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Gii thiu
4 N hit
N trails
1/2
sai s ~ N trails
x2
F = f x dx
x1
x2
F =
x1
f x
x dx
x
x1
f
F=
trials
x2
Vi (x) l phn b u:
1
x=
x 2x 1
x 1 xx 2
N trails
x 2 x 1
F=
f i
N trials i=1
Z NVT = d e
E ( )/k B T
Ly mu quan trng
A NVT = d A NVT
1
E ()/ k B T
A NVT = Atrails
Metropolis, N.; Rosenbluth, A.W.; Rosenbluth, M.N.; Teller, A.H.; Teller, E. (1953).
"Equations of State Calculations by Fast Computing Machines". Journal of Chemical
Physics 21 (6): 10871092.
Chui Markov
1, 2, , n1 , n ,
k =1
: k
k =1 k
Phng trnh ch
d p
= (k p k p )
dt
p
t : p = p
eq
d p eq
=0
dt
eq
k p =k p
Detailed balance
condition
k =k
trong
k
k
k =k
(tng t nh tin v xc sut tin nghim trong Vt
l thng k: cc trng thi vi m c xc sut tin nghim
bng nhau)
eq
nu p p
eq
k =1
eq
eq
p
p
nu
eq
p
s
k = eq
p
p
k =
p
s
eq
eq
k =1
p =
suy ra
Nu
Nu
E /k B T
Z NVT
p eq
E E
E E
eq
eq
p =
=e
Z NVT
E E / k B T
k =1
s
E / k B T
k =e
( E E )/ k B T
k =e
( E E )/ k B T
k =1
1
khng chp nhn
lun
chp
nhn
chp nhn
0
k =e
( E ' E )/ k B T
e
E
E / k B T
k =
p
eq
eq
(p +p )
Thc hnh
A= sin( x)dx
0
x[0, ]
Bi tp v nh
p( z)e
mgz
kT