Reprinted from University of Iinois Engineering Experiment Station, Bulletin No. 304, Urbana, lL, pp. 7-118, 1938. A DISTRIBUTION PROCEDURE FOR THE ANALYSIS OF SLABS CONTINUOUS OVER FLEXIBLE BEAMS I. Inrropvorioy 1. Object and Scope of Investigation.—The purpose of this bulletin is to explain a method of analysis for certain types of continuous slabs subjected to concentrated or distributed loads. In order to study such. problems as the effect of wheel loads on a slab continuous over steel stringers, or on a single-span bridge-slab with integral curbs or other stiffening beams at the edges, it is necessary to have a rapid method of analysis, Of course, analytical procedures do not answer all the questions that arise in connection with the design of a slab. Certainly the procedure presented herein is not intended directly for use as a design procedure. ‘The analysis applies to a structure with certain ideal properties, but does not deal with such problems as the ultimate strength of the slab, effects of temperature, shrinkage, and exposure to weather. ‘The method of analysis is applicable to any rectangular slab simply supported on two opposite edges, with any manner of support on the other two edges, and continuous over any number and spacing of rigid or flexible simple beams transverse to the simply-supported edges. The slab may have sections of different depths or with differ- ent moduli of elasticity provided that, in each rectangular section formed by parts of the simply-supported edges and transverse lines thereto, the depth and elastic moduli are constant. It is assumed that, the supporting beams offer only vertical support to the slab along a line. Under certain conditions the torsional restraint offered by the beams may be taken into account. However, in every ease, it must be assumed that there are no horizontal shearing forces or frictional forees on horizontal planes between the slab and the supporting beams, or, in other words, that there is no resultant horizontal direct, stress on any vertical cross-section in the slab or in a beam. An ap- proximation to “T beam action” may possibly he made by modifying the actual stiffness of the supporting beam. ‘The analysis is exact in the sense that it leads to formulas in terms of infinite series that satisfy the fundaniental equations of the ordinary theory of flexure of slabs* for homogeneous, elastic, and iso- tropic material. ‘The formulas s0 obtained are the same as those given by others for certain special cases that have been analyzed. Generally "See Append A for leuon ofthe ortnay teary of esa of ba, 5960 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS the distribution procedure is convenient for obtaining numerical re- sults rather than formulas, and it is intended for this use. ‘The essential features of the procedure are similar to, and de- rived from, the moment-distribution method of analysis developed by Hardy Cross." Obviously other analytical procedures applicable to ‘continuous beams or continuous frames may be applied to continuous slabs in much the same way as the present analysis. Marcust point ed out that an equation analogous to the three-moment equation could be applied to slabs continuous over rigid beams, and made analyses for a number of cases, An analysis of slabs continuous over rigid beams was also given by Galerking. ‘A method of solution in which simultancous equations are used to determine the constants entering into the formulas for the defleetions, and consequently the moments, shears, etc., for some particular eases, is given by Weber. Formulas for various quantities such as deflec- tions, moments in the slab, and moments in supporting beans for a number of cases of rectangular slabs supported on two or three flexible beams, are given by Jensen.§ The distribution procedure described in the present report bears somewhat the same relation to other pro- cedures and the formulas derived thereby as the moment-distribution procedure for continuous frames bears to the slope-deflection method, for the equation of three moments, and formulas for moment co- efficients. Numerical values of the quantities necessary for the analysis by the distribution procedure are tabulated in Section 22 and are ex- plained in Chapter II. These quantities—stiffness, carry-over factors, fixed-end moments, and fixed-end reactions—are used in exactly the same way as in the analysis of continuous beams. The loading on the slab is divided into components in a manner deseribed in Section 5, and each component is treated separately. One obtains, finally for each panel, component edge moments and edge deflections, The ef- feots of these on the interior of the slab are considered as corrections to the effect of the load on a simply-supported panel of the slab, as is outlined in Section 17. The resultant effect in the interior or at an edge is found by superposing all the component effects. ake ey fel Cates Fries by Dbl Poe id Meme Th mG Bit nth eta, “Conn Fs of Mifd Covet” 198, oho ‘re gp om RS OE acne ire Anwndun ade archon Demet Pate Ggadaki, HONG Hin Hc Gs Ranian, 103, Cootrojdat Leningrad, USSR, me > o Tlshand Weber, “Tie Berechong sechucchlyee Platten die durch casiche Trager unteratiat sin Seti Solution tor Cota’ Rectangsar Sle Contouous Over Plesible Supports." nv. eth, Boe Bap ta, Bu 308 18 FLEXIBLE BEAMS o In general the distribution procedure for any component of the loading converges more rapidly than the corresponding distribution in a continuous beam, but the procedure must usually be applied for several components in order to get the effect of the whole loading, Illustrative examples showing the way in which the procedure may be used, and the manner of obtaining the required numerical constants from the tables given in Seetion 22, are presented in Chapter VL The use of the procedure in studying influence surfaces for slabs is pointed out in Chapter VIII, and certain qualitative aspects of the analysis of slabs are discussed in Chapter IX. 2. Acknowledgment.—The work reported herein was done as a ppart of an investigation of the effect of concentrated loads on rein- forced concrete bridge slabs being carried on by the Engineering Bx- periment Station of the University of Illinois in codperation with the United States Bureau of Public Roads and the Ilinois Division of Highways. The investigation is eondueted under the joint adminis- tration of the Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, of which Pkoresson F. B, Stety is head, and the Department of Civil Engineering, of which Proresson W. C. Huxtinctow is head. All the work of (he Experiment Station Is under the adininistrative supers vision of Dean M. L. Enozn, Director of the Engineering Experi- ment Station. ‘The work of the investigation is under the general direetion of F.E. Ricnanr, Research Professor of Engineering Materials, University of Ilinois, and is guided by an Advisory Committee whose personnel is as follow: E. F. Keniry, Chief, Division of Tests, and A. L. Gewzny, Senior Structural Engineer, representing the United States Bureau of Public Roads; Erwst LivberMan, Chief Highway Engineer, and A. Bexescu, Engineer of Grade Separations, representing the Illinois Division of Highways; Provessor Ricuaxt and the writer representing the Uni- versity of Illinois. Acting as consultants to the Advisory Committee are T. C. Supp, Professor of Structural Engineering, and W. M. Wuson, Research Professor of Structural Engineering, both of the University of Illinois. Until July, 1987, Haxpy Cnoss, Chairman of the Department of Civil Engineering, Yale University, and formerly Professor of Structural Engineering at the University of Illinois, was also a consultant to the committee. : The development of the analytical procedure deseribed herein grew ut of discussions with Prorzsson Cross, and out of work done during 1935-1936 in cooperation with H. M. Wesrercaaro, Gordon McKay62 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS Professor of Civil Engineering and Dean of the Graduate School of ngineering of Harvard University. Acknowledgment of their part in this work is gratefully made. “The writer is also indebted to members of the staff and of the Ad- ‘visory Committee, and particularly to Proresson Ricnant and to V_P. Jensen, Special Reseurch Assistant Professor of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, for their encouragement and advice Detailed numerieal computations for this investigation have been made by H. A. Levee, Jr., B. D. Ouson, W. A. Rennen, and C. P. Stess, Research Graduate Assistants, and by L. R. Mazovs, test as sistant. 3. Notation—The following notation is bulletin: used throughout this a, y = horizontal rectangular coordinates. ‘The origin of coordinates is always at o simply supported edge of the slab. The y axis is always parallel to the pair of simply supported edges of the slab. 2 = vertical coordinate, positive downward. u,v = particular values of z and y, respectively. 4a, b = span lengths in the directions of r and y, respeo- tively, of a panel of the slab, ‘n= integer representing number of ares of asine wave of deflection, moment, shear, etc., alternately plus and minus, across the span of length a. ajn, deflection of the slab or of # beam, positive down: ward. thickness of the slab in a particular panel. W/12=moment of inertia per unit width of the slab in particular panel. E = modulus of elasticity of the material of the slab in a particular panel = Poisson's ratio of lateral contraetion for the material of the slab in a particular panel. N = EI/(1—s2) = measure of stiffness of an element of the slab in o particular panel £ = modulus of elasticity of the material in a bear. 1 = moment of inertia of the cross-section of a bean: El = measure of stiffness of an element of a beam. P = concentrated load applied to the slab, positive when acting downward. FLEXIBLE BEAMS 68 F = load per unit of length distributed over a line, positive when acting downward. p = distributed load per unit of area, positive when acting downward Ve = vertical shear per unit of length acting on a eross- section of the slab normal to the x axis, positive when acting upward on the part of the slab, bounded by the cross-section, having the greater values of z, as shown in Fig. 1. ‘This definition corresponds to that of shear in a beam, Vz = vertical shear per unit of length acting on a eross- section ofthe slab normal to the y axis, postive when acting upward on the part of the slab, bounded by the cross-section, having the greater values of y, as shown in Fig. 1. R,, Ry = vertical reaetions per unit of length defined in the same manner as V. and Vy. R. = concentrated reaction at a corer, as shown in ig. 1. ‘M,,.M, = bending moments in the direction of 2 or y, respectively, per unit of length, acting on a section normal to the x axis or y axis, respec- tively, positive when produeing compression at the top of the slab, as shown in Fig. 1 May = twisting moment in the directions of = and y per unit of length, positive when tending to produce ‘compression at the top of the slab in the direc- tion of the line z= y, as shown in Fig. 1 Moan = bending moment in @ beam, positive when pro- ducing compression at the top of the beam. load per unit of length acting on a beam, positive when acting downward. vertical reaction per unit of length acting at an edge parallel to the z axis of a panel of the slab, positive when acting downward. See Fig. 3 M = the bending moment My at the edge of a panel of the slab. See Fig. 3. RY, MP = values of R and M for @ given loading when the ‘edges of the panel of the slab parallel to the axis are fixed against deflection and rotation4 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS ‘= rotation of an edge, numerically equal to the slope in the y direction of an edge parallel to the = ‘axis of a panel of the slab, positive when in the direction of positive M at that edge; also rota tion of a eross-seetion of a beam about a longi- tudinal axis, positive as indicated in particular ceases. A = deflection w of an edge parallel to the z axis of a panel of the slab, or deflection of a beam, posi- tive downward. £/[2(1-+u)] = modulus of elasticity in shear of the material in a beam. ‘Mp = total twisting moment or torque acting in a cross section of a beam, positive when acting counter to the sense of positive # on the part of the beam, bounded by the cross-section, lying on the side of the larger values of 2, aM m= - moment per unit of length, causing de twisting of a beam, distributed along the longi- tudinal axis of a beam, positive when Mr de- creases with 2, or positive in the same sense as positive & ae jee dr cross-seetions of the beam, positive when the total rotation @ of a cross-section increases with x. relative rotation per unit of length of J = ZZ = measure of torsional rigidity of a beam. oo K, 8, Q, 7, k, qt = elastic constants for a panel of the slab defined in Seetion 6. \_K?, 2" = modified elastic constants for a panel of slab, defined in Section 14. Jastie constants relating defleetion and load, and rotation and moment, respectively, for 2 beam defined in Section 8. mensionless coefficients used in Equation (81). dimensionless coefficients used in Section 9, and defined in Appendix B, Sections 3, 4, and 7. ULL Cx, Co, Cr Cs Cue, Cry om Cr FLEXIBLE BEAMS 6s ‘Me, My Mey, Cu = dimensionless coefficients ust in Section 20, an daled io Appendix By Socton Bo C, Cx = dimensionless coefficients used in Seetion 19, defined in Appendix B, Section 6. ~My man edge moment acting with an eg dofoetion, defined in Equation (7), and in AppenisB, Fe, Me, wo, ete. = coefficients of sin naz/a or of cus urz/a in the expressions for F, M, w, ete., when #, M, w, ete,, vary as the ordinates to a sine oF cosine curve, x _ nm ae” eee Section Norma’ fowons Flo. 1. Dusoaans Sows Poatnive Dinsorioss of Fi on Cote Seotons ar hay mrs AeTING66 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS IL. MerHop oF Anauysis 4. Basis of Method of Analysis—The distribution procedure is based on a resolution of the loading applied to the slab into com- ponents each of which ean be handled separately in a simple manner. ‘The effect of the total load is found by superposition of the effects of the component loadings, within the limitations of the fundamental ‘equations derived by means of the ordinary theory of flexure for slabs, sine move of loading, LES) detection, ere, with o “photrwaves 7 ‘Simply supported edge. Fie. 2. Recraxcutar Paxnt or Sis Consioges9 IN THE ANALYSIS Consider the slab shown in Fig. 2, with span a in the z direction, and with the two sides parallel to the axis of y simply supported. Let the other two sides be supported or restrained in some manner to be determined later. Let the deflection of the slab be given by the equation wav, ( sa oe a in which Y, is a funetion of nzy/a, and consequently is a function of y only. Such a deflection is, for constant y, a sine curve of n hali- waves, alternately upward and downward, the maximum ordinates varying with y only. Along the lines z= 0, = a/n, x = 2a/n, 1 = Ba/n, ete, the deflections are zero. With the notation ¢ = a/n, Equation (1) may be rewritten as war ()si @ FLEXIBLE BEAMS 67 All the derivatives of w with respeet to y or x will have the form of a funetion of xy/s multiplied by sin xz/s or by cos w2/s. ‘The moments, shears, reactions, and the loading found from the fundamental rela. tions of the ordinary theory of flexure for slabs are stated in Section 1 of Appendix B. It is noted that the bending moments, per unit of length, M, and M,, the sheats and reactions, per unit of length, Vy and Ry, and the load p, are all of the same form as w and involve # funetion of y only, multiplied by a sine curve with a half-wave. length of s in the z direction; and the twisting moment M,,, and the shears and reactions Vand R involve a funetion of y only, multiplied by cosine curve with a half-wave-length of in the z direction. ‘Then it may be concluded that @ load on the slab of the form pea main ® in which po is a funetion of y only, will produce deflections of the kind given in Equation (2) when the conditions of support or restraint at the ends of the panel involve deflections, slopes, moments, and reac ous that ate distributed as sine curves of half-wave-length . Whatever the loading on the slab, if it ean he resolved into come ponent loadings p. of the form ner Pog sin a Where Po is @ function of y only, each component may be treated separately and the effects—deflections, slopes, moments, shears, reactions—of each component may be determined from eon: tion of a single sine wave of loading on a slab of span ¢ where #=a/n, The total load p may be expressed in the form of the trigonometrig series p= & Pe sin @) and the effects of the total load may be obtained by adding all the component effects. A strip of the slab of width a/n may be considered as a unit with ‘supports parallel to the y axis at the sides of the strip. "The load on the strip may be taken as a single sine wave with the maximum intensity of loading at the center of the strip. The actual slab may68 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS be considered as mado up of n such strips with equal loads alternately upward and downward, It is necessary to handle only the one problem of 2 single sine wave of loading on a slab of width s = a/n. By taking different values of # one then obtains effects for n = 1, 2,3. ete ° pSinply Sugported Edge 1 { ' leave ang, i ed H 7 3 neater] : wg 4 § | iiss ‘Siniwly Supported Edge’ ov : ’ Mortar ¢ gator b (| LLL ‘ection trough slab showing wositive Roa) 0? hans of ond forces Rea i one alsalacements, 1. 8, Sts8 Warm Two Orvesima Eooss Snerty Survomren, Sowinc Posirie Pie avons ae Foc ox snp Drartacesen or Tis Oren Consider a panel of a slab as in Fig. 3, with two opposite edges simply supported and the other two edges, f and 9, fixed. A sine wave of loading of the type given by Equation (3) P= posin = moments and reaetions at the fixed edges each distributed Similarly, consider @ rotation of one fixed edge of gnitude of rotation varying as a sine wave, = sin ) 2 FLEXIBLE BEAMS 0 in which ® is equal to the numerical value of the slope at any point, along the edge of the panel, positive as defined in Fig. 8. According to the ordinary theory of flexure of slabs, such a rotation will produce moments at the edge rotated, and at the far edge, with magnitude varying as the ordinates to a sine eurve also. In a manner entirely analogous to that used in the analysis of eontinuous beams by moment, distribution, one may define stiffness of the edge of the slab against, rotation as the ratio of the edge moment to the edge rotation, and one may define a carry-over factor for moment as the ratio of the moment at the far edge to that at the edge rotated, for sine waves of rotation, In addition one may define other elastic constants for the slab in order to compute edge reactions, and also in order to handle edge dis- placements of the panel. These elastic constants are all dependent on the shape of the slab, the quantity N, and the span length between fixed supports, and their values are defined and discussed in Section 6. tis noted that there are no statical relations between the various elastic constants for a slab as there are for a girder. For example, when the edge of the slab is rotated as is indicated by Equation (6), the vertical reactions at the edges eannot be computed by staties from the moments at the edges. However, the elastic constants for the slab automatically take into account the behavior of the slab in trans. mitting effects laterally to the simply-supported edges For each sine wave of loading on a supporting beam of span in the + direction, it ean be shown from the relations between the deflec- tions, moments, and loads on @ beam that the deflection of the beam is also a sine curve, Since the loading and the deflections in the x direction are all given 4s sine waves for both slabs and supporting beams, the deflections Along all sections parallel to the y axis are similar in shape. Conse- ‘quently, itis possible to eet up an analogous continuous girder in the ¥ direction for each sine wave component of loading in the z direction ‘ona continuous slab. ‘The spans of the slab in the y direction between flexible or rigid supporting beams correspond to the spans of the girder between yielding or rigid supports. The stiffnesses and cery-over factors for the analogous continuous girder are those values for the slab as discussed in the foregoing. ‘The essential difference between the analogous continuous girder and an actual continuous girder, how- ever, is that the reactions and shears cannot be found by statics from the moments and the loading, but must be found by use of the elastic constants, ‘The distribution process may be explained as follows: For @ par- Uieular sine wave component of loading on the continuous slab all the70 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS “joints” or lines along which there are supporting beams (or in spectal eases, changes in section, or free edges) are considered locked agninst rotation or deflection. The fixed-end momients and reactions for the loading or other conditions are found from tabulated values given in Section 22, In general, each joint will be statically unbalanced. ‘Then the joints are released successively, (or sinvultaneously if desired), and the changes in fixed-enid forces recorded. ‘The release of a joint balances the forces acting on that joint. ‘The release of any joint introduces additional unbalanced moments and reaetions at neighboring. joints ‘These ure recorded by use of earry-over factors, ‘The process is carried on until the unbalanced forces remaining atall joints are only negligible in amount. Then the moments and deficetions xt the various supports may be computed. The loads acting on the supporting beams and the moments in the beams may be readily found. ‘The effects in the interior of the slab are determined by superposing the following quantities (2) the effect of the loud acting on a panel simply supported on all edges; (2) the effects uf the moments st each continuous edge; '3) the effects of the defiections at each continuous edge ‘This procedure may be varied in detail, wsul several possiDilittes are discussed in 17, Numerical values for performing this opera- tion are tabulated in Seetion 22. For the whote loading, one adds together the effects for all the sine wave components of the loading to get the total effect Any type of louding can be treated hy this procedure. “The man- ner of determining the components for some of the simpler loadings is discussed in the next section Mustrative examples are given in Chapter VI, where the various steps outlined are performed numerically. It is evident that the distribution procedure is merely one of a number of possible methods of analysis for the eontinuows slab. Tn order to satisfy statieal conditions, the moments norinal to the joint the members meeting at uny joint must he in equilibrium, and the reactions acting: on all the members at the joint must be in equil In order to satisfy conditions of continuity, the slopes normal to the joint of all members at a joint must be equal in magnitude, and the deflections of all members at the joint must be equal. These eondi- ditions inay hie expressed us equations in various ways, and the equa- tions may be solved by any of a nuniber of procedures, With the FLEXIBLE BEAMS n distribution procedure one does not express the equations explicitly. lustend, one satisfies the conditions by a process of suevessive approxi mations. ‘The method is not an approximate method, since the comp tations may in general be carried to any desired degree of accuracy. 5. Type of Load Components Considered —In general, subject to certain mathematical limitations, any distribution of loading on the rectangular slab shown in Fig. 2 ean be expressed as a trigonometric p= ZL Poo sin 7 wm in which ps, iteel). A particular type of distributed lond that is of interest is a loading. that is independent of y; that is, load distributed over the whole span b of the slab with the same intensity, p, at all points having the same value of 2. With some minor festrietions such a load ean be expressed as a Fourier series of sines similar to Equation (7), but with ‘Ym independent of y, and depending only on n. ‘The constants po, ean be determined by means of the relation is a funtion of y only (and may be a trigonometric series (8) ‘The following special eases are shown in Fig. 4: (a) A uniform load of intensity p on a strip of width 2i, from f=u— tor =u-+i, extending the length of the panel in the y direction. The component loads determined from (8) are Pn = Pin SE sig ®) and the total loading is, therefore, 4 1 msi ure nee pee O = sin™ sin sin (10) Se ary @ an CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS $2 J fain Bsn toy OE Bike i pan ZB cin gin DL Prep FD. Bsn 2 ter ‘n*even poe Bone ee Wore: This series oes net converge, and Pi represents the line load F aniy tee for 5 ie effect on momants, shears, defiec= Yions, ete. is concerned pan EE sin sure Loans an Line Losos axo Tam ‘Coseronnnr Divraieose> Lows (b) A uniform load of intensity p over the whole panel. ‘The com- ponents and total loading are obtained from (9) and (10) by setting i= u=a/2. One finds 4p Pn = for n odd, Pox = 0 for n even an and a2) =e FLEXIBLE BEAMS B fie 2 pe ‘ntoven et Poh 22S ay A ay uae ote: thie sores does nat converge ond pl etvesete tre concantoered ood Py LTC ie eet on masts, heals Coiloctns, ees concanea x fig Bain BE Fro, 5, ‘Tyres or Lave, Loans axo Concewraata Loans 4x ‘Trae Costonent Liv: Lane (c) A line load of intensity F per unit of length acting on the line =u, The components and total loading are obtained from (9) and (10) by letting # approach zero, and 2p approach F. One finds QF nxu Pon = — sin @ (as) and (aay4 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS ‘The trigonometric series for this ease docs not converge, and conse quently is not equivalent to the loud. ‘The series, however, represents the load in so far as its effect on deflections, moments, shears, ete., ure concerned, Another type of loading of particular importanee is that of a load distributed in some manner along a line such as the line y =» in Fig. 5. With certain restrictions stich a loading ean be expressed in ‘the form of a Fourier series P= Po sin (as) where Fo, is a constant depending only on n and ean be evaluated by ‘means of the relation Pin = ar (18) which is similar to Equation (8). ‘The following special eases are of interest, and are shown in Pig, 5: (each of the cares can be obtained from the corresponding ease of Fig. 4) (a) A line load of intensity F uniformly distributed over a section of length 2i, from u—itos=u-+ion the line y The staponeatTonde determine feom {18} oro Sin PE sin a7) so tad Toning Thee, rep bain OO cn in ag (b) A line load of intensity F uniformly distributed over the whole line y=, ‘The results are 4aP Fou =—— for nodd, Fi, = 0 for n even 7 as) pat yh in FLEXIBLE BEAMS 6B (c) A concentrated load of magnitude P at the point z = won the line y = 2. One finds 2P a (20) 2P meu ner ‘The trigonometric series for this ease does not converge, and eonse- quently is not equivalent to the concentrated lond. ‘The series, how- ‘ever, represents the effects of the load in so faras deflections, moments, sliears, ete., are concerned. Other types of loading: may be divided into components in a similar 6. Blastic Constants fora Panel of a Slab.—Consider the slab shown in Fig. 3 with two opposite edges simply supported and the edge fixed. Let the edge f he subjected to a rotation without deflection such that the magnitude of the rotation is given hy the relation & =o sin ‘The positive direction uf the rotation #, and the positive directions of the deflection 2, the edge moments M, and the edge reactions R. are shown in Fig. 8 ‘The edge moments and reaction, and the deflection of the slab along a line parallel to the simply-supported edges are shown in Fig. 6 (a). ‘The edge moment on the edge fis distributed as a sine curve, and may be written in the form™ M, = Ko (2 The quantity K is then a measure of the resistanee to rotation of one edge of the slub when the far edge is fixed, and is called herein the “Aexural stiffness” of the slab. ‘This is analogous to the definition of the term “stiffness” used in the moment-distribution procedure for hears Por the writtent as ve conditions the edge moment on the edge g may be -kKO = =kM, (22) hse H; ations 0) Sud CBE16 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS ‘Then the quantity “ — k" is the ratio of the edge moments at the fixed edge to the edge moment: producing rotation at the rotated edge for a sine wave of rotation, and is called herein the “flexural carry-over factor.” ‘The quantities K and k may be used just as the corresponding ‘quantities are used for a beam. However, in a beam, the reactions at the edges for rotation of one edge may be found from the moments by statics, In the slab the reactions must be defined by additional elastic constants, as follows: ‘The vertical reaction on the edge and may be written* as is distributed as a sine curve, R= Qe (23) and the distributed vertical reaction on the edge g may be writtent as —aQe aay (a) ‘The quantity Q@ may be called a “flexure-shear stiffness” and the quantity “ — q" a “flexure-shear carry-over factor.” Now let the edge J be subjected to a deflection without rotation such that the magnitude of the deflection is given by the relation: A= dy sin = (25) : The deflection of the slab, and the edge moments and reactions are shown in Fig, 6 (b). The reaction gn the edge J is distributed as sine curve, and may be written$ as a= 7a (20) and 7 is called the “shear stifiness” of the slab. ‘The reaction on the edge g may be written] as = ITA = — eR, en ESE es Pee ‘Appendix B, Euston (Bai) wad FLEXIBLE BEAMS n 6 sede 4, Moré Set i R Ye -R=908 @ po 2 -megea mas a 17a Rora Sections on lines paralie! to paris ef slob shown in Fig.3 with (e) rotation of ane edige and 2) deflection of ane ei. Summary oF Elastie Constants for a Slab Rotations, deflections, moments, and reactions ‘distributed along the cages 0s sine wares. Movement | At Center of Edge"f” | At Center of Edge "9" asge'F* [Hament 14 [Reaction R [Moment t4 | Reaction R er * @ a AB! a r e Fu. 0. Darinrmion oF Biastic Constawrs For A PANRL oF & Stan " may be termed the “shear carry-over factor” for the slab. ‘The moment on the edge f is written as My, = Qa (28) and the moment on the edge g is written as My = —aQ8 = —aMy (29) where the quantities Q and g are the same as in Equations (23) and (24), as should be evident from considerations of symmetry and Max- well's Theorem of reciprocal deflections ‘The notation for the various stiffness and carry-over factors is summarized in Fig. 6. It is of interest to define another quantity, rneasuring the stiffness Against rotation of an edge of a slab when the far edge is simply sup- orted instead of fixed. ‘The magnitude of this quantity, S, may be derived as follows:B CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASsics For # unit rotation # at edge f the center moments are K and — KK at f and g, reepectively, when the edge g is fixed. Now release the moment at g at the same time miaintaining the edge f in a fixed condition, ‘The additional center moments will hekK and —K2K at the edgesg andi, respectively. ‘The total eenter montents will he (1 — k2)K and zero at f and g, respectively, for a unit rotation & of f. Conse- quently the flexural stiffness for the far end hinged is, S=0-e)K (30) ‘This is exactly the same relation that is found in the eave of a beam, 7. Numerical Values of Elastic Constants for « Panel of a Slab.— ‘The value of each of the stiffnesses, K, S, Q, and 7, may be expressed in terms of a numerical coefficient which is a function of the shape af the slab, the quantity N, and the span length b, as follows: x x Ker, $=¢5— ¢ ° (31) x T=Cr , Q= Co] Values of the various dimensionless cuefficients in the expressions of Equations (31) for the stiffness of u pauel of a slab are given in ‘Table 1 in Section 22 for various values of the ratio of the sides of the panel. The value of Q depends on the magnitude of Poisson's ratio, p. ‘The magnitude of Cg varies linearly with g. Consequently if values of Cg are known for any two particular values of w. Cg inay be found by interpolation or extrapolation for any other value of At is noted that for b/s = 0, or for s infinitely lunge, the values of the various stiffness factors become the same as for a girder of span b where N is equivalent to EI for the girder. For b/s very large, the values of the various stiffness factors approach these for an infinitely. Jong slab and the dimensionless coefficients, for 6/s greater than 3.4, are given by means of the formulas listed below Table 1 which apply ‘to an infinitely long slab. As an example of the use of Table 1, if a slab of dimensions s=a/n = 10 ft, b= 5 ft. = 60 in., has a moment of inertia per FLEXIBLE BEAMS 9 it width of 20.0 in and a modulus of elasticity of 3.6 (10) Ub, in-®, the values of K and Q for » = O are obtained ax follows N = 3.6 (10) Ib. in.-# (20.0 in#) = 72 (10)* Ib. in, n entirely unnecessary exeept for purposes of illustration, one has the following results: 72.(10)* Ib. in. K = 4.00875: 5.60250 (10) Ib. 72 (10)* Ib. = 0.77209 2° GOD. In 13.54418 (10)¢1b. in cS 3600 iné (oy For « = 0.10, and all other properties of the slab the same as before, 5.60260 (10) K-— TT o0r = 5.65909 (10) Ib, 72.(10)"Ib. in. 01893 0.99 (3600) in* 4.17945 (10)¢ Ib. i Values of the various carry-over factors are given in Table 2 for various ratios of the sides of the penel. For ¢ infinitely large, or for b/s = 0, the carry-over factors are the same as for a girder. ‘The agnitude of the carry-over factors diminishes rapidly as b/s in- ereares tis noted that the value of g for values of w other than 0, 0.1, 02, and 0.8, may be obtained by use of the relation that the reciprocal of q varies linearly with g. Tt is further noted that for any value of 1 the product of Cg and q is independent of 4. Consequently, one nay also use the relation q- Cg = ge Cyt (32) to find the value of g for other values of 4 than those listed in Table 2.80 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS 8. Elastic Constants for « Beam.—Consider a simply-supported beam of span s with a deflection given by the equation A= do sin = (33) ‘Phen, by means of the relation between load and defleetion of a beam, aa oF — 34 ate o one finds the following value for the load on the beam: F=ua @s) where a ~ 38) ‘The quantity U is a measure of the stiffness against deflection of a beam, and corresponds to the quantity 7 for the edge of the slab. One may eall U the “load stiffness” of a beam. Now consider the case of a beam offering resistance to rotation about a longitudinal axis; that is, a beam with torsional stiffness. For the present study it must be assumed that the ends of the beam do not rotate about the longitudinal axis of the beam, and conse- quently are subjected to concentrated torques which resist the dis- tributed moment m tending to rotate the central portions of the beam. Let the rotations of the cross-sections of the beam be given by the relation = asin en ° ‘The angle of twist per unit of length, 8, or relative angle of rotation, is Cd Es on eee (8) FLEXIBLE BEAMS 81 The torque Mz acting on any cross-section is, then, Mr = @J0 = GI oy cos = (39) 3 Consequently the distributed moment m is given by the equation aMr 2 ® = 01% a sin = te (40) where Gs os L= > = 9.86960 ay ‘The quantity L is a measure of the stiffness of the beam against rotation about a longitudinal axis, and corresponds to the quantity K for the edge of the slab. One may call L the “torque stifiness” of the beam, 9. Fized-Bnd Moments wud Reuctions—Consider a load on the line y =v of the slab shown in Fig. 3, where the edges f and g are fixed. Let the line load be given by the relation = Fysin = F : (42) With this loading, the moment at the fixed edge f is of the form* MP = —CueFb = —CubFo sin Fae (a3) where Cy is a dimensionless numerical coefficient depending on the shape of the slab and the position of the load. Numerical values of Cw for various ratios of b to ¢, for » at successive tenth points of the span 6, are given in Table 3. ‘The values in Table 3 may be inter- Preted as influence ordinates for the maximum value in a sine wave of fixed-end moment ina slab, when b = 1, due to a sine wave of loading "ArpedisB, Bauatins (B17) ad (3).84 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS non-deflecting beams have torsional resistance, the analogous con- tinuous girder may be considered as supported on non-deflecting supports which offer a resistance to rotation, that is, on columns. In either case, the quantities necessary for the analysis are the fixed- end monients due to the loading or to other conditions, the flexural stiffness K for each panel, the torque stiffness L for each beam, and the flexural carry-over factor, — k, for each panel One divides the given loading on the slab into sine wave com- ponents in the z direction by means of the formulas given in Figs. 4 and 5. For line loads one finds the fixed-end moments from Table 3; for distributed loads, from Table 5, For edge deflections or rota~ tions one finds the fixed-end moments by means of the elastic con- stants as shown in Fig. 6, with tabulated values in Tables 1 and 2. ‘The flexural stiffnesses, K, of the panels of the slab are determined from Table 1, and the absolute values of the carry-over factors, k, from Table 2. The torque stiffnesses, L, for the beams are computed by means of Equation (41). For beams which may be considered to offer no resistance to rotation, L is zero. ‘The sign convention used herein for moments is the so-called “de~ ssigner’s convention" in which positive moment. produces compression at the top fibers of the slab. ‘The flexural carry-over factor for the slab is consequently negative in sign and always less in absolute value than 0.5, the value for a beam, Hence, the distribution converges more rapidly for the slab than for a beam. ‘The flexural stiffness for the slab is always greater than 4 NV/b, which corresponds to 4ET/L for a fixed-end beam, As in the case of continuous girders or frames, the unbalanced moment at a joint is “distributed” in proportion to the flexural stiff- ness of the members meeting at the joint. ‘Therefore, one may take any arbitrary values of NV, in proportion to the real’ values for the various panels, without affecting the results. As a matter of fact, in the whole procedure for continuous slabs one may use, for supporting beams and slabs, any proportional values of modulus of elasticity in all calculations, and one will obtain the same proportional values of deflection and slope, but the correct magnitude of forees and moments. In general, the fixed-end moments at a “joint” (that is, the jun tion of two panels of the slab along the line of a supporting beam) will not be statically balanced. ‘The “unbalanced” moment is the alge- braic difference in moment at the two sides of the joint. ‘The distri- bution is s0 made as to equalize the moments at the right and left of the joint, both in magnitude and in sign. The torsional moments in the supporting beams are most conveniently handled in the manner FLEXIBLE BEAMS 85 indieated by Cross for the treatment of moments in columns of continuous frame, Or one may arbitrarily assign a positive direction of rotation and of moment for each beam, and then consider the beam as being on the samne side of the joint as the panel of the slab at the joint which has the same positive direction of rotation and of moment. If a panel is simply supported at one end, it is convenient to use, for the other end, the stiffness with the far end hinged, S, where S=(-#)K as is derived in Section 6, ‘The moment at a fixed edge, when the far edge is simply supported, is most easily obtained by correcting the fixed-end moment for both ends fixed by a single distribution to elim- inate the moment at the simply-supported edge (in which the dis- tributed moment is equal but opposite in sign to the fixed-end moment), and a carry-over of — k times the distributed moment to the fixed ‘edge. This procedure is the same as for a corresponding beam, For certain conditions of symmetry or antisymmetry one may use ‘modified elastic constants asa short-cut, as is explained in Section 14. One may also use modified elastic constants for the actual con- dition of a far edge, or any of the “direct distribution” procedures for distributing moments, but it seems hardly worth while to discuss this aspect of the subject here. For other details of the moment-distribution procedure, the reader is referred to the various articles by Cross. M1, Rotation of Joints and Change in Reactions Due to Distribue ‘ion of Moments.—Consider the slab shown in Fig. 3 as representing an intermediate panel in a series of continuous slabs, where the edges f and g are continuous with other panels. For some sine-wave condi- tion of loading or of edge distortions let the sine waves of fixed-end moment at f and at g in the panel fg be denoted by Mf and MZ, respectively. After distribution, without defleetion of the “joints, let the sine wave of final end moment, at f and at g in the panel fy be denoted by My and M,, respectively. ‘Then define the change in ‘moment at f, 6My, in the panel fg due to the sine waves of rotation of J and g during the distribution process, as My = My — Me (4s) toa cae ary Sram “Arai af Coon Pane oy Disbtng Find ad ea SEN oka 8 Sahat Mao o tn Cone 886 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS Similarly, define 4M, as OM, = My — M5 9) One may readily verify the following equations for the sine waves of rotation of f and g, & and &, respectively, by observing that. they give the proper changes in moment at f and g in the panel fg. = Met iM, 5M) + ROM, eG BK s (50) aM, + iM s ‘These equations may be used as a check on the moment distribution since the rotations of the two edges of the panels meeting at a joint ‘must be equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. If there is a beam with torsional stiffness at the joint, one may compute the rotation of the joint more simply in terms of the change in distributed torsional moment, 3m, in the beam, and the torque stiffness L: om L G1) In the case of @ continuous girder it is possible to compute the change in reaction (or shear) at the ends of each panel or span by staties, from the changes in moment at the ends of the span. In the ‘case of the continuous slab, however, one cannot compute the changes in reaction at the ends of the panel by staties. ‘The elastic constants @ and q defined in Section 6 anay be used to determine the changes in eaction at the ends of a panel of a slab from the rotations of the ends in the following manner: With the rotations at f and g in the panel fg defined as &, and 4, fone has, from the definitions of the elastic constants, the relation for ‘the change in reaction 6R due to rotation BR; = Qs — GQ, BR, = Qo, — aQe,, FLEXIBLE BEAMS a7 Another form of Equation (52) may be obtained by substituting the values of &y and &, from (50) into (52): aR (1 ~ ka) a My — @ nom, (53) Hquation (53) is convenient to use in determi reaetion due to making a fixed end hinged. 1 the changes in 12, Distribution of Reactions —When the “joints,” corresponding to real or imaginary supporting beams and the edges of the panels of the slab adjacent thereto, are permitted to deflect, but are not per- mitted to rotate during the distribution, one may distribute reactions for each sine-wave component of loading in the continuous slab in the same manner as one distributes moments. An analogous :nuous girder may be set up whieh may be considered as supported on springs or yielding supports, but with rotation of the joints pre- vented. ‘The quantities necessary for the analysis are the fixed-end reac- tione duo to the leading or othor conditions, the choar otiffneso 7 for ‘eich panel, the load stiffness J for each beam, and the shear carry- ‘over factor, — ¢, for each panel One divides ‘the given loading on the slab into sine wave com- ponents in the © direction by means of the formulas given in Figs. 4 and 5. For line loads one finds the fixed-end reactions from ‘Table 4; for distributed loads, from Table 5. For edge defiections or rotations ‘one finds the fixed-end reactions by means of the elastic constants as, shown in Fig. 6, with numerical values given in Tables 1 and 2. ‘The shear stiffnesses, 7, are determined from Table 1, and the absolute values of the shear carry-over faetors, f, from Table 2. The stifinesses, U, for the beams are computed by means of Equation (36). reactions at the end of a panel of a slab, and the distributed reaction or load on a beam, are defined as positive downward. If the algebraie sum of the reactions at a joint is not zero the joint will not hie in statical equilibrium. ‘The “unbalanced” reaction at a joint is, then, the algebraic sum of the reactions in the two panels of the slab and in the beam at a joint. A sine wave of deflection of the joint, without rotation, will produce sine waves of reaction in the panels of the slab proportional to the values of 77, and in the beam proportional lo U. When the joint is permitted to deflect an amount sufficient to make the sum of the end reactions at the joint zero, the total end re-88 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS action due to the deflection must equal the unbalanced reaction, and ‘the change in reaction in each member will be proportional to the value of T'or U for that member. One may state this in another man- ner: the unbalanced reactions are distributed to the connecting mem- bers at a joint in the ratio of their shear stiffness or load stiffness. A. ine wave of deflection of a particular joint, without rotation, produces a sine wave of reaction at the far edge of the panel of a slab equal to the reaction “distributed” to the edge of the panel at the joint multi- plied by the shear carry-over faetor, ~ t. ‘The procedure for distributing reactions without permitting rota- tions is consequently as follows: (a) Find the reactions in the members meeting at all joints in the structure when the joints are held so that they eannot deflect nor ro- tate. ‘These are called fixed-end reactions, and may be due to sine waves of loading (or also to sine waves of displacement, in the general ease). (b) The algebraic sum of the fixed-end reactions at any joint is called the unbalanced reaction. Distribute the unbalanced reaction ‘among the connecting members in proportion to the elastie constant, defined for each member as the shear or load stifiness, T’ for slabs, U for beams. (c) Multiply the reaction distributed to each member at a joint by the shear carry-over factor for that member, and introduce this “carried-over” reaction at the other end of the member. (d) The reactions “earried over” are now new fixed-end reactions and must be distributed. This process is continued until the unbal ‘anced reactions remaining at any joint are negligible. ‘The sum of all the reactions, fixed, distributed, and earried over to each end of each slab, and in the beam, are added together to get the true sine-wave component of reaction at the end of a particular member. It is evident, then, that for each sine wave of loading on the eon- tinuous slab, one may distribute reactions (when rotation of the joints is prevented) in a manner similar to that used for the distribution of ‘moments. ‘The sign convention is different for reaction distribution than for moment distribution, since the unbalanced reaction joint is distributed in such a way as to make the sums of the joint eactions equal to zero. ‘The shear carry-over factors for the slab are always negative in sign, and always less in absolute value than 1.0 ‘The convergence of the process for distributing reactions may be considerably slower than for distributing moments, since the shear carry-over factors may be almost equal to unity. However, one may hasten the convergence in distributing reactions by the procedure of FLEXIBLE BEAMS 89 writing in arbitrary deflections ofall joints, generally equal deflections so as to simplify the ealculations, in such a way as very nearly to balance the joint before formal distribution is started.* This has the effect of putting most of the reaction into the supporting beam where it belongs. It is noted that, for equal deflections of the two edges of the panel of the slab, the shear stiffness becomes (I — «)T' instead of 7. Where ¢ is nearly equal to one, the quantity (1 — #)T is very small, Where is small it is not necessary to write in fixed-end re- actions corresponding to uniform dellections, since the ordinary pro- cedure will converge rapidly enough. One may use modified elastic constants for certain symmetrical or antisymmetrical conditions, as in the procedure for distributing moments, One may also adapt. any of the so-called “direct distribuc tion” procedures to the problem of distributing reactions. 13, Deflection of Joints and Changein Moments Due to Distribution of Reactions.—One may compute the change in moment at the ends of each panel or span due to distributing reactions without rotation, of the joints in a manner entirely similar to the procedure described in Section 11 for computing the change in reactions due to distributing moments without deflection of the joints. ‘The following notation and equations follow directly from the discussion in Section 11: RY = sine wave of fixed-end reaction due to sine wave of loading or of edge distortion, R= final reaction after distribution, without rotation of the aR =R—RP (54) ae re MG (55) HF ~ tangs in nd (or rein) on he be du tthe tb ale 7 (66) "Grsnsas Rats’ Haifoed Cunate90 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS Equation (55) will generally be used to find the deflection of a joint only where an imaginary beam with zero stiffness has been in- ‘troduced as an intermediate step in the caleulations. ‘The change in moment at end f of panel fg due to the deflections without rotation of f and g may be stated in terms of the elastic con- stants defined in Fig. 6: AM, = Qay — 44, (37) 14. Use of Modified Elastic Constants.—The sine wave of rotation ‘by at end J of a panel fg continuous with other panels, is expressed in terms of the sine waves of change in moment, My and 6M, at { and g, by Equation (50), which may be restated as follows. 14 pe gy SMe BM, aM omy is een Er | LE ‘The ratio ofthe change in mioment 3M, tothe rotation, when end g also rotates according to some definite rule, may be defined as the ‘modified flexural stifines K’, where, for the end f, Kis defined by the relation, obtained from (38), _ My ey Ki ae (59) aM, ‘The use of this formula permits various shortcuts in the analysis, as in the case of eontinuous beams. The more or less abvious eases of general utility are summarized here (a) End g is hinged, or 5M, = 0 Kr= K(-#) (60) (b) The deformation of jan fg is symmetrical, or 5M, = 6My: Ki= K(1—4) (ey FLEXIBLE BEAMS a1 (c) The deformation of span jg is antisymmetrical, or #My= —5Mj: KeKQ+h (62) Similar relations are readily derived for modified shear stiffness TY by an obvious substitution of aR for 8M, ¢ for k, and T for K: (63) For symmetry or equal deflections at f and g, AR, = 6%), and. reTa-o (ea) For antisymmetry, or for equal and opposite deflections at f and 9, Ry = —Ry, and r-TA+) (68) Other types of modified stiffness are useful in particular cases. ‘These are generally more easily derived by use of numerical values in a preliminary distribution of moments or reactions, or both, than by substitution in a formula, Examples are shown in Fig. 7 of the ‘method of obtaining the modified shear stiffness for a panel with one end hinged, If the hinged end is deflected, one finds rer-& (66) and if the fixed end is deflected, (67) In either ease, the reaction at the far end is, @ I <. (68) +a92 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS “Secon roar igs | Aone co eee Fited-and Moment, oe “1a <2 pisibure 528 compar Enno! Moment, My, 2 Sheng lomene, am, 4 orators, & “4 Ghonge in Reocton, 6R, = #* Frsed-ard Rovction, RE Total Reostion ot Gorter Sine Wave a % tee Ba as 7 0 te re e ce is 18 Bie nore FOR ek \toditied Sheer Stittoess) Fia, 7, Mooirieo Seas Scurress rox « Past, Wir Ox Exo Hnvorn 15. Typesof Distribution Procedures Available.—The most workable Procedure for the analysis of slabs continuous over flexible beams is similar in many respects to the “Indirect Method’”* used by Cross for the study of problems involving sidesway or deflection of sup- Ports. An outline of the procedure for slabs is given in the following Indirect Method (2) Assume temporarily that all joints in the continuous slab do not deflect. Distribute moments due to the sine waves of loading as {in Section 10, and find the total unbalanced reactions at each of the joints by the procedure deseribed in Section 11, (2) Assume some arbitrary pattern of deflections of the joints, say ‘a deflection of one joint with no deflection of the others, Write fixed- end moments in all members, and distribute without further defiec- tion. ‘Then find the unbalanced reactions acting at all the joints. Hey, Gro and Neri. Moan, “Continugus Frames ohn Wily ad Sonat New Work p OTD ad cpenlly Hane Ryne Coneet” 192, FLEXIBLE BEAMS 93 (8) Repeat step (2) to get as many sets of independent displace ments as there are flexible beams in the structure. (4) Combine proportions of the sets of independent displacements in such a manner that the sum of the combined displacements and the original loading will correspond to zero unbalanced reactions at the joints. ‘The procedure works best when the particular displacements in steps (2) and (3) are taken in such a way as to correspond most nearly to sets of loading conditions giving only one joint loading at a time. ‘The procedure will always work and yield a solution. For a large number of flexible beams it generally involves a solution of simul- taneous equations. In general, the equations may be solved by suc cessive approximations very readily. Where the panels are of such shape that the distance between joints, 6, is less than 0.1 to 0.2 of the span s, when the supporting beams are also very flexible, some care is necessary in choosing the independent. displacements if it is desired to use successive approximations in combining them. Other wise the method is entirely automatic. A very straightforward method for the analysis of slabs continuous over flexible beams is a procedure of successively distributing shears and reactions as outlined in the following: Successive Distribution (2) Consider all joints locked against rotation and deflection. Compute fixed-end moments and fixed-end reactions due to the given sine waves of loading or other conditions of deformation. (2) Distribute the unbalanced moments, and carry over, and repeat this process until the unbalanced moments at all joints are negligible, all the while preventing deflection of the joints, as in Section 10. (3) Compute the changes in fixed-end reactions due to the dis- tribution of moments, and add these to the original fixed-end reactions, by the procedure described in Section 12, () Distribute the unbalanced reactions without permitting rota~ tion of the joints and carry over and repeat this progess until the un- balanced reactions at all joints are negligible, as in Seetion 12. (5) Compute the changes in fixed-end moment due to distributing reactions, by the procedure described in Section 13, and distribute these moments as in step (2) Repeat this process until all unbalanced moments and reactions are negligible. ‘The order of the various steps may be interchanged. One may distribute the reactions first and then the moments. ‘The convergence will generally be slow unless the beams are quite stiff94, CIVIL ENGINEERING CLAssics compared with the slab, or unless the shear carry-over factors for the slab are small. The procedure works best for slabs where the ratis of the distance between joints b to the span between simply-supported ‘edges s is greater than about 0.5 or where the quantity U for the beam ‘at any joint is at least of the samo.magnitude as the quantities 7 for the panels of the slab adjacent to the joint, In Chapter VI, which contains several illustrative problems, ex: amples are given of each of the foregoing procedures for the analysis Other procedures are possible for the analysis of slabs continuous over flexible beams. For example, one may write simultaneous equa. tions, in terms of the displacements 4 and the rotations # of the various Joints, which express the statical equilibrium of the joint, in a man ner analogous to the slope-deflection procedure for eontinuous frames, ‘The elustic constants for such equations may be obtained from those given in Seetion 6, IV. Manner or Usine Resuuts or tie Distrisurion Procepure 16. Effects on Supporting Beams.—In the case of a slab continuous over rigid supports, for cach value of n, the moments M = My in the slab are found al Che supporting beams direetly from the analysis. ‘The values of the reactions R at the edges of the slab ean be obtained by adding the fixed-end reactions and the reaetions due to rotations ‘of the edges. Sinee the sum of all the reactions at a joint must equal 42ero, one can obtain the reaction F on the supporting beam at a joint. In the ease of a slab continuous over flexible beams, one obtains for each value of n either the moments M and the deflections 4 at the various joints, or the moments Mand the reactions R and F, depending on the particular procedure used. The reaction on the beam and the deflection of the beam are related by the simple equation, for each sine wave of deflection or react 7 69) w c ‘The loading on a beam, F, is related to the moment in the beam, Mvwsny by the equation, derived from statics, EM yam det (70) rE FLEXIBLE BEAMS 95 Consequently, for each value of n, one obtains the result eo oe rvsin 71) Sfasin t ‘The resultant deflection, resultant load, or resultant: moment in the beam is obtained simply by adding all the component sine waves of deflection, load, or moment due to the various sine-wave eompo- nents of loading or distortion, or other causes, on the structure, tions and Moments in the Panels of the Slab—The de- teaons, moment, sea ety in the ineir of & panel of the «lab, simply supported on two opposite sides and supported by beams fr continuous with other panels on the other two sides, such as f and g in Fig. 8, may be obtained by superposition of the following effects: (1) the effect of the load acting on a simply supported rectangular slab; and, for each value of n, (2) the effeot of the deflection , at the edge f, (8) the effcet of the deflection 4, at the edge 9, (A) the effet of the moment My at the edge J, (5) the effcet of the moment M, at edge 9. ‘The loading, of course, is known, and the edge deflections and edlge moments on the panel are obtained direetly from the results of the distribution procedure, i In general it is somewhat simpler to consider a fictitious moment acting with the defection at an edge. ‘Then the effets superposed are: (A) the effect of the loading on a simply supported slab; and, for each value of x, (2) the effect of the deflection ay of edge J plus the effect of & fictitious moment. —Muy at edge f proportional to the deflection (8) the effect of A, and —Mx, at edge g (A) the effect of the moment My acting at edge f minus the moment ~Mu, introdueed in step, (2), or the effect of My + Map (8) the effect of My + Moy at edge 9.96 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS The quantities added together may, if desired, be different from those outlined. For example, one may add the effet of the louding oT flab mith two edges fixed and two edges simply supported, the effect of deflections of the fixed edges, and the effect of rotations of the fixed edges. In whatever manner the computation is earried out the facility with which results are obtained will depend upon the information available for the various quantities added togetier, For a particular span in a continuous girder one may compute effects within the span by staties from the edge moments and reac, tions, but in @ continuous slab one cannot compute effects within « Span by statics. Numerical coefficients for the effects within a panel of the continuous slab may be obtained, however, and used as described in Sections 19 and 20. Mlustrations of the procedure are deseribed in Chapter VI. Sic, Concentrated or Uniform Load on a Simply Supported Rectangu- lar Siab—The effect of a londing on the deflections, moments, shears, esetions, and other quantities of interest in a’ simply-supported rectangular slab have been treated by a number of writers "The effect of uniform load on a simply-supported reetangular slab is discussed And surmmarized with tables and curves in works by Ay Nadal, H. M. Westergaard, H. Leits, and others.* A summary of the most important results, that is, the bending moments M, and M, at the eenter of the panel, and the twisting moments at the corners, is given by Westergaard.t The effect of @ concentrated load on a rectangular slab may be obtained by adding the effects due to a number of upward and down, Wud concentrated loads on a slab infinitely long, as is shown by Westergaard. Numerical values for use in thie computation. ars given by Westergaard in tables and curves. ‘The various numerical results referred to are given for different Values of Poisson’s ratio. ‘The following relations§ may be found useful for the determination of the effects for various values of HER Beate rane. Sune» ns na ae hae te Sea ea weno mar ‘arn eg Sc me! ntti PH BE Weeretaand Wee eate, yabustieny, Pacem Sats,” Pros. Amertian Con: it Wh at” Pa i cet Iie COPTER dae aan Tees pradeding ‘eferenen,p. 88, amd 12°13. It in noted that the v gases ees, 2 a ‘Roads Vol ily Nov te “Pdgaeep, rene ip” Bree aoe cee FO Wurm, “raat tester pence Floor ibe apa tue sete Cele ec fh Ben fea scaly 3 FLEXIBLE BEAMS ” i sular slabs where Yaratio, “These relations apply only to reotangs tuck of the four edge is held simply supported or fixed: M.~ uM, ine (72) M. = Mr + uy My — Mio + al (73) May = (1 — 4) Miz? wa (l= )w ‘ombined With a Moment 19. Deftection of One Bdge of a Panel Com a! the Bdge —Let the slab shown in Fig. 3 be simply supported on the ‘two sides parallel to the y axis and also on edge g. Consider a deflee- tion A of edge f ae aaa (74) @ combined with an edge moment —My at edge f Net e (7s) =, -(=4) sosin = = Moe sin = ° ‘The bending moments Mf, and My in the interior of the panel on the line y = v are given by the equation M.= —M, = CM. (78)98 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS where C is a dimensionless coefficient depending on the dimensions of the slab and on the point considered. ‘The twisting moment Ms, on the line y = v is given by the equation Net A 008 = CuyMrw 008 Muy = Cry (l= 2) a a (7) where C, is a dimensionless coefficient also. ‘The defleetion w on the line y =v is given by the expression w=Cs (78) where C has the same value as in Equation (76) Equations (76), (77) and (78) are derived from corresponding ‘expressions in Seetion 6 of Appendix B, where formulas are given for the effect of a defiection and edge moment applied at edge g. tis noted that the bending moments M, and M, and the defee- tion w at a point in a panel of aslab due to an edge deficction combined with an edge moment, according to Equations (74) and (75), are stated in terms of a coefficient depending on the distance » in the y Girection from the distorted edge to the point considered. ‘These effects are indepondent of the sense of positive direction of y. How- ever, the manner of definition of May involves a positive direc the y axis; therefore, one must take due account of the p directions of the axes in determining M,, due to distortions of both edges f and g of the slab. With the notation and dircetions of Fig. 3, the twisting moment Mz, on the line y = 2, duc to distortions of the edge y = b corre- sponding to Equations (74) and (75), is of the same form as Equation (77) for the line y = b ~ v, but is opposite in sign to Equation (77). ‘Numerical values of C are given in Table 6 for various values of be and for v at successive tenth points of the span b. For v = 0, C is 1.0, and for v = 8, C is zero, The values of C for b/s greater than 4.0 are practically the same as for 6 infinitely large, and may be obtained from Tables 12 and 13. Numerical values of Cay are given in Table 7, For b/s greater than 4.0 the values of C,y are practically the same as the values of C. For b/s very small, less than 0.1, the value of Czy approaches the 8 quantity Itis noted that the edge moment ~My is a fictitious moment that is applied with the edge deflection merely to simplify the calculations FLEXIBLE BEAMS 99 and to make it easier to handle Poisson’s ratio. One may state the effects due to a deflection slone without edge moment as the sum of three tabular values given in Chapter V, but it seems unwise to do this, It is evident from the equations that all moments are stated in terms of the fictitious edge moments, and the deflections in terms of the actual edge deflections. The effects due to the actual deflection plus the fictitious edge moment must be combined with the effects due to the actual edge moment minus the fictitious edge moment inorder to get the true effects due to edge deflection and edge moment, 20, Moment Without Deflection of One Edge of a Panel. Consider the panel of the slab shown in Fig. 3 where the edge g and the edges parallel to the y axis are simply supported, and the edge fis supported without deflection, but subjected to the moment M, where M = Mysin (79) ‘The bending moments M. and M, and the twi tou Ue line y =v aniay be stated in he fora: ing moment May Ma = (me uy) Mesin (80) My = (ny +) Masin May = (1-1) ap cos = wn) and the deflection w on the line y= » may be stated as wm Co Mein = (2) where ms, my, may, and Cy are dimensionless coefficients. ‘The various coefficients are independent of Poisson’s ratio; consequently values of two coefficients are combined in order to obtain bending moments. Equations (79) to (82), inclusive, are derived from corresponding expressions in Section 5 of Appendix B.100 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS As in Section 19, the bending moments MM. and M, and the de- flection w at a point in a panel due to a moment applied at one edge are stated in terms of a coefficient depending on the distance v in the y direction from the edge at whieh the moment is applied, to the point, considered. The effects are independent of the direction of positive y, or, in other words, ms, my, and C. are independent of the sign of + However, the twisting moment Mzy on the line y = v due toa sine wave of moment applied at y = bis of the same form as Bquation (81) for the line y = b ~ v, but is opposite in sign to (81). In other ‘words, may is of the same sign as v, where v is the distance from the edge at which moment is applied to the point. considered, Numerical values of ms, my, may, and Cy are given in Tables &, 9, 10, and 11, respectively, for various values of b/s and for v ab successive tenth points of the span 8. For » = 0, the coefficients are ‘m; = 0, my = 1, Cu = 0; and for v = b, the coofficients ma, my and C. are zero. For b/s greater than 4.0 the values of all thes> coefficients are practically equal to the corresponding coefficients for b infinitely large, for which case equations and numerieal values are given in Tables 12 and 13. The use of some of the various coefficients mentioned herein is demonstrated in Chapter V1 in the illustrative problems. 21. Dimensional Relations—Certain dimensional relations are of interest in that they permit extension of results obtained for one particular size of structure to another of similar proportions. For example, the slabs shown in Fig. 8 (a) and (b) are similar. It is noted that all horizontal dimensions are changed for Fig. 8 (b) in the proportion r, the span between simple supports becoming rc instead of a. Further, the values of the quantity N, which is a moas- ure of the stiffness of elements of the slab, must be in the same pro- Portion among the different panels in (b) as they are in (a), and the values of Poisson’s ratio » must be equal, panel for panel, in (b) and (a). If the quantities NV are the same for corresponding panels in (a) and in (b) of Fig. 8 the quantity EI for corresponding beams in Fig. 8 (b) must be changed in the proportion r, the same proportion as the linear dimensions, for similarity to obtai When the two structures are loaded at the same points or along the same lines, or loaded similarly, and if the total loads are the same the following relations hold: the detections in (b) will ber times those in (a) at corresponding points; the slopes in (b) will consequently ber times the corresponding slopes in (a); and the curvatures and twists in (b) will be equal to the curvatures and twists in (a). Then the ——y FLEXIBLE BEAMS 101 a ‘Seaport a FE pate a( ie Load, 2 | 3 i Sa er imple Soppart f@) Simple “Sueno Er Pua. &. Srusaz Stans axp Loanine Coxnrnionss bending moments and twisting moments per unit of length will be equal at corresponding points in the two struetures. ‘The shear per unit of length in (b) will be 1/r times the corresponding shears in (a), and the reactions in (b) will have the same relations to the reactions in (a) as the shears have. Consequently, line loads per unit of length in (b) must be 1/r times the corresponding line loads in (a), and total loads must be equal in the two structures. From this requirement ‘one readily derives the fact that distributed loads per unit of area in (©) must be 1/7? times the corresponding quantities in (a), Now consider the slab shown in Fig. 8 (a) only. Let the quantity 1 be changed for each panel in the same proportion; then the quan- tity 1 for the various beams must be changed in the same proportion also. With the loads unchanged, the moments, reactions, and shears will be unchanged. However, the slopes and the deflections will be changed so as to vary as 1/WV at corresponding points.102 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLAssics The use of these prineiples permits one to write moment eoeffe cients and reaction coefficients for given loadings on similar structures from the results obtained in a particular numerical case. ‘That is, i! in a particular type of structure (say, for example, a single panel of « slab simply supported on three sides, and supported on the fourth side by a flexible beam) one finds for a load of 2000 Ib. at a giver point a moment of 100 Ib. at the load point in the x direetion, one may ‘rite the general relationship that in a similar strueture the moment under the load in the x direetion is 1/20th the load, V. Tanuzarep Nusentcat, Constants. 22. Tabulated Numerical Constante for Use in the Distribution Prox cedure—Tables 1 to 13, inclusive, contain numerical values for the constants entering into the analysis by means of the distribution procedure. The numerical values given are reported generally to six or more significant figures for the larger numbers. This is, of course, considerably greater aecuracy than is required or justified in any analysis of slabs. One may take only as many significant figures from the table as are desired, however, in an analysis, For a panel of a slab, the various stiffnesses are obtained from Table 1; the earry-over fuctors from Table 2; the fixed-end moments for line loads from Table 3; the fixed-end reactions for line loads from Table 4; the fixed-end moments and fixed-ond reactions for distributed loads from Table 5. Values of bending moments, twisting moments, and defections Within a panel of a slab due to a deflection combined with a moment at one edge are obtained from Tables 6 and 7; and those due to a moment withou: defieetion at one edge, from Tables 8, 9, 10, and 11 Table 12 contains a summary of the various formulas applying tow slab infinitely long in one direction. These formulas are obtained by letting b approach infinity in the corresponding expressions for the finite slab. Some numerical values of the dimensionless coefficients stated in Table 12 are given in Table 13. FLEXIBLE BEAMS 103 mys ay rue EXeabssions ron ‘OP 4 Pav OF & SLAB Park, ou noged, n= | ae i i he sg Fs lomo We agar an more sansa ei bi On= Cs - art105 FLEXIBLE BEAMS CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS Tames 8 NowseicaL Vatups oF THe CopericieNt 18 THE EXPKESSION Fou Fxko-Exp ‘Mowen? iv a Sat Dur 104 Line Loa Ta spas eShssns oa wbere bw the apn between Sea ef Tanue 2 ‘The various arty-over factor ar eed in Pe Yl of ae a5 4582 GH HE Hi wants] vines] wa as GH En i! i SHEE NG TEED HHL ae viwas| vim 03| w= 04] x= 08 Hane EEE SH GT if po Hu] HG) HA icse HOLE 1205 HAGE LN iil | EH ED Gli Han HE ie Ga Bui TRG HL Hn He HEEL HH EuL HE) HA HEY He piu HG Hull HUE Btn 0 BE Eee Nowenicat, Vauors or Caney-oven Facrons ron 4 PANEL OF 4 SLAB106 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS Tame 4 Nuwenical VaLuiss ov ni: Coumptetvr 16 tHe Exriisioy row Fixib-Eyo Reaction 1s 4 Sian Det ro 4 Line Loab ye tang «fen thee “ee sass dee dale See tee ee ae es He ES | i SHS He Hae ‘| ta |e i See |P L P| Sg | d Bi Hee |) Bae TREE eee |e Bit Pe Ea Ce |e |e ae Hie Pie EHS | ash sa ist a le 3am | xa | oe | cam | a |e mt Hi Se ES Sa Ga | Se Sea Hi SR) Eis 28 hs |B |S 32 |e oon | omen | orga ae HE ioe |e eae 3 RRS EERE | Sa | oem | Sta ay | Seu $a | eaux | sae | saps ea $e) jaa |e Bie Se |S |S | a | eg sem ge | sae Hale HB ea] a |e Hi SEs | | | FLEXIBLE BEAMS 107 Tame 5 ‘tomer ana Hsucmos t's Seat De 10'1 Bistusutee Lowe ares ad laa eee eg aoe ste ne > fom Se BE: a Bae seifeant gues ive i She Ele”109 The fy Po Une 1 henna bn Ne edas. ‘The eit feu oF 4 Suan Di oR THR Twismaa Mower I ‘op Panzt Comaisen ‘On Tuat Boos Va of or Tamun 7 0, of waa sly mepporte on 2 FLEXIBLE BEAMS given by the egunton May = Tats ‘Wen \ Mouse ‘Duruxcriox oF Ons Ener En. BADE aggae gugsg geeas Hits €6228 GE0! HAG HE HA ‘or LENora ix a Siwruysupronten Pax ‘A detestion = an sin x2 some witha motnent Ae = — ped at Ue ede, 2 he ie y = [Nuwenical, Vatons o 2me Cosrriciss Hl) GUE HH ile! HE 7 | abo ce IAG el Gin tl ‘Ose Eoaw ov Page wim ae] wo 1X TH Expressions rou, Bexoino Mo jerLecrions ns Srupby-SUprowneD 4 Tame 8 a sig Hn) 8 GE ig HL HH Ho Hl EEE Hi CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS Comtiseo Wir 4 Mowat ox Tar Boot vines [x04] wh mas GG UH Hl ‘Pant oF 4 Sian Dur no's Des HEE ‘A dation 8 ~ denn s/s combined witha moment ity = — = MENT Pea Unie oF Lasuiru ano ton Ds Nowenicat, Vatogs ov ms: Conpricieys 108A detection 8 = Aen of 0 sili atthe aro else y =o a CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS ‘Tams: 7—CCoxeron0) woseise Monte May Put Uste ub VASet oF a Sean Deets 8 dese rae ein Gat ee FLEXIBLE BEAMS m Tama & Newrucas Vatuws or nin Coneyianis fox mu Isesoise Mouuiers Me aso My Pru Unitor Lexum Surouneo Pasi ov a Seas DOs 0 4 Mownst Arvuizo at One Kua or Pave ha ioh nes mppeted Py he “9-04 ] 80a] ona] wea] wea] woe | Hon HE ‘ool 2 oa69 9 ocgooe gona oa acme ze [ace te aot Seine aa Samet 3 man tonsst Osis Sond coe ca age | sox |e i bee tei a ee HS a as cet i iti = sa oes ize a ‘Sis | aimee epee sae sae | eae113 aa is HE HG HE Henn wai oy Pen Ure HE 39999 a Hid HR vate 1H TB ‘Tapes 10 ‘Neatenica. Vataas of tae Consrictest ros tie Twisting Mower M, 83 soe [oad FLEXIBLE BEAMS 3) 3 [ennye o7ege Seeae preee Peeee 2 TEE HEE: Mownvt Arruieo at Ose Book ov Paver a Sot TTT HEE ge ng ee eT OF Lonaric iw a Sip Susnonnen Paxin or x Suan De GGG] GEREE UGE EEE 39999 S387 esaeTs a ‘S358 Hug sere . SaiGE G2SEE Bags Sul EE sreee eases a Tam 9 als 0h fa EE 2283 825) Ha CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS "ro 4 Mougv® AP Peas memes M = i aes Tad atgee en aGae Ee ‘Pe Unt ov bewerw ty a we lcinornt speach Nuwemcan Vators oF se: 11214 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS FLEXIBLE BEAMS 4s ame Tante 10—(Cover.voRo) Nowe, Vanons roic rie Conesieiive ty ti: Beene svt Fon Tue Twistike MOMENT My Pen User iantr-Seeowrny Pasb ti a Sh subvoute Pawit ura Stan DUR TOs imp at Owe Boat or Pax, Deeinerioy oF 4 Moses Newnes. Vaaarms ov my, eat Pepa poucn = hate ther =a nly pp regen eel ase he on “i pana he ad Othe abate desion ‘af the y ast se fe wh bor ry H | 3 | 3a | Rg) eee | eusaels pe H| SiS | ds | HER | take ie HO ag) HRD | 28S) | eee | ut ately it | gem | gam | sg | tue Harte il | dep) se | GRE) pea Ho) TRS | He | gee | oes it | 3am | seg | mm |e i] Sa a9 ae $$ | SBR) | gene | Gaee |b 10 ones open Ss | 35m) | gts | Seay | | ; | aoe au ois ger if) 3uae | gems | guse | g | SRR ase RR Sr ct ea |¢ at ba te | TRS | GES | tee |G | \ ge gue als eale mate gael emai ecole HL TBS | HSE | HS | oe tae ates te # fon ay Le H es tsel0 ou» oe ae | man B — |G gets ee a u ieee 2 er Seen fi | | ut ae | | \ gts HF to yee | a Se pe Se i i Scat SaaS a Se 5 a |samaz mw moe ue | sem ue toe se i | i SN /3 RO Sot a Sst 9 Se a a et iH fiesa7 FLEXIBLE BEAMS Hau Hil TG Tay Hi v8 Dintexsiowutss Conrrroueyze Drviven iw i ea ie HEE 0 [>| Me ew an F]-) wt a i + SASS 22822 Saans azena CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS 16 Tame 12 i ¢ a ag Bim Ga 3 ee 1; 2 2 Pao¢ aus aos ds | 3 F408 2S ay “| 2 _7 ay ia? os i pa? aa Ee] ‘ eal oc Gg Bo > oS age Hild) i Sjay sy it dela: | raj ti oa] tga Re] q eS] as + | 2 ei ial i i, a iF “= fatd pale | Gi an) 4 ata fal? Vo) 32 es] 23 wpa? aele Petal Geel de a TH Bel] i lig 4204 tad? Haley? G28 288 abt Gtil rc i He te lgile iis a ga UE iiet yuu Qs Gr uo task Wy ae ipa if apes Py i i i aFLEXIBLE BEAMS 119 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS 118 Mustrative Problem | (continu) sstrative Probie 1 aos tad ears Le wear reser psa 50 yi-2000 lr le sont ety ee > = lesen | we |o o|-som °° sae Egger litem $l Fe Bl a22 nal o=— =e 424 “4 Mitotane) feiesictaeS m2 oT =a a ql ee 7 -Rna0egs seo ~ke-aag08 3 aes. actor scsnaiote. cae 3 | 2000 ate TT | i aA aneE] Foss, [astra 1 Ee tad e ohcemnctemen stan vee sam ase! "| A : eaceeob ti 024) sam Se Cia Sapa ran Figg lo-—— sala “as 1 pgn EM iy EE Mole di ~2a af mane toad Components: Fa "ae = 2000 bt sin F ion of Fier ‘soe (ep 2) Lge oe izintn api R= ASI Ge ee bongs (Table s) en" 2076s (Table 8) sien ier 0 SE rsa! ° Sarasa tone intt 120% Lagasse 7h e/aas 23000 Fatksee'D, Kemer eco at (HE FG Gc ntites 0 is 5 BE 0, Grate Tae ve = er=nv403 weer [2488 jas —— At ear rail o | _ ar ESTE VI. Tuusreative Prosteus 25. Illustrative Problem 1.—This problem involves © slab con- tinuous over unyielding supports, with one end fixed. To illustrate certain features of the distribution procedure, differences in depth or moment of inertia and differences in Poisson's ratio are considered. ‘The center panel is loaded at its mid-point by a concentrated load, and one end pane! is uniformly loaded. ‘The load components are found from Figs. 4 and 5, and are stated on the computation sheets. ‘The problem is self-explanatory to any- one familiar with the process of distributing moments in a continuous irder. ‘The work is carried out for four terms in the series. For Practical purposes only the first term, n = 1, or at most the first two terms, need have been considered. Even terms, n = 2, 4, ete, do bot appear since the load is symmetrieal about the center line of the structure parallel to the y axis ‘The analogous continuous girder is shown for each value of n. For example, for n = 1, the earry-over factor for the end panels 's 0.3902, and the stiffness of the end panels is 7.00- 10¢ Ib. with the {ut end fixed, or 5.94 - 10° Ib. with the far end hinged. ‘The distribu. tion of an unbalanced moment at the joint to the left of the center is ithe Proportion of 8.31 to 7.00 for center-and end panels, respee- Wwely. The distribution factors at the joint are, consequently, 0.457 to the lett, and — 51 CET = 0.543 to the120 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS Lustrative Problem 1, (continved) Bending moments per unit oF length, Mand My, af centers of loaded paral FLEXIBLE BEAMS 12 Iusrrative Problem | (conehed) ‘Total Momenks at supports ord at center of tooded Fane 2-008. oS Woments ereareste) pvtocooa (IRE of ——parnat Samer . we * L A |etes ey Matty if l ue (OSH [= Pe Mat $ a ) ow tole: | ! g wae Q ae eiccetof on |ysore 767m. -e65 |-tasia 2054-20-29 | t & aejeattan lB ae eT Lo 7 +1 0 Me fa a ae aR at B ais chew too | 0 | i: 2 ¢ | gs yo sy ema: i & x | S (ue to Contruity- i308 w206 jms 098 -si-e59 0 i | rrr + t ‘| | shee ae | i | i nea | 0 sewn foe sinew fo ints Fanaa ee atime f , : |e oe EL al omen i a er en a W=Due fe wige maments oly. t fo | P:05¢ Z atl BRras biase (rosie 8) Imy=00557 (Tobie 9) ™ mnctumynoisie ming = 00872 my tain n008ee myumcatans ISO Da 2S) =-265 1, y=0097EC° 92a) = aesosraes a) Pus te 4698 2 eevee Fauosr moaowe $end 707 -ge8= 185 230 Pag =¥69%8 i Mesa ts Mapai Waiterm Load oe estitnns geen oy Wasser goard (explained 12 ext Tine mamant coefficients for 0, tor slab with the ahort side O8 ft ‘cencentrated Load Use egerticients given ty Waster- goard (explainea ie forth Consider load dstribared unitecr Wy over a cick with diameter "es Where ¢- 00a, and take depth of a0, 9 ae pedose “For e=0i5, Westergaard’s tables ane thi eewotions sootying te 3 spear food per nt area, tthe oirechan othe long span, Slab, give the resi fastaorrepe. ‘iasmpeorsePaces0" = 026942. | and im the airscton Of tht Short span, FasL from equions (C8 Maange po wit ocho inn’ beste, heehee and Mee ea to pas oof 268410000 fa) 1281 right, The final joint moments are stated for each value of n. ‘The computations were made with a slide rule The computation is shown for the moments M, and M, at the center of euel: louded panel. ‘The effects of the edge moments are first considered. Only the first term in the series is of practical significanee in this case. ‘The moments computed in step (1) may be considered as corrections to the moments in a simply-supported panel due to the loading, ‘The moments at the load point in the center panel due to the loading acting on a simply-supported panel are computed from coefficients given by Westergaard.* From the tabulated coefficients, fora square slab loaded at the eenter with a load uniformly distributed over a cirele with diameter c = 0.104, where a, the span, is 20h, or twenty times the slab thickness, one finds, under the load, M,= M, 0.3184P — 0.0490P = 0.2694P for w= 0.15, ‘This value ean be corrected to correspond to » = 0 by Equations (72), and subsequently, to « = 0.20 by Equations (73). One finds, for 4 = 0.20 and P = 10 000 | 1.20 M, = M, = ——- 2604 Ib. = 2811 Ib. 115 puto of Stree in Bride Saba Doe tn Wher Land" Puig Nei, alto Zh sey emmy, ave ogate aD wih 5 Geen Re Ae a ab i Ro nl ‘nary My = Bt Is aw abeve ending mop por salt loth; comeguenty ‘pvino, Sei er ioperath’ Rete122 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS See eee et ee M, = 0.0174 pit = 43.51b, -M, = 0.0964 pb? = 241 1b. ‘The moments due to the loading on simply-supported panels are total moments, not components. ‘The correction moments due 7 continuity are components of a sine series. For example, at the joint to the right of the center of the structure the moments M=M, are me) Se | bee Tee M,~ (~926 sin 47 gin = 8 in — in te. @ 2 < : a For 2 =, one finds 925 (1) +7(—1) — 8(1) —2(=1) +... Jb. —938 1b. @ "or z=", one finds Fe gr one & My, = 0.7071 [—925 (1) +7 (1) — 8(=1) — 2(-1) +... Ib. = —642 Ib. ‘The other components are added in the same manner. Numerical values are reported on the computation sheets only for = /2 24, Mlustrative Problem @.—This is the same structure as ib Problem 1 except that there is a flexible supporting beam instead of « SEMAN OSE nee adh Sabacgeega tn Sewn Seba oe. Amero cote Haihtiny Val i, oy pe SSS bo Fgh a for eel obo fore | FLEXIBLE BEAMS 123 Tigid support at the right of the center pancl. ‘The problem is solved, as indicated on the computation sheets, by finding the total unbal. anced rexetion at the joint from Problem 1, and then adding « de. Aeetion of the joint of such magnitude as to make the unbalanced reaction zero, ‘The computation of unbalanced reaction from the results of Froblem 1 is shown for n= 1. A deflection of 1000-10 ft. is introduced at the joint, the resulting fixed-end moments are dis. tributed, and the unbalanced reaction computed. It is found that the setual deflection ay is 726-10 ft. Then the actual moments for the structure with the flexible beam are found by adding to the ‘moments in Problem 1, 0.726 times the moments due to the deflection introduced in step (2). The results of the eomputations are recorded for n = 3, 5, and 7 also. The corrective moments M, and My, at. the center of the loaded Panels are computed as in Problem 1. For the center panel, for 2 = 1, the center deflection of the left edge is zero, and of the right edge, +726 - 10 ft. ‘The center moment at the left edge is — 1016 Joy and at the right edge, +110 Ib. A fictitious edge moment —Me, ‘sintroduced at the right edge. ‘The magnitude of — Mow, is 710 Ib Since the effects of the deflection and of this moment are combined, ‘ne must add to these effects the effect of an edge moment acting at the right edge, M's, of magnitude +110 Ib. ~(—716) Ib, or +826 Ib ‘Thea Moe is computed in the following manner: Mos = € (Movs) + (ms + n2m,) (M's) + (te + m,) (May) 1993 (716 1b.) + 0.1546 (—1016 Ib.) + 0.1546 (826 Ib.) +113.2 Ib, It is ‘noted that My = Mersin xz/a, computed in the same way. ‘The moments due to the loading on simply-supported panels are the same as in Problem 1. ‘The component moments are added \egether in the same fashion as in Problem 1, to obtain the total moments at the points considered. ‘The other quantities are 25._[lustrative Problem 3.—This problem represents a single span ‘hb with curbs which act as flexible supporting beams offering tor, Sonal restraint to the slab. A uniform load is considered, In viewHeap aOR i SPAS TOTS 2 os 2 2 Wa gTO Te I eee z RPT GR PATE FD 2 96g.98t = 0 00) ed lo 1) tots pie es be 1.00001 EOE oy, 090k + 1PUos = anorcognty es aE (eR LG = uF tle BB) Hy CoE wey sees pasvejoqun work ra a r eaneg aR i aanioniie oF nan (6) ces 2 TUE te 2 Ust6? PERE RT s eae waite “ty eaonbie eb oP "BY Uetioee! pen pong z 108), aipatas =, 2s-| g ‘ob oes aoe a as ,o7e) z ‘rae Filo —~ tre "BOER rt. Wize, BRI ED *OBE A ATRE|O O] abe a FE Wytheceln"? "cea aaitts go LDCR 26 00 Lassees pesUewdti-Le) dois aR elias BE RT To Cp aeaT PRATER PL ra oer baa prow g a 4 a zg a Zz a a g nn 2 a pimppesme: | BD x Sartibrecese. | SBS) ose aquey |e Saag] otethe SSN cbieeae ce BE ccltees atoy § xenon” | 2 wapgaly ea1Tes SPIT] 124427 _waree | meer For ge suas Tory sy roe 2 wa Bis yo surges ‘pou ails uincysoos of #0 eitseony canes 8 ey ] wae 60 awe Hay esed sainbuniros passoaiins Hide so Bait20 Buip0d) Uk Ok 80 bia) war 9e0-< won aa CE600~2 aenonee B06 Taare FLEXIBLE BEAMS FREE ra epgpecezb ex cenisuus0-— “i Ww asi (419200: esse LEM aoe sesso a ONS Tayanipne ie pe vjawue bee 37d created pepod) Jo ssnsue2 4 "yy fue "pl "Uibee] JO sar Hed SbsbObd 5 7 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS a s Wgi-gelo argiee Dewi 126 [ewes & wameg PONE128 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS Uustrative Problem 3. 7 inthe computations take Seporr For flexible cage bears: a raonat® Slab: Wet) peel i iPatte Se, Sibery, Foe tonot Structure symmetrical about exotesline Nal00 fe Ct Te guation 38) = aiden tinte* t £08 “Cquation Wile ead GE ie do fealee Fils of cose ewes Ketas4ie.— k=0.5902 ae: ¢ Sam | 90809 cra som Oey eae mem (Ceoe Crensonate BiB ae Sotes mie’, Toasts = (200) avensaat| Scene ui 302] a6 1 Piec-ond moment Pf, les ts =QCI-glg FLEXIBLE BEAMS 19 Mustrotive Problem 3 (concluded) Tovsting moment ty per voit of enath at eye Yd. i be te continaitg with Hexible enge tears a - ¢ z rag cbernrtaon see etrst i Paves i Meee Me sien. TE Pitino raped: ‘ch Siongs (rapte) ie isa Hg E5969 Crate 0) yess Hay locovosisoastas asso ere a) aaseslsas les4O7@ wy 105 ts fare Saran] parecer EEE oa rd ne the te continuity th the ble edge beaiy, te twhtng, mono tre OE hy Osos (219 or +8 eos F808 los van 4 "ar the corner nao, the twisting moment is Diystots lot 218 tn Bat Bala MB Se a 1580 (2h um a the. inming anting 19 simply Rinportad sie, ‘tne tisring momen a toa Cottier tub, Gob, tot Phyn O0656 pet 2620 1. (Total twisting manent at the estner i 252018 1380 = “1290 G [EBA 1 8 Gig). Reaction abe fo retaton, 3 |iizea me ‘Fiet-ond reaction, thle =i Total wnbeloced rection aot (G-Lead on structure with flexible edge beams. | 210 tee BEBE anor Tire. 269 +} ————F simmetrical “ABT ib (tor structure with Flerible bears) Las Computation of bending momert in edge beam > UL | FeaUity | Component of Mage E> ao, ain futon’) (Caaaron 7) 1 Jacioer|anee are*| ass rt? 158000 tle vio 3| 20) aes | a + 4380 tetssin BE s| us| na | we + 660 Fee sin BE 2|aece| ew | as +100 taser s |eoees| mr _| os +70 eelasin BE At AB, loenter of Bear), agg = #40 FID, The total manerr on tie 98, in bait, Beams and inthe slab i corained EPt0§-100 tft" 2078 G0Fh = 400000 fe be The ratio of the matent in bath beams ie the tata! moment it 2 pepe = 2088 200) PB 3 ng) ZH = 200000 frie The ratio of the modulus of elasticity times moment of inartia of both beams, to fhe total ‘of modes of elasticity tines moment of inertia OF beams arial slab at tho cross section 1a BEE 80 sane ZET+ 207” Ba0ved =O os130. avi |L ENGINEERING CLASSICS Wlustrative Problem & Structure same as in Problem 3, except for loading. 7 Lnitore tne tna oF ecie o aiat Computations made far pei eniy net Relersiase arter constants some as i Pron 3, FLEXIBLE BEAMS 131 Mustrative Problem @ (concluded) OP Disirbate reactions: Re 0 | sesiaat-urescqseaaege) +2031] 0 (istrivution not some) eT saan 3 as te ~s08e (@)-Ditribare momentss : oisinsita =1726 | 0 EGER are era rarer Eee ~276 (-oae +387) Gi-Disiribate rhacions RE a lmag er aes ase'| 0 — at gga ee a ore ~eseee 4 i ete cesta Distrib” Proendre paris 2m sieeo ie 960 ope 20099 _(ni-ri~a0rra lt] ait sisi mess rsous-) %% Os0its2 mn Taesi6iea™ “axe eee [a2 (Fited-ord fnactio, REO) no © Set" Same aloft ses nf’ s0008 0 Durribure. 3225 dee te enim & ‘deflection. Biribute eben aoa er” Re Dettoctana yr n.5000 (er-Oistribure Moments L618 arora Ra2330 i -kow03802 ___ ZT (am azo 7 ale a “sovola=tszo0m (iy soon90) “Bid ———$$$$$——-7/a| 1063 |-se7 = 176] @ 28 Ea, | 6986/h= 2094 fe (st60r Shore + 253% ster esuree) a eat ig fea of the symmetry of the structure the modified flexural stiffness, K — 4), of the slab may be used to avoid earry-overs during the distribution, In the computations the beams may be considered to act as panels of a slab adjacent to the loaded panel, but with no carry-over factors. All elastic constants are stated in terms of N for the slab. In the computations N is taken as 100 Ib. ft. with no effect on the stresses in the slab. ~The deflections and slopes are affected by this choice of a value of NV, but these quantities are not of interest in this problem, ‘The intermediate steps in the calculations are handled in the same ‘manner as in Problem 2. The computations are shown in detail for n= 1, and the results are given for n = 3, 5, 7, and 9, ‘The magnitude of the twisting moment at the corner x = 0, 0 is computed in two steps. The first computation is for Mu, due to edge deflections and moments. For example, for n = 1, the center deflection of both edges is 8210 ft. (with the value of |b. ft.); the center moments at the edges are —887 1b. ‘The fic edge moment acting with the deflection, —Mse, is —5065 1b., and consequently the edge moment to be considered aeting alone without defleetion, to give the total effect of defection and edge moment, ‘must be 4178 Ib. One finds the result, for n = 1: Mory = Coy (5065 Ib.) + may (4178 Ib.)132 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS at y = 0, due to —My and M! at y = 0, where Cay and may sre taken for v/b = 0; and Mery = — (Coy (6065 Ib.) + thr (4178 Ib.)] at y = 0, due to —My and M’ at y = b, where Coy and may are ab i a all - cosine waves of twisting moment one finds the te tal due eden ond moment y= 1200 TDs " Th twisting moment due to the load acting on a simp! eee 2 ta pailee slab is computed from coefficients given by Libeppeletao Siscrin the pesent notation, a postive ewitng moment eros ¢ jon along the diagonal at a corner such by 2 coer ce vestergeard’s coefficient is for postive moment ¥Fots the diagonal, one has for 8/2 = 0.5 May = —0.0656 pb? = —2620 Ib. ‘Thon the total twisting mament. at the corner z = 0, y = Ois 1290 Ib. Muy = —2620 Ib. + 1330 Ib. ‘ing beams ‘The bending moment at the eenter of one of the suppor ti nee ane is also computed. The procedure is straightforward and easily fol lowed, I is seen that for this ease the total moment land section # = 0/2 is divided between beams and slab appr in proportion to the values of BJ for the various mé Seren nme lem 3, a single-span slab with stiffened edges havi _ sai Saat tice ted ied cera Seay scp wan" renee ‘ia ne ie eae of the details of the procedure more Ee Computations ave given only for the Bost term inthe series, tat is “Tye adn ection nthe sb fora Tad tone eg i ‘of eo i component of load for n = lis ‘A, Soe, Samanta and Steen Sib” Pro, Amann ao aS NOR ENE ida See HEM i ta cae fr FLEXIBLE BEAMS on tion of reactions a uniform deflection of both joints is written in to hasten the convergence by making the unbalanced reaction smaller, It is noted that for the uniform deflection the fixed-end reactions in the beams are proportional to U and in the slab, to T(1 — 1). The left-hand joint is balanced first, and the carry-over to the right-hand Joint is considered with the reactions due to the uniform deflection Previously introduced. The joint is then balanced, and a carry-over is made to the first joint, Aguin fixed-end reactions due to a uniform deflection are written in, proportional to the first set of reactions, and after one further distribution the structure is practically balanced, ‘Then the deflections are computed, and the fixed-end moments due to the deflection are determined. ‘These are distributed without deflection. ‘The rotations due to distributing moments are determined next, and the changes in fixed-end reaetion due to the rotations are computed. ‘These are again distributed as in the first step. The moments due to this second distribution of reactions are eomputed, and so on until the computations converge. All the computations are not shown, but enough numerical values are given to indicate the slow convergence of this procedure. ‘The “indirect procedure” leads to results much more rapidly. VIL. Nores on Gexeran AnD SPECIAL Cases 27. Convergence of the Numerical Computations. —The method of solution described here is based on a resolution of the loading into com- Ponents in such a way that the loading is expressed as an infinite series. ‘In certain eases, such as concentrated loads, the series repre- senting the load does not converge. In other cases, such as distributed loads and loads distributed along a line in the x direction, the series for the load does converge. The results obtained from the computations for deflections, mo- ‘ments, reactions, ete., will be expressed also as infinite series, and the computations inay be performed for a sufficient number of terms in the series to obtain results of any precision desired, For ordinary cases only a relatively sinall number of terms in the jeties ure required to compute the deflections accurately, Successively lhnger number of terms are required to compute slopes, curvatures oF moments, and changes in curvatures or shears and reactions. For fome quantities the series will not converge. For example, in the {ise of & concentrated load, the moments under the load are infinitely large as given by the ordinary theory of flexure of slabs upon which this method is based. As is explained elsewhere in this report, one134 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS may obtain the effects of a concentrated load by assuming the load distributed over some area. Also for a concentrated load on a slab over a flexible beam the load carried by the bearn will be given by an infinite series that does not converge. These faults of the method of analysis are common to all methods of solution of the fundamental differential equation in terms of infinite trigonometric series. In most cases the number of terms, or number of values of m re- ‘quired to find effects to a certain degree of accuracy, will be obvious from an examination of the results obtained as the distribution pro- cedure is carried out. Sometimes, however, care is necessary in order to be sure of the convergence of the results. Perhaps the writer's meaning will be clearer if one examines the ordinary series 1 Tene Aeittetet Ly Paanteseieaia where the sum of the first two terms is 1.5, the sum of the first three terms is 1.833, ete., and the terms are successively decreasing in value But this series, of course, diverges, since if one takes enough terms one may make the sum greater than any previenly assigned quantity In general it may be stated that for distributed or concentrated loads the series for deficetion always converges. ‘The series for ‘moments converges except at the point of application of a concen- trated load and the series for reactions at a joint converges except for ‘a coneentrated load at some point along the joint. In a continuous slab, for large values of nb/a the effects near a joint approach those in an infinitely long slab continuous over a beam fof the same flexibility as that in the joint, and with the same values of NV on either side of the joint, as in the panels of the slab adjacent thereto of the actual structure. Formulas for this case of the infinitely long slab are given in Section 28. One may compare the results of ‘the distributions with the formulas given therein to obtain the general form of the terms in the series for high values of n. Tn many cases one can establish the limits within which the sum of such @ series must lie, for values of n greater than some given value, by comparison with an integral ‘The effects in the interior of a panel due to the moments and de- fiections at the edge of the panel converge much more rapidly than the moments and deflections at the edge. Also, for common cases of loading, the series for the moment in the flexible beams converges even when the series for the load on the flexible heam diverges. FLEXIBLE BEAMS 135 (o)-Section Parole! te Simply Supported Edges. Fro. 9. Concasraatto Logo ox Ixracimecy Loxe Sian Witt ‘Owe Fusxinus Brave 28. The Infinitely Long Slab With One Flezible Beam.—The problem of the infinitely long slab continuous over a fleaible Lest is of importance as a limiting case, and serves also to illustrate a possible uuse of the distribution procedure to find formulas for simple eases. Needless to say, the procedure is much simpler for a numerical ease. ‘The slab shown in Fig. 9 is subjected to « concentrated load P at the point z = u, y = », and is supported on the line y = 0 by a beam. heving a modulus of elasticity F and a moment of inertia 1. For the infinitely long panel of the slab to the right of the heam the elastie properties of the material are stated as N and a; and for the infinitely long panel to the left of the beam, as Ni and y. The series for the loading is obtained from Fig. 5 (c) and the various coefficients for the slab are taken from Table 12. The dis tuibution is earried out for only one value of n, since the same results, are obtained for other values as only s changes with n. ‘The procedure is developed in three steps, as indicated, Step 1. Distribution of moments, bear temporarily held against deflection. See Fig. 9(b). ‘The fixed-cnd moment in the louded panel, to the right of the beam, is 2P136 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS ‘This moment is distributed in proportion to the flexural stiffneses of the two panels meeting at the joint. Since the values of K differ only because N is different for the two panels, the moment may be distributed in proportion to N and Ni One finds the following result for the final moment at the joint: oP +m a” ‘The change in edge moment in the left-hand panel is equal to the final moment at the joint, The rotation of the edge of the let- hand panel is equal to the change in moment divided by the quen- tity K:. The rotation of the edge of the right-hand panel is equal in magnitude but opposite in sign to the rotation of the left-hand panel, and may be written as ‘Then the unbalanced reaction at the joint is as follows: ‘Unbalanced reaction mu --[+ Step 2, Deflection of the joint at the supporting beam introduced. ‘The fixed-end moments, due to a sine wave of deflection of the joint with maximum magnitude of unity, are equal to the quantities Q sin rz/s and Q sin rz/s to the left and to the right of the beam respectively, where Qi and @ are given by the equations FLEXIBLE BEAMS 137 7 = Mm Q@=+w- LN Q=a+n) ‘The final moment at the joint may be expressed as follows, after simplifying: HONM 20+) 2 M Ne e Neu" s The rotation of the edges of the panels are + on the left and =# on the right, where @ is given by the equation Cites NoM oo 2 eNtM 6 * ‘Then the unbalanced rea n ai the joint is us follows: Unbalanced reaction = 2Qo + (7, + 1 + U) sin = xe fee Oe ee in 7 Fi 2 7 NEM &F J Step 3. Combine Steps 1 and 2 to eliminate the unbalanced reaction at the joint. ‘The actual deflection of the beam is a sine wave with maximum. ordinate equal to minus the unbalanced reaction from Step 1 divided by the unbalanced reaction from Step 2. ‘Then the actual deflection, for the n* term of the series, is: l+uN-M So Geet snoeea iw aN A See rel NtM +e N= MN N bee 7 8 & NFM 8 ‘The moment in the beam is obi ‘ned from the relation138 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS whence it follows that, for the n' term, lte N-M, =) (++ 5 2 N+M s jon NM Gris NON, aM * 2s N+N, EF Mican = (3) ‘The moment at the joint is obtained by adding the moment in Step 1 to 4 times the moment in Step 2. One finds the result, for the n'* term, Ny 2P 2+) N Ny a Minas (85) N+N a (N+ NDEF - All the values for the interior of a panel due to a deflection A of the edge are stated in terms of an edge moment —M, defined by the relation Me NG One has the result, then, for the n"™ term, N 0 =) Moen 86) Q-w pm (86) For the special case of a rigid beam, £1 = co and Equations (84) and (85) become wo _ltw NoM wv) 2Pa_ su ae a =) eFsin™ sin en) Man (SER ar aan 2PN; in gin 8) . FLEXIBLE BEAMS 139 For W: = N, the series in which Equation (88) is one term becomes the moment M, at the beam in an infinitely long slab eontinuous over a tigid beam (89) ‘The infinite series in Equation (89) for the moment over ¢ rigid beam in an infinitely long slab can be expressed in finite form by compari- son with a derivative of the potential funetion introduced by Né&dai* in his study of concentrated loads on an infinitely long slab. ‘This hhas been done by Jensen.f For @ flexible beam, when N, = N, Equations (84) and (85) become * 14 7 og ie ee GN ae TPB OO) El and = NG “ sin ATO Gy For a load direetly over the beam, v 0, and Equations (90) and (91) become 2Pa 1 mu ae Mosse sin co ace ta) El va Mae OE (93) a From the form of Equation (93), and from the fact that the slope in the y direction is zero at the beam, one concludes that the curvatures in the slab in the and y directions, direetly over the beam must be [Nl gaan Pun” 125 Jie Sign, Bain. eter et Re a eRe EE Bae ctl Sop” ue OC Boe Eip Stes BE od, 16s aes Benhas gee Oe —40 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS ‘equal. Then for this case of loading, over the beam the slab moments are related by the equation “Lo ‘This ean slso be shown by computing M. from the relations in Table 12. For Ni = 0, which corresponds to the slab with an edge supported only by a beam, one finds the relations, from Equations (84) and (85) =u 1 sae a a . 2Pa Fon 7 ay eam = EE tg sin (gy: 23N a * Pat 14 NON os 7 Brel and M=0. For Ni = ®, the slab is fixed at the line y = 0, and one has M = —2P sin * which is the n' term in the series for the fixed-end moment. 29. Application of the Procedure to Special Probleme.—The manner of treatment of some special types of construction to obtain a solution by the distribution procedure is described briefly. Consider the case of a slab with integral supporting beams. One of the principal as sumptions upon which the distribution procedure is based is that the ‘beams offer only vertical support to the slab or in special cases alsc offer torsional restraint to the edge. In the case, however, where the beams are integral with the slab but the center of gravity of the beam is not in the same plane as the middle plane of the slab, the slab in the neighborhood of the beam acts somewhat like a T beam and is subjected to direct stress as well as flexure. Consequently the solutions deseribed here, or any solution based on the fundamental ‘equation given in Appendix A, are not applicable since those solutione FLEXIBLE BEAMS 141 depend on the assumption that there are no resultant forces in the direction of the plane of the slab. For most practical purposes, and particularly for the effects in the interior of the panel, it is valid to make the approximation that the supporting beam has some equiva lent moment of inertia of magnitude equal to the actual moment. of inertia of the beain plus that of the part of the slab acting with it as aT beam, and then to assume that the beam offers only vertical support to the slab. In extreme cases itis likely that this approxima- tion is not valid. ‘The treatment of beams having resistance to torsion is described in Section 8, and an illustrative problem is given in Section 25 of a single panel of a slab having two stiffened edges. In all treatment of beams having torsional resistance it must be assumed that the ends of the beam are not permitted to rotate about a longitudinal axis through the beam. If this assumption ix not fulfilled in the actual structure the treatment of torsion made herein is not valid, but, in any ease, it seems reasonable that the stresses in the structure should he between the stresses computed for no torsional resistance of the eam and the stresses computed for the case of torsional resistance with the assumption deseribed in the foregoing. Cases in which there are point supports on the slab or under the beams can be treated in the following manner: (1) With the load on the structure, and with the point supports temporarily removed, find the total deflections at the points where the point supports are to be placed. (2) In succession, at each place where point support is desired, apply & concentrated load to the structure and find the total deftec- tious at all proposed point supports. (3) With the values obtained from (1) and (2), write a series of Simultaneous equations which express the deflection at each point Support in terms of the deflection due to the loading, the deffection due to each of the point reactions, and the Hexibility of the supporting structure (4) Salve these equations to find the reactions at the point sup- ports, (5) Find the effects in the slab due to the loading and the reactions f the point supports. Rigid supports or elistie supports are treated in the mam cated. If the supports are rigid the resultant deflections xt ea of support are set equal to zero. If the supports are ¢ sultant defections are set equal to the defiections that the unknown142 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS reactions produce in the elastic support, ‘The ease of a diaphragn between the flexible beams, having no contact with the slab, may be ‘treated in a similar manner, for, in this case, the deflections are the relative deflections of the various points connected by a particular diaphragm, and the flexibility of the various points of connection st the beams with the diaphragm is determined by the elastic propertis of the diaphragm. Other cases of distribution of loading than those deseribed in Section § may be treated in various ways. One case of some interest is that of a load distributed uniformly over a rectangular area. Such ‘2 case may be treated by assuming temporary beam supports coined ing with two opposite sides of the loaded rectangular area. The temporary beam supports may be considered to have zero moduks of elasticity, and then the analysis ean be carried out in the manrer indicated for the other problems solved herein. In many other esses ‘one may use to advantage this introduction of an arbitrary joint ir structure where no actual joint exists. For example, one may find the fixed-end moments and reactions due to a line loading by consd+ ering a parcel of the slab with some deflection along the line of loading, ‘Afler determining the fixed end forces and the load an the line, cnt ay establish the coefficients for the fixed-end reactions and moments ‘Ono may use the tabulated coefficients for other purposes than ‘or the distribution procedure. For example, one may derive an 2 pression, in terms of a trigonometric series, for the reaction at an edge ‘of a simply supported slab due to a line or point load. ‘The numeral values of the coefficients in the series may be obtained from values re ported in ‘Tables 6 and 8, as is shown by the derivation given in See tion 8 of Appendix B. VIL, Inruvence Sunracss ror Stans 30. Reciprocal Relations in Slabs With Two Opposite Bdges Simply ‘Supported.—Certain special Iaws of reciprocity,* in addition to the usual general reciproeal relations derived from Maxwel’s Theorem of reciprocal deflections, apply to slabs with two simply-supported opposite edges. “Sera pi ee aye ee aout tier. SM Megan Gee of sc SST Bes BER SEES Wika he Read Yau, NOG, Ger 3, cee TBO oa, -anayi of Thin Rectangles Pate Sunpored on Oppate age,” Dus Town Bits Wis Eitan ee Sie Calne 6» BS FLEXIBLE BEAMS 143 EIEN enel 9 which material has afferent elastie Praperiies thon the fenarnane a the shichire, Fro, 10, Gansnat Tyre or Stas 10 Woscnt Curran Rocin murions Aneur Oum™™ Rosrmpea. , Comider a slab with simply-upported edges parallel to the axis of continuous over any number and spacing of simply-supported exible beams of constant section parallel to the axis of 2. In each panel formed by lines parallel to the # axis and by the simply-sup- Ported sides, the slab is of constant thiekness. Tt is assumed that Hooke’s Law applies to the material in the slab and supporting Iveums. ‘The slab may extend indefinitely far in the y direction, oF it may be supported or restrained in some manner on the edges parallel to the z axis. An example is shown in Fig. 10 sed; omeentrted load P at the points » may be represented by le line load on the line y = 0 expressed by the trigonometri¢ ser (95) (96)4 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS produees a sine wave of deflection, or of moment in the 2 direction, for of moment in the y dircetion, or other particular effect on the line y = ¥, of the form 2P muy nee 7 ey sin so (on, @ a a oa where ¢y depends on the properties of the entire structure. Similarly, a concentrated load P at the point us, 9 may be repre sented by the line load on the line y = nus nea 2 E sn in (981 Hach sine wave component of loading, mt sin (09) produces certain effects on the line y = uy of the form Py sin AE sin A (4.0 where ey is the same as in Hquation (97), since the structure is the samo and the loading is of the same type and is proportional to the loading producing (97). : Comparison of (100) and (97) shows that the effects at 2 = usin (07) are exactly the same as the corresponding effects at x = ui ia (100). Since the component effects are the same, the total effects the same. Consequently, one may state the following reciproes theorem: Theorem 1, ‘The effcets expressible as a sine series (deflection v, aw ew curvatures," ae” OF bending moments M,, My, ete., but not Mar or 2, ete.) at the point ta, oe due to a load P at the point us a ae equal to the corresponding effects at 1, % due to the same load P st FLEXIBLE BEAMS 145 This statement may be readily extended to the ease of similar line loads on the lines x = ws and 2 = us, It is noted that there is « corresponding reciprocal law for simply supported beams: the simple beam moment at point 1 due to a eon- cenirated load at point 2 is equal to the moment at point 2 due to the same concentrated load at point 1, For the special case of a rectangular panel simply supported on four sides one may apply Theorem I to obtain a reciprocal relation between effects at the points uo: and us, by eonsidering the axes fz end y interchanged temporarily; eortain effects at 1m, ry due to a load P at ts v: are equal to corresponding effects at 1, » due to the same load P at us, v, which, in turn, from consideration of the other direction, are equal to the corresponding effects at wi, v due to the same load P at ws, vIn this case, the only effects that may be considered are those expressible as sine sories in both directions; amely, deflecti it ea its M, and M, namely, deflections w, curvatures —“, ©, moments Mz and My, m a a an : a0 OM aud certain other quantities such as 1 ———, ete, Therefore bet” axdy one may state the following vorollary which holds also for one dimension of the slab infinitely long: Corollary I. In a rectangular slab simply supported on four sides the defection, curvatures, and bending moments at @ point ws, v2 due tos load P at the point u, % are equal to the corresponding quantities at the point w, 1 due to the same load P at us, v. ‘This corollary can be derived also from @ consideration of the infuitely long slab, and has been used by Hol." ‘A second general reciproeal theorem applies to the deflections slong the lines y = and y = % due to loads at w, t and w, t%, respectively. Let the load P at the point u:, » be expressed as the line load on the line y =», given by Equation (95). Similarly a load P at the point ws, oy may be expressed as the line load on the wey = me 2 ee Pak yn 2M in aon) 3 where (101) and (95) are identical, term for term.146 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS The goncral form of the “Theorem of Reciprocal Deflections” due to Maxwell and others may be stated as follows:* The forces of « given system acting on astrueture do the same amount of work during the application of a second system of forces to the structure as the forces of the second system would do during the application of the first system. ‘The theorem is derived by means of the principle of conservation of energy and applies to a structure in which Hooke's Law holds, and where superposition of effects is valid. A special ‘ease is the ordinary statement that the vertical deflection of point 1 due to the application of a vertical load at point 2 is the same as the vertical deflection of point 2 due to the application of the same vertical load at point 1. ‘The extension to sine waves of line loading and sine waves of deflection along a line is obvious. ‘Then, for each value of n, the sine wave of deflection on the line =u due to a sine wave of loading on the line y = »1 is equal to the sine wave of deflection on the line y =v due to the same sine ‘wave of loading on the line y = 1. Consequently, the resultant deflections on the line y = v1 due to the load P at ta, v: are equal to the resultant deflections on the line y = t due to the load P at te ow ‘ut ‘Then the clopea-—~, and the eurvatures in the diroction —, oe a as well as higher derivatives with respect to x along these lines, also ‘obey the same reciprocal law. One may state the following theorem: aw ‘Theorem II. The deflection w, the slope —-, and the curvature = at the point us, %: due to a load P at uw, » are equal to the eorre- sponding quantities at the point a, », due to the same load P att, 1 ind testy dations, ate Pw derivatives with respect to x of even order only, may be derived by combining Theorems II and I. Theorem III. The deflection w and the curvature in the z direetion “Ger Av the point u:, due to a load P at us te are equal to the eore sponding quantities at the point us, » due to the same load P at t,t. 81. Use of the Deflected Structure as an Influence Surface for the ‘Slab.—The principle established by Muller-Breslau, that an influence ‘An Tetroduction to he Thecry of Eat," 100, Toe Y, South FLEXIBLE BEAMS ur 2 Sie upp + ‘ eee. § y sa ds as , Rly 4 A i Ce Foo 1h, Tyee oF Smversas ron Wate Inruomvce Sowrics Cin ‘Ovransm ny tHe Distaisurion Procxouas: os diagram for an effect at one point due to a load at a second point may be obtained as the deflection of the structure due to a distortion of a particular sort, may be applied to slabs." ‘The procedure is discussed hhere because certain cases are very simply treated with the use of the distribution procedure. Suppose it is desired to find the inffuence surface for M, at the point 2 = u on the line y = v of the slab shown in Fig. 11, "The in- fiuence surface is obtained as the deflection of the slab due to a unit angle change or change in slope in the y direction concentrated at / the point u,v. If there is no rigid supporting beam on the line y = v, let there be a rigid support temporarily placed there, and consider the slab cut transversely over the support. Introduce a negative unit concentrated rotation at the point x = won the edge of a panel of the slab adjacent to the cut. This is done by rotating the edge ac- cording to the equation 2 neu nee oo 2 in i (192) ‘That this represents a concentrated negative rotation of unit magni- tude is seen by comparison with Equation (20) for the trigonometric series corresponding to a concentrated load. Consider each term, or each value of m separately, as in the other eases studied. Write in fixed-end moments and fixed-end reactions in the panel due to the rotations of the edge.’ Then imagine the slab cemented together at the place where it was previously cut, and the don aa MMe ne tm ont A an148 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS temporary support removed. Distribute the unbalanced moments and reactions throughout the structure, One will find eertain edge moments and deflections at every joint. From these, by use of the tabulated values of deflection in the interior of a panel due to moments and defiections of au edge one may compute deflections throughout, and obtain the complete influence surface. It is noted that this procedure is applicable to continuous beams oF frames also.* One may obtain the influence surface for curvature in the z diree- aw tion, [1 By use of the reciprocal relation given as ‘Theorem IIT in Section 30. Apply a unit load at the point where the influence is ote Aesired, and after analysis ofthe structure compute throughout, to - ‘Then the curvatures ———-at the original point fora load at some other Point re equal to the curvatures = the original load point. : ‘The influence surface for moment in a supporting beam is obtained in the following manner. Let it be required lw fad the infiuenee surface for moment at the point 2 = win Beam A of Fig. 11. Con- sider the beam separated from the slab, and broken at the point considered; then introduce a unit angle change in the direetion of positive moment in the beam at. the point z=. ‘The beam will defiect in the shape of the moment diagram for a unit load at z= 1 The deflection will be given by the equation at the other point for a load at 2a Lone nat SD sin an 2 (103) Now consider the beam cemented together at the discontinuity and compute the load F on the beam required to pull the beam up to @ horizontal line. ‘The loading is as follows: 2x61 sin 7 gin 2 (204) @ a faa. ‘This loading reversed, or applied downward, on the complete struc- ture along the line of the supporting beam, will produee a deflection which is the influence surfaee desired. rape ie CRABBY om ailyodcterminave Steuer” publabed fn mie FLEXIBLE BEAMS 149 If the beam is rigid it is necessary to compute the londs required to deflect the slab to fit the beam. In this ease, joint or edge deflec- tions in the slab at the panels adjacent to the beam are introduced. ‘These deflections are, of course, those given by Equation (103). In all the cases discussed, the influence ordinates are the resultant deflections due to all the sine-wave components combined. 32. Numerical Example Illustrating Computation of Influence Sur- Joce for Moment in a Rigid Supporting Beam.—It is desired to find the influence surface for moment at the eenter (point A) of one of the rigid beams supporting a long side of the simply-supported slab shown in the sketch below. b-e0f PF ‘The deftection of the rigid beam, and consequently of the edge of the slab, that must be introduced, is triangle with a maximum ordinate at A of 10.0 ft. ‘This deflection may also be expressed as an infinite series, derived from Equation (103): Qo Lone nee any ain sin oR ee Sinee the slab is simply supported there will be no edge moments. However, in expressing the effect of the deflection of an edge, one nus introduee, for each value of n, a ftitious edge moment, ~My where, for 4 Then, one must add an edge moment M’, to cancel —My, Therefore, one has the equation Nat W = Me = ane150 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS ‘Phe deflection at y = # is determined from the relation, for each value of 2, ‘This last equation, written for the sum of all the component defiee- tions, with some simplification, becomes or, with numerical values, w= > [s10-$ + moce] sin sin ‘The values of € and Cy are taken from Tables 6 and 11 for the various values of - and — eonsidered » eee ‘The following values of the coefficients of sin —~ in the expres sion for w were computed: | YValucs of Cocticints of sn safe vo=0s | nh=os | 3 ft. \~yeaon, | 4aesn | ttat 3) toa tom “ni 3 0.12 +002 BL thes 0.0 3.00 fluence ordinates for u = <> and w= With these eoefficients the 3a ot i ~The results are re computed for particular values of =~ The resul in the following table: give FLEXIBLE BEAMS as Ondinates to Influence Surface foF Mam ye |} ee i =0 | so =02 | 0 ~05 | 1 ~08 | = 10 Mork | s.oor | s.osre. | 2ssn. | toon. ° yo.cor. | ose. | aos | nso | 0 ‘These results may be interpreted in the following way: a load of 10 Ib. 1 stu = [4,0 = 0.2b produces a bending moment in the beam at point, of a magnitude of 40.8 ft. Ib, IX, GenenaL Asrscrs oF rH ANALYSIS 38. Summary.—The procedure given here relates the analysis of slabs continuous in one direction to the analysis of continuous girders ‘The moment distribution procedure is used for the analogous continu sus girder. It is noted that a number of analogous girders must be treated, corresponding to the number of terms in the infinite trigono- wuetric series for the slab which are required to obtain results uf tite tesired precision. The analysis of a slab continuous in one direction ‘s somewhat more tedious than the analysis of a continuous girder, tnt is based on the same principles, ‘The solution of the problem of a slab continuous over yielding supports, such as flexible beams, is ‘ret handled by an indirect procedure similar to that suggested by Cross for the treatment of sidesway of frame ‘The flexural stiffnesces of panel of a slab depend on both span leugths. For panels very short in the direction of continuity the xiffness varies nearly inversely as the panel length, but for long panels the stiffness varies nearly inversely as the transverse span, Conse- ‘ently, the flexural stiffnesses for slabs continuous over rigid sup- tetts do not differ as much as for continuous beams. Moreover, the ‘omy-over factors are always less than 0.50 for slabs, and grow con= silerably smaller as the mumber of terms in the series, n, increases Therefore one may develop the approximate rule that a sltb continu: ins over a rigid support with any series of panels is approximately 5 per vent fixed” ut that support for loads in the panel considered.152 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS ‘The tabulated values given in this report are developed for the distribution procedure, but they may be used in other analyses or for other purposes. ‘The distribution procedure may also be used to compute influence surfaces for a slab. One may estimate very readily, by rough caleula- tions based on the distribution, the form of the influence surface for moment in a beam. ‘This may be used to form some judgment of the way in which the load is “arried” to the simple supports in view of the static control for total bending moment in a cross-section of the structure. On any cross-section parallel to the simply-supported edges through the entire structure consisting of continuous slab and supporting beams, the magnitude of the total bending moment on the section is determined by statics. Part of the total moment is resisted by flexure in the beam, the remainder by flexure in the slab, but the manner in which the moment in the slab is distributed over the section, and the amount of the moment resisted by each bean, is statically indeterminate, One may, however, in many cases assign reasonable values to the magnitudes of the various moments. For loads great enough to cause cracking of the concrete, a rational an- alysis founded on good judgment is probably a better basis for design than an “exact” analysis developed on the assumption of a homoge- neous, elastie material. PLEXIBLE BEAMS 153 APPENDIX A. SUMMARY OF FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONS OF THE ORDINARY THEORY oP FLEXURE FOR Stabs ‘The ordinary theory of flexure of slabs is based upon the following ‘sumptions, similar to those upon which the ordinary theory of flexur of beams is based, namely uae fora ite, Siewes acting on any erosrsection hve no resultant force in the direction of the plane of the slab, and the slab is lo only by forces normal to its plane. Ao Toaded (2) The slab is of constant thickness of homogencous, elasti isotropic material. aa aa (3) The strains and detrusions in the plane of the slab in the plane of the slab vary linearly through the depth of the slab. lena ‘The derivations of the fundamental equations, based on these oF equivalent assumptions, are available in a uuniber of places in the literature.* ‘The relations necessary for the present work are sunma- rized here, The forees acting on cross-sections of the slab are shown in Fi With the use of the quantity ve = EL Eke 121-4) v (ay) H 4s a measure of the stiffness of an element of the slab, the relations between the bending and twisting moments and the deflections are (a2) paar apd Waser "api i steaein Sy” Pre. American Co eS, nae, Hace TSE, le spiage ues ek154 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS ‘These moments are the resultants, per unit of length, of stresses ‘on the cross-section that are linearly distributed through the depth of the slab, At the bottom of the slab the stresses as shown in Fig. 1 are given by the well known relations (a3) With the use of Laplace's differential operator for two dimensicns a a ed (ad) a xt ay the abeara are zivon by the equations a -N— (vw) ei aa a -N— (vw) oy ‘ucslobearn re clan, er laf Feet of tho seen Thos she ee petty own a Fig bicaare cited over the depth of the slab accofding to the ordinates of a parabola, in ‘a manner similar to the distribution of the shearing stresses in a ree- ‘ongrltiaton of the momenta and shears exprumed in (AZ) and (ash tke to equation of mais eogvoang tho lief fo A he sab vee the ret FLEXIBLE BEAMS 155 ow op —— = A) ay OW (a6) ‘This is the fundamental equation for the flexure of slabs. The reactions on faces such as those shown in Big. 1 tay be stated as follows: On a face normal to the x axis, Mey Ke=Ve aay (Az) and on a face normal to the y axi to the axes of x and y, there are concentrated le of these corner reactions is Re = 2M ay (9) For positive Mzy the reaction Re at a corner such as that shown in Hig. 1 is positive upward; at the corner diagonally opposite, Re is also. positive upward; and at the other twu corners, Re is positive down- ward. ‘The ordinary theory of flexure is not valid in the neighborhood of concentrated load oF near an edge of the skib where the asstimptions ‘upon which the ordinary theory is based are not fulfilled. For the determination of the tensile stresses at the point of applivation of a concentrated lond Westerguard* suggests using, with the ordinary theory, an equivalent circular area of distribution of the load de- termined by a special theory. He gives values of the diameter of the equivalent circular area of loading in terms of the actual diameter of the loded area. oad ait So atin of Sys We Sab Da Wht Taal” Pe156 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS APPENDIX B Denivation oF Forstutas L. General Solution of the Fundamental Equation for Slabs—Under certain conditions the fundamental equation of the ordinary theory of flexure for slabs aw oe oP ine anay | oy N voy) =e 42 vw) = Sa may be solved in the form y ) sn a (B2) where ¥. is a funetion of nxy/a, or of the variable y only. Consider one term of the infinite series, for a particular value of n. In terms of s = a/n, one has w=¥ 2) sin (Ba) Equation (B2) or the single term (B3) applies to the rectangular slab shown in Fig. 2, with the sides x = 0 and z = a simply supported, ‘and the sides y=0 and y=b restrained in some arbitrary manner. With the notation geo Ea (Be) tbe slopes, moments, shears, reactions, and loading corresponding 10 the deflection given by Equation (B3) are determined from the fundamental equations of Appendix A with the following results: FLEXIBLE BEAMS Slopes ow 7 sing ow ae TeV cose Moments Mam vow = n¥") sing =¥" $uY)sing Shears Reactions = ~ NIP - @- WY" cose he gp l@-oY—ydsing Load where 157 (BS)158 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS tis noted that a sine wave of deflection is nccompanied by slopes, moments, shears, reactions, and louding whieh are all given by sine curves or cosine curves in the 2 direction multiplied by functions of yorly. In general, the deflection w in Hquation (B3) may be stated in two parts, (Bi) wm wy te where w, necounts for the loading for the particular value of n, and 1, accounts for certain of the boundary eonditions. ‘The function w, satisfies Equation (B1) but may not satisfy the boundary conditions ‘The function w- satisfies the differential equation atw, Btw, atu, 2 ant aeap tay ° (B3) and the sum of w. and 1, satisfies all of the boundary conditions for the particular value of n. Of special interest in so far as the derivations in this work are concerned is the solution of Equation (B8) in the form we = ¥sing (Ba) where ¥ is a function of », of of y only. ‘This solution applies to the case, shown in Fig. 2, of a rectangular slab with two opposite edges simply supported, and the other two restrained in some arbitrary manner, with no load on the slab. ‘The function Y, as stated by ‘Nadai,* is in the present notation ¥ = qsinhy + cpeoshy +cxqsinh a + eencosh. (B10) ‘The following quantities are necessary in the use of Equations (BS) when ¥ is given by Equation (B10): Y= (ca + 2) sinh +(e + €1) cosh y-Heemsinh +05 7 cosh 9 = (6r+2e) sinha (6426) cosh aber nsinh n-+eon 603h 9 | YY" = (¢x+3es) sinh 1+ (¢:+3e,) eosh y-+ergsinh n-+es 9 cosh 9 vu (ex-+4e4) sinh 9+ (6r+46s) cosh y-+ea ysink y-Hex9 cosh 9 FLEXIBLE BEAMS 159 From these equations one may verify the fact that w, corresponds to no load on the slab and no deffeetions or moments M, at z = 0 and at z = s. The four constants in Equation (B10) are determined by the boundary conditions at: the edges of the slab y=0 and y=b 2. Formulas for Elastic Constants.—In Fig. 3 consider the ease of a sine wave of rotation without deflection at the edge y = b, the edge y = O remaining fixed. With the notation for the edge moments and forces used in the text and illustrated in Fig, 3, the boundary conditions may be stated as follows: aty=0 (B12) and at y ov o= -— m esine - (B13) Asw=0 Sinee there is no load on the slab w, = 0 and w = we. For these boundary conditions one finds the following values of the constants in Equation (B10); Bsinh 6 sink? B= # ae a= By Boosh —sinhe Se te sink? a BF where x oo Bis) fonate Moments M and reactions R at the edges are found to be as Aty=b M= M, = Kéysing (B16)160 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLassics where sinh 8 cosh N _ 4, sinh Beoshe—e N Kea2r tag ee = BI . Onn e aw BHD ec R= Ry = Qovsing (B18) where inh? B + 6 wee (Sepcet Aty=0 M = My = ~KK@y sing (B20) where _ Beosh 6 ~ sinh 6 ome sinh B cosh @ — 8 and (B22) where aQ= (B23) Now consider the ease, in Fig. 2, of a sine wave of deflection with- out rotation at the edge y = b, the edge y = 0 remaining fixed. ‘The boundary conditions may be stated as follows: Aty =o aw a0 7 om A=w=0, and at y= aty=b ow o--o oy (B25) Am w= dosing FLEXIBLE BEAMS 161 Since there is no load, w, = 0 and w = For these boundary conditions one finds the following values of the constants in Equation (B10): Boosh 6 + sinh 6 sinh? p — # a=0 (B26) Binh p —e sinh? 6 — 6 ‘The moments M and reactions R at the edges are found to be as follows: Aty=o M= My = Qo sin (B27) where Q is given by Equation (B19), and R= Ry = Tdosin§ (B28) where sinh 8 cos sinh N Tang SinhBeoh sts Ny susbe+p H, sink 6 —@ sink? B= BOF Aty=0 M = My = —qQa0 sin £ (B30) where 4Q is given by Equation (B23), and R= —R, = -tTAy sin & (B31) where sinh LE ocokBtsinh & (B32) sinh 6 cosh 6 + @162 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS 3. Formulas for Moment at the Pized Bdges of a Panel of a Slab Dueto a Line Load.—Iv is desired to find the end moments on the lines y = Oandy = bof theslab in Fig. 3, when these ends are fixed against rotation and deflection, due to a loading F = Fysing (B33) on the line y= y= b ~ v. In view of the fact that a sine wave of loading produces « sine wave of fixed-end moment, and also that a sine wave of end rotation produces a deflection with ordinates varying as a sine wave, one may apply Maxwell’s Theorem of reciprocal deflections to obtain the in- fluence line for fixed-end moments in the following manner: With all quantities given as sine waves in the x direction, the deflection in the slab on the line y = y: due to a unit negative rota- tion at y= b when the edge y = 0 is fixed, is equal to the end moment at the edge y = b due to a unit line load applied to the slab on the line y = ys. ‘These reciprocal relations may be formu lated as follows: e yin b= —F = Fe “4 aoe w= wosin § = MP = Mf sing ‘The ease of rotation without deflection at the edge y = b, the edge y = 0 remaining fixed, is treated in Section 2 of this Appendix in deriving formulas for the elastic constants. One may write the deflection of the slab due to the rotation @ =4sing at the edge y = b, in terms of the constants ci, es, ¢ and cy stated in Equation (B14). With the reciprocal relations of (B34) one ob- tains the following formula for the fixed-end moments at the edge y = b due to a line loading on the line y Pet v= [ sinh 6 sinh m ms Tpap 08 hn + (B cosh 8 — sinh B) m sinh m — (B sink 8) m cost] FLEXIBLE BEAMS 163 ‘This equation may be simplified and stated in the form: Fos_asinb 6 sinh m — Boy sinh a My 7 sink? 6 — (B35) where en 8-m=2O-y ore (B36) If the distances yi and » are interchanged in (B35) o1 ‘changed in (B35) one obtains the formula for the fixed end moment at the edge y = 0 due to a load on the line y =». This formula may be stated as Me = —CuPo (B37) where sinh 8 (sinh @) — Beesinh 9 Cy = SER Se) — harsinh (B38) 8 (Binh? 6 = 5°) 4. Formulas for Reaction at the Fized Edges of a Pavel of a Slab Due toa Line Load—In a manner similar to that used in the preceding section the influence line for fixed-end reaetion at the edge y ~ 8 in Fig. 3 due to a line load on the line y = ys, given by the equation Po sin is obtained from the case of a deflection without rotati at ion without rotation at the edge y = by the edge y = 0 remaining fixed, as treated in Section 2 of this fzpendix. The reciprocal relations in this ease may be stated as follows: Am aysing= — (B39) w = wy sin §= RF = RE sin With these elation and the values ofthe constants given in E (B26) one finds the fixed-end reaetion at y ® isi a= Fr 1 Sink? p op [inh + Bosh 8) sinh ay + Bm sinh 8 sinh m — (sinh 8 + Boosh 8) m cosh m}164 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS ‘This formula may be simplified and rearranged in the form sinh 6 (sinh m + @ cosh m) — 8 (sinh « + m cosh a) y= — Py, (B40) " sinh? 8 — 6 — By interchanging the distances y, and v in (B40) one obtains the fixed-end reaction on the edge y = 0 due to a line load on the line veo RE = —CnFs (Bu) where sinh 6 (sinh & + m cosh a) — 6 (sinh m + a@ cosh m) sinh® 6 — 6° (B42) 5. Formulas for Effect of a Moment Applied at One Edge of « Panel of a Slab—Consider moment applied at the edge y = b of the slab shown in Fig. 3. Let the edge at y = 0 be simply supported, and the applied moment be given by the equation M = Mesin & (Ba) ‘The boundary conditions are stated as follows: A=w=0 Ma My 0 M = M, = Mosin § Aw For these boundary conditions one finds the following values of the constants in Equation (B10): Mob? _ cosh 6 "RN Bsinkt s =o (B44) Mot 2N Bsinh FLEXIBLE BEAMS 165 With these constants one may write the bending moments M, and My, and the twisting moment Myy as follows: Mz = (m+ uy) Mo sin & My = (my + wm,) My sin & (B45) Muy = (1 = 1) maMe 008 § in which mp = 4 EY Goeotne — o0th ») °°"? sinhe i eae sinh a et me (B46) 4 ooh 1 4 ytanh y — Both r= St Ut ata ~ Booth 8 ‘The deflection w may be written oe w= CoMas-sin & (Baz) where (B48) If the moment M in Equation (B43) is applied at the edge the bending moments M, and M, and the defleetion w on the line y= are the same as the quantities in Equations (B45), (B48), (B47) and (B48) for y= b—v. However, the twisting moment on the line y = v is of the same magnitude as, but opposite in sign to, the twisting moment given by Equations (B45) and (B46) for the line y = ~ v, This follows from the manner in which positive twisting moment is defined. 6. Formulas for Effect of a Defection of One Edge of a Panel of a Slab Combined With a Moment at That Kdge—Consider & deflection of the edge y = b of the panel of the slab shown in Fig. 3. Let the edge deftection be given by the equation A= 4ysin g (B49)16 CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSICS Combined with the deffection let there be an edge moment at the edge y = b, of magnitude given by the equation (=) Ne Aosin = —Mow sin (B50) If the edge y = 0 is simply supported, the boundary conditions are stated as follows: aty=0 coe, M=M, =0, and at y a hent M= -My For these boundary conditions one finds the following values of the constants in Equation (B10): by aad (Bat) a=asa=0 With these constants one may write the bending and twisting moments in the slab as follows: (es) LENA, SOY a5 = — Copan £05 Meng abe ‘The deflection w may be written as sinh 4 = ca (B88) sinh 6 FLEXIBLE BEAMS jen Hf the deflection 4 in (B49) and the moment —M, in (B50) are applied at the edge y = 0 the bending moments M, and M, and the deflection w on the line y = » are the same as the quantities stated in (B52) and (B53) for y = b —». However, the twisting moment an the Tine y = e is of the same magnitude as, but opposite in sign to, the twisting moment given by (B52) for the line y

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