Chng 3

CC CHT HU C
3.1. Gluxit
3.1.1. Monosaccharide (ng n)
T cc polyalcol c t 3C n 7C b kh hyro s to ra cc phn t ng n
tng ng. Tu theo v tr kh H2 s to ra 2 dng ng:
- Nu kh H2 ti C1 s cho ng dng aldose.
- Nu kh H2 ti C2 s cho ng dng catose.
Trong nguyn t ng n c cha cc nguyn t C bt i nn c cc dng ng
phn lp th. S lng ng phn lp th c tnh bng cng thc A = 2n . Trong : A
l s ng phn, n l s lng nguyn t C bt i c trong phn t.
Ngi ta qui nh ly v tr nhm OH ca nguyn t C bt i xa nhm nh chc
nht phn thnh 2 nhm ng phn:
- Nu ti C bt i nhm OH quay pha phi th phn t thuc ng phn D.
- Nu ti C bt i nhm OH quay pha tri th phn t thuc ng phn L.
a s cc phn t ng c 5C tr ln trong dung dch u c cu trc dng
vng. C 2 loi vng: vng 5 cnh v vng 6 cnh.
Khi hnh thnh cu trc dng vng lm xut hin thm mt nguyn t C bt i mi s
xut hin dng ng phn mi. Nhm OH to ra ny gi l nhm OH - glucozid. Nu nhm
OH - glucozid quay ln trn th c dng ng phn , nu nhm OH - glucozid quay xung
di th to ra dng ng phn .
Trong t bo c nhiu loi monosaccharide khc nhau, trong c mt s loi kh
ph bin:
- Triose: aldehyl - glyceric, dioxiaceton.
- Tetraose: erytrose...
- Pentose: ribose, ribulose, xilulose ...
- Cetose: cedoheptulose.
3.1.2. Disaccharide
Disaccharide l ng i do 2 n v monosaccharide lin kt vi nhau to thnh.
Lin kt gia 2 monosaccharide l lin kt glucozid. C nhiu loi disaccharide tn ti
trong t bo. Trong , ph bin nht l maltose, saccharose, lactore.
- Maltose l loi ng i do 2 phn t .D.glucose lin kt vi nhau bng lin
kt (1 - 4) glucozid.

CH2OH

CH2OH

O
O

Maltose l thnh phn trung gian cu trc nn tinh bt v cng l sn phm phn
hu tinh bt hay glycogen khng hon ton.
- Saccharose l loi ng i do phn t .D.glucose ngng t vi phn t
.D.fructose to nn. Hai monosaccharide ny lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt (1 - 2)
glucozid to nn:
CH2OH
O

CH2OH
O

CH2OH

O
Saccharose l ng n ph bin thc vt, c nhiu trong m d tr ca nhiu
nhm cy nh ma, c ci ng.
- Lactose l loi ng i do phn t .D.galactose ngng t vi phn t
.D.glucose to nn. Lin kt gia 2 monosaccharide ny l lin kt (1- 4) glucozid:
CH2OH

CH2OH
O

O
O

O
Lactose c nhiu trong c th ng vt nht l trong sa.
3.1.3. Polysaccaride
Polysaccharide l cc gluxit phc vi phn t rt ln gm nhiu n v
monosaccharide lin kt vi nhau to nn.
Polysaccharide khng c v ngt nh monosaccharide hay disaccharide, khng tan trong
nc m ch to dung dch keo. y l nhm cht hu c ph bin v c khi lng ln
nht trn tri t. Polysaccharid rt a dng v chng loi. Trong c th sinh vt c rt
nhiu loi polysaccharide khc nhau, trong ph bin nht l tinh bt, glycogen,
cellulose.
3.1.3.1. Tinh bt

Tinh bt l cht d tr rt ph bin thc vt. C nhiu trong cc m d tr nh

ht, c. Tinh bt khng phi l n cht m l hn hp cc chui thng cc phn t
amylose v chui phn nhnh l amilopectin. T l 2 nhm cht ny trong tinh bt quyt
nh cc tnh cht l - ho ca chng, quyt nh cht lng ca chng ( do, n ...)
* Amylose. Amylose l polysaccharide c to nn t cc phn t .D.glucose.
Cc .D.glucose lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt (1 - 4) glucozid to nn chui
polysaccharide. Mi lin kt glucozit c to ra s loi mt phn t H2O. Do ch c loi
lin kt (1 - 4) glucozid cu to nn amylose nn phn t amylose c cu trc mch
thng.
Amylose c to ra t 5000 - 1000 phn t .D.glucose (c khi ch khong 250 300 phn t). Chui phn t glucose xon li vi nhau theo hnh xon l xo. S hnh
thnh dng xon do hnh thnh cc lin kt hyro gia cc glucose to ra. Mi vng xon
c 6 n v glucose v c duy tr bi lin kt hyro vi cc vng xon k bn.
Khong khng gian gia cc xon c kch thc ph hp cho mt s phn t khc
lin kt vo, v d nh iod. Khi phn t iod lin kt vo vng xon s lm cho cc phn
t glucose thay i v tr cht t v to nn phc mu xanh c trng.
Dng xon ca amylose ch to thnh trong dung dch v nhit thng. Khi
nhit cao chui xon s b dui thng ra v khng c kh nng lin kt vi cc phn t
khc.
CH2OH

CH2OH

CH2OH

O
O

O
O

1 on amylose
* Amylopectin.Amylopectin c cu to phc tp hn. Tham gia cu to amylopectin
c khong 500.000 n 1 triu phn t .D.glucose lin kt vi nhau. Trong amylopectin
c 2 loi lin kt:
- Lin kt (1 - 4) glucozid to mch thng.
- Lin kt (1 - 6) glucozid to mch nhnh.
C khong 24 - 30 n v glucose trn mch s c mt lin kt (1 - 6) glucozid
to mch nhnh. Trn mch nhnh cp 1 li hnh thnh mch nhnh cp 2, c nh vy phn
t amylopectin phn nhnh nhiu cp rt phc tp.
Trong tinh bt t l amylopectin chim khong 80%, cn amylose chim 20%. T
l ny thay i cc nhm sinh vt khc nhau.
Tinh bt l nguyn liu d tr trong thc vt. y l dng d tr thch hp nht v
tinh bt khng c kh nng thm qua mng t bo nn khng th tht thot ra khi t bo.

3.1.3.2. Glycogen
Glycogen l polysaccharide d tr ng vt, l tinh bt ng vt. Cu trc
ca glycogen ging tinh bt nhng mc phn nhnh nhiu hn tinh bt, c khong 8
- 12 n v glucose c mt lin kt (1 - 6) glucozid to nhnh mi.
ng vt v ngi, glucogen c d tr ch yu gan. S phn hu v tng hp
glycogen c h thng cc hoocmon iu khin mt cch cht ch iu ho s n nh
lng glucose trong mu lun l hng s 1%.
3.1.3.3. Cellulose
Trong cc hp cht hu c c trong c th sinh vt th cellulose c t l cao hn c.
N l thnh phn chnh ca thnh t bo thc vt.
Cng nh amylose, amylopectin, cellulose l cht trng hp t nhiu n phn.
Thnh phn n phn ca cellulose l .D.glucose. Cc phn t .D.glucose lin kt vi
nhau bng lin kt (1 - 4) glucozid thay nhau 1 "sp" v 1 "nga". S thay i v thnh
phn v cu to ny dn n s khc bit v tnh cht gia cellulose v amylose. Phn t
cellulose khng cun xon nh amylose m ch c cu trc dng mch thng. Cu trc
ny to iu kin hnh thnh cc lin kt hyro gia cc phn t cellulose nm song song
vi nhau, to nn cu trc mng cellulose v vi si (micro fibrin) trong cu trc mng
cellulose ca t bo thc vt. Cc si ny khng tan trong nc, rt bn v c hc nn to
nn lp mng cellulose bn chc.

CH2OH
O
O

CH2OH
O
O
CH2OH

3.2. Lipid
So vi gluxit, lipid l hp cht phc tp hn v c nhiu chc nng trong c th
sng. Mt c trng chung ca nhm cht ny l cha nhiu nhm CH3 nn chng t hay
khng ho tan trong nc m ch ho tan tt trong cc dung mi hu c khng phn cc
nh etanol, clorofooc, ete ...
Lipid c nhiu loi khc nhau:

Lipid

Lipid phc tp

Lipid n gin

Photpholipid
Spingo lipid
Gluco lipid
...........

Triglyceric
Sap
Steric

3.2.1. Lipid n gin

Lipid n gin l nhm lipid cha 2 thnh phn l alcol v acid bo. Tu theo thnh
phn alcol m to ra 3 loi lipid n gin khc nhau:
3.2.1.1. Triglyceric (cht bo)
Triglyceric (cht bo) c trong thc vt l du, trong ng vt l m. Thnh phn cht
bo gm glycerin v acid bo. Cc acid bo lin kt vi glycerin bng lin kt ester. Glycerin
c th lin kt vi 1 acid bo to ra monoglyceric, vi 2 acid bo to ra diglyceric v vi 3 acid
bo to ra triglyceric. Thnh phn du, m cha c monoglyceric, diglyceric, triglyceric v mt
t acid bo t do, glycerin t do.

O
CH2 - O - C - R1
CHOH
CH2OH

O
CH2 - O - C - R1
O

CH2 - O - C - R1
O

CH - O - C - R2

CH - O - C - R2
O

CH2OH
Mono - glyceric

Di - glyceric

CH2 - O - C - R3
Tri - glyceric

M ng vt v du thc vt v bn cht ho hc ging nhau, chng ch khc nhau

v thnh phn acid bo. ng vt cha acid bo no v c mch C di nn nhit nng
chy cao, cn du thc vt cha acid bo khng no v c mch C ngn nn nhit nng
chy thp.

Du v m l nhng cht d tr trong c th thc vt v ng vt. Du v m l

nhng cht c nng lng ln nn chng l cht cung cp ngun nng lng ng k cho
c th hot ng. Lp m ng vt cn c tc dng chng rt, iu ho nhit . M, du
cn l mi trng ho tan cho mt s cht c hot tnh sinh hc cao nh vitamin,
hoocmon nn c vai tr rt quan trng trong c th.
3.2.1.2. Sp
Thnh phn ca sp gm 1 phn t acid bo no v mt alcol mch thng bc 1 lin
kt vi nhau bng lin kt ester:
R1 - O - C - R2
O
C nhiu loi alcol v nhiu loi acid bo khc nhau to nn nhiu loi sp khc
nhau.
Sp thnh thnh chnh ca cht bo v trn b mt l, trn mt ngoi ca mt s cn
trng ...
3.2.1.3. Sterit
Sterit c to ra t 1 phn t alcol mch vng bc 1 v mt acid bo. Alcol ca
sterit l sterol. Sterol l mt cht rt quan trng trong t bo ng vt v ngi. T sterol
hnh thnh nn nhiu hoocmon quan trng ca c th. Ngoi ra cholesterol l mt loi
lipid cng vi phospholipid cu to nn mng t bo.
3.2.2. Lipid phc tp
Lipid phc tp l nhm lipid m trong thnh phn ngoi alcol v acid bo cn c
cc cht khc. Tu thnh phn nhm cht ny m to ra nhiu nhm lipid phc tp khc
nhau trong quan trng nht l nhm phospholipid.
3.2.2.1. Phospholipid
Phospholipid l nhm lipid phc tp m trong thnh phn, ngoi glycerin, acid bo cn
c H3PO4 v mt s nhm cht khc. Trong 3 nhm OH ca glycerin, 2 nhm to lin kt
ester vi H3PO4 to nn acid phosphatic. Qua H3PO4 ca acid phosphatic lin kt thm
vi cc cht khc s to nn cc loi phospholipid khc nhau.
Trong cc loi phospholipid trn th phosphatidyl - colin (leucitin) c vai tr quan
trng hn c. N l thnh phn ca mng t bo. Trong cu trc ca leucitin, 2 phn t
acid bo hp dn nhau nn chng cng xp trn cng mt hng. u cui ca acid bo
cha gc k nc (CH3) nn hnh thnh nn u k nc ca leucitin. Lin kt gia C2
v C3 ca glycerin c th b quay vn i 1 gc 180o lm cho nhm P phn cc nm v
chiu ngc li vi 2 chui acid bo v hnh thnh u a nc ca leucitin. Do cu trc
c bit m leucitin l mt phn t va k nc va a nc.

Khi phospholipid trn vi nc, chng c th lm thnh lp b mt hay to mixen.

Mt dng cu trc quan trng nht l cu trc lp kp phospholipid. Cu trc ny gm 2
lp lipid quay vo nhau, cc u a nc quay ra ngoi to lin kt hydro vi cc phn t
nc xung quanh, cn cc u k nc quay vo trong vi nhau. Tng phn t c th
chuyn ng t pha ny sang pha kia mt cch tun hon t do bn trong cc lp ca
chnh bn thn n ... S phn b theo dng lp lipid kp ny kh bn vng, y l c s
cu trc cho tt c mng t bo.
3.2.2.2. Spingolipid
L lipid phc tp. Thnh phn gm spingorin, alcol, acid bo, H3PO4.

3.3. Protein
3.3.1. Acid amin - n v cu trc protein
Thnh phn cu to nn protein l cc acid amin. Acid amin l hp cht hu c
cha 2 nhm c bn: amin (NH2) v cacboxyl (COOH) vi cng thc cu to tng qut
l:
H2N - CH - COOH
R
Cc Aa c phn bit nhau bi gc R. Trong protein c 20 loi acid amin khc
nhau.
Do trong phn t Aa c cha nguyn t C bt i nn tn ti 2 dng ng phn
lp th:
H2N - CH - COOH
R

HOOC - CH - NH2
R

L.acid amin
D.acid amin
Trong 2 dng trn ch c dng L.acid amin mi tham gia cu to protein cn dng
D.acid amin ch tn ti t do trong t bo.
3.3.2. Cu to protein
3.3.2.1. Cu to protein bc I
T cc acid amin, nh lin kt peptid ni chng li vi nhau to nn chui
polypeptid:
Chui polypeptid l c s cu trc bc I ca protein. Tuy nhin, khng phi mi chui
polypeptid u l protein bc I. Nhiu chui polypeptid ch tn ti dng t do trong t
bo m khng to nn phn t protein. Nhng chui polypeptid c trt t acid amin xc
nh th mi hnh thnh phn t protein. Ngi ta xem cu to bc I ca protein l trt t
cc acid amin c trong chui polypeptid. Th t cc acid amin trong chui c vai tr
quan trng v l c s cho vic hnh thnh cu trc khng gian ca protein v t qui
nh c tnh ca protein.

Phn t protein bc I cha c hot tnh sinh hc v cha hnh thnh nn cc trung
tm hot ng. Phn t protein cu trc bc I ch mang tnh c th v thnh phn acid
amin, trt t cc acid amin trong chui.
Trong t bo protein thng tn ti cc bc cu trc khng gian. Sau khi chui
polypeptid - protein bc I c tng hp ti ribosome, n ri khi ribosome v hnh
thnh cu trc khng gian (bc II, III, IV) ri mi di chuyn n ni s dng thc hin
chc nng ca n.
3.3.2.2. Cu to protein bc II
T cu trc mch thng ca protein (cu trc bc I), hnh thnh cc lin kt ni
phn t, l lin kt hyro lm cho chui mch thng cun xon li to nn cu trc bc
II ca protein. Cu trc bc II ca protein l kiu cu trc khng gian ba chiu.
S d chui polypeptid c th cun xon li c l do trong cc lin kt trn chui
polypeptid th lin kt peptid (C - N) l lin kt bn vng, cn cc lin kt xung quanh
n (C - C) (C - N) l lin kt yu c th quay quanh trc ca lin kt peptid:

O
----- N 2 C 1 C 3 N
H

C ----

Lin kt 1: lin kt peptid l lin kt bn vng.

Lin kt 2: lin kt C - C l lin kt yu.
Lin kt 3: lin kt C - N l lin kt yu.
Do cc lin kt (C - C) (C - N) c th quay quanh lin kt peptid (C - N) nn chui
polypeptid c th cun xon li to cu trc bc II ca protein.
C nhiu kiu cu trc protein bc II khc nhau, ph bin nht l xon , gp np
, xon colagen.
* Xon . Trong kiu xon ny, chui polypeptid xon li theo kiu xon c. Mi
vng xon c 3,6Aa, khong cch gia 2 Aa l 1,5 Ao. Vy chiu di mt vng xon l
5,4 Ao. Cc Aa lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt hyro to s xon.
Cu trc protein bc II dng xon l xo do nhiu lin kt hyro to nn, nhng
nng lng ca mi lin kt rt nh nn xon c th c ko di ra hay co ngn li
nh 1 chic l xo. Tnh cht ny cho php gii thch kh nng n hi cao ca cc protein
hnh si dng l xo.
Cu trc bc II dng xon l c s hnh thnh cu trc protein hnh cu hay hnh
si xon.
* Gp np . T 2 n nhiu chui polypeptid c th hnh thnh cu trc bc II
theo dng gp np . Trc ht, tng chui t gp np theo dng cu trc ln sng nh
s linh ng ca cc lin kt (C - C) v (C - N) trong chui polypeptid. Sau , gia 2

chui gn nhau hnh thnh lin kt hydro: nhm CO ca chui ny lin kt vi nhn NH
ca chui kia to nn mt th thng nht.
Cu trc protein theo dng gp np cho php phn t c th gp li bt k v tr
no trong chui, nhng nu ko cng ra d dng b t. protein bc II theo dng gp np
l c s to nn phn t protein dng si nh fibrion.
* Xon colagen. Cu trc bc II theo dng xon colagen ch c loi protein
colagen. y l dng xon c bit. T 3 chui polypeptid dng xon , chng li
xon vo vi nhau to nn si siu xon - xon cp 2.
Cu trc bc II ca protein l s chuyn giao gia cu trc mch thng (bc I) sang
cu trc khng gian. Protein dng cu trc bc II cha hnh thnh cc tm hot ng nn
cha c hot tnh sinh hc. Bi vy, cc protein chc nng (protein enzyme, protein vn
chuyn...) khng tn ti dng bc II ny. Ch c mt s protein cu trc mi tn ti cu
trc bc II nh protein vt qua mng, protein trong si c ...
3.3.2.3. Cu to protein bc III
T cu trc bc II, nh cc loi lin kt khc nhau nh lin kt disunfit, lin kt ion,
lin kt k nc ni cc Aa cc v tr khc nhau li vi nhau lm cho phn t protein
cun xon li cht hn, chuyn t cu trc dng si sang cu trc dng khi (cu, bu dc
..).
Cu trc bc III ca protein to ra ph thuc s c mt cc gc R ch khng cn
lin quan n lin kt hydro nh trong cu trc bc II.
Mc cun xon, mc cu trc bc III ca phn t protein ph thuc s c
mt v v tr ca cc Aa c kh nng to nn cc loi lin kt ion, disunfit, k nc. Bi
vy, thnh phn Aa khc nhau s to nn cu trc bc III khng ging nhau.
cu trc bc III, phn t protein hnh thnh cc trung tm hot ng do c
iu kin tp hp cc Aa thch hp li gn nhau to tm hot ng. c tm hot
ng nn protein bc III c hot tnh sinh hc v tham gia thc hin cc chc nng sinh
hc ca chng nh chc nng xc tc (enzyme), chc nng iu tit (nguyn sinh cht),
chc nng vn chuyn ...
3.3.2.4. Cu to protein bc IV
mt s phn t protein cn c cu trc phc tp hn. Trong cc phn t ny, c
mt s phn t protein bc III c cng chc nng lin kt li vi nhau nh lin kt hp
dn to nn phn t protein ln hn, phc tp hn - protein bc IV.
V d phn t hemoglobin (Hb) gm 4 phn t protein bc III kt hp li: 2 tiu th
v 2 tiu th . Mi tiu th l mt phn t protein bc III. Hai phn t dng v dng
c cu trc khc nhau lm cho chng c th n khp vo nhau nh lc ht tnh in.
Gia cc tiu th khng hnh thnh lin kt cng ho tr nn chng d tch ri ra thnh
cc protein c lp cu trc bc III.
3.3.3. Tnh cht, vai tr protein

3.3.3.1. Tnh cht protein

* Tnh cht lng tnh. Do thnh phn protein l cc phn t acid amin, m
acid amin l cht lng tnh nn protein cng l phn t lng tnh. Ngoi ra, do
trong thnh phn Aa ca protein c 2 nhm:
- Cc Aa acid: trong cu to c 2 nhm COOH, trong 1 nhm dng to lin
kt peptid cn mt nhm hnh thnh ion COO-.
- Cc Aa kim: trong cu trc c 2 nhm NH2, trong mt nhm to lin kt
peptid cn mt nhm hnh thnh NH3+.
Nh vy, phn t protein va c kh nng phn ly nh 1 acid to COO- va c kh
nng phn ly nh mt cht kim to NH3+ nn mang tnh lng tnh.
S phn ly ca protein ph thuc pH mi trng.
Nu protein tch in th cc phn t nc s lin kt chung quanh phn t, bi lin
kt ion to nn lp mng bao bc bo v cho protein. im ng in, do protein trung
ho v in nn khng c mng nc bao bc, cc phn t b kt vn vo nhau gy hin
tng kt ta.
* Kt ta v bin tnh. Khi dung dch protein c pH bng im ng in, lp mng
nc khng c to thnh s lm cho cc phn t protein khng tch in kt vn li vi
nhau. Hoc do mt tc nhn no lm mt mng nc nh nhit cao, acid c.... cc
phn t protein khng c bo v bi mng nc cng b kt vn li - chnh l s kt
ta ca protein.
C nhiu tc nhn gy nn hin tng kt ta ca phn t protein nh pH, cc mui
v c, cc acid hu c, acid v c, nhit ....
S kt ta c th thun nghch, c th khng thun nghch. S kt ta thun nghch
l s kt ta m khi khng cn tc nhn gy kt ta na th protein li tr li trng thi
ho tan bnh thng. Kt ta khng thun nghch l dng kt ta m khi khng cn tc
nhn gy kt ta, phn t protein vn khng ho tan tr li. V d protein kt ta do mui
(NH4)2SO4 khi khng cn tc nhn mui th protein tr li trng thi ho tan. Cn khi kt
ta bi nhit cao th d c lm ngui dung dch protein tr li, protein cng khng ho
tan c.
Khi phn t protein b kt ta, cu trc khng gian ca phn t b thay i do cc
lin kt hyro, cc lin kt ion, lin kt k nc b nh hng.
Mch polypeptid b tho g hnh thnh cc vng cun tha ngu nhin. Cu trc
khng gian b ph v, tm hot ng b bin dng khng cn hot ng bnh thng hay
mt kh nng hot ng .... Kt qu l tnh cht ca protein b bin i - l s bin tnh
ca protein.
S bin tnh cng c kh nng thun nghch v bt thun nghch lin quan n s
kt ta thun nghch v bt thun nghch. Cc phn t enzyme khi bin tnh khng cn
kh nng xc tc. Cc protein chc nng khng cn hot tnh thc hin chc nng.
3.3.3.2. Vai tr protein

Protein l cht hu c c vai tr c bit trong c th sng. Protein gn lin vi s

sng, tn ti cng s tn ti ca s sng. C th tm tt cc chc nng ch yu ca
protein nh sau:
- Protein l thnh phn ch yu cu to nn t bo, c bit l cu trc nn mng t
bo.
- Protein - enzyme l cht xc tc sinh hc, xc tc cc phn ng ho sinh xy ra
trong t bo nn c vai tr quyt nh qu trnh trao i cht-nng lng ca c th.
- Protein ca nguyn sinh cht c vai tr iu tit cc hot ng sng xy ra trong
c th. N quyt nh cc tnh cht ca nguyn sinh cht.
- Nhiu loi protein c chc nng vn chuyn nh hemoglobin vn chuyn O2 trong
mu, cc cht lm nhim v vn chuyn qua mng ....
- Protein trong c c vai tr vn ng.
- Nhiu loi protein l cc loi khng th c to ra trong c th khng li
cc khng nguyn gy bnh gip cho c th min dch vi bnh tt.
- Mt s protein l hoocmon nh insulin c vai tr quan trng trong iu tit hot
ng sinh l ca c th (nh insulin iu chnh lng glucose trong mu n nh 1%).
Ngoi ra, ty c th m protein cn mt s vai tr c trng khc.

3.4. Acid nucleic

3.4.1. Cu to nucleotide
3.4.1.1. Thnh phn nucleotide
Nucleotide c 3 nhm thnh phn:
- H3PO4.
- Baz nit.
- ng pentose.
C 2 loi nucleotide: ribo nucleotide v dezoxi - ribo nucleotide. Thnh phn
ca 2 loi nucleotide c phn ging nhau v cng c phn khc nhau:
Thnh phn

Ribo nucleotide

Dezexi - ribo nucleotide

H3PO4

H3PO4

H3PO4

Pentose

Ribose

Dezoxi ribose

Baz N

A, G, C, U

A, G, C, T

3.4.1.2. Cu to nucleotide
T 3 nhm thnh phn trn lin kt vi nhau to ra nucleotide.
T ng pentose lin kt vi baz nit to nn nucleozid - lin kt ni gia C1 ca
pentose vi N3 (nu l baz pirimidin) hay vi N9 (nu l baz nit purin) l lin kt
glucozid (N - C) v loi i 1 phn t H2O.

T nucleozide, nhm OH ca C5 ca pentose lin kt ester vi H3PO4 to nn

nucleotide. C 2 nhm nucleotide: ribonucleotide v dezoxiribo nucleotide. Mi nhm
c 4 loi nucleotide chnh v nhiu nucleotide him (nucleotide chnh bin i thnh)
Baz nit

Ribo nucleotide

Dezoxiribo nucleotide

Adenozin.5' - monoP

Dezoxi adenozin5' - mono P

Guanozin 5' - monoP

Dezoxi guanozin 5' - mono P

Cytidin 5' - monoP

Dezoxi cytidin 5' - mono P

T
U

Dezoxi timidin 5' - mono P

Uridin 5' - mono P

T cc nucleotide mono P c th lin kt thm 1 H3PO4 to ra nucleotide - Di P hay

lin kt thm vi 2 H3PO4 to nn nucleotide - Tri P. nucleotide - Tri P l nhm nucleotide
c vai tr rt quan trng trong c th, c bit l ATP. Trong cu to ca nucleotide - Tri
P c 2 lin kt giu nng lng - gi l lin kt cao nng to ra 2 nguyn t P ngoi
cng.
Ngoi cc nucleotide thng trn, trong phn t acid nucleic, c bit trong ARN
cn c nhiu nucleotide him do cc nucleotide thng bin i bng nhiu cch:
- Bin i baz nit (metyl ho hay tio ho...).
- Bin i pentose (metyl ho).
- Thay i cu trc baz N.
- Thay i kiu cu trc nucleotide.
3.4.2. Cu to acid nucleic
3.4.2.1. Cu to chui poly nucleotide
T cc n phn nucleotide lin kt li bng lin kt photphodiester to nn chui
poly nucleotide. Cc ribonucleotide ni vi nhau cho chui polyribonucleotide, cn cc
dezoxiribonucleotide ni vi nhau s to nn chui poly dezoxiribonucleotide.
Lin kt ester c to ra t nhm C3'-OH ca nucleotide trc vi nhm OH cn li
ca H3PO4 u 5' ca nucleotide sau. Hai nhm OH loi 1 phn t nc v ni li vi
nhau bng lin kt ester. Nh vy, phn t H3PO4 to ra 1 lin kt ester trong
nucleotide v 1 lin kt ester ni 2 nucleotide li vi nhau, do gi l lin kt
photphodiester.
Chui polynucleotide mang tnh phn cc. u tri lun c nhm P l u 5', u
phi lun lun c nhm OH t do ti C3 nn gi l u 3'. Chui polynucleotide ch ni
di theo chiu 5'-3', tc l nucleotide mi vo lin kt ko di chui ch c ni
thm vo u 3'.

T 4 loi nucleotide (trong ADN l dAMP, dGMP, dCMP v dTMP; trong ARN l
AMP, GMP, CMP, UMP) s to nn v s cc chui polynucleotide khc nhau. Cc
chui polynucleotide c phn bit nhau bi 3 yu t:
- Thnh phn cc nucleotide.
- S lng cc nucleotide.
- Trt t sp xp cc nucleotide.
T polyribonucleotide to ra ARN, cn t polydezoxiribonucleotide s to ra
ADN.
3.4.2.2. Cu to ADN (aciddezoxiribonucleic)
* c im cu to AND. Phn t ADN c to ra t hai chui polynucleotide hai chui ny xp song song v ngc chiu nhau. S i song ca phn t ADN bo
m c s lin kt b sung gia hai chui qua cc baz nit. Baz nit quay vo pha
gia hai chui nn hai chui phi ngc chiu nhau.
S i song cng m bo s n nh cho cu trc phn t ADN. c cc lin kt
b sung gia hai chui th hai chui phi song song.
Cc baz nit ca hai polynucleotide lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt hydro theo
nguyn l b sung: A chui ny lin kt vi T chui kia bng 2 lin kt hydro v ngc
li G chui ny lin kt vi C chui kia bng 3 lin kt hydro.
Tnh cht b sung trn bo m cho hai chui lun song song v khong cch gia
hai chui khng i do trong cp baz b sung bao gi cng c mt baz purin c kch
thc ln i km mt baz pirimidin c kch thc b.
ADN c nhiu kiu cu trc khc nhau. Mi kiu cu trc tn ti trong iu kin
ring v chng c th chuyn i ln nhau khi thay i cc iu kin tng ng. Hin
nay, ngi ta tm thy trong t bo ADN tn ti dng B, A, C, D, Z, E... trong , dng
B ph bin hn v c vai tr trong c ch truyn t thng tin di truyn.
Thnh phn ca ADN cng rt a dng. S a dng ca chui polynucleotide
phn tch trn to nn s a dng ca ADN.
Hnh thi ADN trong t bo cng rt a dng. C loi ADN si n thng, si n
dng vng, si kp thng, si kp dng vng ...
Kch thc ADN cng rt a dng, t vi trm cp baz n hng triu cp baz.
* Cu trc khng gian ADN dng B (theo Watson - Crick). Kt hp nhiu cng
trnh nghin cu v ADN trc , c bit l nghin cu ca Sachgaff cng nhng
nghin cu ca mnh, nm 1953, Watson v Crick cng b m hnh cu trc khng
gian ca ADN.
Mc d n nay ngi ta pht hin thm nhiu dng cu trc khc ca ADN,
cng nh xc nh c cu trc thc ca ADN c khc so vi m hnh l thuyt ca
Watson - Crick, nhng s ra i m hnh ca Watson - Crick tr thnh bc ngot
trong sinh hc, bo hiu s ra i ca sinh hc phn t.

Cu trc khng gian ca ADN, theo Watson - Crick, c nhng c im c bn

sau:
- Hai chui polynucleotide i song, xon theo chiu phi.
- Khung dizoxiriboza v H3PO4 nm ngoi b mt phn t.
- Cc baz nit hng vo pha trong chui xon. Mt phng cc baz
nit song song vi nhau v thng gc vi trc phn t. Hai baz nit ca hai chui lin
kt vi nhau bng lin kt hydro theo nguyn tc b sung (A = T, G C). Hai cp baz
nit gn nhau xp lch gc 36oC.
ng knh chui xon 2 nm. Mt phng hai cp baz nit lin nhau cch nhau
0,34 nm. Mi vng xon c 10 cp baz nit vi chiu di 3,4nm. Kch thc trn l theo
tnh ton ca Watson - Crick, l kch thc gc. Gn y, qua xc nh bng thc
nghim, ngi ta thy ADN dng B (dng ca Watson - Crick) c trung bnh 10,5 cp
baz nit trn mt vng xon v chiu di vng xon l 3,6nm (thay v 10 cp v 3,4nm
m hnh Watson - Crick).
Cc dng cu trc ca ADN
c tnh

Dng cu trc
B

Chiu xon

Phi

Phi

Phi

Tri

S cp N ca 1 vng

10,0

10,9

91/3

12,0

ng knh vng xon

20Ao

23Ao

19Ao

18Ao

Khong cch 2n

3,4Ao

2,9Ao

3,3Ao

3,4Ao

Chiu di vng xon

34Ao

32Ao

31Ao

45Ao

Gc ca baz nit vi trc

90o

20o

18o

Gc gia hai baz

36o

32,7o

38,6o

- 30o

3.4.2.3. Cu to ARN
ARN l loi acid nucleic c nhng c im v thnh phn, cu to ging ADN
nhng cng c nhng c trng ring.
Thnh phn ARN cha riboza thay v dezoxiribo ADN. Baz nit ca ARN,
ngoi nhng thnh phn ging ADN, cn c U c trng ring ca ARN, T cng c trong
thnh phn ca ARN.
n phn ca ARN l ribonucleotide. T ribonucleotide lin kt vi nhau to thnh
chui polyribonucleotide. ARN cu to t 1 chui polyribonucleotide nhng cng c nhng
on to lin kt b sung gia hai phn khc nhau ca chui, trong , A lin kt vi U
thay cho T.

C nhiu loi ARN vi cu to v chc nng khc nhau, ARN thng tin (ARNm),
ARN vn chuyn (ARNt), ARN ribosome (ARNr), tin ARN (proARN), ARN phn t nh
ca nhn (Nh sng ARN), ARN mi (primer ADN)...
* ARNm. ARNm c tng hp trong dch nhn t ADN. ARNm c i sng rt
ngn: procariote ARNm ch tn ti trong vi sau pht khi thc hin xong qu trnh dch
m, cn eucariote c th ko di t vi pht n vi ngy. ARNm c ti to rt nhanh
v n ch tn ti trong thi gian ca mt thng tin. Mt ARNm c th c c nhiu ln
nu tin hnh dch m trn polyribosome.
Kch thc ARNm tu thuc kch thc phn t protein do n ph trch tng hp. S
lng ARNm cc t bo khc nhau khng ging nhau. t bo ngi c khong 80.000 100.000 ARNm khc nhau trong mt t bo.
ARNm c cu to tng qut nh sau:
- procariote:
P - P - p - 5'

AUG

AUG

protein 1

AUG

protein 2

3'

protein 3

- uecariote:
(4)
(1)

(2)

(3)

(5)

(6)

Protein

m5G.P.P.P

AUG

AUG

PolyA

ARNm eucariote c cc phn:

(1) M.
(2) Phn khng m ho.
(3) M m u.
(4) Phn m ho acid amin.
(5) M kt thc (mt trong ba m: UAG, UAA, UGA).
(6) ui (gm c on polyA - c khong 150 - 200A).
* ARNt. ARNt c tng hp t dch nhn. ARNt l loi c kch thc b ch c
khong 75 - 90 nucleotide vi hng s lng l 4,5s (M = 25000 - 30.000). Trong thnh
phn ca ARNt c khong 30 loi nucleotide him, chim 10% tng s nucleotide ca
phn t.
Nhim v ca ARNt l vn chuyn acid amin t t bo cht n ribosome tng
hp protein , cho nn vi mi acid amin phi c t nht mt ARNt tng ng.
Nhng trong t bo, do mt Aa c th m ho bi nhiu b ba, cho nn cng s c nhiu
ARNt cng vn chuyn mt loi acid amin.

ARNt c cu trc khng gian c trng. Phn t ARNt c cu trc chia nhiu thu
nh dng l ch ba, trong , c on dng vng khng c lin kt b sung, c on hnh
thnh lin kt b sung. Ngi ta chia ARNt ra lm 5 vng c thnh phn chc nng khc
nhau.
* ARNr. ARNr c tng hp trong nhn con v ngay sau lin kt vi protein
to nn cc phn t ribonucleoprotein l cc tin ribosome. Qua qu trnh trng thnh,
cc ribonucleoprotein ny chuyn t nhn con ra t bo cht v to thnh ribosome .

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Phm Th Trn Chu, Trn Th ng (1992), Ho Sinh hc, Nxb Gio dc H
Ni.
2. Nguyn Nh Hin, Trnh Xun Hu (2000), T bo hc, Nxb i hc Quc gia
H Ni.
3. Nguyn B Lc (2000), Ho sinh, Nxb Gio dc H Ni.