x^ x + 5h + 5^ x + 5h
= x2 + 5x + 5x + 25
= x2 + 10x + 25

(ii)

^ x + 2yh2 = x2 + 2^ xh^2yh + ^2yh2

= x2 + 4xy + 4y2
khW Kiw : ^ x + 2yh2 = ^ x + 2yh^ x + 2yh

KbwhUikia
gagLj :
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
F, a = x, b = 5.

KbwhUikia
gagLj :
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
F, a = x, b = 2y.

= x^ x + 2yh + 2y^ x + 2yh

= x2 + 2xy + 2yx + 4y2 [a xy = yx]
= x2 + 4xy + 4y2

(iii)

^2x + 3yh2 = ^2xh2 + 2^2xh^3yh + ^3yh2

= 4x2 + 12xy + 9y2

khWKiw : ^2x + 3yh2 = ^2x + 3yh^2x + 3yh

KbwhUikia
gagLj :
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
F, a = 2x, b = 3y.

= 2x^2x + 3yh + 3y^2x + 3yh

= ^2xh^2xh + ^2xh^3yh + ^3yh^2xh + ^3yh^3yh
= 4x2 + 6xy + 6yx + 9y2

^2x + 3yh2 = 4x2 + 12xy + 9y2

18

[a xy = yx]

afj

1052 = ^100 + 5h2

(iv)

= 1002 + 2^100h^5h + 52
= ^100 # 100h + 1000 + 25

KbwhUikia
gagLj :
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
F, a = 100, b = 5.

= 10000 + 1000 + 25
1052 = 11025

vLJfhL 1.10

kfis fhf : (i) ^ x - yh2 (ii) ^3p - 2qh2 (iii) 972 (iv) ^4.9h2

^ x - yh2 = x2 - 2^ xh^ y h + y2

(i)

= x2 - 2xy + y2
^3p - 2qh2 = ^3ph2 - 2^3ph^2qh + ^2qh2

(ii)

= 9p2 - 12pq + 4q2

972 = ^100 - 3h2

(iii)

= ^100h2 - 2^100h^3 h + 32

= 10000 600 + 9

KbwhUikia
gagLj :
(a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2
F, a = x, b = y.
KbwhUikia
gagLj :
(a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2
F, a = 3p, b = 2q.

KbwhUikia
gagLj :
(a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2
F, a = 100, b = 3.

= 9400 + 9
= 9409
^4.9h2 = ^5.0 - 0.1h2

(iv)

= ^5.0h2 - 2^5.0h^0.1h + ^0.1h2

= 25.00 - 1.00 + 0.01

KbwhUikia
gagLj :
(a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2
F, a = 5.0, b = 0.1.

= 24.01
vLJfhL 1.11
^ a + bh ^ a - bh = a 2 - b 2

vw

KbwhUikia

gagL

tUtdtiw kLf :

(i) ^ x + 3h ^ x - 3h (ii)^5a + 3bh ^5a - 3bh (iii) 52 # 48

(i)

^ x + 3h ^ x - 3h = x - 3

= x2 - 9

19

(iv) 9972 - 32 .
KbwhUikia
gagLj :
(a + b) (a b) = a2 b2
F, a = x, b = 3

maha 1
KbwhUikia
gagLj :
(a + b) (a b) = a2 b2
F, a = 5a, b = 3b

(ii) ^5a + 3bh ^5a - 3bh = ^5ah2 - ^3bh2

= 25a2 - 9b2

(iii)

KbwhUikia
gagLj :
(a + b) (a b) = a2 b2
F, a = 50, b = 2

52 # 48 = ^50 + 2h ^50 - 2h

= 502 - 22
= 2500 - 4
= 2496

KbwhUikia
gagLj :
(a + b) (a b) = a2 b2
F, a = 997, b = 3

9972 - 32 = ^997 + 3h ^997 - 3h

(iv)

= ^1000h ^994h
= 994000
vLJfhL 1.12

^ x + ah ^ x + bh = x2 + ^a + bh x + ab vw KbwhUikia gagL

tUtdt kfis fhf :

(i) ^m + 3h ^m + 5h

(ii) ^ p - 2h ^ p - 3h(iii) ^2x + 3yh ^2x - 4yh

(iv) 55 # 56

(v) 95 # 103

(vi) 501 # 505

(i)

= m2 + 8m + 15

(ii)

KbwhUikia
gagLj :

^ m + 3h ^ m + 5h = m2 + ^3 + 5h m + ^3 h ^5h

(x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab
F, x = m, a = 3, b = 5.

^ p - 2h ^ p - 3h = p2 + ^- 2 - 3h p + ^- 2h^- 3h

= p2 + ^- 5h p + 6
= p2 - 5p + 6

KbwhUikia
gagLj :
(x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab
F, x = p, a = 2, b = 3.

(iii) ^2x + 3yh ^2x - 4yh = ^2xh2 + ^3y - 4yh ^2xh + ^3yh ^- 4yh
= 4x2 + ^- yh ^2xh - 12y2
= 4x2 - 2xy - 12y2

(iv)

KbwhUikia
gagLj :
(x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab
F, x = 2x, a = 3y, b = 4y.

55 # 56 = ^50 + 5h ^50 + 6h

= 502 + ^5 + 6h 50 + ^5h^6h
= ^50 # 50h + ^11h 50 + 30
= 2500 + 550 + 30
= 3080

20

KbwhUikia
gagLj :
(x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab
F, x = 50, a = 5, b = 6.

afj

(v)

95 # 103 = ^100 - 5h^100 + 3h

= ^100h2 + ^- 5 + 3h^100h + ^- 5h^3 h

= ^100 # 100h + ^- 2h^100h - 15

= 10000 200 15
= 9800 15
= 9785
(vi)

KbwhUikia
gagLj :
(x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab
F, x = 100, a = 5, b = 3.

501 # 505 = ^500 + 1h^500 + 5h

= ^500h2 + ^1 + 5h^500h + ^1 h^5h

= ^500 # 500h + ^6h^500h + ^1 h^5h
= ^500 # 500h + ^6h^500h + 5
KbwhUikia
gagLj :

= 250000 + 3000 + 5
= 253005

(x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab
F, x = 500, a = 1, b = 5.

1.4.3 nkY y gaDs KbwhUikfis jUj

tUtdtiw eh fUJnth,

(i)

^a + bh2 + ^a - bh2 = ^a2 + 2ab + b2h + ^a2 - 2ab + b2h

= a2 + 2ab + b2 + a2 - 2ab + b2
= 2a2 + 2b2

^a + bh2 + ^a - bh2 = 2^a2 + b2h

1 6^a + bh2 + ^a - bh2 @ = a2 + b2

2
(ii) ^a + bh2 - ^a - bh2 = ^a2 + 2ab + b2h - ^a2 - 2ab + b2h

= a2 + 2ab + b2 - a2 + 2ab - b2

^a + bh2 - ^a - bh2 = 4ab

1 6^a + bh2 - ^a - bh2 @ = ab

4
(iii)
^a + bh2 - 2ab = a2 + b2 + 2ab - 2ab

= a2 + b2

^a + bh2 - 2ab = a2 + b2

(iv) ^a + bh2 - 4ab = a2 + 2ab + b2 - 4ab

= a2 - 2ab + b2
= ^a - bh2

^a + bh2 - 4ab = ^a - bh2

21

maha 1

(v) ^a - bh2 + 2ab = a2 - 2ab + b2 + 2ab

jUfgl KbwhUikf

(vi) ^a - bh2 + 4ab = a2 - 2ab + b2 + 4ab

1 6^a + bh2 + ^a - bh2 @ = a2 + b2

2
1 6^a + bh2 - ^a - bh2 @ = ab
4
^a + bh2 - 2ab = a2 + b2

= a2 + 2ab + b2

^a + bh2 - 4ab = ^a - bh2

= ^a + bh2

^a - bh2 + 2ab = a2 + b2

= a + b

^a - bh + 2ab = a + b

^a - bh2 + 4ab = ^a + bh2

^a - bh2 + 4ab = ^a + bh2

vLJfhL 1.13
a + b , a - b Mat kf Kiwna 7, 4 v a2 + b2 , ab Mat
kfis fhf.

a2 + b2 = 1 6^a + bh2 + ^a - bh2 @

2
1
= 672 + 42 @ (a + b = 7, a b = 4 Matiw ul)
2
1
= ^49 + 16h
2
1
= ^65h = 65
2
2
2
2
65

a + b =
2

(i)

ab = 1 6^a + bh2 - ^a - bh2 @

4
= 1 ^72 - 42h (a + b = 7, a b = 4 Matiw ul)
4
= 1 ^49 - 16h = 1 ^33h
4
4

ab = 33
4
vLJfhL 1.14

(ii)

^a + bh = 10 , ab = 20 v, a2 + b2 , ^a - bh2 Mat kfis

fhf.

(i)

a2 + b2 = ^a + bh2 - 2ab (a + b = 10, ab = 20Matiw ul)

a2 + b2 = ^10h2 - 2^20h

= 100 - 40 = 60

a2 + b2 = 60

22

afj

(ii)

^a - bh2 = ^a + bh2 - 4ab (a + b = 10, ab = 20 Matiw ul)

= ^10h2 - 4^20h

= 100 80

^a - bh2 = 20

vLJfhL 1.15
^ x + lh ^ x + mh = x2 + 4x + 2 v l2 + m2 , ^l - mh2 Mat kfis

fhf.

bgUfgy NuUJ eh mtJ,

vdnt, ^ x + lh ^ x + mh = x 2 +(l + m) x + lm
2
+ 4x + 2 cl xl, ekF ilgJ
tyJ gfij x

bghGJ,

l + m = 4, lm = 2
l2 + m2 = ^l + mh2 - 2lm

= 42 - 2^2h = 16 4

l2 + m2 = 12

^l - mh2 = ^l + mh2 - 4lm
= 42 - 4^2h = 16 8

^l - mh2 = 8
g 1.3

1. fhQ dhfSFa rahd ilia njbjL.

(i) (a + b) 2 = (a + b) # _____
(A) ab
(B) 2ab

(C) (a + b)

(ii) (a - b) 2 = (a - b) # _____

(A) (a + b)
(B) 2ab (C) ab

(D) (a b)
(D) (a b)

(iii) (a2 - b2) = (a - b) # _____

(A) (a b)
(B) (a + b) (C) a2 + 2ab + b2 (D) a2 - 2ab + b2
(iv) (9.6) 2 = _____

(A) 9216

(B) 93.6

(C) 9.216

(v) (a + b) 2 - (a - b) 2 = _____

(A) 4ab
(B) 2ab

(D) 92.16

(C) a2 + 2ab + b2 (D) 2 (a2 + b2)

(vi) m2 + (c + d) m + cd = ______
(A) (m + c) 2
(B) (m + c) (m + d)

23

(C) (m + d) 2

(D) (m + c) (m d)

maha 1

2. bghUjkhd KbwhUikia gagL tUtdt bgUf

gyfis fhf:

(i)
^ x + 3h ^ x + 3h (ii)
^2m + 3h ^2m + 3h
1
1
(iii)
^2x - 5h ^2x - 5h (iv)
`a - a j `a - a j
(v)
^3x + 2h ^3x - 2h (vi)
^5a - 3bh ^5a - 3bh
3
3
(vii)
^2l - 3mh ^2l + 3mh (viii)
` 4 - xj ` 4 + xj
1 1 1 1
(ix)
^100 + 3h ^100 - 3h
c + m c - m (x)
x
y x
y
3.
^ x + ah ^ x + bh = x2 + ^a + bh x + ab vw KbwhUikia gagL
tUtdt bgUfgyfis fhf:
(i)
^ x + 4h ^ x + 7h (ii) ^5x + 3h ^5x + 4h (iii) ^7x + 3yh ^7x - 3yh
(iv) ^8x - 5h ^8x - 2h (v) ^2m + 3nh ^2m + 4nh (vi) ^ xy - 3h ^ xy - 2h
1
1
(vii)
`a + x j c a + y m (viii) ^2 + xh ^2 - yh

4. KbwhUikfis gagL tU tffis fhf:

(i)
^ p - qh2 (ii)
^a - 5h2 (iii)
^3x + 5h2
(iv)
^5x - 4h2 (v)
^7x + 3yh2 (vi)
^10m - 9nh2
y 2
1 2
(vii)
^0.4a - 0.5bh2 (viii)
`x - j
` x - x j (ix)
2 3
(x)
0.54 # 0.54 - 0.46 # 0.46

5. KbwhUikfis gagL tUtdt kfis fhf:
(i)
1032 (ii)
482 (iii)
542 (iv)
922
(v)
53 # 47 (vii)
96 # 104 (viii)
28 # 32
9982 (vi)
2
2
2
(ix)
81 # 79 (x)
(2.8) (xi)
(12.1) - (7.9) (xii) 9.7 # 9.8

6. %f :
(i)
^3x + 7h2 - 84x = ^3x - 7h2
(ii) ^a - bh ^a + bh + ^b - ch ^b + ch + ^c - ah ^c + ah = 0
7.
a + b = 5 , a - b = 4 v a2 + b2 , ab Mat kfis fhf.
8.
(i) a + b , ab Mat kf Kiwna 12, 32 v, a2 + b2 , ^a - bh2
Mat kfis fhf.

(ii) ^a - bh, ab Mat kf 6, 40 v a2 + b2 , ^a + bh2
Mat kfis fhf.

9. ^ x + ah ^ x + bh = x2 - 5x - 300 v a2 + b2 kig fhf.

10. ^ x + ah^ x + bh^ x + ch vgjfhd afj KbwhUikia

bgUfgy Nuij gagL jU.

( F : (x + a) (x + b) (x + c) = (x + a) [(x + b) (x + c)] )

24

afj

1.5 fhugLj
20 vw aviz vLJ bfhnth.
ij eh tU vf
bgUfgydhf vGjyh.

20 nj nfhigfis eh flthW
btntW tf tirgLjyh.

20 = 1 20
20 = 2 10
20 = 4 5

20 vw vF 6 fhuf csd. mit 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20 MF.

2 20
itfS 2 5, 20 gfh fhuf MF.
2 10
20 gfh fhu tot = 2 # 2 # 5.
5

1. xiwl bga vF 1 I jid ju ntW fhuf

iy v mj viz gfh v vnwh. cjhuz : 2, 3, 5, 7, ...

2. xiwl bga vF uoF nkgl fhuf U

mbtiz gF v vnwh. cjhuz : 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, ...

3. 1 vgJ vjbthU vF xU fhuahf mikwJ.

4. xiw jj vjbthU a vQ gF vzhfnth myJ
gfh vzhfnth UF.

5. 1 vw v gF vQ mW, gfh vQ mW.

6. 2 kLnk uil gfh v MF.

1.5.1 fhugLj vwh vd?

vjbthU afj nfhitia Tl eh mj fhuf
bgUf gydhf vGjyh.
fhugLj : vjbthU gYW nfhitia mj fhuf
bgUfgydhf vGJtij fhugLj vnwh.

25

maha 1
ekh tU afj nfhitfis mt fhuf bgUf
gydhf vGj Ko.
(i) 6x3 = (2x) (3x2)

(ii)
3a2 b + 3ab2 = (3ab) (a + b)
(iii) 2x2 + x - 6 = (2x - 3) (x + 2)
nkfl vLJfhLfis eh fLsthW vGjyh:
afj
nfhit

Kjyh ulh
fhu
fhu

ekh tiw nkY fhugLj Kokh?

Kjyh
fhu

ulh
fhu

6x3

2x

3x2

M. 2x = 2 x

M. 3x2 = 3 x x

3a2 b + 3ab2

(3ab)

(a + b)

M.
3ab = 3 a b

iy. (a + b) I
nkY fhugLj
KoahJ.

2x2 + x 6

(2x 3)

(x + 2)

iy. (2x 3) I
nkY fhugLj
KoahJ.

iy. (x + 2) I
nkY fhugLj
KoahJ.

F : nkY fhufshf gFf Koahj fhufis gfh fhuf

vnwh. nkfl vLJfho (a + b), (2x - 3), (x + 2) Mait gfh
fhuf MF.
1.5.2 bghJ fhuia btna vLJ fhugLj
Kiw, bfhLfgl nfhit bghJ fhuia flJ
mij mil FF btna bfhL tJ fhugLJnwh. uL
myJ mjF nkgl cWf bghJ fhu vgJ vyh cWfY
tU fhu vgij id bfhf.
vLJfhL 1.16
tU nfhitfis fhugLJf:

(i) 2x + 6 (ii) 4x2 + 20xy (iii) 3x2 - 12xy (iv) a2 b - ab2

(v) 3x3 - 5x2 + 6x (vi) 7l3 m2 - 21 lm2 n + 28 lm

(i) 2x + 6 = 2x + (2 # 3)

` 2x + 6 = 2 (x + 3) (2 vgJ U cWfF bghJthf csJ)
F : (i) F, 2, (x + 3) Mad (2x + 6) fhufshF.

(ii) 2, (x + 3) Ma fhufis nkY fhufshf gFf KoahJ.
vdnt 2, (x + 3) Mait gfh fhufshF.

26

afj

(ii)

4x2 + 20xy = (4 # x # x) + (4 # 5 # x # y)

= 4x (x + 5y)

(iii)

3x - 12xy = (3 # x # x) - (3 # 4 # x # y)

= 3x ( x - 4y)

(iv)

(bghJ fhuahd 3x-I btna vLj)

a2 b - ab2 = (a # a # b) - (a # b # b)

= ab (a - b)

(v)

(bghJ fhuahd 4x-I btna vLj)

(bghJ fhuahd ab-I btna vLj)

3x3 - 5x2 + 6x = (3 # x # x # x) - (5 # x # x) + (6 # x)

= x (3x2 - 5x + 6) (bghJ fhuahd x-I btna vLj)

(vi) 7l3 m2 - 21 lm2 n + 28lm

= (7 # l # l # l # m # m) - (7 # 3 # l # m # m # n) + (7 # 4 # l # m)
= 7lm (l2 m - 3mn + 4)

(bghJ fhuahd 7lm-I btna vLj)

1.5.3 cWfis bjhFJ fhugLj

Kiw, bfhLfgl nfhitia uL myJ _W
cWf bjhFf Tlyhf vG wF xU bghJfhuia bgW
fhugLJnwh.
vLJfhL 1.17
tUtdtiw fhugLJf:

(i) x3 - 3x2 + x - 3
(iii) 2m2 - 10mn - 2m + 10n

(ii) 2xy - 3ab + 2bx - 3ay

(iv) ab (x2 + 1) + x (a2 + b2)

x3 - 3x2 + x - 3 = x2 (x - 3) + 1 (x - 3)

(i)

(Kj U cWfis
Kj bjhFj bghJ
fhuia btna vLj)

= (x2 + 1) (x - 3)
(ii)

2xy - 3ab + 2bx - 3ay = 2xy + 2bx - 3ab - 3ay

(fhufis khaikj)

= 2x (y + b) - 3a (y + b)
(bghJ fhuia btna vLj)
= (2x - 3a) (y + b)
(iii) 2m2 - 10mn - 2m + 10n = 2m (m - 5n) - 2 (m - 5n)
= (2m - 2) (m - 5n)

(bghJ fhuia btna vLj)

(iv) ab (x2 + 1) + x (a2 + b2) = abx2 + ab + xa2 + xb2

= abx2 + a2 x + b2 x + ab (cWfis khaikj)
= ax (bx + a) + b (bx + a)
(bghJ fhuahd btna vLj)
= (ax + b) (bx + a)

27

maha 1
1.5.4. KbwhUikfis gagL fhugLj
id Tf:
(i) (a + b) 2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

(ii)
(a - b) 2 = a2 - 2ab + b2
(iii) (a + b) (a - b) = a2 - b2
y neuf bfhLfgl nfhitia myJ gYW nfhitia
nkFlgl KbwhUikf to vGj Ko. mthW vGj Kojh
tyw cs nfhitfSF mt lw cs nfhitfns fhufshF.
Kiw
eh
vthW
KbwhUikfis gagL fhu
gLJnwh vgij fLs
vLJfhLfis
fgj
_y
mayh.

nfhit
a + 2ab + b2
a2 2ab + b2
a2 b2
2

fhuf
(a + b), (a + b)
(a b), (a b)
(a + b), (a b)

vLJfhL 1.18
KbwhUikfis gagL tUtdtiw fhugLJf:

(i) x2 + 6x + 9

(ii) x2 - 10x + 25

(iii) 49m2 - 56m + 16

(iv) x2 - 64

(v) 9x2 y - 4y3

(vi) m8 - n8

(i) x2 + 6x + 9
x2 + 6x + 9 I a2 + 2ab + b2 cl xlh, a = x, b = 3 vd ilF.

a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b) 2 , a = x, b = 3 vgjh
x2 + 6x + 9 = (x + 3) 2 vgij bgWnwh.

` x2 + 6x + 9 fhuf (x + 3) , (x + 3) MaitfshF.

(ii) x2 - 10x + 25
x2 - 10x + 25 I a2 - 2ab + b2 cl xlh, a = x, b = 5 vd ilF.

a2 - 2ab + b2

= (a - b) 2 , a = x, b = 5 vgjh

x2 - 10x + 25 = x2 - 2 (x)(5) + 52

x2 - 10x + 25 = (x 5)2 vgij bgWnwh.

` x2 - 10x + 25 fhuf (x - 5) , (x - 5) MaitfshF.

(iii) 49m2 - 56m + 16

, 49m2 = (7m) 2 ; 16 = 42 vW eh vGjyh.

28

afj

a2 - 2ab + b2 = (a - b) 2 vw KbwhUikia gagL tUkhW

vGjyh.
= (7m) 2 - 2 (7m) (4) + 42

49m2 - 56m + 16
= (7m - 4) 2

` 49m2 - 56m + 16 fhuf (7m - 4) , (7m - 4) .

(iv) x2 64 I a2 - b2 , cl xlh a = x, b = 8 vd ilF.

=
a2 - b2
thW vGjyh.

x2 - 64

(a + b) (a - b)

x2 82

(x + 8) (x - 8)

vw

KbwhUikia

gagL

` x - 64 fhuf (x + 8), (x- 8) MaitfshF.

2
3
(v) 9x y - 4y = y [9x2 4y2]
= y [(3x) 2 - (2y) 2]
(a2 - b2 )= (a + b) (a b) vgJl (3x) 2 (2y)2 I xlh a = 3x, b = 2y
vd ilF.

` 9x2 y - 4y3 = y [(3x + 2y) (3x - 2y)]

(vi) m8 - n8 = (m4) 2 - (n4) 2

= (m4 + n4) (m4 - n4)

( a2 - b2 = (a + b) (a - b) vw KbwhUikia gagLj)

= (m4 + n4) [(m2) 2 - (n2) 2]

= (m4 + n4) [(m2 + n2) (m2 - n2)]

2
2
[a m - n = (m + n) (m - n) ]

= (m4 + n4) (m2 + n2) [(m + n) (m - n)]

m8 - n8 = (m4 + n4) (m2 + n2) (m + n) (m - n)

1.5.5 (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab
fhugLj

vw KbwhUikia gagL

(x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab vw KbwhUikia gagL
vthW nfhitfis fhugLJnwh vgij bghGJ eh thf
fhngh.
vLJfhL 1.19
fhugLJf : x2 + 5x + 6

2

x2 + 5x + 6 I x
+ (a + b) x + ab cl xl

ekF, ab = 6, a + b = 5, x = x vd ilwd.
ab = 6 v, a b 6 fhuf MF.

29

maha 1
F, a = 2, b = 3 vw kfis bgW nghJ ab = 6, a + b = 5 Ma
gjidfis iw bra ntL. vdnt a = 2, b = 3 vgit rahd
kfshF. bghGJ,

x2 + (a + b) x + ab = (x + a) (x + b) I gagLdh
x2 + 5x + 6 = x2 + (2 + 3) x + (2 # 3)

= (x + 2) (x + 3)
x2 + 5x + 6 fhuf (x + 2) , (x + 3) MF.
vLJfhL 1.20
fhugLJf: x2 + x - 6

x2 + x - 6 I x2 + (a + b) x + ab = (x + a) (x + b) vgJl xl,
ekF ab = 6, a + b = 1 vgit ilwd.
Mfnt, ab = 6 , a + b = 1 vW mikgo a, b MaitfF U vfis
J flf. a, b Mat kf fLsthW mikayh.

ab

1
1
2
2
2

6
6
3
3
3

6
6
6
6
6

a+b
7
5
5
1
1

bj

F, eh a = 2, b = 3 Ma fhu nrhofisna bj bra ntL.

Vbd mit kLnk ab = 6 kW a + b = 1 vw gjidfis iw
brwd.

(x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab - I gagLdh eh bgWtJ :

x2 + x - 6 = (x - 2) (x + 3) .

vLJfhL 1.21
fhugLJf: x2 + 6x + 8

x2 + 6x + 8 I x2 + (a + b) x + ab = (x + a) (x + b) cl xl,
ekF ab = 8, a + b = 6 vgit ilwd.

` x + 6x + 8 = x + (2 + 4) x + (2 # 4)

= (x + 2) (x + 4)
x2 + 6x + 8 fhuf (x + 2) , (x + 4)
MaitfshF.

30

8
fhuf
fhuf
TLj
1, 8
9
2, 4
6
F, 2, 4 Maitna
rahd fhufshF.

afj

g 1.4

1. fhQ dhfSFa rahd ilia njbjL.

(i) 3a + 21ab fhuf .......... .
(A) ab , (3 + 21) (B) 3, (a + 7b)

(C) 3a, (1 + 7b)

(D) 3ab, (a + b)

(ii) x2 - x - 12 fhuf .......... .

(A) (x + 4), (x 3) (B) (x 4), (x 3) (C) (x + 2), (x 6) (D) (x + 3), (x 4)

(iii) 6x2 - x - 15 fhuf (2x + 3) kW .......... .

(A) (3x 5)
(B) (3x + 5)
(C) (5x 3)

(D) (2x 3)

(iv) 169l2 - 441m2 fhuf .......... .

(A) (13l 21 m), (13l 21 m)
(B) (13l + 21 m), (13l + 21 m)

(C) (13l 21 m), (13l + 21 m)
(D) 13 (l + 21 m), 13(l 21 m)

(v) (x 1) (2x 3) k .......... .

(A) 2x2 - 5x - 3 (B) 2x2 - 5x + 3 (C) 2x2 + 5x - 3 (D) 2x2 + 5x + 3

2. tU nfhitfis fhugLJf :
(i) 3x - 45 (ii) 7x - 14y (iii) 5a2 + 35a (iv) - 12y + 20y3
(v) 15a2 b + 35ab (vi) pq - pqr (vii) 18m3 - 45mn2 (viii) 17l2 + 85m2
(ix) 6x3 y - 12x2 y + 15x4 (x) 2a5 b3 - 14a2 b2 + 4a3 b

3. fhugLJf :

(i) 2ab + 2b + 3a (ii) 6xy - 4y + 6 - 9x (iii) 2x + 3xy + 2y + 3y2

2

(iv) 15b - 3bx - 5b + x (v) a x + axy + abx + by

2

(vi) a x + abx + ac + aby + b y + bc

(vii) ax - bx + ax - b

(viii) mx - my - nx + ny (ix) 2m + 3m - 2m - 3 (x) a + 11b + 11ab + a

4. fhugLJf :
2

(i) a + 14a + 49 (ii) x - 12x + 36 (iii) 4p - 25q

2
2
2
2
2
(iv) 25x - 20xy + 4y (v) 169m - 625n (vi) x + 2 x + 1
3
9
2
2
3
(vii) 121a + 154ab + 49b
(viii) 3x - 75x
2

(ix) 36 - 49x

(x) 1 - 6x + 9x

5. fhugLJf :
2

(i) x + 7x + 12
2

(iv) x - 14x + 45

(iii) m - 4m - 21

(vi) a + 13a + 12

(ii) p - 6p + 8
(v) x - 24x + 108

(viii) x - 14xy + 24y

(x) x - 28x + 132

(vii) x - 5x + 6
(ix) m - 21m - 72

31

maha 1

1.6 afj nfhitf tFj

1.6.1 X XUW nfhitia knwh XUW nfhitah tFj

10 2 vgij fUJnth. ij eh thW vGjyh 10 = 5 # 2 = 5

2

mnj ngh, (i) 10x ' 2 I 10x = 5 # 2 # x = 5x vd vGjyh.

2
2
2
2

(ii) 10x2 ' 2x = 10x = 5 # 2 # x = 5 # 2 # x # x = 5x
2#x
2x
2x
3

(iii) 10x3 ' 2x = 10x = 5 # 2 # x # x # x = 5x2
2#x
2x
5
5
2
5
2
10
x
#
# x # x # x # x # x = 5x3

(iv) 10x ' 2x =
2 =
2#x#x
2
x
m
m-n
a
jF gyhf, n = a vw mLFF ia gagL (iv) M
a
fzif eh tUkhW brayh :
10x5 = 10 x5 - 2 = 5x3
2
2x 2
2 2 2
(v) 5a2 b2 c2 ' 15abc = 5a b c = 5 # a # a # b # b # c # c = abc = 1 abc
3
3
15abc
5#3#a#b#c
2 2 2
(myJ) 5a2 b2 c2 ' 15abc = 5a b c
15abc
m
= 5 a2 - 1 b2 - 1 c2 - 1 = 1 abc ( a n = a m - n I gagLj)
15
3
a

1.6.2 xU gYW nfhitia X XUW nfhitah tFj

vLJfhL 1.22
RUFf : (i) ^7x2 - 5xh ' x (ii) ^ x6 - 3x4 + 2x2h ' 3x2 (iii) ^8x3 - 5x2 + 6xh ' 2x

2
(i) ^7x2 - 5xh ' x = 7x - 5x

khW Kiw :

x
2
x
7
=
- 5x
x
x
= 7 # x # x - 5 # x
x
x
= 7x - 5

(ii) ^ x6 - 3x4 + 2x2h ' 3x2

= x - 3x 2+ 2x
3x
6

7x - 5x = 7x2 1 5x1 1
x
= 7x1 5x0 = 7x 5 (1)

[a a0 = 1]
= 7x 5
khW Kiw :

x2 vw bghJ fhuia flJ eh

thW RUfyh
2

x - 3x + 2x
=
3x2 3x2 3x2
1 x4 - x2 + 2
=
3
3

2
4
2
x6 - 3x4 + 2x2 = x ^ x - 3x + 2h
3x 2
3x 2
= 1 ^ x4 - 3x2 + 2h
3
4
= x - x2 + 2
3
3

32

afj

khW Kiw :

(iii) ^8x3 - 5x2 + 6xh ' 2x

3

8x3 - 5x2 + 6x xbthU cWUJ

8x - 5x + 6x
=
2x

2x I bjLjh ekF,

8x3 - 5x2 + 6x =
2x^4x2h - 2x ` 5 xj + 2x^3 h
2
2
5
= 2x `4x - x + 3j vd ilF.
2
2x (4x2 - 5 x + 3)
8x3 - 5x2 + 6x =
2
2x
2x
=
4x2 - 5 x + 3
2

8x3 - 5x2 + 6x
=
2x
2x
2x
=
4x2 - 5 x + 3
2

vLJfhL 1.23
RUFf : (5x2 + 10x) ' (x + 2) .

2
(5x2 + 10x) ' (x + 2) = 5x + 10x
x+2
2
bjhF (5x + 10x) I fhugLdh

5x2 + 10x = (5 # x # x) + ^5 # 2 # xh

= 5x (x + 2) (bghJ fhuahd 5x I btna vLj)

2
bghGJ, (5x2 + 10x) ' (x + 2) = 5x + 10x
x+2
5x (x + 2)
=
= 5x . ( (x + 2) I Fj)
(x + 2)

g 1.5

1. RUFf:

(i) 16x4 ' 32x (ii) - 42y3 ' 7y2 (iii) 30a3 b3 c3 ' 45abc
(iv) (7m2 - 6m) ' m

(v) 25x3 y2 ' 15x2 y (vi) (- 72l4 m5 n8) ' (- 8l2 m2 n3)

2. tU tFjfis brf:

(i) (ii)
(9x5 - 15x4 - 21x2) ' (3x2)
5y3 - 4y2 + 3y ' y
(iii) (5x3 - 4x2 + 3x) ' (2x)

(iv) 4x2y 28xy + 4xy2 (4xy)

(v) (8x4 yz - 4xy3 z + 3x2 yz4) ' (xyz)

3. fhQ nfhitfis RUFf:

(i) (x2 + 7x + 10) ' (x + 2) (ii) (a2 + 24a + 144) ' (a + 12)
(iii) (m2 + 5m - 14) ' (m + 7)

(iv) (25m2 - 4n2) ' (5m + 2n)

(v) (4a2 - 4ab - 15b2) ' (2a - 5b)

(vi) (a4 - b4) ' (a - b)

33

maha 1

1.7 xUgo rkghLfis j

VHh tF eh afj nfhitf, xU kh mikj xUgo
rkghLf Matiw g fWnsh. mtiw eh bghGJ id
Tnth.
tU cjhuzfis fhf:
(i) 2x = 8 (ii) 3x2 = 50 (iii) 5x2 - 2 = 102 (iv) 2x - 3 = 5
(v) 2 x + 3 y = 4 (vi) 3x3 = 81 (vii) 2 (5x + 1) - (2x + 1) = 6x + 2
5
4
it ah rkghLfshF.
xU = Fah izfgLs U nfhitfis bfhl xU TW
rkghL vdgL. ijna, xW myJ mjF nkgl khfis bfhl
rkjiks TW vW Twyh.
wF, xUgo rkghL vgJ ahJ?
mLF myJ goia xwhf bfhl xW myJ mjF nkgl
khfsh Md rkghil nea myJ xUgo rkghL vnwh.
Mfnt, nkfl rkghLfS (i), (iv), (v), (vii) Mat cs
khf go xwhF. Mfnt, mit xUgo rkghLfshF.
nkY, rkghLf (ii), (iii), (vi) Mait xUgo rkghLf my.
Vbd kh f caj mLF myJ go xiw l mf.
rkghLfis JbfhSj

2x 3 = 5 vw rkghil fUJnth.
(i) xU afj rkghL vgJ khf, khf
Maitfsh Md rkjiks TW MF.
(ii) xbthU rkghL xU rkFia bgUF.
rkFF lJ if w cs nfhitia 2x 3 = lJ gf
5 = tyJ gf
(lJgf) vW tyJ if w cs nfhitia
(tyJ gf) vW Fnwh.
x = 4 vgJ 2x 3 = 5 vw
(iii) xU
rkgho
lJgf rkghil iw brwJ.
nfhit k tyJgf vdnt, x = 4 vgJ rkgho
nfhit k rk MF. MF.
J khf Fl y k lJgf = 2 (4) 3

= 8 3 = 5 = tyJ gf
fSnf cikahF. thW
x = 5 vgJ rkghoF
rkghil iw br k my. Vbd x = 5 v,
fis f myJ _yf lJ gf = 2 (5) 3
vnwh.

= 10 3 = 7 ! tyJ gf

34

afj

rkghLfis f cj f
rkghoid FnghJ eh fl fS xiwnah
uilnah midijnkh gagLj nelyh.
1. xU rkgho U gfK xnu viz Todhnyh myJ
fjhnyh rkgho k khwhJ.
2. akw X vzh rkgho UgfK bgUdhnyh myJ
tFjhnyh mj k khwhJ.
3.
lkhW Kiw : xU rkghil FnghJ, khfis bfhl
cWfis vyh xU gfkhf, khfisbayh kWgfkhf
bfhL bry ntL. y cWfis xU gfUJ kWgfF
lkhWj brtj _y jid brayh. rkgho vjbthU
cWig mj Fia kh xU gfUJ kWgfF vLJ
bryyh. thW cWfis khW KiwF l khW Kiw vW
bga.
1.7.1 xU kh mikj xUgo rkghL
VHh tFnyna eh xU kh mikj xUgo rkghLfis f
fWnsh. ax + b = 0 , F a ! 0 vw to mikj xUgo rkghil
fUJnth.
xU kh mikj xUgo rkghoF xnu xU
kLnk cL
vLJfhL 1.24
rghj :

5x 13 = 42 it fhf.

l gf

go 1 : UgfK 13I Tl, 5x 13 + 13 = 42 + 13

5x = 55

go 2 : Ugfij 5M tFf,

5x = 55
5
5

= 5 11 13

= 55 13

= 42
= ty gf

x = 11

lkhW Kiw:

5x 13 = 42
5x = 42 + 13

( - 13 I tygfF khWj)

5x = 55

5x = 55
5
5
x = 11

(Ugfij 5M tFj)

35

maha 1
vLJfhL 1.25
khWKiw :

f : 5y + 9 = 24

5y + 9 = 24
5y = 24 - 9 (9I tygfF khl)
5y = 15 kW y = 15 . vdnt y = 3 .
5

5y + 9 = 24
5y + 9 - 9 = 24 - 9 (UgfK 9I fj)

5y =
5y
=
5
y =

15
15 (Ugfij 5M tFj)
5
3

rghj :

lJ gf = 5 (3) + 9 = 24 = tyJ gf
vLJfhL 1.26
f: 2x + 5 = 23 - x

khWKiw :

2x + 5 = 23 - x

x
2 + 5 = 23 - x

2x + x = 23 - 5 (lkhW Kiw)
3x = 18

2x + 5 - 5 = 23 - x - 5
(- 5 I UwK nrj)

2x = 18 - x

2x + x = 18 - x + x

3x = 18
3x = 18
3
3
x=6

x = 18 (Ugfij 3M tFj)
3
x=6

(Ugfij 3M tFj)

rghj : l gf = 2x + 5 = 2 (6) + 5 = 17,

ty gf = 23 x = 23 6 = 17.

vLJfhL 1.27
f : 9 m + m = 22
2

rghj :

lgf =

9 m + m = 9 (4) + 4
2
2

= 18 + 4 = 22 = ty gf
9 m + m = 22
2
9m + 2m = 22 (lgfF .bgh.k. vLj)
2
11m = 22

2

m = 22 # 2 (FWF bgUfgo)
11

m = 4

36

afj

vLJfhL 1.28
f : 2 - 5 = 1
x 3x
9

rghj :

l gf
2

=
1
x 3x
9
2
= - 5 = 2 - 5
1 (lgfF bghk vLj)
3
3 (3)
3
9
9
6
5
=
1
9
9
= 1 = ty gf
9
3x = 9; x = 9 ; x = 3.
3
vLJfhL 1.29
U mLjLj if xiw KGf TLj 32 v mbtfis
fhf.

U mLjLj if xiw KGf x , (x + 2) vf.

nkY, mt TLj 32.

2 - 5 =
x 3x
6 - 5 =

3x
1 =

3x

` (x) + (x + 2) = 32
2x + 2 = 32
2x = 32 2
2x = 30

rghj :

15 + 17 = 32

x = 30 = 15

2
xU v x = 15 v, kbwhU v x + 2 = 15 + 2 = 17 .
` njitgL mU mLjLj if xiw KGf 15, 17 MF.
vLJfhL 1.30
X v _ xU g uo xUg I xU gF 15
v mbtiz fhf.

njitahd v x vf.
fzgo, x 1 1 1 gF = 15.
3
2
5
mjhtJ, 1 # 1 # 1 # x = 15
3 2 5

x = 15 # 3 # 2 # 5

x = 45 10

rghj :

lgf
1 # 1 # 1 #x
=

= 450

3 2 5
1 # 1 # 1 # 450
=
3 2 5

vdnt, njitahd mbt 450 MF.

37

= 15 = tygf

maha 1
vLJfhL 1.31
xU jKW viz 5 M bgU tU bgUf gyDl 2 I
2
3
Todh - 7 ilF v mjKW v vJ?
12

mj jKW v x vf.
ij 5 M bgU tU bgUf gyDl
2

rghj :
l gf

2 I Tl, ekFilgJ - 7 .
3
12
5
2
mjhtJ,
x # + = -7
12
2 3

= -1 # 5 + 2 = -5 + 2

2
2 3
4
15
8
7
+
=
=
12
12
= ty gf.

5x = - 7 - 2
2
12
3

= - 7 - 8 = - 15
12
12

x = - 15 # 2 = - 1 .
12
5
2

vdnt, njitgl mjKW v - 1 MF.

2
vLJfhL 1.32
mU jnghija taJ mtUila jij ta ghahF.
guL MLfF K jij tajhdJ mU taij ngh
Kklfhf UjJ. mtf jnghija taid fhf.

mU jnghija taJ x vf.

mtUila jij jnghija taJ 2x MLf Mf UF.

12 MLfF K, mU taJ
(x 12) MLfshf,
mtUila jij taJ (2x12)
MLfshf UUF.

rghj :

mU taJ

jij taJ

bghGJ : 24

bghGJ : 48

12 MLfF
K
24 12 = 12

48 12 = 36
36 = 3
(mU taJ)
= 3 (12) = 36

(2x 12) = 3 (x 12)

2x 12 = 3x 36

36 12 = 3x 2x

x = 24
vdnt, mU jnghija taJ = 24 MLf.
mtUila jij jnghija taJ = 2 (24) = 48 MLf.

fzgo,

38

afj

vLJfhL 1.33
xU eg xU kGij ` 1,40,000F gid brjj _y 20%
el kiljh v kG mlfiy ahJ?

kG mlf iy x vf.
el 20% = x 20 = 1 # x = x
5
5
100
rghj :

mlfiy - el = gid iy

x x = 140000

5
5x - x = 140000
5
4x = 140000
5
x = 140000 # 5
4

x = 175000

el = 175000 20%
= 20 # 175000
100
= ` 35,000
.. = m.. - el

= 175000 35000
= ` 140000

vdnt, mj kG mlfiy ` 1,75,000 MF.

g 1.6
1. tU rkghLfis f :

(i)

3x + 5 = 23

(ii) 17 = 10 - y
(iii) 2y - 7 = 1
(iv) 6x = 72

(v)

y
=- 7
11

(vi) 3 (3x - 7) = 5 (2x - 3)

(vii) 4 (2x - 3) + 5 (3x - 4) = 14
(viii)
(ix)
(x)

7 = 5
x-5
x-7
2x + 3 = 3
3x + 7
5
m+m =1
3
4
2

39

maha 1

2. fhQ TWfSF rkghLfis mikJ fhf:

(i) X v ghl mbt _byhU gif Todh

15 ilF v mj viz fhf.

(ii) mLjLj _W vf TLj 90 v mbtfis

fhf.

(iii) xU brtf mfy mj sijl 8 br.. Fiw. nkY,

mbrtf Rws 60 br.. v mj s, mfyfis
fhf.

(iv) U vf TLj 60. mtW bga vzhdJ a viz

ngh 4 klF v mbtfis fhf.

(v) U vf TLj 21 mU vfSF ilna cs ntWghL

3 v mbtfis fhf.

(F: bga viz x vf. vdnt, a v x 3 MF)

(vi) U vf 5 : 3 vw j csd. mt ntWghL 18 v

mbtfis fhf.

(vii) vj vUJ mjDila 5% I Fiwjh 3800 ilF?

(viii) xU d gF mj bjhFial 2 mf. nkY

md bjhFlD gFlD xiw Todh 2
3
ilF. v mj dij fhf.

(ix) nk, e taij ngh KklF _jt. 10 MLfSF

wF mtf taJf TLj 80 Mf UF v mtf
jnghija taid fhf.

(x) Ku jDila nr ghia kidF, _ U

gif kfDF va ` 50,000 I jdJ kfSF bfhLjh
v mtUila kid gif kf gif fhf.

40

afj

XUW nfhit: xnu xU cWig kL bfhl X afj

nfhit XUW nfhit vdgL.

<UW nfhit: uL cWfis kL bfhl X afj

nfhit <UW nfhit vdgL.

_W nfhit: _W cWfis kL bfhl X afj

nfhit _W nfhit vdgL.

gYW

nfhit:

KoW

vif

mikj

akw

bfGitila gy cWfis bfhl nfhitia gYW nfhit

vnwh.

gYW nfhit go: cWf f caj mLF myJ go

mgYW nfhit go vdgL.

xj khfis xj mLFfis bfhl cWf xj myJ

Xd cWf vdgLwd.

xj myJ Xd cWfis kLnk Tlnth ffnth Ko.

XUW nfhitf bgUf gyD X XUWnfhitna.

X XUW nfhitia X <UWnfhitah bgUdh bgUf

gy X <UW nfhitahF.

KbwhUikf
(a + b) 2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
(a - b) 2 = a2 - 2ab + b2
a2 - b2 = (a + b) (a - b)
(x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab

fhugLj: vjbthU gYW nfhitia mj fhuf

bgUf gydhf vGJtijna fhugLj vnwh.

xUgo rkghL: mLF myJ goia xwhf bfhl xW myJ

mjF nkgl khfsh Md rkghil nea myJ xUgo
rkghL vnwh.

ax + b = 0 vgJ xU kh mikj xUgo rkgho bghJ tot
MF. F a ! 0 ; a, b Mait khf, x vgJ kh MF.

xU kh mikj X xUgo rkghoF xnu xU kLnk cL.

41

maha 1

fj kw braghL
afj ntoif
ekh 2 = 3 vd %f aYkh?
J nfglhj xwyth? M.
%gz :

2 = 3 vd Wt, fhQ rkghLl bjhlFnth.

4 10 = 9 15

6 1 vgij rkgho UgfK Tl

4

4 - 10 + 6 1 = 9 - 15 + 6 1 ijna eh,
4
4
2
2
2
5
5
5

2 - 2 (2)( ) + ( ) = 3 - 2 (3) ( ) + ( 5 ) 2 vwthW vGjyh.
2
2
2
2
2
2
5
5
mjhtJ,
(2 - ) = (3 - )
2
2
UgfK tf_y fhz, ekF (2 - 5 ) = (3 - 5 ) vgJ ilF.
2
2
5
UgfK I Todh,
2

2 - 5 + 5 = 3 - 5 + 5
2 2
2 2

2 = 3 vd ekF ilwJ
bghGJ, eh 2 3 rk vd %J nlh.
jtW vnf csJ?
2
2
eh rW thf fhngh : `2 - 5 j = `3 - 5 j vgij
2
2
5
5
2- = 32
2
vW eh Ko brj l xU jtW fJ lJ.
U vf tff rk v mU vf rkkhf
UfntL vw KoF tUtJ jtW.
cjhuzkhf. (- 5) 2 = 52 [a (- 5) (- 5) = (5) (5) = 25 ]
v 5 vgJ 5-F rk mW.
2
2
nkny cs fz eh ` - 1 j = ` 1 j , vw Koid bgnwh.
2
2
UJ, - 1 = 1 vd eh Ko brjnj jtW Vgl fhuzkhF.
2
2

cfSF jbghGJ Jljh?

42

maha 2

2.2 rhrJu
2.2.1. mKf
mLJs gff rkkhf cs X izfu rhrJukhF.
ABCD vw rhrJu
(gl 2.1 ghf)
(i) midJ gffS rk.
mjhtJ, AB = BC = CD = DA
(ii) v nfhz msf rk.
mjhtJ, E A = E C kW E B = E D
(iii) _iylf
xiwbahW
brFjhf Urk TLwd.
mjhtJ, AO = OC ; BO = OD,
O AC BD xWbfhW
brFjhF.

gl 2.1

(iv) vitnaD U mLJs nfhz msf TLj 180 MF.

(v) xbthU _iylK rhrJuij
uL rtrk Knfhzfshf wd.
(vi) _iylf ms rkkwit.
2.2.2 rhrJu gugs
JOKE vw xU brtfjhis vLJ bfhnth.

gl 2.2
j gff eLfis Ff. ika fis fhj
kof _y brJ fhz. JO eL F; OK eL A;

KE eL I kW EJ eL R. RA , IF fis izngh. it
C btlL. FAIR vgJ rhrJu.
ekF 8 rtrk brnfhz Knfhzf ilJsd.

44

brKiw toa

njitahd rhrJu FAIR- gu 4 brnfhz Knfhzf

gughF. (mjhtJ D ICR, D ICA, D FCA, D FCR)
vdnt, rhrJu FAIR- gu vgJ brtf JOKE- gu
ghahF.
brtf s JO MdJ rhrJu xU _iy l ^RAh = d1 MF.
brtf mfy JE MdJ rhrJu kbwhU _iy l ^IFh = d2
MF.

rhrJu FAIR- gu = 1 # JO # JE

2
= 1 # RA # IF
2
rhrJu gu A = 1 # d1 # d2 rJu myFf
2

d1 , d2 vgd rhrJu _iy lf sf MF.

2.2.3 rhrJu mikj
rhrJuij uL bghUjkhd Knfhzfshf gj _y
tiuayh. bfhLfgl msfUJ xU Knfhz tiuj d
ehfhtJ cia fhnwh. vdnt rhrJu mikgjF xWbfhW
bjhlyhj uL msf njitgLwd.
tUkhW msf mikjh eh rhrJuij tiua aY.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

xU gf, xU _iyl
xU gf, xU nfhz
uL _iylf
xU _iyl, xU nfhz

2.2.4 xU gfK, xU _iylK bfhLfgoUF nghJ rhrJu

mikj
vLJfhL 2.1
PQ = 6 br.. kW PR = 9 br.. msf bfhl PQRS vw rhrJu
tiuJ mj gugsit fLof.

ju: PQ = 6 br.. kW PR = 9 br..

rhrJu mikj

gl 2.3

45

maha 2

gl 2.4
tiujYfhd gof
go 1

: cjgl xid tiuJ m bfhLfgl msfis

Ff.

go 2

: 6 br. sKila PQ vw xU nfhLJil tiua.

go 3

: P kW Q fis ikafshf bfhL Kiwna 9 br.., 6 br..

Mu msfisila uL tl f tiua. mit
xiwbahW R btlL.

go 4

: PR kW QR I tiua.

go 5

: P kW R I ikafshf bfhL 6 br.. Mu msila uL

tl f tiua. mit xiwbahW S btlL.

go 6

: PS kW RS I tiua.

PQRS njitahd rhrJu MF.

go 7

: QS ms fhz.

QS = d2 = 8 br.. PR = d1 = 9 br.. MF.

gugs fzLj:
PQRS vw rhrJu, d1 = 9 br.. kW d2 = 8 br..
rhrJu PQRS gugs = 1 # d1 # d2 = 1 # 9 # 8 = 36 br. 2.

46

brKiw toa

2.2.5 xU gfK, xU nfhzK bfhLfgoUF nghJ rhrJu mikj

vLJfhL 2.2
AB = 7 br.. kW E A = 60 msf bfl ABCD vw rhrJu
mikJ mj gugsit fhz.

ju: AB = 7 br.. kW E A = 60

gl 2.5

gl 2.6
rhrJu mikj
tiujYfhd gof
go 1
go 2
go 3

: cjgl xid tiuJ m bfhLfgl msfis

Ff.
: 7 br.. sKila AB vw xU nfhL Jil tiua.
: AB vw nfhLJo nk A lJ E BAX = 60 csthW

AX I mikf.
go 4

: A I ikakhf bfhL 7 br Mu msila tl xW

tiua. J AX I D btlL.

go 5

: B I, D I ikafshf bfhL 7 br Mu msila

tlf tiua. mit xiwbahW C btlL.

go 6

: BC kW DC I tiua.

ABCD njitahd rhrJu MF.

47

maha 2
go 7

: AC kW BD f msfis fhz.

AC = d1 = 12.2 br.. kW BD = d2 = 7 br.. MF.

gugs fzLj:
ABCD vw rhrJu, d1 = 12.2 br.. kW d2 = 7 br..
rhrJu ABCD gugs = 1 # d1 # d2

2
= 1 # 12.2 # 7
2
= 42.7 br. 2.

2.2.6 uL _iylf bfhLfgoUF nghJ rhrJu mikj

vLJfhL 2.3
PR = 8 br.. kW QS = 6 br.. msf bfhl PQRS rhrJu mikJ
mj gugsit fhf.

ju: PR = 8 br..
QS = 6 br..

gl 2.7

gl 2.8

48

brKiw toa

tiujYfhd gof
go 1

: cjgl xid tiuJ m bfhLfgl msfis

Ff.

go 2

: 8 br sKila PR vw xU nfhL Jil tiua.

go 3

: PR F ikaFJnfhlha XY I tiua. mJ PR I
O btlL.

go 4

: O I ikakhfbfhL 3 br.. (QS ghas) Mu msila

f XY nk O UwfY XY I (gl 6.43
fhosJ ngh) Q kW S btLkhW tiua.

go 5

: PQ, QR, RS kW SP I tiua.

PQRS vgJ njitahd rhrJu MF.

go 6

: PR = d1 = 8 br.., QS = d2 = 6 br. Mad bfhLfgl msf.

gugs fzLj:
PQRS vw rhrJu d1 = 8 br.. kW d2 = 6 br..
rhrJu PQRS gugs

= 1 #d #d
2
1
= #8#6
2
1

= 24 br. 2.
2.2.7 xU _iylK, xU nfhzK bfhLfgoUF nghJ rhrJu
mikj
vLJfhL 2.4
AC = 7.5 br.. kW E A = 100 msf bfhl ABCD vw rhrJu
tiuJ mj gugsit fhf.

ju: AC = 7.5 br.. kW E A = 100

rhrJu mikj

tiujYfhd gof
go 1

: cjgl xid tiuJ

m bfhLfgl msfis
Ff.

49

gl 2.9

maha 2

gl 2.10
go 2

: 7.5 br.. sKila AC vw xU nfhLJil tiua.

go 3

go 4

: CA UgffY C lJ 50 nfhz clhFkhW

CM kW CN fis tiua.

go 5

AC UgffY A lJ 50 nfhz clhFkhW

AX kW AY fis tiua.

AX kW CM vgd D btlL.

AY kW CN vgd B btlL.

ABCD njitahd rhrJu MF.
go 6

: BD msit fhz.

BD = d2 = 9 br.. AC = d1 = 7.5 br.. MF.

gugs fzLj:
ABCD vw rhrJu, d1 = 7.5 br.. kW d2 = 9 br..
rhrJu ABCD gugs

= 1 #d #d
2

= 1 # 7.5 # 9
2

= 7.5 4.5

= 33.75 br. 2.

50

brKiw toa

g 2.1
bfhLfgl msfis bfhL BEST vw rhrJu tiuJ mj
gugsit fzl.

1. BE = 5 br.. kW BS = 8 br..

2. BE = 6 br.. kW ET = 8.2 br..

3. BE = 6 br.. kW + B = 45.

4. BE = 7.5 br.. kW + E = 65.

5. BS = 10 br.. kW ET = 8 br..

6. BS = 6.8 br.. kW ET = 8.4 br..

7. BS = 10 br.. kW + B = 60.

8. ET = 9 br.. kW + E = 70.

2.3 brtf kW rJu

2.3.1 brtf
izfu xU nfhzms 90 v
mJ brtfkhF.
j gfshtd:

(i) v gff rk.

(ii) vyh nfhz msfS rk.

(iii) xbthU nfhz ms 90.

(iv) _iylf msf rk.

gl 2.11

(v) _iylf xiwbahW Urk TLwd.

brtf gu
ABCD vw brtf gu = s mfy rJu myFf
A = l b rJu myFf.

2.3.2 brtf mikj

tU msf bfhLfglh brtffis tiuayh.

(i) s kW mfy.

(ii) xU gf kW xU _iyl

2.3.3 s kW mfy bfhLfgoUFnghJ brtf mikj

vLJfhL 2.5
mLJs gff msf 6 br.. kW 4 br.. vw msfis
bfhl brtf tiuJ, mj gugsit fhf.

51

maha 2

ju : brtf mLJs gff

msf 6 br.. kW 4 br..
brtf mikj

gl 2.12

gl 2.13
tiujYfhd gof
go 1 : cjgl xid tiuJ m bfhLfgl msfis
Ff
go 2 : 6 br.. sKila AB vw xU nfhLJil tiua.
: A ftuhaij gagL
AX = AB Mf tiua.
: A I ikakhf, 4 br.. Mu bfhl xU tl iy AX I
D btLgo tiua.
go 5 : D I ikakhf 6 br.. Mu ms bfhL xU tliy AB
nkw tiua.
go 6 : B I ikakhf, 4 br.. Mu ms bfhL K tiuj
tliy C btLgo tiuf. BC kW CD I tiua.
ABCD njitahd brtf MF.
go 7 : AB = l = 6 br.. kW
BC = b = 4 br.. Mad bfhLfgl msf MF.

go 3
go 4

gugs fzLj:
ABCD vw brtf, l = 6 br.. kW b = 4 br..

brtABCD gugs = l b

52

= 6 4

= 24 br. 2.

brKiw toa

2.3.4 xU _iylK, xU gf ms bfhLfgoUF nghJ

brtf mikj
vLJfhL 2.6
_iyl ms 7 br.., xU gf ms 4 br.., cs
brtfij mikJ, mj gugsit fhf.

ju : brtf _iyl 7 br.., kW xU gf ms 4 br..

brtf mikj

gl 2.14

gl 2.15
tiujYfhd gof
go 1

: cjgl xid tiuJ m bfhLfgl msfis

Ff.

go 2

: 4 br.. sKila AB vw xU nfhLJil tiua.

go 3

: BX = AB Mf tiua.

go 4

: A I ikakhf, 7 br.. Mu mss xU tliy BX I

C btLgo tiua.
go 5

: BC ms Mukhf, A I ikakhf cila tliy

AB nkw tiua.

go 6

: C I ikakhf 4 br.. Mu mss xU tliy K

tiuj tliy D btLgo tiua.

go 7

: AD kW CD I tiua.

go 8

: BC ms fhz. BC = l = 5.8 br.. MF

53

ABCD njitahd brtf MF.

maha 2
gugs fzLj:
ABCD vw brtf, l = 5.8 br.. kW b = 4 br..
brtf ABCD gugs = l b = 5.8 4 = 23.2 br. 2 .
2.3.5 rJu mikj
rJu
mLJs gff rkkhf cs brtf rJukhF.
rJu gf

(i) vyh nfhz msfS rk.

(ii) vyh gf msfS rk.

(iii) xbthU nfhzK brnfhz.

(iv) _iylf rkmsilad.

(v) _iylf xiwbahW brnfhz

Urk TLwd.

rJu gugs = gf gf
A = a # a

= a2 rJu myFf.

gl 2.16

F : _iyl ms
bfhLfglh rJu
gugs A = d2
2

rJu tiua xnu xU ms njitgLwJ.

xU rJu (i) xU gf ms myJ (ii) xU _iyl ms
bfhLfglh eh rJuij tiuayh.
2.3.6 xU gf ms bfhLfgoUF nghJ rJuij mikj
vLJfhL 2.7
5 br.. gf msila rJu tiuJ, mj gugsit fhf.

ju: rJu gf ms = 5 br..

rJu mikj

gl 2.17

gl 2.18

54

brKiw toa

tiujYfhd gof
go 1

: cjgl xid tiuJ m bfhLfgl msit

Ff.

go 2

: 5 br.. sKila PQ vw xU nfhLJil tiua.

go 3

: P ftuha bfhL PX = PQ Mf tiua.

go 4

: P I ikakhf, 5 br.. ms Mu msthf bfhl xU

tliy PX I S btLgo tiua.

go 5

: S I ikakhf bfhL 5 br.. msila Mu PQ F

nkwkhf xU tl tiua.

go 6

: Q I ikakhf 5 br.. Mu msthf bfhL Kd tiuj

tliy R btLgo tl tiua.

go 7

: QR kW RS I tiua. PQRS njitahd rJukhF.

gugs fzLj:

PQRS vw rJu gf ms a = 5 br..

rJu PQRS gugs = a a = 5 5 = 25 br. 2.

2.3.7 xU _iyl bfhLfgoUFnghJ rJu mikj
vLJfhL 2.8
6 br.. mss _iylij bfhL rJu tiuf. mj
gugsit fhf.

ju: rJu xU _iyl = 6 br..

rJu mikj

gl 2.19

gl 2.20

55

maha 2
tiujYfhd gof
go 1

: cjgl xid tiuJ m bfhLfgl msit

Ff.

go 2

: 6 br.. sKila AC vw xU nfhLJil tiua.

go 3

go 4

: XY , AC btL O vf. vdnt OC = AO = 3 br.. MF.

go 5

: O I ikakhf bfhL 3 br.. Mu msid bfhL U

tl f XY vw nfhil B, D f btLgo tiua.

go 6

AC F ika FJnfhL XY I tiua.

AB, BC, CD kW DA I tiua.

ABCD njitahd rJu MF.
gugs fzLj:
ABCD vw rJu _iyl d = 6 br..
2
rJu ABCD gugs = d = 6 # 6 = 18 br. 2.
2
2

g 2.2

1. bfhLfgLs msfis bfhL JUMP vw brtf tiuJ

mj gugsit fzl.

(i)
JU = 5.4 br.. kW UM = 4.7 br..

(ii)
JU = 6 br.. kW JP = 5 br..

(iii) JP = 4.2 br.. kW MP = 2.8 br..

(iv) UM = 3.6 br.. kW MP = 4.6 br..

2. bfhLfgLs msfis bfhL more vw brtf tiuJ

mj gugsit fzl.

(i)
MO = 5 br.. kW _iyl MR = 6.5 br..

(ii)
MO = 4.6 br.. kW _iyl OE = 5.4 br..

(iii) OR = 3 br.. kW _iyl MR = 5 br..

(iv) ME = 4 br.. kW _iyl OE = 6 br..

3. bfhLfgLs gf msit bfhL EASY vw rJu tiuJ

mj gugsit fzl.
(i) 5.1 br..
(iii) 6 br..

(ii)

3.8 br..

(iv)

4.5 br..

4. bfhLfgLs _iyl msfis bfhL GOLD vw rJu

tiuJ mj gugsit fzl.
(i) 4.8 br..
(iii) 5 br..

(ii)

3.7 br..

(iv)

7 br..

56

brKiw toa

v gff izahf, mLJs gff rkkhf cs

ehfu xU rh rJu MF.

xU rhrJu mikgjF xWbfhW bjhlyhj uL

msf njit.

xU rhrJu gugs A = 1 d1 # d2 rJu myFf. d1 kW

d2 vgd _iylf msf.

izfu xU nfhz ms 90 v mJ brtfkhF.

brtf gu = s mfy rJu myFf

A = l b rJu myFf.

mLJs gff rkkhf cs brtf rJukhF.

rJu gf ms a myFf v

rJu gugs = a a rJu myFf

57

tiuglf

xU ia U msfis (XU il kW xU brFJ) bfhL

FL Kiwia fhOa mik vnwh. Rene Descartes vw
mtuJ bga UJ Cartes vw brh vLfgL fhOa mik
vW mtUila idthf bgalgLsJ, x mR, y mR Ma U
mRfis, fhOa mRf vnw miHnwh.

3.2 fhOa js, Ma mRf-X mKf

3.2.1 xU mikl
gl 3.1 I fhf. ekh Wt vnf
Uwh? r vnf UwJ? nfh
vnf UwJ? ig vnf UwJ? kN
vnf UwJ? vW Tw aYkh? J
vjh? iy. eh Wt, r, nfh, ig,
kN Mat miklfis vthW
rahf Tw aY?

gl 3.1

eh Kj, xWbfhW XuyFbjhiy mikj iznfhLfis

tiunth. mo cs ilnfhL OX MF. bghGJ, gl 3.1 MdJ
gl 3.2 I nghW njhW.
bghGJ Wt, r, nfh, ig,
kN
Maitf
Ulfis
Tw
Kanth.
Wt
UlK
r UlK Kj iznfho
mikJsd.
mjhtJ
OX
vw
monfhoUJ it XuyF bjhiy
jsd.
bghGJ
Tl
ekh
itf miklfis f rahf
Rofhl ayiy. ekF D Vnjh
FHg UwJ. thnw nfh, ig,
kN Mat f rahd Ulfis
Tw ekF fodkhfnt csJ. Vbd
mit ah btntW iz nfhLf mikJsd.

gl 3.2

FHgij jf, eh xWbfhW XuyF bjhiy mikj

brFJ nfhLfis gl 3.2 tiunth. lJ Xu cs brFJ nfhL
OY MF. mJ gl 3.3 csJ ngh njhW.

59

maha 3
iz kW brFJ nfhLf
cjl eh bfhLfgLs bghUf
miklfis khfyh. Kj
Wt Ulij fhngh. mt
OY vw brFJ nfhoUJ 1 myF
bjhiyY OX vw il nfhoUJ
1 myF bjhiyY csh. vdnt
mtdJ mikl (1, 1) vw ah
FlgLwJ.
mnj ngh, r mikl (4, 1)
gl 3.3
vw ahY, nfh mikl (2, 2)
vw ahY, ig mikl (4, 3) vw
ahY, kN mikl (3, 4) vw ahY FlgLwd.
3.2.2 Ma mR Kiw
eh bghGJ Ma mR Kiw vgJ ahbjd Kiwahf tiuaWngh.
Xl OX , Yl OY Mait
U v nfhLf vW
it xiwbahW brF
jhf a bto bfh
wd vW bfhnth. it
jh KG jsij ehF
rk gFfshf F. eh
tiw fhgFf [I, II, III
kW IV] vnwh. glij
fhf. ,
Xl OX vw nfhil
x-mR vnwh.
Yl OY vw nfhil

y-mR vnwh.

O vw ia M
vnwh.
na x-mR, y-mR btobfhS ahF.
Jnt fhOa MamRKiw vdgLwJ.

60

tiuglf

F : xU ia Ff, eh Kj x mR bjhiyit (myJ

ila Js v) wF y mR bjhiyit (myJ
brFJ m Js v) vGJtnj tHfkhF. tir nrho
Kj v x mR bjhiy myJ il bjhiy vdgLwJ,
tir nrho ulh v y mR bjhiy myJ brFJ
bjhiy vdgLwJ.
cW nehf: gl cs P (4, 6) vw ia fUJnth. J y-mUJ
tyJ w 4 myF bjhiyY x-mUJ nkw 6 myF bjhiyY j
mikJsJ. P vw mR ufis (4, 6) vwiHnwh.

3.3 btntW NHf fis Fj

3.3.1 tiugljh xU ia Fj
vLJfhL 3.1
(4, 5) vw ia tiugljh F. (5, 4) xwh?

Xl OX , Yl OY Ma U vnfhLfis
tiuf. mit M O bto
bfhwd.
bghUjkhd ms lij Ko
brJ x, y mRf msfis Fnwh
bfhLfgl P (4, 5). F P , x
mRbjhiy 4, y mR bjhiy 5 MF.
uLnk if. vdnt P (4, 5) vw
Kj fh gF mik. ia
Ff M O (0, 0) bjhl, x
m J tyJ gfkhf 4 myFf efnth.
wF nkneh U y mRizahf
5 myFf efnth. bghGJ, eh P (4, 5) vw ia tjilJnsh.
mjid Fnwh. (nkfl gl fhosgo).
mLJ, Q (5, 4) vw ia eh Fngh. F Q x mR
bjhiy 5, y mR bjhiy 4 MF. uLnk if. vdnt Q (5, 4) vw
Kj fhgFnyna mik. Q (5, 4) vw ia Ff
M bjhl, x m J tygfkhf 5 myFf efnth. wF
nkneh U y mRizahf 4 myFf efnth. bghGJ, eh
Q (5, 4) vw id tjilJnsh. mjid Fnwh. (nkfl
gl fhosgo)
Ko

nkfl glUJ P (4, 5) vw Q (5, 4) vw U

btntW f vgJ f bjthf bjwJ.

61

maha 3
vLJfhL 3.2
tU fis xU tiugljh FJ mit vj vj
fhgFf mikwd vW fhf.
(i) A (3,5)

(ii) B (2 , 7)

(iii) C (3,5)

(iv) D (2, 7)

(v) O (0, 0)

x, y mRfis tiunwh.
bghUjkhd mslij
Ko brJ x, y mRf
msfis Fngh.
(i) A (3 , 5) vw ia Ff:
F A x mR
bjhiy 3, y mR bjhiy
5 MF. uLnk if.
vdnt A (3, 5) vw Kj
fhgF mik. M
bjhl, x m
J tyJ gfkhf 3 myFf
efnth. wF nkneh U y mRizahf 5 myFf efJ
A (3, 5) vw ia Fnwh.
(ii) B (2 , 7) vw ia Ff
F B x mR bjhiy 2, y mR bjhiy 7, J if. vdnt
B (2, 7) vw ulh fhgF mik. M bjhl,
x m J lJ gfkhf 2 myFf efnth. wF nkneh U y
mRF izahf 7 myFf efJ B (2 , 7) vw ia Fnwh.
(iii) C (3 , 5) vw ia Ff
F C x mRbjhiy 3, y mR bjhiy 5 MF. uLnk
Fiw. vdnt C ( 3, 5) vw _wh fhgF mik. M
bjhl, x m J lJ gfkhf 3 myFf efnth. wF neh U
y mRizahf 5 myFf efJ C ( 3, 5) vw ia Fnwh.
(iv) D (2, 7) vw ia Ff
F, D x mR bjhiy 2, J if. y mR bjhiy 7, J
Fiw. vdnt D (2, 7) vw ehfh fhgF mik. M

62

tiuglf

bjhl, x m J tyJ gfkhf 2 myFf efnth. wF neh

U y mRizahf 7 myFf efJ D (2, 7) vw ia Fnwh.
(v) O (0, 0) vw ia Ff
J MahF. x, y Ma U mRufS ank. x, y Ma
U mRfS btobfhS JthF. jid O (0, 0) vw ahf
Fnwh.
vLJfhL 3.3
tU fis xU tiugljh FJ mt
miklfis fhf.
(i) A (7, 0)

(ii) B ( 5, 0)

(iii) C (0 , 4) (iv) D (0, 3)

x, y mRfis tiunwh.
bghUjkhd mslij
KobrJ x, y mRf
msfis Fnwh.
(i) A (7, 0) vw ia Ff
F, A x mR bjhiy
7, J if, y mR bjhiy
a. vdnt A (7, 0) vw
x m J mik.
M
bjhl,
x m J tyJgfkhf
7 myFf efJ tjil
ia Fnwh.
(ii) B (5 , 0) vw ia Ff
F, B x mR bjhiy 5, J Fiw, y mR bjhiy a.
vdnt B ( 5, 0) vw x m J mik. M bjhl, x
m J lJgfkhf 5 myFf efJ tjil ia Fnwh.
(iii) C (0 ,4) vw ia F
F, C x mR bjhiy a, y mR bjhiy 4, J if.
vdnt C (0, 4) vw y m J mik. M bjhl
y m J nkneh 4 myFf efJ tjil ia Fnwh.

63

maha 3
(iv) D (0 , 3) vw ia Ff
F, x mR bjhiy a, y mR bjhiy 3, J Fiw.
vdnt D (0, 3) vw y m J mik. M bjhl
y m J neh 3 myFf efJ tjil ia Fnwh.

f vF mikwd vgij tiugljh Ffhknyna

ekh Tw Kokh? ij ma, fhQ mltizia cW nehFf.

t. v

vLJ
fhLf

x
y
mR bjhiy mR bjhiy

mikl
Kjyh
fhgF
ulh
fhgF
_wh
fhgF
ehfh
fhgF

1.

(3,5)

if (+)

if (+)

2.

( 4,10)

Fiw ()

if (+)

3.

(5,7)

Fiw ()

Fiw ()

4.

(2, 4)

if (+)

Fiw ()

5.

(7,0)

akw v

X m J

6.

(0,5)

akw v

Y m J

(0,0)

tU fis tiugljh Ffhknyna cdh mt

miklfis Tw aYkh?
(i) (2 , 7)
(v) (2 , 0)

(ii) (2 , 7)
(vi) (2 , 0)

(iii) (2 , 7)
(vii) (0 , 7)

(iv) (2 , 7)
(viii) (0 , 7)

3.4 nenfhLfis Ma mRfSF izahd nfhLfis

tiuj
bfhLfgl U fsh Md nenfhoid Ma mRfSF
izahd nfhLfis tiutJ vthW vgij gF eh
ffnsh. nkY js cUtf gugsfis flansh.

64

tiuglf

3.4.1 bfhLfgl U fis izF nfhil tiuj

vLJfhL 3.4
tU fis izF nfhil tiuf.
(i) A (2,3), B (5, 7),
(ii) P (4,5), Q (3,4).

(i) A (2 , 3), B (5 , 7) Ma
fis izF nfhil
tiuj:
Kj (2, 3) vw
ia FJ mjF
A vd bgaLnwh.
mLJ (5, 7) vw
ia FJ mjF
B vd bgaLnwh.
wF f A I
B I nrnwh.
AB vgJ
nfhlhF.

njitahd

(ii) P ( 4, 5), Q (3, 4) Ma

fis izF nfhil
tiuj:
Kj ( 4, 5) vw ia
FJ mjF P vd bgaLnwh.
mLJ (3, 4) vw ia
FJ mjF Q vd bgaLnwh.
wF f P I Q I
nrnwh.
PQ
nfhlhF.

vgJ

njitahd

65

maha 3

3.4.2 Ma mRfSF izahd nenfhLfis tiuj

vLJfhL 3.5
(i) x = 3 tiugl tiuf. (ii) y = 5 tiugl tiuf.
(iii) x = 0 vgj tiugl tiuf.

(i) x = 3 vw rkgho bghU

y mR bjhiy vJthf
UjhY x mR bjhiythdJ,
vbghGJ 3 Mfnt UF
vgjhF. Mfnt, ekF
x
y

3
3

3
4

vw mltiz ilwJ.
A (3, 3), B (3, 4) Ma fis
Fnwh. U fis
izJ UgfK nfhil
odh x = 3 vgj tiugl
ilwJ.
(ii) y = 5 vw rkgho
bghU
x mR bjhiy vJthf
UjhY y mR bjhiythdJ,
vbghGJ 5 Mfnt UF
vgjhF. Mfnt, ekF
x
y

2
5

6
5

vw mltiz ilwJ.
A ( 2, 5), B (3, 5) Ma
fis Fnwh. U
fis izJ UgfK
nfhil odh y = 5 vgj
tiugl ilwJ.

66

tiuglf

(iii) x = 0 vw rkgho bghU

y mR bjhiy vJthf
UjhY x mR bjhiythdJ,
vbghGJ akhfnt UF
vgjhF. Mfnt, ekF
x
y

0
3

0
3

vw mltiz ilwJ.
A (0, 3) , B (0, 3) Ma fis
Fnwh. U fis
izJ
nfhil
odh
x = 0 vgj tiugl ilwJ.
3.4.3 js cUtf gugs
xU tiugljh tiuagl rJu, brtf, izfu, rtf,
Knfhz nghw js cUtfsh milgL gFf gugsfis
tiugljh cs myF rJufis v khf Ko.
vLJfhL 3.6
A (5 , 3), B (3 , 3), C (3 , 4),
D (5 , 4) Ma fis FJ
ABCD vw totjh milgL
gF gugsit fhf.

x, y mRfis bghUjkhd
ms lJl tiunwh.
A (5 , 3), B (3 , 3), C ( 3 , 4), D (5 , 4)
Ma fis Fnwh.
A kW B, B kW C,
C kW D, D kW A Ma
fis
iznwh.
ABCD vw X milgl tot
ekF ilwJ. bjthf
J xU brtf MF. ehF
gffSFS
milgLs
myF rJufis Todh 56 myF rJuf csd.
vdnt brtf ABCD gugs 56 rJu br.. MF.

67

maha 3
vLJfhL 3.7
A (2, 8 ), B ( 3, 3), C (2, 3)
Ma fis FJ
ABC
vw
totjh
milgL
gF
gugsit fhf.

x,
y
mRfis
bghUjkhd
ms
lJl tiunwh.
A (2 , 8 ), B ( 3 , 3) , C (2 , 3) Ma
fis Fnwh.
A kW B, B kW C, C
kW A Ma fis
iznwh. ABC vw
X milgl tot ekF
ilwJ. bjthf J xU Knfhz MF. milgLs tot
cs KG myF rJufis vQnth. 10 KG myF rJuf csd.
miu myF rJufis vghnwh. 5 miu myF rJuf
csd. vdnt, Knfhz gu 10 + 5 = 10 + 2.5 = 12.5 rJu br.. MF.
2

g 3.1
1. tU fis xU tiugljh FJ mt miklfis
fhf.

(i) A (2 , 3) (ii) B ( 3 , 2) (iii) C (5 ,5)
(iv) D (5 , 8)

(v) E (6 , 0) (vi) F (4 , 0) (vii) G (0 , 9)

(viii) H (0 , 3) (ix) J (7 , 8)
(x) O (0 , 0).
2. tiugljh Ffhknyna, nH cs
f xbthW vF mik vW
vGJf.

(i) (8 , 15)
(ii) (15 , 2) (iii) (20 , 10)

(iv) (6 , 9)
(v) (0 , 18) (vi) (17 , 0)

(vii) (9 , 0)
(viii) (100 , 200)

(ix) (200 , 500) (x) (50 , 7500).
3. gl cs A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H kW
O Ma miklfis
mRufis fhf.

68

tiuglf

4.
tU fis FJ mt tbrY nfhLfis tiuf.

(i) (2 , 7) , (2 , 3)

(ii) (5 , 4), (8 , 5)

(iii) (3 , 4), (7 , 2)

(iv) (5 , 3), (5 , 1)

(v) (2 , 0), (6 , 0)

(vi) (0 , 7), (4 , 4)

5.
fhQ rkghLf tiuglfis tiuf.
(i) y = 0

(ii) x = 5

(iii) x = 7

(iv) y = 4

(v) y = 3

6.
tU fis FJ mtwh milgL totf
gugsfis fhf.
(i) A (3 , 1), B (3 , 6), C (5 , 6), D (5 , 1)
(ii) A ( 2 , 4), B (5 , 4), C (5 , 4), D (2 , 4)
(iii) A (3 , 3), B (3 , 3), C (3 , 3), D (3 , 3)
(iv) O (0 , 0), A (0 , 7), B (7 , 7), C (7 , 0)
(v) A (0 , 2), B (4 , 6), C (4 , 6)
(vi) A (1 , 2), B (9, 2), C (7 , 4), D (3 , 4)
(vii) A (4, 1), B (4, 7), C (7, 10), D (7 , 4)
7.
Kija fzF v 6 (i), (ii), (iii) kW (iv) ilF brtff
kW rJuf Rwsfis fhf.

3.5 nenfhL tiuglf

tiugljh nenfhLfis iz nfhLfis tiutij eh
Vbfdnt fwJnsh. xU tiugljh VnjD uL fis
izgj _y ekF xU nenfhL ilwJ v mj tiuglij
nenfhL tiugl vnwh.
3.5.1 fhy-bjhiy tiugl
fhyF bjhiyF ilna cs bjhlig FJ ma nH
bfhLfgLs vLJfhil fUJnth.
vLJfhL 3.8
mKjh kF 3 . ntf elwh. fhyF bjhiyFilna
cs cwit fhL nenfhL tiuglij tiuf.

mKjh kF 3 . ntf elwh, j bghU mt 1 k

neu 3 ., 2 k neu 6 ., 3 k neu 9 . vwthW elwh
vgjhF.
Mfnt, ekF
fhy (x k)

u (y ..)

12

15

69

vw mltiz
ilwJ

maha 3
f: (0 , 0), (1 , 3), (2 , 6),
(3 , 9), (4 , 12), (5 , 15).
nkfl fis Fnwh.
midJ fis
iznwh. ekF xU
nenfhL ilwJ. Jnt
j nenfhL tiugl MF.
x, y Matilna cs
bjhl
bjhiy = ntf fhy
vgJ ehkjnj.
nkfl mltizUJ

0 = 3 0
9 = 3 3

3 = 3 1
12 = 3 4

6 = 3 2
15 = 3 5
( y = 3x
( F, y = bjhiy, x = fhy k kW 3 vgJ ntfij
FwJ )
j fz xUgo rkghL y = 3 vgJ MF.
3.5.2 xU rJu Rws - gf tiugl
vLJfhL 3.9
xU rJu RwsF gf
Filna cs bjhlig fhL
nenfhL tiuglij tiuf.

xU rJu Rws vgJ

mj gfij nghW ehF klF
vgJ ehkjnj.
mjhtJ P = 4a.
(F, P = Rws kW a = gf)
a btntW kffhd P
kfis mltiz gLdh
a (br.. )
P = 4a (br.. )

1
4

2
8

3
12

4
16

70

tiuglf

f: (1, 4), (2, 8), (3, 12), (4, 16).

nkfl fis Fnwh. midJ fis iznwh.
ekF P = 4a vgj nenfhL tiugl ilwJ.
3.5.3 xU rJu gugsF gfF ilna cs rh
vLJfhL 3.10
xU rJu gugsF
gfF
ilna
cs
bjhligfhL tiuglij tiuf.

xU rJu gugs vgJ

mjDila gf tfkhF
vgJ ehkjnj. mjhtJ A = a2 .
( F, A = gugs, a = gf ).
a btntW kffhd A
kfis mltizgLdh.
a (br.. )

A = a2 (r.br.. )

9 16 25

f: (1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9), (4, 16), (5, 25)
nkfl fis Fnwh. midJ fis iznwh.
J xU nenfhL tiuglkh? iy. J xU tisnfhL MF.
3.5.4 X v btntW
klFfis tiugl Fj
vLJfhL 3.11
_ klFfis fhL
tiuglij tiuf.

bghGJ
eh
_
klFfis vGJnth.
3, 6, 9, 12, 15...
nghwit
3 klFfshF.
3 klFfis eh thW
vGjyh 3 n (F, n = 1, 2, 3, ... )
m = 3 n (m vgJ 3 klF MF)

71

maha 3
Mfnt, ekF
n
m = 3n

1
3

2
6

3
9

4 5
12 15

f: (1 , 3), (2 , 6), (3 , 9), (4 , 12), (5 , 15).

midJ fis FJ izjh. ekF 3 klFf
tiugl ilwJ.
3.5.5 jto - fhy tiugl
vLJfhL 3.12
mnrh ` 10,000 MLF 8% vw to j xU t KjL
brJsh. j toF fhyF ilna cs bjhlig fhL xU
nenfhL tiuglij tiuf. nkY, 5 MLf ilF j toia
fhf.

jto = Pnr
100
vgJ ehkjnj.
[F, P = mr, n = fhy MLf,
r = to j]

mr,
P = 10000
fhy,
n = ?
t o j, r = 8%

I = P # n # r
100
I = 10000 # n # 8
100
I = 800 n.

(F, jto I MdJ n I rhJsJ)

n btntW kfSFa I kfis mltizgLJnth.

n (fhy MLf)
I = 800 n ( ` )

1
800

2
1600

3
2400

4
3200

5
4000

f: (1, 800), (2, 1600), (3, 2400), (4, 3200), (5, 4000)
midJ fis FJ mitfis izJ nenfhL
tiuglij tiunwh.
Mfnt, 5 MLfF wF mnrhF ilF j to ` 4,000
MF. (tiugl il l nfhLfsh milahs fhlgLsJ).

72

tiuglf

3.6 nenfhL tiuglfis gojj

ehza gkhw: cyf W f ajh lJ. ma
ehLfSl tjf brtJ vgJ jf ayhj xwh lJ. eh
mthW brif ekJ ehL ehzaij (a gzij) w ehLf
ehzafshf khw ntosJ. btntW ehLf btntW bgaUila
btntW ehzafis gagLJwd. vdnt gz gkhw myJ
ehza gkhw Fj fUJfis eh mJ bfhs ntosJ.
fhQ vLJfhil fUJnth.
vLJfhL 3.13
xU Fl eh xU nuhF fuhd gz gkhw j ` 55 Mf
UjJ. nH cs nenfhL tiugl ehzafSilna cs bjhlig
fhLwJ. ftdkhf tiuglij gojJ mo fl dhfSF
ila.
(i) 4 nuhfSF rkkhd %gh kig fhf.
(ii) 6 nuhfSF rkkhd %gh kig fhf.
(iii) ` 275F rkkhd nuh kig fhf.
(iv) ` 440F rkkhd nuh kig fhf.

4 nuhfSF rkkhd %gh kig fhz :

j tiugl,
x = 4 y mRF
izahf xU l
gl nfhil tiunwh.
bfhLfgl
nfhLl J btL
ia Fnwh.
mUJ
x mRizahf xU
l nfhil
tiunwh.
J y mir 220
btLwJ. (glij
fhf)
vdnt, 4 nuh
fSF rkkhd k
` 220 MF.

73

maha 3

nkny cs (ii), (iii) kW (iv) Ma dhfSfhd

ilfis KaW flf.

g 3.2
1.
tU tufSFa nenfhL tiuglij tiuf.
(i)

x
y

5
1

5
2

5
3

5
4

5
5

(ii)

5
6

x
y

1
1

2
2

3
3

4
4

5
5

2.
nenfhL tiugl tiuJ Lgl kfis flf.
x
y

1
6

2
12

30

3. xU rJu gugsF gfF ilna cs bjhlig

fhL nenfhL tiuglij tiuf.
gf (l)
gu (r. l)

2
4

3
9

4 5 6
16 25 36

4.
y = 7x vgj tiuglij tiuf.
5.
mg xU kGij 40 . / k vw uhd ntf Xo brwh.
bjhiy - fhy tiugl tiuf. nkY 200 . bry mgUF MF
fhyij flf.
6.
vrh xU t ` 20,000 I MLF 10% to j KjL
brJsh. j toF fhyF ilnas bjhlig fhL
xU nenfhL tiuglij tiuf. UJ 4 MLfFa j
toia fhf.

74

ilf
maha 1
g 1.1
1. i) C

ii) B

iii) D

iv) A

v) D

vi) D vii) C

2.
t. v

cWf

khf bfGf

i)

3 abc
5 ca

3
5

ii)

1, x, y2

kh cW, 1, 1

iii)

3x2 y2
3xyz
z3
7

3
3
1
kh cW

2 pq

- 5 qr
7

-5
7

rp

x
2
-y
2

1
2
-1
2

0.3 xy

0.3

iv)

v)

3. XUW nfhit : 3x2

<UW nfhitf : 3x + 2, x5 7, a2b + b2c , 2l + 2m.
_W nfhitf : x2 4x + 2, x2 + 3xy + y2, s2 + 3st 2t2

4. i) 5x2 x 2

ii) 2x2 + x 2

iv) 0

v) 2 (a2 + b2 + c2 + ab + bc + ca)

5. i) a

ii) 4x 18y

iv) x5 +x3 + 5x2 + 3x + 1

v) 5x2y 9xy 7x + 12y + 25

6. i) 7, 5

ii) 13, 1 iii) 7, 1 iv) 8, 1

iii) 3t2 2t 3

iii) 5ab 7bc + 13ca

v) 8, 2

g 1.2
1. i) 21 x

ii) 21 xy iii) 15a2b iv) 20a3 v) 2 x7 vi)

x3y3
3

vii) x4y7 viii)

a2b2c2 ix)
x3y2z2 x)
a3b3c5

75

ilf
2.
Kjyh XUWnfhit "
ulh XUWnfhit .

2x

3y

4x2

5xy

7x2y

6x2y2

2x

4x2

6xy

8x3

10x2y

14x3y

12x3y2

3y

6 xy

9 y2

12 x2y

15 xy2

21 x2y2

18 x2 y3

4x2

8x3

12 x2y

16 x4

20 x3y

28x4y

24 x4y2

5 xy

10 x2 y

15 xy2

20 x3y

25 x2y2

35 x3y2

30x3y3

7 x2y

14 x3y

21 x2y2

28 x4 y

35 x3 y2

49 x4 y2

42 x4y3

6x2y2

12x3y2

18 x2y3

24 x4 y2

30 x3y3

42 x4 y3

36 x4 y4

3. i) 30a7

ii) 72 xyz iii)

a2b2c2 iv) 72m7 v) x3y4z2

vi) l2 m3 n4 vii) 30 p3q

4. i) 8a23

ii) 2x2 3x + 20

iii) 3x2 + 8xy 3y2

iv) 12x2x6

v) - 5 a3 b3
4
5. i) 2a3 3a2b 2ab2 + 3b3

ii) 2x3 + x2y xy2 + 3y3

iii) x2 + 2xy + y2 z2

iv) a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3 v) m3 n3

6. i) 2 (x2 2xy + yz xz y2)

ii) 17a2 + 14ab 21ac

g 1.3
1. i) C

ii) D

iii) B

iv) D

v) A

vi) B

2. i) x2 + 6x + 9

ii) 4m2 + 12m + 9

iii) 4x2 20x + 25

iv) a2 2 + 12
a
2
2
vii) 4l 9m

v) 9x2 4

vi) 25a2 30 ab + 9b2

3. i) x2 + 11x + 28
iv) 64x2 56x + 10

viii) 9 x2
16
ii) 25x2 + 35x + 12

x) 9991

v) 4m2 + 14 mn + 12n2 vi) x2y2 5xy + 6

x y
vii) a2 + c + m a + 1 viii) 4 + 2x 2y xy
xy
xy
ii) a2 10a + 25
4. i) p2 2 pq + q2
iv) 25x2 40x + 16

ix) 12 - 12
x
y
iii) 49x2 9y2

iii) 9x2 + 30x + 25

v) 49x2 + 42xy + 9y2 vi) 100m2 180mn + 81n2

vii) 0.16a2 0.4ab + 0.25 b2 viii)

x2 2 + 12
x
2
y2
xy
x
ix)

+
x) 0.08
9
3
4
5. i) 10609 ii) 2304 iii) 2916 iv) 8464 v) 996004 vi) 2491

vii) 9984

viii) 896

ix) 6399

76

x) 7.84 xi) 84

xii) 95.06

ilf
7.
ab = 9 , a2 + b2 = 41
4
2

8. i) 80, 16, ii) 196, 196

10. x3 + (a + b + c) x2 + (ab + bc + ca) x + abc.

9. 625
g 1.4
1. i) C

ii) D

iii) A

2. i) 3 (x 15)
iv) 4y (5y2 3)
vii) 9m (2m2 5n2)

iv) C

v) B

ii) 7 (x 2y)

iii) 5 a (a + 7)

v) 5ab (3a + 7)

vi) pq (1 r)

viii) 17 (l2 + 5m2)

ix) 3x2 (2xy 4y + 5x2)

x) 2a2b (a3b2 7b + 2a)

vi) (a + b) (ax + by + c)

3. i) a (2b + 3) + 2b (or) 2b (a + 1) + 3a
ii) (3x 2) (2y 3)

vii) (ax b) (x2 + 1)

iii) (x + y) (3y + 2)

viii) (x y) (m n)

iv) (5b x2) (3b 1)

ix) (2m2 + 3) (m 1)

v) (ax + y) (ax + b)

x) (a + 11b) (a + 1)

4. i) (a + 7)2

ii) (x 6)2

iii) (2p + 5q) (2p 5q)

iv) (5x 2y)2

v) (13m + 25n) (13m 25n)

vii) (11a + 7b)2

2
vi) ` x + 1 j
3

viii) 3x (x + 5) (x 5)

ix) (6 + 7x)(6 7x)

x) (1 3x)2

5. i) (x + 3) (x + 4)

ii) (p 2) (p 4)

iii) (m 7) (m + 3)

iv) (x 9) (x 5)

v) (x 18) (x 6)

vi) (a + 12) (a + 1)

vii) (x 2) (x 3)

viii) (x 2y) (x 12y)

ix) (m 24) (m + 3)

x) (x 22) (x 6)

g 1.5
3

1. i) x
2
v) 5 xy
3

2 a2b2c2
ii) 6y iii)
3
vi) 9l2 m3 n5

77

iv) 7m 6

ilf
2. i) 5y2 4y + 3

v) 8x3 4y2 + 3xz3.

iv) x + y 7
3. i) (x + 5)

iii) 5 x2 2x + 3
2
2

ii) 3x3 5x2 7

ii) (a + 12) iii) (m 2) iv) (5m n)

v) (2a + 3b) vi) (a2 + b2) (a + b)

g 1.6
1. i) x = 6

ii) y = 7

vi) x = 6 vii) x = 2
2. i) 18

iii) y = 4

iv) x = 12 v) y = 77
x) m = 6
7
iii) l = 19br. ., b = 11br. .

viii) x = 12 ix) x = 6

ii) 29, 30, 31

iv) 12, 48
v) 12, 9
vi) 45, 27
ix) e jnghija taJ 15 MLf,

vii) 4000

viii)

3
5

nk jnghija taJ 45 MLf.

x) kid gF = ` 1,50,000

kf gF = ` 1,00,000

maha 3
g 3.1
2. ii)
ulh fhgF
iii) _wh fhgF

iv) ehfh fhgF

vi) x-m J

v)
y-m J

vii) x-m J

ix) Kj fhgF

viii)
_wh fhgF

x)
ulh fhgF

3.

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
O

fhgF/ mR
y - m J
ulh fhgF
x-m J
_wh fhgF
y-m J
ehfh fhgF
x-m J
Kj fhgF
M

6.
7.

v) 16 br.2
i) 26 br..

g 3.2
5. 5 k

mRuf
(0,4)
(-3,2)
(-5,0)
(-4,-6)
(0.-3)
(7,-1)
(4,0)
(6,3)
(0,0)

ii) 56 br.2 iii) 36 br.2

iv) 49 br.2

vi) 12 br.2 vii) 18 br.2

ii) 30 br.. iii) 24 br..

iv) 28 br..

6.
` 8,000

78