MaUF....

ma ghl Ua
gig btL jUz
vKidUJ wghd Cfid, Mjuit e tU fngh,
fngh r_fnjhUF vf berhj efis g brnwh.
cy _iyKLFf vyh JJ fLofS, MfS
nkbfhL tUtjh, maiy bghUjtiu, mj mogil
bfhiffS, nfhghLfS vj X Wahd tiuaiwF cglhJ,
fhynjhW khbfhnl Uj
fTL. ma cikfis,
fUJfis mt rhuij J rfhk ca glfSl ml
KaWnsh.

)) ehnd brnw

- khzt xbthUtU jhkhf nkbfhtd.

)) ehfns brnwh - khzt FGfshf J nkbfhtd.

)) cWneh mnth - Mauh brJfhl jfd.
_whtJ braghLf, nkbfht rnw fodkhd myJ rhu,
mghafukhd ntbghUf bjhlghditahf UF.
nkY mJ bfhnth jiy csit, ghl rhj aL cikf/
brf Mad btW jftfns m nj fnzhl khzhfiu
mbrf rhJ nrhj TlhJ.
kL vgJ fwYfhd kbwhU js vw ntWgl nfhz
mQfgLsJ. JbfhSjiy KjikgLJtdh, cUnghLj vD
tHfij KYkhf ntuWf Kid fhlgLsJ. fwjtiw mwhl
th gagLJ w, fiy F w, gFjh jid nghwtiw
CfgLj ntL. xU dhF xF nkgl ilfis khzhf jU
th UFkhdh, mjF Kaf vnghJ ghuhlglntL.
nkY ma jffS, izajs KftfS, ghlf W
bfhLfgLsd. cflUJ Mftkhd fUJfS, krdfS
tuntfgLwd. jFahd krdf fU bfhsgL, cgLjgL.

- Ma FG
sciencetextbook@gmail.com

81

ma

ma fUJfis fg brJfw Kiw X mogilTwhf

midtuhY VWbfhsgLsJ. ghlf lbgWs braghLf
thyhf, mjj ghlfUJfis kL fWbfhsnth, rghfnth
khzhf ftdij Ff brtjF khwhf braghLfis brnghJ,
mtwh flagL Ko vgJ mLjnjh nrhjid nkbfhtjF
lkgjhf Uj ntL. gagLJ bghUf iykthf, jj
UlfSF mUnf v ilf ntL vgJ fU UjgL,
braghLfS MfS totikfgLsJ. braghLf nkbfhtij
begLj, mit _W fshfgLsd.

cl aff

1. cl aff
1.1 kj clY mj
affS
fl glfis cWnehFf.
gl cstf vj tifahd
braf
<LgLsd.
mbrafis
mtf
vthW
fJwhf?
kj cl midJ bra
ghLfS vYf kW jirf
af cjah
eilbgW
wd.

jirfS, vYfS
bragLwd?

vgo

bgUghyhd jirf, cl
gntW cWf afnfh,
cl
iyahf
gjnfh
cjwd. jirfsh vYfis
js ayhJ Gf kLnk aY.
gy
jirf
izfshf
gahWwd.
vYfSl
jirf, jir ehfsh izf
gLsd. jir eh vgJ joj
iH myJ jfL nghw iz
R khWgl mikghF. xU
jir WfgLtj _y mj
s RUfgL mjDl izj
vY
GfgLwJ.
Wa
jirahdJ jsjgL, mj
iz jir WfgLtj _y
mj vY L giHa iyF
UwJ.

83

ma

vYfsh Md f Kakhd
flikgh
kj
cl
cUthfgLsJ.
jirfsh
izfgLs
flik
vY kly vdgLwJ.

cl aff

braghL 1.1

ehnd brnw

if vY jirf ntiy br Kiwia kh

x _y sFj
njitgL bghUf: kumsnfh, mfykhd xL
ehlh, xU g
m) eh uL kumsnfhfis vLJ mt U
Kidfis xL ehlh _y iznj.
M) xU bga gid vLJbfhL, mj fhgF
msF Cnd.

ma

) g uL Kidfis ku ms nfh
uL gffY fond. g Ujiy
jirahf bragLwJ.
<) mj uL kumsnfhfis bkJthf wJ
_ond.
c) eh g ms kW mj tot Vgl
ntWghLfis cWneh FJ bfhnl.

KHif
_o
afij
gl
fhoathW
eKila
ifid
o
klFnghJ
KHif cs _L vgo
Ujiyjir RUFj
_L
ifid
klFnghJ
Kjiy jir jsj
Ujiyjir jsj
Kjiyjir
RUFj

ifid
LnghJ

bragLwJ vgij, mJl

if
cs
U
jirfshd
Ujiyjir
kW
Kjiy
jir vthW xWbfhW vuhd
ir bragLwd vgij
bjthf mayh. ifid klF
nghJ nkif cs Ujiy
jirf RU jokdhtij
ifid
LnghJ
jsJ
tij fhzyh.
Jnghy
ifid klF nghJ Kjiy
jirf jsJ L, LnghJ
jirf RU jokdhtij
fhzyh.
vY fodkhdJ. J btw
rhg w bghUfsh MdJ.
_ uL gF fk
nrkf myJ fha, ghng,

84

cl aff

fhgndLf nghw jkf

mlsd. xU gF fk
bghUfsh MdJ. J v
cilaToajhf csJ.

2.
3.

4.

vLJfhL
bjhil vYf,
fh vYf
fhu vYf,
ifbaY,
KifbaY
ifu vYf.

Filahd
vY
jilahd
vY

kfL,
fQfh vY
kilnahL
vYf
njhgil
cs fhiu vY,
njhgil cs
khbgY

xGfw
tot
bfhl
vYf

KJbfY bjhl
filahf cs
th vY,
kilnahL,
Kf vYf

1.2 _Lf kW mt tiff

vYf, _Lf _y xWl
xW
izJsd.
_Lf
uL
vYfSF
ilna
mikj cWahd iz iH
_y izfgLsd. iz
iHf
iz
Rfsh
cUthdit.
_L vgJ vd?

vY
R

t, kr
vY k{i#

xU _L vgJ vYfSF
ilY,
FUbjYfSF
ilY, gf, vYfSF
ilY izig VgLJ
gFahF.
RT

bgahoa
br

bjhil vY btL njhw

FUbjY mik

85

ma

vYf xU lbghU my.

it
btw
Fiwj
vilbfhl fodkhd glyjhY
beUfkhd gy mLFfshY Md
vY Rfsh Mdit. vY
ika flgR nghw bghUf
csd. it vY k{i# vdgL.
it uj tgQf kW
uj btisaQfis cg
brwd. ekJ cl jjik
bfhl
aikahj, Ka
cWfshd _is, Eiupu, ja
nghw
cWfis
vYf
ghJfhJ guhkwd. nkY
it
cl afF
cjwd. vYghdJ fodkhd
njhyh
_lgLsJ.
j
btiwF bgahoa vW
bga. e cl fhzgL midJ
vYfis tot mogil
ehF
Kjik
tiffshf
tifgLjyh.

v
tot
1. skhd
vY

cl aff

braghL 1.2

_Lf J miraToait.
vdnt tiw J mir
_Lf vd, y _Lf ewhf
miraToa
tif
csd.
vdnt tiw mir _Lf
vW miHfgLwd.

ehnd brnw

eh
vDila
iffis
RHnd.
eh vDila iffis kl
ca jsnd.
eh vDila kfil
ltykhf Und.
eh vDila jiyid
ltykhf Und.
eh
vDila
thid
mfykhf wJ _ond.

iz
iH

gJ

nkfl braghLf Ka
gF tF jirf kW
_Lf bgafis vGnd.

ndha
ut
ndha
gly

ma

_Lf tiff
_Lf mt mir mo
gil
tifgLjgLsd.
_Lf y mirah.
tiw
mirah _Lf vnwh.
y
t.
v

_Lf
iz
tif

LbgY

L cs mir _L

mik

vLJfhL

kilnahL
vY,
KHfhvYf,
fQfh vYfSF
ilnaahd iz.

1.

ehiz
_Lf

iz R ehfsh
vYf
izfgLsd.
tF
il
ut
ilbt iy. mirf
iy.
xbthW ija
izgh izfgLsJ.

2.

FUbjY
_Lf

vYf, FUbjYf _y
izJsd. ndha fhJ kl, _ E,
khbgY
ut ilbt iy.

3.

j
_Lf
Fl
miraToait.
ut _Lf irf
itfSilna
ilbt
(myJ)
csJ. _Lf FUbjYghY
ndha rthY Mdit.
ndha
j ilbt ndha
_Lf
ut csJ.

86

L, njhgil vY
nrUl, KHif, Kj
fGJ
KbsY,
ulhtJ
fGJ
KbsY,
fQfh
vYf fhzgL.

cl aff

y ut
_Lf)

_Lf

(ndha UwJ. J mir ikakhf

bfhL aFtiy.

gJ z _L

Kis _L

v.fh. njhgil, L vYf.

iz U vYf xU
vY Kid gJ nghy, kbwhU
vY Kid z nghy
fhzgLwJ.
v.fh. Kj, ulhtJ fGJ K
vYf.
kil XL

_L

njh gil
vY

v.fh. KHfh, KHif

iz U vYf x
Kid FJ, kbwhU vY
Kid
FJ
fhzgL.

ma

yh vYf
KJF jL
LbgY

Fj gF,
Fj
izUF.

bjhil vY

gFl

tGF _L
v.fh. fQfh vY, csif
vY, njhgil vY, khbgY.
iz vYf nkgF
tHtHghf,
jilahf
kj vY TL
braghL1.3

ehfns brnth

ehf M Tl cs kj
vYTo khia MuhJ,
mj mikig mnjh.

87

cl aff

iz U vYf x Kid Tikahf, cUisahf

T totY fhzgL. kbwhU vYghdJ j J tlKidahf
RHtJ nghy mikJsJ. iz iH (Ligament) gh ms
csJ. J jiyid ltykhf Ug gagLwJ.

1.3 vYTL
eKila mirfshd elgJ, XLtJ nghw gy jkhd mirfSF
vYTlhdJ xU fU nghW bragLwJ vgjid g Jtiu
eh mnjh. eKila vYTo mik kW mt
fis fhngh.
kj vY TL

mR rlf

ma

kilnahL

izW rlf

khTL
KJbfY khbgYfS

kj
vYTo
cs
midJ
vYfis
ekh
vz Kokh?
M. ekh Ko. kj vY
To
206
vYf
csd.
itf mR rlf, izW
rlf
vd
U
fshf
fgLsd. j fis
mj cfis vikahf
ma nkny cs gof ekF cj.

njh tisa,
nk gf cW
vYf

L tisa,
gf cW
vYf

fGJ gil
vYf

kh K
vYf

L K
vYf

c kil
vY
fF

KJbfY
tLf

_bfY

UbfY

nkjhil vY

th vY

jhil
vY

KJbfY bjhl

kj kilnahL

88

cl aff

mR rlf
KJbfYghdJ tisj j
wghd mikid bgWsJ.
J 5 gFfshf fgLsJ.
mitf tUkhW:
1. fGJgF - gF
7
KbsYf csd.
2. khgF - gF 12
KbsYf csd.
3. tWgF - gF 5
KbsYf csd.
4. UbfY (L gF) gF 5 KbsYf
csd.
5. th KbsY (vr cW) 4 KbsYf csd.

khTL khbgYfS
J Eiupu, ja nghw
aikahj
cWfis
_o
ghJfhwJ. 12 iz (24) yh
vYf csd.
yh vYfS, khbgYfS ,
KJbfY izJ kh Tlhf
csd.
Kj 7 iz yh
vYf neilahf khbgYl
izUwd. it cik
yh vYf vdgL.
jid mLJs 3 iz yh
vYf khbgYl neilahf
izfgliy. it bghyh
vYf vdgL.

Kj, ulhtJ KbsY

khbgY

cik yh vYf

bgh yh vYf
jF yh vYf

yh vYf, khbgYf

89

ma

W cs uL 11, 12 MtJ
iz yh vYf jhf,
khbgYl
izahjjhf
UF, j izahj yh
vYf, jF yh vYf
vdgL.

cl aff

izW rlf

rlf ntiyf

izW
rlfkhdJ,
jhFj: J cliy jh,
njh gil vY, L vY totid bfhLwJ.
tisafis cslaJ.
ghJfhj:
ja,
_is,
(if, fh vYf)
Eiupu nghw aikahj cl
fhiu vY
cWfis ghJfhwJ.
af: af vYf
benfh
nghW
bragL,
mirfSF cjwJ.

njhgil vY

nrF jhJ cf: fha,

ghng, fhgnd nghw y jhJ
cfis nrJ itwJ.

nkif vY
Mu vY
Kif vY
kfL vYf
csif vYf

uj brf cg: vY
k{i# uj tgQf, uj
btisaQf, uj jLf
cg brwJ.

u vYf

ma

tyJ njh tisa, nkgf cW vYf

L F
Knfhz
vY
bjhil vY

e cl cs f skhd vY,
f a vY
kj cl fhzglToa
f skhd vY, bjhil vY
MF. ruhr kjcl, j
s Rkh 45 br MF.

KHfh vY
fh vY
fQfh vY
csfh vYf
u vYf

e cl fhzglToa f
a vY c fh cs
mfto vYghF.

tyJ L tisa, gf cW vYf

rlf
vYf

vYf
vif

1.4 yFf af(kG,

fugh, gwit, , gh)

mRrlf

80

izW
vYf

126

cz, Ul, Matiw

njo,
vfl
UJ
jfis
fhJbfhs
izf
lfdhY
yFf
lbgawd.

bkhj

206

90

cl aff

lgLjYF Vg jirf aFtjh, jir af eilbgWwd.

if, fhf, nl, ghj kW wiff nghw mff, FW iHf,
iHf, izWf, JLf mirfSfhf ydf
fhzgLwd.
braghL 1.4

ehnd brnw

mltiz ulhtJ fy cst vJ vYF eynjh

mij
vY
ts
fyY,
vJ
vYF
F
jUnkh, mij vY cWFiyfhd fyY vGnd.

vYtsj

eh ah

vY cWFiy

Nax
MfAh
gSF clg
gir iu tiff

fha
<ukhd l
itl - D
gh

f
nyna
thG
cdfshF. mt Ta
cl mik aFtjF Vw
tif mikJsJ.
JLf
f lbga cWghF.
it wghf JtjF Vw
jftikid bgWsd. bgU
ghyhd
f
thgFia
miynghW gftho mgo
go
mirJ
Jwd.
(v.fh. o ). isa kW

s nghw jil mikila

f, nkY Gkhf Jwd.
yhF l cliy bgWsd.
J j cl KGtij gftho
mgo go mirJ JwJ.
Fl y f JLf
mirthdJ
irfis
khw,
nkY G j, ltykhfnth,
tylkhfnth
j
gagL
wd.
vYf
y
f
jf cj fhW igfis
bfhLsd. nkY, fhW
91

ma

ifoj

cl aff

l
(th
gfthL
af

RUFjY jsjY mLjLJ

bjhlahf
eilbgW.
J
xbthU
flF
flj
gL
kGid
Kndh
af cjwJ. G efjYF
eu klykhdJ tl kW
jirfSlD, clF ut
mGjJlD
izJ
xU
izj
braghlh
efj
eilbgW. RUjsj clF
ut _y G cl KGtJ
gu af KGikahf eilbgw
cjwJ.

yhF
(jiy Kj
th tiuyhd
S tot af
Kndha
af

ndha
af

ndha af

r af

ma

myJ thf uggoUF.

it f jf cjwd.
kG
kG af mitf
tl
kW

jirfshY,
lhf
jir ahY
eilbgWwJ.
lhf
lh
FD csd. lh F
cs jirf RU jstjh,
lhf
btna
LjY,
cGjY
eilbgWwd.
itf
kG
efjnghJ
k nkguid gbfhs
cjwd.
jirf
VgL
braghL 1.5

kG efJ brY gu
fodkhd
gughfnth,
fzho
nghW tGtGghd gughfnth,
vthW UD xL ut
cjah
kG
vjhf
lbga brwJ. JnghW
guig g bfhs lhf
gaglhJ. kG xU lF
25br. efwJ.
RUFj
cuh gF

af
ir

ehnd brnt

eh
uL
kGfis
vLnj. eh xiw fzho
eGtY,
kbwhiw
brhubrhu ghd guY itnj.
mitf vJ ntfkhf efjJ
vW cW neh, mj fhuzij
vGnd.

kG af

fugh
fugh
ahdJ
iuthf
Xl, ewhf gwf Toa
ahF.
jF fugh tW
w cs 6 fhf bgJ

92

cl aff

cjwd. X neuf K
fhf bjhilgFia kl,
fhfis o itUF
eLfhfis jkF trahd
gF itF.
efUnghJ
Kfhfis efu ntoa ir
neh Ut _y efjiy
nkbfhwJ. khgF U
iz wiff csd. K
iz
wifahdJ
joJ
fhzgL. J cliy _o
ghJfhwJ. iz wiff
bkikahd rth Mdit. J
fugh gwgjF gagLwJ.
czbfh

gwit

gh af

gwitf, fhWkly thif

nfw jftikfis bgWsd.
t cl mikghdJ fh
gwgjF Vg Ttotid,
fh
gwFnghJ
fhW
jilid FiwF tifY
mikJsJ.
gwitf
Kdfhfjh
mt
wiffshf jftikfgLsd.
itf
clvil
Fiwthf

wiff
fugh

gh
miy miyahd lbgaahd
S-tot efthdJ bgUghyhd
ghf Y yY efu
gagLJwd. gh fGJ
gF cs jir UJ
bjhlF RUf mirf xbthU
gFY efJ, xU bjhlahd
miy tiria cUthFtj _y
vjhf Kndh JwJ.
nkY xbthU RU jSjY
jilF vuhf bragLwJ.
Mdh y J ghiwf,
isf, gsf, ff nghw
jilf mjDila brfsh
93

KJbfY mw cdf
afK MjhuK.
KGtJ utdh ug
gLs cUis G jirf,
thl efjYF gagLwJ.
ytif bkYlf ut
mGj gf _y RU,
jsj Kiw jir ghjf
efj _y efwd.
bkYlf cl nk
w
fhzgL
nkoyh
RufgL TLf gyjf
mikJ,
mitfSF
ghJfhid jUwJ.

ma

f h

Wfkhf
gWtj
_y
jilfis g c ntfkhf efJ
brwd. vdnt, t cl
cs brf j jilfis
g nkY mG Kndh
efwd.

cl aff

Uf mt clw vYfS,
mtYs fhW ua fhW
igfSnk fhuzkhF. j vil
Fiw, fh gwf cjahf
csJ. nkY rthj, eTu
nghw
totKs
jirahdJ
vYjo _y gwit kh
izJsJ. j vYjL
vdgL.
f
r
thj
njhgil jirfSl izj
wiff nkY G mirgjh
gwj eilbgWwJ.

nehF mir

fhQ
Kiwf
bgU
ghyhd gwitf gwwd.

ma

nehF mir
gwit wiff, neh
moFnghJ mj wFf x
nk xW gotjh fhW cns
fKotiy. mjdh gwitf
v fhdh cj gL
gwwd.

nknehF mir

nknehF mir
gwit
wiff
nk
neh brYnghJ mj wFf
KW wd. jdh fhW
wFf tna brwd. mjdh

wFj

gwitf wiff Rygkhf nk

neh vGwd.
wFj

iz

uf

gwitf wF nghJ mj
wiffis RU jiygf
GJbfhwd.
mjDila
th jLghdhf bragLwJ.
mjdh v jiu wFwJ.
94

cl aff

braghL 1.6

ehnd brnw

eh gwitf mt wFfis gagL

gwgij ghnj. eh gwitf gytifahd
wFfis nrfnj. eh mtiw fh
jiyf
vDila g jf
xond.
wF
F wF
th wF

kL
1. fhgdtW xU ntWgL brhiy flJ, mjfhd
fhuzij vGJf.
m) fhiubaY M) kilnahL ) bjhil vY <) gJz _L

3. nfhol lij uf.

m. jir ehzhdJ ________ ia ________ cl izwJ.

M. kG efjYF cl jirfS kW ________ cjwd.

. vYid btwkhf NJs fod njhnghw mik

________ vdgL.

4. vY klykhdJ cl afF cjtnjhL, ntW gf

ytiw nkbfhwJ myth? mtiw goaLf.
uj brfis cUthFj

5. 'm' kW 'M' Matiw milahs fL mt gfis vGj.

M

95

ma

2. jiyid gftho Ug cjwJ. J xU _o gahF. mj

_o bgaiu vGJf.

cl aff

6 nH cst bghUjhj xiw flf.

m

1. njhgil iz gJz _L
2. _L

Kj, ulhtJ fGJ KbsYf

3. tGF _L

khbgY

7. gl ghJ tiuJ mj ghffis Ff.

m) gJ

M) bgahoa

) kr ki#

<) vY R

ma

8. kj _o gl tiuJ, mj bgaiu vGJf. nkY "m" kW "M"

ghffis FJ mt gfis vGJf.
m

9. fhuz TWf
m) yFf mirf mt vY klyij mogilahf
bfhlit.
M) lehf c thtjF clg aikahjJ.

nkY ma
f

Modern zoology- Dr. Ramesh Gupta - Prakash Publications.

Human anatomy- T.S. Ramanathan - S. Chand and Company Ltd.

izajsf

96

fhW, , y khRgLj

2. fhW,

, y khRgLj

ma

, y, fhW Mad f
Kakhd aif tsfshF.
cz, cil, Ul nghFtuJ
kW bjhrhiyf nghw kj
njitfSfhf
RW
NH
Ugjfhj khwfis VgL
tUtjF kjFynk bghWghF.
Rfhjhukhd RW NH ghf
kjf
fLghlw
braghLfns
fhuzkhwd.
kfbjhif bgUf fhuzkhf
ntshik, nghFtuJ, bjh
rhiyf VgLtU bgUf
bjhlghfnt bgUghyhd RWNH
nfLf VgLwd.

kj braghL _yf
bjhrhiyfUJ btnaW
ifdhY, thfdf, khdf,

cg
iyaf
vbghUfis vgjh clhF
ifdhY fhW khRgLwJ.
Kakhf, thfdfis af
vbghUf
vfgLjY,
bjhrhiyifnghfS
cg iyafS btgLJ
ifdh fhW khRgLwJ.

2.1. fhW khRgLj

aa
kW
nta
braKiwfsh
fh
gF
bghUf VgL khwnk fhW
khRgLj vdgLwJ. jdh cl
eyF F iswJ.

2.1.1. fhW khRgLj _yf

uL jkhd _yf csd.
mit,
1. aif _yf
2. kj braghL _yf
(Mungh)
aif _yf
vkiy bto, fhL, fl
c bj, cd mj,
xnt Mfuz, rJyf,
kfuj f, Jf nghwit
nkyLUJ
faf
jhJf, tkly fR
Vgl fhuzkhwd.

98

fh, 20.9% ct (M#),

78% ieu#, 0.03% fay th, ah,
lh, iAu# f Fiwj
ms
uh
Mad
csd.
ah fhW khrilt 50%
thfdfUJ
btnaW
ifdh VgLwJ.

gRik y is
UJ
tklyF
brY mft f xU
gF tklyYs gRik y
th _ybghUfsh bgUgF
crgL
L
midJ
irfY cHgLwJ. jdh
nkgu, tkly
mLF btgkilwd. J gRik
y is vdgL.

fhW, , y khRgLj

fhW khRf
fhQ mltiz fh fyJs khRf ytiw , mtwh
kjDF VgL isfis fhzyh.
t.
v

khRf

wl

isf

1. fhg nkhdhirL

vbghU
vfgLj

J kj nkhFnshndhL
izJ fhgh nkhFnshdhf kh, kuzij
VgLjyh.

2. fay th

yf, wF
vfgLj

cyf btgkilj.

3.

ieu#
Mi[Lf

4. fjf il Mi[L

thfdf
my kiH VgLj.
btL if
fjf vj

f vr, MJkh, Eiupu

Wneh Kjyhd nehfis
VgLj.

ma

99

fhW, , y khRgLj

my kiH

ma

yf,
bgnuh
Kjyhd
vbghUfis
vFnghJ
mtYs
ieu#,
fjf,
fhg, nghwit M#Dl
(ctl) nrJ vJ jkJ
MirLfis jUwJ. Jnt
tklyYs
uhl
iznghJ, Kiwna ie
my, fjf my,
fhgh
myf cUth, nkgu
my kiHahf bghwJ.
my kiHdh VgL isf
kj ff kW njh
vr VgLj.
ijKisj
kW
g
tsia jil brj.
k tsij ghJ jhtu
f kW th cdfis
mj.
fllfis
mizfL
fis mj.
tkly
gRik
y
thf ml (fay th,
nj) mfFnghJ, FWa
miys fRfis L
ia
neh
ugwJ.
ijbjhlJ

ruhr
btgiy (Global Mean Temperature)
mfwJ.
jidna

btgkhj vnwh.

Xnrh Jis

Xil VgLj vnwh. Xnrh

Xildh fL F isF
wCjhff ia milwd.
fhW khRghil fLgLJj
fhW
khRghil
tf Fiwfyh.

fl

frL vbzfis gagLJ

tij jJ, jukhd vbghU
fis, fhakw bgnuh, c
Or kW mGjgl aif
thfis
gagLJtij
CfgLj ntL.
thfdf
gagLJtij
Fiwf
ntL.
bjhrhiy
fUJ
bttU
if
fyJs khR bghUfis tofoa
d t klyF btnaw
ntL.

Xnrh Xil
Xnrh xU wkw th. J
tkly
nkyLFf
(nunlha)
fhzgLwJ.
t
kly
fyF
y
khRfsh Xnrh mL ml
FiwwJ.
jidna
Xnrh

100

braghL 2.1

ehnd brnw

eh U rfu thfd/ngUJ/
Mnlh nghwt gaz brj
wF, bka jhsh(Tissue Paper)
vDila Kfij fGJgF
kW _ gF Matiw
JilJ eh fltiw g
brnj.

fhW, , y khRgLj

mf msyhd kufis eL, 2.2.1. iu khRgLJ bghUf

fhiw ikgLJtnjhL, RW
khRgLjyh trha, Fo,
NH fay th msit
Ff gagL , f UF
Fiwfyh.
ikahd e Mjhuf ms
2.2. khRgLj
Fiwwd. Kakhf bjhrhiy,
aa, nta, ca trha giz Kjyhdt
iyf Ugjfhj khwf f mikfUJ bttU
VgLtnj khR MF. jdh khR bghUfns khRghoF
kjgaghLF cgnahfkwjhf fhuz.
Mjhuf khtUwd.

Fj, J Jitjyh
Fs cs khrilwJ.
vdnt brafis jj
ntL.
ehfns
braghL 2.2
brnwh

fyJ
mtiw
khrila
brwJ.
bjhrhiyfUJ
btL
btg,
aif
RHia ghwJ. jid
btgkhRgLj vnwh. Fiwj

m ) ehf Foj, FgjF,

JitgjF
gagLa

Mat khfis X x
CLU ghu Cndh. wF
kh bgaiu vG xondh.
wF ehf mj kh thrid,
myjik, mj w Matiw
xL,
ehf
fljij
mltizgLndh.
M) nrhjidF gagLa ,
eh gagLJtjF ghJfhghd
jhdh vd thnjh
) uridfhd
bjhFJ tHndh.

fis
khR milj

101

ma

bjhrhiyfns,
bgUksF
ffis ehnjhW iyf
gy tf khrilwJ.
nrwd. gizf cUthF
ff,
cuf,
njs iyf ehSF fheil
eh khrilJ, Jehw Rt bfhf trha ghrd
njhL bfhRf m f iyfis khrila brwd.
mfkhd
vif
Lf, mYtyff, bjh
bgUfkilwJ. J knyah rhiyfUJ
btnaW
neh gut fhuzkhwJ.
fuhdJ,
iyf

fhW, , y khRgLj

btgiy thG cdf, khRgLjiy fLgLJjY

jhtu
tiff
btg
dh jLjY
bfhygLwd.khdh
f
id
bjhrhiy
fiuJs ct ms
fUJ btnaW K
FiwwJ. bjhrhiyf kW
RffntL.
cg iyaf F%oahf
thW Rffgl iu
gagL nu btg MF.
F%Lj, njhlF

ma

f Rf iya
f Rf Kiwf aa, nta, ca Kiwfis
cslaJ.
1. Kj jLryil nghw mik Cnl f brYjgLwJ.
2. ms bgjhf cs ffshd Ff, of, bef
nghwit tofo fgLwd.
3. d bjhoF brYjgL toflgl cs kz
fgLwJ.
4. d bga bjho id frL gotjfhf lgLwJ.
5. lff mogF gowJ.
6. d ntW xU bjho iuL vbz, nghw jF
ff toflgLwJ.
7. mLJ bjho fhid brY mfhYs catia
RthF ghOahfis bgU, mt_y njityhj
ffis ghOahf cbfhsgL mf Rj
bragLwJ.
8. thW Rffgl mffbghUfS, njitaw,
khR bghUfS Fiwj msnt UF. d MWf
lgLwJ.

102

fhW, , y khRgLj

ghRj nghwtF L
gagLjyh.
id
fdkhf
ga
gLJnth vd midtU cW
Vf ntL.

Figf, ffis Lf
mUnyh, bjUf Xufnyh
nruhk ghJ bfhsntL.
Fghf kiHfhyf Fj
ftd njit.

103

ma

iyfSF
rW
j
2.4 y khRgLj
Jfis Jitf ntL.
aifahd ygughdJ,
2.3. id Rfj
bjhrhiy,
tf,
L
iyfis tjil Kdnu gaghL, trha braghLfsh
fYs
khR
bghUfis khRgLwJ. Jnt y khR vd
FtJ id Rfj MF.
miHfgLwJ.
sho,
tifahd Rf Kiw f
yF ff, rhaff,
Rf vW miHfgL.
trha ff yij khrila
f vwh vd?
brwd.
Lf, bjhrhiyf, kUJt 2.5. yij khRgLJ bghUf
kidf, mYtyff kW gy
Fahf
gagLj
gL
tifUJ btnawgL cuf, bfhf, f ,
f vdgL. kiH bjUf bjhrhiy ffsh ykhdJ
btskhf Xo, f fygJ khrilwJ. Kakhf Fig
mlF.
Tsf
yid
khrila
brwJ.
F isF y khR
bghUf
ytiw
v
btnaw ayhJ. cyryit
gagLjgL y ntbghUf
jF vLJfhlhF. ghJfhghd,
Rfhjhukhd RW NHYF F
VgLJ
fbghUfis
Kiwahf
mwgLJtJ
aikahjJ.
cufis mfgoahf ga
gLJtJ k
isr
wid FiwF. jhafis
ghF
fis
bfhy
gagLjgL bfhf
k
eik
br
y
cfis mF.
y khR milj

fhW, , y khRgLj

k m _ynk yJF
bgU
gh
VgLwJ.
kQF okhdkhf UF
ku,
brofis,
mfWtjh
k m VgLwJ jdh
fhW kiz vjhf moJ
brwJ. kiH mkid
Rjkhf moJbrW LwJ.
ftdFiwthd
trha
Kiw,
y
rhiyf
mikj
kW Lkidf cUthFj
Mait
y
khRgLjYF
fhuzfshF.

ma

2.6. iwa ma-gnahngh

aif
EQf
_y
jahfgL KGtJ knghF
jikila
sho(be)
bghU tfbga Mfh#
MF.
tif
sho
nAhnkhghk
MF.
mjhtJ

gh iAuh onu (PHB Polyhydroxybutyrate) c sho

vgJ fhff, kfhnrhs kh,
glh kh nghw Jf
Toa bghUfis EQfsh
ijJ cUthfgl sho
MF.
EQf
ijjYF
ik
kW
irnrhik
nghw EQf fhuzkhwJ.
c sho, bghUf v
kfToad,
cbghUfnshL
id
aToait.
v
JfToad.
c sho-gaf
bghUfis ciwpL (Package)
brj, kUJtJiw, ntshik
Jiw nghw gy tf c
sho gagLwd.

braghL 2.3

ehfns brnwh

c sho jahF Kiw.

njitahd cgfuzf: 1. kfhnrhs kh 2. r 3. f

4.

brKiw : ehf xlhj ghu xiw vLJ bfhnlh. ehf

m xU njfuo kfhnrhs khit, ehF njfuo iu vLJ
bfhnlh. ehf mJl xU njfuo rD, xU njfuo fU
nrJ girngh M, ehf jkhd btg ewhf fyndh.
Kj girnghw bghU cUthF. d mJ b# (GEL) nghw
bghUshf khW. btgij Fiwjl fhW Ffsw, bjthd
bghUshf khWwJ. mjid xU fodkhd sho jo C gu mjid
xU eh KGtJ cyndh. Jnt c sho MF.

104

fhW, , y khRgLj

ciwpL brj: gHf, Kil,

gjgLjgl
iw,
F
ghdf nghwtiw itf ga
gL jLf kW fyf, rhf
jahf.
ntshik : brof kW fhf
brof tsf gagL bjhof
jahf.
kUJt : braif ja thf,
guik, vY K uik
jfLf kW braif njh
jahf.
cfSF bjkh?

njitaw bghUf VnjD

jwdth?
vgo
mRj
kiljd?
fFHhf
VnjD izJsdth?
ff
vitnaD
kfsh
iyf mU bfhlgL
wdth? ahnuD Ffnth

khR ffh (Pollution Patrol)

vbz
fyJsjh
gwitf vthW ghfgLwd?
jid fla Kanthkh?
gwit x wif vLJ
bfhSf mJ vjik vgij
cW nehFf.

105

ma

iyfis cW nehFf.
cf oF myJ gF
mU iyf csdth? mJ
W Fsnkh, nuhilnah, Vnah,
Mnwh, flnyh vJthD cf
bgnwh myJ Ma cjl
eF cWnehFf.

myJ
JJitfnth
brwduh?
fheilfis
fGwduh? thfdf myJ
cH vuij fGwduh?
miyia NJ yfnsh
bjhrhiyfnsh
csdth?
nghwtiw cWneh mJ
bfhnth.

ma

fhW, , y khRgLj

cf ifdhnyh cUbgUF
cs vbz t
fzhoahnyh nrhJ ghJ
wiff rgl bkGid
mjij g bra. vd
ijJLwJ.
jdh
ghfnsh mjid vGJf.
gwitf _nah, fL
nghJ wif m, XU
Fdhnyh cHF.
lf fJ vLJghUf 4. bjhrhiyf
cg
vd
czf?
nghJ
iyafUJ
btnaw
cUbgUf by _y ghJ,
gL fjfil-MirL nghw
F vLJ bfhSf.
thf
iyff
kW
ghf nghw cdfis
mLJ
rikf
gagL
bfhwd.
vbzia m fyJ m
wif mJ vLf. vd braghL 2.4
cWneh mnth
czf? nrhJ ntWghil
btgkakhjiy
ftf. vbz girs ehf cyf
jLF
tz
cyfs
wif vj ghfgLwJ?
VnjD xgj bragLsjh?
vd izajs vf Ma
uf khRgLJj
cjl Muhnjh.
fgf
1. vbz
bfhfyfis fGtj_y jkjdhf, ehf vgo fhW
MLnjhW
10
yr
l khRgLjiy vthW Fiwfyh?
vbz
f
flf
1. ehf vf ef efkw
fywJ.
cWduhf Ujh.
2. cuf gf tsia
2. ehf vf gF kfSF
iugLJ. Mdh MWfS,
Rjkhd , fhW ilf
nuhilfS erhwd.
vthW
cjnth
vd
goaLj.
fl
gwitf
wiff
3.
bkGdh
rgoUF.
3. ehf cyf btgkakhj g
it fl _FnghJ
RUfkhf vf tFgiw
ciu fJj.

f Filf Xuf
ijy kufis (eucalyptus) eL
tsFgo Mnyhrid Tw
gLsJ. Vbd kuf
fiu
iuthf
c
bfhL, a uhia t
kly btLwJ.

fhW khRgLj

106

fhW, , y khRgLj

zz
zz
zz

 ( khR jL kW fLghL)

rl 1974
fhW (khR jL kW
fLghL) rl 1981
RWw NH (ghJfh)
rl 1986

RWNHiy ghJfhf ekJ W

gf Tl bga khwij
VgLJ.
fhQ
_W
Ffis ehnjhW id
bfhL gw ntL. Fiwj,
L gagLJj, kWRH.
RW NHyhdJ cs
cUs,
cuw fhufnshL
mf ms f beUa bjhl
xiwbahW rhUf t
brJsJ. cuw bghUf
aikahj
fhu
MF.
aifahf, kj braghLf
shY jnghJ VgLs e
gwhFiw
cyfs
jiyaha
urid MF. ia ghJfhf
Vuhskhd
kufis
eL
ghJfhngh. eh Vuhskhd kufis
elh kiH ms bgU e thF
njitahd ey njhZz iy
y. mJl tklyY
ct ms mfJ ekJ
FHijfis khRghlh VgL
nehfUJ ghJfhfyh.

kufis fhngh

thit fhngh

107

ma

5.
gwitf
aifF
khwhf
bka XLila Kilfis l
bfhf fhuzkhwd.
6. iwa iy gjhuF
nkgl khRgLf fhW, ,
k Ugjhf jhtu kW
yF Rf CLUtjhf
flagLsJ.
7. khRgLj vgJ cq urid
kLkW J xU cyfsha
urid.
8. Frhjd bgoUJ bt
naW FnshnuhSnuh fhg
(CFC) Xnrh mLif ghJ
njh
Wneh
Vgl
fhuzkhwJ.
9.
gts
ghiwf
gh
Fshwd.

fhW, , y khRgLj

kL
1. eKila vfhy rjdUF ey RW NHiy mikJ
juntLkhdh vjifa vbghUis rikaYF gagLJf?

(wF, khLrhz, rika vth, kbzbz, rhzvth)

2. fl bghUfis L
gagLJf.
gagLjgl fhj ciw
gagLjgl thJ mil
fh jfuFtis (o)

vthW

gaDs

bghUfshf

ma

3. lh, mUzh filF brW I rhlhf. lh,

jh rhl I Ftisia oF vLJ brW mFs
FigTil nghlh. Mdh mUzhnth Ftisia rhiy
nghlh. mj iy Ujh vd brth? V?
4. FGthf RWyh brw l jhf gagLa fh jfu
Ftis, fzhoo, jKs czf, gagLa fhj jLf,
ifFilf Matiw mgona LL brwd. vit
knghF bghUf? vit kfhj bghUf? mnf brw FGd
mj bghUfis vyh vd brUf ntL vW f
fUJf?
5. uhK eh fhoUJ fgl jhfis nrJ itwh.
mjh xU gF btWikahf Ugij ftwh. mtdJ j
braUJ f mtJ vd?
6. fdkiHia bjhlJ tsU ehLf, efuf Fuhkf
_y gu nehf mfkhf guwd. _y gu nehf VnjD
uoid FLf.
7. fltF jFj fhuzfis TWf.
m. bjhrhiy mU tsJs kuf midY Rf
goJsd.
M. kiygFfYs kufis mf btLtjh k m VgL
MgJ clhF.
. F isfToa nt bghUf MW fygjh MgJ
clhF.
<.

iwa NH f Fof gagLJ ghJfhghdjhf

iy.

c. efukakhjyhY, bjhkakhjyhY btgkhj mfgjF

fhuzkhF.

108

fhW, , y khRgLj

8. MuhJ mf.
m. cf L lffis vtif ijw brwhf
vgJ cfSF bjkh?
M. mlff vthW nrffgL fgLwJ? wF
mff vnf bfhL brygLwJ?
. vndhuh vw mik bgaiu nfgoUfsh?
mj braghLfis nflf.
9. mwhl th fhW khRgL lfis flJ uf,
2. bjhrhiy ika
1. L (bfhRuo)
4. RWyh jyf
3. JiwKfF mU
5. fbghUf nrfF lf 6.


7.
8.
9. 10.
10. cf o cs
mltizgLJf.

fhQ

ytiw

ciwf
2) rika ff
3) gh
5) sho bghikf 6) jif(bjkhnfh)
Jf
8) njh brU
9) giHa
11) rhu xa

ca ijF
cshF ff

ca ijF
cshfhj ff

11. thj brf - mQiyadh eikah? ikah?

nkY ma
f

World science- Bay books Pollution - Macmillan

izajsf

www. kidsforsavingearth.org, www. tiki.oneworld.net

109

ma

1) sho igf
4) fzho JLf
7) fhj
10) ku

fbghU

mQ mik

3. mQ

3.1. mQ mik gHfhy

fnzhlf

jJtij xUwJ.
mjF
.K.
400M
MLth nuf jJtPh
blkhoa
gUbghUf
mQfshyhdit vd Tdh.
mQf sf Koahjit vw
mDkhd ma bghUSF
mQ vw
brh tHfglJ.
nuf
bkh
mQ
vw
brhYF cilf Koahjit
vgJ bghUshF.
xU thij f a nkY
f Koahj gF vGJ vgJ eh
mjnj. njngh, xU bka
ehlhit vLJbfhL W W
gFfshf F
nghJ xU
iy nkY f Koahj a
Jff clhwd. khahd
f Koahj jk f a
Jfns mQthF.

gHfhy
thj
a
mPfS
jJtPhfS
gUbghUf
vgit,
a
f Koahj Ea Jffsh
(mQ) Mdit vd edhf.
mtfSila thjgo, uL
3.2. nt nrif f
myJ _W mQf iznj
nkFlgl
jJtPh
bghUf cUthwd. j
fUJ mQmik _yTW f bfhiff Vf Toajy.

111

ma

eh gl gntW bghUfis
fhnwh.
cUs,
cuw
bghUf midJ gUbghU
fsh
Mdit.
gUbghU
fLkhd
myFfshf
mQf
fwd. mQf cUt
f ait. mtiw 10-10m (1A)
vw ms FLnth. gHfhy
mPfS
jJtPhfS
mQ
mikig
vthW
sdhf
vgjid
ma
Kidnth.

mik

ma

mQ mik

Vbd gnrhjid _y mit

nta khw fGnghJ,
%fgliy. fhy Xl bghUik khw fGkh?
ma
mPf
bjhlJ
bra 3.2 cWneh mnth
tufis
nrfJ
tjd.
j_y gUbghU mst, 5% nga FnshiuL (5 uh
nga FnshiuL 100
gg gFf _y bknkY
fiufgl
fiur),
nrhoa
a fLofS TWfS rng
fiurfis
j
njhd. mj isthf cUthd jahf
jahf
js
bghJthd TWfns nt nrif nrhoa
rng
fiuriy
T
FLitY,
js
fshF.
nga
FnshiuL
fiuriy
1. bghUik mik
nrhjid
FHhY
vLJ
2. khwh j
bfhf.
nrhjidFHhia
3. jiy j
TFLitD
bjhfLf.
T
FLit
iwia
fhf.
4. bgUf j kW
uL
fiurfS
5. nfr gUk iz mj
Mait nt nrif f xwhf nrU tz T
FLitia ftdJl ewh
mlFgit. t Kj uil
RH U fiurfis fyf,
kL thngh.
ewhf
FYf.
ntid

3.2.1. bghUik mik

(ytha 1774)

Koj
T
FLit
iwia fhf.
uL
fiurfSilna
fG
idia
ftJ
g brf. T FLitYs
uL
fiuriy
fya
bghGJ fjJ vd? nt
idF KD, nt idF
D T FLit iw
khwhk Ujjh? j nrhjid
_y f mtJ vd?

X aa khw fGnghJ
bghUik khw fGkh?
bra 3.1 cWneh mnth
xU
_ol cs T
FLit
js gfo
JLfis
vLJ
bfhf.
mjDila
iwia fhf.
Jneu
fJ,
gfo
JLf
cU
uhf
khW
aa khwij fhzyh.
L
FLit
iwia
fhf. UJ f vd
mf?

nga FnshiuL, nrhoa rng

fiurf idJ btikw
gothf nga rngil
nrhoa
FnshiuL
fiuriy
cUthFwd.

iw vj jkhd khwK
ntid ftjF
iy vgij ma KowJ.
ntidF
D
UJ aa khw eil
bgWnghJ, gUbghU bkhj FLit iw xnu
Ugij fhzyh.
iw khwhJ.
112

KD,
T
msthf

mQ mik

iAu#
kW
M#
iwj vbghGJ 1 : 8 vw
j
UF.
njngh,
gntW nrkf jahfgl
Kiw khWglyh. Mdh mtYs
jkf ia khwhJ mit
Fl j jh UF.

TFLit

xU a nt nrk, vKiw
jahfglhY
m
cs
jkf xU Fl khwh iw
j jh ToUF

nga
FnshiuL
fiur
nrhoa
rng
fiur

bus (1754 - 1826)

3.3. lhl mQ bfhif

ntid ftjF K cs
#h lhl vw My g
bkhj iw, ntid eilbgw Ma eh Jtiu flj
wF cs bkhj iw rkkhf nt nrif f kW nuf
mik vW Twyh.
jJtPhf fUJfis kd
itJ bfhL,
mjKs
3.2.2. khwhj
mQ bfhifid ga va
(bus 1779)
midJ nrkfS uL fUJfis RUfkhf btlh
myJ mjF nkgl jkfsh (1803-1807).
cUthdit.
mthW
cUthd 1. xbthU gUbghUS f
nrk vthW bgwglJ, ahuh
a f Koahj Jffshd
jahfglJ? vgij bghUJ
mQfsh clhf glJ.
mikahk, m cs jkf
vbghGJ khwh j UF 2.mQfis Mfnth mfnth
KoahJ.
vgij bus czjh.
rhwhf, iu gntW _yfshd
kiH,
zW,
fl,
MW
MatUJ bgwhY mYs

113

3. xU jk mQf ah
vyh tifY xnu khahfnt
UF.

ma

bragho_y bghUik
mah ia tUkhW Twyh.
aa
myJ
nta
khw _y iwia Mfnth
myJ mfnth KoahJ. Jnt
bghUik mik .

mQ mik

4. btntW
jkf
mQf
vyh
tifY
btntwhfnt UF.

4. mQF
_yTWF
ilnaahd
ntWghil
Jakhf sf Koaiy.

5. khWgl jkf mQf

xWl xW Fl, va
kW KG v j
izJ
nrk
mQfis
(_yTWf) cUthF.
6. ntidf <LgL
a Jf mQthF.

3.3.1. lhl mQ
bfhif iwf

ma

1. nt
nrif
fSF
(bghUik mah kW
khwhj
)
Vfjf
sf mjJ.
2. mfhyfl magoUj
thf
kW
kf
gfis saJ.
3.3.2. lhl mQ bfhif
Fiwf
1. b t n t W
jkf
mQf mt ms, iw
kW izw Mat
V khWgLwd? vgij
KGikahf sf Koaiy.

X ViH berth kfdhd

#h
lhl
jDila
gulh
ta
jkJ
uhknyna Ma Mdh. VG
tUlfSF wF mnj g
Kjtuhf gjh. 1793
khbrl ef cs xU
f aa, nta,
fj ghlfis fJ tjh.
1803 jkJ mQ bfhifia
btlh. jkJ sikfhy
Kj, Wfhy tiu xbthU
ehS
btgiy,
mGj,
kiH ms Matiw g
brjh. mt ifnjj thiy
Muhahsuhf Ujh.

2. btntW jkf mQf

vthW izJ nrk mQf
cUthwd
vgij
3.4 gUbghU jik
KGikahf sfiy.
3. xU nrk _yT cs
mQfSF
ilna
cs
izF irf jik
fis
KGikahf
sf
Koaiy.

114

gUbghU jik g
mtj _y, mQf iaig
J bfhsyh. gUbghUf
jikia
Jbfhs
tU braiy brnth.

mQ mik

bra 3.3
ehnd brnw
njitahdit:
a
fhj
JLf,
sho
,
fzhoF, xU a gL
J, fhW ua xU g.
1. e h nkir nk a fhj
JLfis vLJ itJ
bfhnl. eh vDila
cyj Koid sho
gh
gyKiw
nd.
cldoahf eh mj ig
nkirnk cs a fhj
JLf mU bfhL
brw bghGJ mj a
fhj
JLfis

__________ vdh ftf

KojJ.

nkFLs uL bra
ghLf _y uL bghU fis
njF bghGJ mj bghUf
}l bgWwd vgij
ekh
maKowJ.
vUJ
mj }l tjJ? xbthU
mQY }l bgw Jf
csJ vgJ bjjh kLnk, j
nffhd il mf Ko.
KjKj
ikf~ghunl
jh nkbfhl
Mf
_y
gUbghUf jik
bfhlit vgij cW brjh.
mt nrhjidf _y rhu

1891M ML mayhJ ehL

aayhs #h{ #h nlh
nlh
vgt
mQf
vgit
vyuhf
vW
KjKj
Kbkhjh.
jifa
Muhna
1897M
ML
n#.n#.jhr
mQ
mogilJffis
fla
ttFjJ.

3.5. mogilJff
fLo
Fiwj
mGj
cs
thf tahf cadGj
brYnghJ eilbgW ffns
mogil Jff fLoF
mojskhf mikjd.
1878 r a F% vgt
wf
FHhia
bfhL
nrhjid nkbfhSnghJ, uL
cnyhf thfSF ilgl
gF fQF ygL tif
xfiw ghtij mtuh fhz
KojJ. it F%ff myJ
vthff
(nfnjhL
ff) vd miHfglJ. j
nrhjidF
gagLjgL
wf FHh F% FHh myJ
vthFHh (CRTf FHh)
fhW xU fljh bghUshf
bragLtJ
aif
ekF
mj xU bfhilahF. J
ghif, fhW xU wj
flahf
bragoUjh
vghuhj gdh cUthF
W bgh Tl e midtiu
rhu ghrYF cgLL.

115

ma

2. e h xU fzho Fia
xU
gLJ
J
njnj. mjid eh fhW
ua xU g mU
bfhL brw bghGJ mJ
gid ____________vdh
ftf KojJ.

vgJ

mQf
vw
Jffsh MdJ vd Tdh.

mQ mik

vW miHfgLwJ. J th uggl, UwK _lgl xU

l fzho FHhahF. j U KidfY U cnyhfjfLf
(thf) mfdGj ntWghL jU fyDl izfgLsd.
fy v Kidl izfgL th vth
(cathode) vd ne Kidl izfgL th neth
(anode) vW miHfgL. iwgh XWl izfgl gfFHh
xW UwJ. wf FHhD cs mGjij Fiwf j
iwgh gagLwJ.
Fiwj th
mGj

vth

ne th

iwgh

ma

v th
ff

mf mGj

3.5.1. vyuh fLo

d n#.n#.jhrD mnjngh gFas btlkhfgl (0.01
bkF mGj) wf FHh thfSilna 10,000V
camGj
rhuij
brYJnghJ,
FHh
kWKid
xbghU rgLs iuJ xU ufhrkhd x VgLtij
fljh. v thUJ tU ff x bghU
rgLs
iuJ
nkhJtdh
miu
xwJ.

ff
vthUJ
bttUtjh,
it
vth
ff
(nfnjhL
ff)
vwiHfgld.
itna, d vyuhf vd tHfgld.
vth

Fiwj th
mGj

neth

vth
ff

10000 V ca mGj

116

x bghU
rgl iu

mQ mik

xU jiks bghU: fQF ydhfhj ff rigL

J gLnghJ, mit cftugL, fQF ydhF ffshf
btlgLwd. bghU xU jiks bghU MF.
3.5.2. vth ff gf
n#.n#. jhrD kwtfS vth ff gfis ma
gntW nrhjidfis eld.
nrhjid 1
vth ff tU ghij xU a bghUis ne,
vthfSF ilgl gF itjh, vthF v
gf bghU cUt, tot khwhk H cUthtij ghf KowJ.
bghU H

vth

cnyhf bghU

ca mGj

Ko : vth ff
aFwd.

nenfho xWbfhW izahf

nrhjid 2
vth ff tU ghij vil Fiwj rfuij v kW
nethfSF ilgl gF itjh rfu RHYwJ.
vth

Fiwj th
mGj

vil Fiwj
rfu

ca mGj

117

neth

ma

neth

mQ mik

Ko : vth ff
Mdit.

iw, af MwYila a Jffdh

nrhjid 3
vth ffis y tna brYJnghJ v th
ff nethia neh yfkilwd.
vth
ff y
mw iy

Fiwj th
mGj
vth

ne
th
ca mGj

x
x bghU
rgl iu
vth
ff y
cs iy

Ko : vth ff v}l bgwit.

ma

nrhjid 4
vth ffis xU fhj y tahf brYJnghJ
vth ff brYjgl fhj yF brFjhf
yfkilwd.
vth
ff fhjy
mw iy

Fiwj th
mGj
vth

x
ne
th
ca mGj

x bghU
rgl iu
vth
ff fhjy
cs iy

Ko : v
 th ff yfkil iria bfhL mff
vJffsh Mdit vgjid mayh. Jff
vyuhf vd miHfgLwd.
nrhjid 5
nkTa
midJ
nrhjidfis
btntW
thfis
btntW vth wf FHhfis bfhL L L
bragLwJ. vth ff gf vj khwKiy.

118

mQ mik

Ko: vth ff wfFHh cUF th

jikianah, vth jikianah rhjJ my.
nkfl Kofis bfhL vth ff gfis fns
vGjyhnk!
vth ff gf:1.

Mnya ma
mP n#.n#.jhr

2.

vyuh kW

3.

Inrhnlhfis

4.

fLojh.

5.
3.5.3. nuhlhf fLo

nethUJ
tU neth
ff

Fiwj th
mGj

neth
ff

f w x

neth vthUJ
tU vth
ff

ca mGj

119

Jislgl
vth

ma

mQ v}l bfhl Jff csd. vdnt mjF

rkkhf ne}l bfhl Jff Uf ntL vd nfhLO
idjh. Vbdwh, mbghGJjh X mQ eLiy jikia
bgUf Ko. mj isthf mt mQ nuhlhf Ufyh
vd fjh.
nfhLO nrhjid (1886)
vthf nrhjidia nfhLO s brnghJ,
Jisl gl vthia gagLdh. Fiwj mGj cs
thD ca mGjij brYJ bghGJ, vth w
ka t w x xtij flh. ff nethUJ

mQ mik

iw
wf
cUthtjh mit neff 5. Jf
myJ nethff myJ
FHhYs
th
mQ
fhth ff vd miHf
iwF rkkhf UF.
gLwd.
nethff
3.5.4. mogilJff gf
ne}l bfhl Jffsh
Mdit.
iAu# thit wf
FHh
vLJbfhSnghJ
bgwgL
ne
Jff
nuhlhf
vdgLwd.
xU
iAu#
mQUJ
X vyuhid FnghJ, xU
nuhlh ilwJ.

ma

H+
(nuhlh)

e(vyuh)

iw mQ iw
myF
(m..m)

x
Rik

vyuh(e)

0.00054
m..m.

-1

nuhlh(p)

1.00778
m..m.

+1

Jff

3.6. mQ kh vjF?

vdnt,
nuhlh
vgij
+
thf tahf rhuij
iAu#
ma
(H )
vW
tiuaWfyh. (maf vgit brYJnghJ mQit sf
vw
Ko,
m
}l bfhl JffshF. Ko
it
ne}lnkh
myJ
1. vyuhf,
v}lnkh bgUfyh.)
2. nuhlhf csd vw
neth ff gf
Ko tuyh ga bgwd.
1. nethff nenfho
gaF.
2. nethff ghij
itfgl rfuij RHy
brwd. vdnt, neth
ff iwila Jffdh
Mdit.
3. nethff yjh
kW
fhjyjh
v
thia neh yfkil
wd.
it
ne}l
bfhl
Jff
vgij
mayh.
4. neth ff gf
wf FHh cUF
th
jikia
rhJ
mik.

vyuh,
nuhlh
Ma
mogilJff
gfis
g mj is gntW
mQkhf cUthf ttFjd.
mQ kh vgJ mQYs
gntW
mogil
Jff
mik g TWtjhF. gntW
mQkhfis
g
J
bfhtj _y mQ Kjik
mikid
mJ
bfhs
KowJ.
3.6.1. jhr mQ kh (1904)
jhr Kbkhj mQ khia
jr gHnfh, myJ gGj
bfhah
gHnfh
xlyh.
jr gH eh cQ t

120

mQ mik

wkhd rijgFia ne nfhs 3.6.2. jhr kh tuf

vW mj fUikw ijfis
vyuhf vW fUjyh.

n#.n#.jhr TWgo,

kL
I. rahd il nj brf.
1. gntW Kiwf bgwgl fhgilMiro cs fhg kW
M# xU Fl khwh j csJ vgJ vj ia
bkgjhF?
m) jiy j

M) khwh j

) bgUf j

2. Ys iAu# kW M# iw j
m) 1:8

M) 8 :1

121

) 2:3

ma

1. mQthdJ ne}l bfhl

nfhskhF.
nfhsD
vyuhf bghfgLsd.
ne}lK,
2. bkhj
v}lK rkkhf Ugjh
xbthU mQ eLiy
jikia bgWsJ.
jhr
mQkh
ghgjF
nf cyuhiria bghjJ
ngh UF (Plum pudding model).

jhr kh eLiyjik
g
btfukhf
ss
nghY, mtuh ne}l
bfhl
nfhsdh
vthW
v}l bfhl Jffshd
vyuhfis
eLiy
jikgLjhk jLf KowJ
vgij
sf
Koaiy.
X
mQthdJ
vyuhf,
nuhlhf kLkyhk, eLiy
Jffshd
uhfis
bgUfyh. ij g f
ca tFf ff.

mQ mik

3. lhl mQ bfhif jtwhd TW vJ ?

m) x
 bthU gUbghUS f a f Koahj Jffshd
mQfsh clhfglit.
M) x
 U jk mQf ah vyh tifY btntW
khahfnt UF.
) b
 tntW jkf mQf vyh tifY btntwhfnt
UF.
4. lhl mQ bfhif btfukhf sFtJ
i) bghUik mah

ii) khwhj

iii) faf

iv) bgUf j

m) (i), (ii) kW (iii)

M) (i), (iii) kW (iv)

) (i), (ii) kW (iv)

5. jhr mQ kh rahd TWf

i) ne}l mQ uhf gJsd.

ma

ii) ne nfhsD vyuhf uhf gJsd.

 yuhf xiwbahW ftJ
iii) v
mila brwd.

mQit iyjik

iv) mQ mQ iw uhf gJsd.

m) (i), (ii) kW (iv)

M) (i), (ii) kW (iii)

) (i) kW (iii)

II. nfhol lfis uf.

m)
M)

_________ v}l bfhlJ. ( vyuh/nuhlh)

nuhlh_________
(ne/ v)

Kid

gf

yfkilwJ.

III. fy 1 csij itJ bfhL fy 2 kW 3 I bghUJf.

g
(fy-1)

v th
ff(fy-2)

neth
ff(fy-3)

1. }l tif

m) rhjJ my

f) ne}l

2. Jf

M) v}l

) rhjJ

3.
 wf FHh
cUF th jik

) v th

r) nuhlh

4. wl

<) vyuh

P) neth

122

mQ mik

IV. FLs thaf vit jtwhdit? jtwhd thafis

rahf vGJf.

m) vth
ff
JffdhMdit.

iw,

af

MwYila

bga

M) vthff fhjyjh yfkilwd.

) vthff cUF th jik rhjJ mW.
V. il njlyhkh?
1. X vil Fiwj rfuij, vth ff tU ghij itF
nghJ rfu RHYwJ vjdh?
2. m)
 wfFHh th mGjij 760. bkF, ca
dGjij brYJ nghJ ftJ vd?
M)
 wf FHh th mGjij 0.01 . bkFF
FiwF nghJ ftJ vd?
3. vyuhf v}l bfhlit vgij vthW %f?

5.
 zW, Fs, MW kW MJis zW nghw _yfUJ
fz, bfsj, nl kW r Mnah jjna iu
nrfjd. d mij mU cs Mtf gnrhjd.
mUJ bgwgl Ko vdbtwh vyh _yfUJ
bgwgl Y iAu# kW M# iw j 1 : 8 MF.
m) j nrhjidUJ f vd mf?
M) vj nt nrif F cglJ?
6. lhl mQ bfhif fUJf tUkhW:
m) mQfis Mfnth, mfnth KoahJ.
M) khWgl jkf mQf xWl xW Fl, va
kW KG v j izJ nrk mQfis cUthF.
i. khwh j lhl mQ bfhif vj fUij
mogilahf bfhLsJ?

123

ma

4. br, _o cila xU fzho FLit gfo JLfis

vLJbfhlh. d juh cjl mFLit iw 150
uh vd fljh. J neuF gfo bkJthf cU
uha d mFLit iw 150 uh vd fljh. j
nrhjid _y f vd mf?

mQ mik

ii. bghUik mah lhl mQbfhif vj fUij

mogilahf bfhLsJ?
7. Mtf uhah jahfgl fhg nkhdhiro 15 fhg
kW 20 M# csJ. uh ntW xU Kiw jahfgl fhg
nkhdhiro 42.9 % fhg csJ. uh, uh fzLf khwh
j ia gWwd vd %f.
8. vth ff( vyuhf )tU ghij xU a bghUis ne
kW vthfSF ilgl gF itjh, vthF
vgf bghU cUt, tot khwhk H cUthtij ghf
KowJ. UJ vth f gig g f mtJ
vd?

ma

9. wf FHh thit u, gl csthW nfhk

izjh. d, nfhk mf Gjij bfhLjnghJ sF
x juiy v, nfhk vd khwij brUjh, x
jUf TL.

10. fhiyY khiyY Na x FnghJ clhF

cfSila H cUts kW irid ftf.

m) cf cUtK, H cUtK rkkhf csjh? V?

M) H ir x _y ir csjh? myJ mjF
vir csjh?

124

mQ mik

) bra clhF Hid, vth ff ghij

xU bghUis itF nghJ clhF HYl xLf.
11. m)nH bfhLfgLs glij tiuJ, gl FLs A, B, C,
D kW E ghffis Ff.
(E)

(C)

(A)

(D)

(B)

M) ghf B ga vd ?

) ghf D braghL vd?

12. vthff kW nethff Kiwna v

}l kW ne}l bfhlit. mit xWbfhW
vir brwd. mit V eLiyahtiy?

VI. y braKiwfhd nahridf:

fhj mil (cardboard), tlto btlgl tiujh (chart paper),
gir, gR, t w ngdh (Sketch pen), jr gH fUik w cyj
ij (myJ) fU kf bfhL jhr mQkhia cUthFf.
mj ghffis FL tF miw ghitF itf. nkY,
mjDila sfij jUf.

nkY ma

Inorganic Chemistry P.L.Soni - Sultan Chand and Sons
izajsf
http://www.chem4kids.com/files-atom-structure
http://www.world of teaching.com/powerpoints/atomic%20structure
hhtp://www.about.chem

125

ma

13. ne}l
bfhl
nfhs
v}l
bfhl
vyuhf bghJsd vW jhr Tdh. mt V
v}l bfhl nfhs ne}l bfhl Jff
bghJsd vd Twiy?