BI 3.

VAN O CHIU, VAN MT CHIU

(Directional control valves and check valves)
Ni dng:
I VAN O CHIU
1. Chc nng
2. Cc khi nim
3. K hiu
4. Cc loi tn hiu tc ng
5. Kt cu van o chiu
6. c tnh lu lng ca van o chiu
II VAN MT CHIU
1. Van mt chiu tc ng trc tip
2. Van mt chiu tc ng gin tip
Trong h thng iu khin khin bng thy lc, vic iu khin chiu
chuyn ng ca xilanh thy lc c thc hin nh cc van o chi u, cc van
loi ny c th thay i chiu cung cp du hoc ngng vi c cung c p d u vo cc
khoang ca xilanh thy lc. V vy, trong h u h t cc h th ng i u khi n b ng
thy lc u s dng cc van o chiu.
I VAN O CHIU (DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVES)
1. Chc nng

iu khin vic cung cp du v hng cp du vo cc khoang ca xilanh

thy lc t thc hin khi ng, dng hoc o chiu chuyn ng ca xilanh
thy lc.
2. Cc khi nim
Van o chiu c xc nh bng s ca v s v tr.
S ca: l s ca dn du vo van hay ra khi van, thng l 2, 3, 4
S v tr: l s v tr iu khin ca con trt van, thng th ng l 2; ng v i

mi v tr, van o chiu dng vic cung cp du hay o chiu cung cp du cho
xilanh thy lc.
3. K hiu

Van o chiu c k hiu theo nhng quy tc sau:

Mi v tr ca van c k hiu bng 1 vung.
Mi ca c biu din bng cc ch ci hoc s. Cc ch ci thng dng

k hiu cc ca, thng thng:

P ca ni vi ng dn du t bm
T ca ni vi ng dn du v b
A, B ca ni vi c cu chp hnh(xi-lanh)
Cc mi tn trong cc vung ch hng du qua van, cc v tr gi a ch ng
dn du khi van v tr chnh gia.

Hnh 3.1. Van o chiu 4 ca/ 3 v tr ng tm

Trn hnh 3.1 gii thch k hiu ca van o chi u 4 ca 3 v tr ng tm: 3
vung l 3 v tr van, trong mi : c 4 ca vo ra, cc ng v mi tn ch ng i
ca du qua van vo xilanh thy lc; v tr chnh gia, cc ca ca van khng c
ni vi nhau, du khng th qua van, v vy van vy gi l o chi u 4 c a 3 v tr
ng tm.
4. Cc loi tn hiu tc ng
iu khin van o chiu, trn cc van c b phn nh n tc ng i u
khin, chn v tr lm vic ca van. Trong k hiu ca van o chiu, cc b phn
nhn tc ng iu khin v iu khin v tr lm vic ca van c biu din 2
pha ca van. Cc tn hiu tc ng iu khin v tr lm vic ca van c th l tn
hiu c do ngi s dng trc tip thc hin, cng c th l cc tc ng gin ti p
thng qua tn hiu in, thy lc, kh nn. Trn hnh 3.2 trnh by cc lo i tn hi u
thng dng ca van o chiu.

Hnh 3.2. Cc loi tn hiu tc ng thng dng ca van o chiu

5. Kt cu van o chiu
Cc van o chiu c 2 kiu kt cu chnh l: kiu nt y v kiu con trt.
a) Van o chiu kiu nt y (poppet valves)

Hnh 3.3. Van o chiu kiu nt y 3/2

Nt y c th c hnh cu, nn ct hoc hnh a.
u im: kht cao, tui th cao, tc ng nhanh.
Nhc im: ch to phc tp, hn ch lu lng qua van, kh t nhiu v
tr, thng ch c 2 v tr.
Trn hnh 3.3 m t cu to v k hiu ca van o chi u ki u nt y 3 c a
(A, P, T), 2 v tr (a v b), mi pha c cc tn hiu tc ng bng i n t v b ng l
xo. Khi cha c dng in vo cun dy in t a, van lm vic v tr b, d u t c a
A v T. Khi c dng in vo cun dy in t a sinh ra lc ht in t, van lm vi c
v tr a, du t ca P ra ca A.
b) Van o chiu kiu con trt (sliding spool - types)
Van o chiu trn hnh 3.1 l van kiu con trt.
u im: ch to d, lu lng qua van ln, c th t nhiu v tr.
Nhc im: kn kht khng cao do c trt; lm vic d b mn do
tui th khng cao.
Van kiu con trt c nhiu u im ln nn c dng rt ph bin.
6. c tnh lu lng ca van o chiu kiu con trt
Da vo chc nng ca van, con trt ca van o chiu c cc ch ng con
trt khc nhau. Theo chng con trt, van o chiu c phn chia thnh: lo i
c chng dng (over-lapping), loi c chng bng khng (zero-lapping), v
loi c chng m (under-lapping) (hnh 3.4) .

Hnh 3.4. chng ca van o chiu

a chng dng; b chng m; c chng bng khng
Gi : x l dch chuyn ca con trt khi v tr trung gian, tit din tit
lu cho du qua khi van m. T hnh 3.4, i vi van c ch ng d ng l u l ng
qua van o chiu kiu con trt c xc nh nh sau (coi din tch m cc ca
ca van t l tuyn tnh vi m ca v b qua s r du qua van):
Khi , v
Khi , v
Khi , v

 y:

tit din cho du qua khi van m, m2

dch chuyn ca con trt, m
chng ca con trt
= h s t l tuyn tnh ca tit din van vi m ca van
rng ca ca van
T xy dng c c tnh biu din s ph thuc c a l u l ng qua van
vo dch chuyn ca con trt i vi mi kiu van c ch ng khc nhau (nh
trn hnh 3.5). Da vo c tnh ny, c th hiu c s bi n i l u l ng qua cc
kiu van o chiu c chng khc nhau v u nhc im cng nh ng dng
ca tng loi van o chiu c chng khc nhau.

a,

b,

c,
Hnh 3.5. c tnh lu lng ca van o chiu kiu con trt
Van o chiu c chng dng c s dng trong nhng h thng cn
m bo s d du nh khi con trt v tr trung gian, ng thi m bo c ng
vng ca kt cu cao, tnh n nh cao trc s thay i ca ti v cc tc ng bn
ngoi.
Van o chiu c chng bng khng c s dng phn ln trong cc h
thng iu khin thy lc c chnh xc cao,v d van thy l c t l hay c c u
servo. Cng ngh ch to loi van ny tng i kh khn.
Van o chiu c chng m c mt mt du chy qua khe thng v thng
cha khi nng van v tr trung gian. Loi van ny c s dng khi khng c yu
cu v s d cht lng, cng nh cng vng ca h thng.

II VAN MT CHIU (CHECK VALVES)

Trong h thng iu khin bng thy lc, iu khin ch cho cht l ng

chy qua theo mt chiu nht nh, ngi ta thng s dng cc loi van mt chiu.
Cc loi van mt chiu thng dng: l van mt chiu tc ng trc tip, van m t
chiu iu khin c hng chn v van tc ng kha ln.
1. Van mt chiu tc ng trc tip (Direct-operated Check Valve)

b,
Hnh 3.6. Cu to v k hiu ca van mt chiu tc ng trc tip
a k hiu van 1 chiu khng c l xo hoc l xo c cng nh; b k hiu van 1
chiu c l xo
Van mt chiu ch cho cht lng i qua 1 chiu. i vi van mt chiu tc ng
trc tip c l xo (hnh 3.6.b), p sut m (cracking pressure) P r thng nh hn 10
bar. i vi van mt chiu tc ng trc tip khng c l xo ho c l xo c c ng
nh, Pr thng nh hn 0.2 bar.
V d s dng van mt chiu tc ng trc tip gi t i trng m (duy tr v
tr ca ti trng) khi bm mt in c biu din trn hnh 3.7.

b) Van mt chiu c iu khin kha van (Pilot to close check valve)

Trn hnh 3.10.a trnh by cu to v k hiu ca van mt chi u c i u khi n

kha van.Nguyn l lm vic: thng thng khi khng c tn hiu iu khin tc
ng vo ca X th du c th chy t do theo 1 chi u t A sang B nh van m t
chiu thng thng, nhng khi c tn hiu iu khin tc ng vo c a X th d u
khng th chy t A sang B. Trn hnh 3.10.b trnh by ng dng in hnh ca van
mt chiu c iu khin kha van, trong n cho php tng lu l ng du t pha
cui cn y pt-tng v b, do tng vn tc chuyn ng y ra ca pt-tng.

a,

b,
Hnh 3.10.Van mt chiu c iu khin kha van.
c) Van tc ng kho ln (hnh 3.11)

Hnh 3.11. Van tc ng kha ln

a khi dng chy t A1 qua B1 hoc t A2 qua B2 (nh van mt chiu); b - khi dng
chy t B2 v A2 th phi c tn hiu iu khin A1; c k hiu
Nguyn l hot ng: Kt cu ca van tc ng kho ln, th c ra l l p 2 van
mt chiu c iu khin m hng chn. Khi dng chy t A 1 qua B1 hoc t A2 qua
B2 theo nguyn l ca van mt chiu. Nhng khi du chy t B 2 qua A2 th phi c
tn hiu iu khin A1 hoc khi du chy t B 1 qua A1 th phi c tn hiu iu
khin A2.
V d mch ng dng:
Mch ng dng van tc ng kho ln nng, h ti trong nh hnh 3.11.
Vi van tc ng kho ln lp trong mch, ti trng m s c gi v tr chnh xc
v an ton khi van iu khin hng v tr trung gian.

Khi van o chiu lm vic v tr trung gian nh trn hnh v c 2 van mt

chiu iu khin c hng chn trong van tc ng kha l n u ng, t i c
gi l lng v tr no . Khi van o chiu lm vic v tr bn tri, van mt chiu
1 m theo hng t A1 sang B1, cn van mt chiu 2 di tc ng ca p sut du
ca A1 m cho du chy theo hng t B 2 sang A2, ti trng c nng ln. Khi van
o chiu lm vic v tr bn phi, van mt chiu 2 m theo h ng t A 2 sang B2,
cn van mt chiu 2 di tc ng ca p sut du c a A 2 m cho du chy theo
hng t B1 sang A1, ti trng c h xung.

Cu hi n tp
1. Trnh by chc nng, cc khi nim v gii thch k hiu ca van o chiu?
2. Trnh by c tnh lu lng ca van o chiu kiu con trt?
3. Trnh by chc nng ca van mt chiu? Cu to, k hiu, nguyn l hot

ng. V d s dng van mt chiu tc ng trc tip?

4. Trnh by chc nng ca van mt chiu? Cu to, k hiu, nguyn l hot

ng, V d s dng van mt chiu tc ng gin tip?