James Holman

0491941
Physics 112

1. How many calories are needed to raise 500 grams of water from 25 degrees
Celsius to 40 degrees Celsius?
40 - 25 = 15 degrees x 500g = 7500 calories

2. Define the following terms:

Internal energy- The total energy stored in the atoms and molecules within a
substance.
Specific heat- Quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a
substance by one degree Celsius.
Entropy- Measure of the disorder of a system.
Temperature- Measure of the average translational kinetic energy per molecule of a
substance, measured in degrees Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin.

3. Suppose a 1 meter long bar expands 0.5 centimeters when heated. By how much
will a 100 meter long bar of the same material expand when similarly heated?
100 m 0.5 cm/m = 50 cm

4. State how much energy is transferred in each of the following cases:

2 grams of steam at 100 degrees Celsius condenses to water at 100 degrees
Celsius.
1080 cal
2 grams of boiling water at 100 degrees Celsius cools to ice water at 0 degrees
Celsius.
200 cal
2 grams of ice water at 0 degrees Celsius freezes to ice at 0 degrees Celsius.
160 cal
2 grams of steam at 100 degrees Celsius turns to ice at 0 degrees Celsius.

1440 cal

5. State and explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics.

First law- Law of conservation of energy as it applies to systems involving changes
in temperature. When heat is added to a system, it transforms to an equal amount
of some other form of energy.
Second Law- Heat cannot be transferred from a colder body to a hotter body without
work being done by an outside agent.

6. Calculate the change in internal energy for each of the following systems:
100 joules of energy is added to a system that does 40 joules of external work.
100J-40J=60J
75 joules of energy is removed from a system that has 50 joules of work done on it.
-75J-50J=-25J
150 joules of energy is added to a system that has 75 joules of work done on it.
150J+75J=225J

7. Explain why a body of water freezes from the top down rather than from the
bottom up.
Liquid water has a density maximum at about 4 degrees C. As water cools at the
top of a lake, the 4-degree water falls to the bottom, displacing slightly colder but
less dense water. Therefore the lowest levels of water in a large body of water never
reach freezing and such bodies of water freeze from the top down, not the bottom
up.