Hunh Th Long - Trng THPT So Nam Duy Xuyn Qung Nam - T: 0978739996

PHNG PHP ION-ELECTRON:

p dng gii cc bi ton phn ng oxi ha kh c mi trng ;cn bng cc phn ng oxi
ha kh c mi trng phc tp; tnh lng mi trng H+ tham gia phn ng v ngc li ; bit
lng sn phm kh,tnh lng H+. Ch p dng cho dng ton kim loi hoc hn hp cc kim loi
tc dng vi axit c tnh oxi ha mnh H2SO4 c , HNO3 l ti u nht .
Nu hc sinh khng bit phng php ion-electron ny m s dng phng php khc gii
nhng bi ton ha dng trn , s mt thi gian v c th khng tm ra kt qu ca bi ton .
i vi bi ton oxit kim loi hoc hn hp oxit kim loi tc dng vi axit theo phn ng oxi
ha kh , khi s dng phng php ion electron th ngoi s mol H+ tnh theo bn phn ng ion
electron cn c s mol H+ ly oxi ca oxit to H2O .
*PHNG PHP:
Cn bng theo phng php ion-electron p dng cho cc phn ng oxi ha kh xy ra trong
dung dch c s tham gia ca mi trng : axit , baz , nc . Khi cn bng cng s dng theo 4
bc nh phng php thng bng electron nhng cht oxi ha , cht kh c vit ng dng m
n tn ti trong dung dch theo nguyn tc sau :
1. Nu phn ng c axit tham gia :
+ V no thiu bao nhiu O thm by nhiu H2O to ra H+ v kia v ngc li .
V d :
NO3- NO
V phi thiu 2 O , thm v phi 2H2O to v tri 4 H+ sau cn bng in tch ca bn phn
ng .
NO3- + 4H+ + 3e NO +2H2O
2. Nu phn ng c baz tham gia :
+ V no thiu bao nhiu O thm lng OH- gp i to H2O v kia v ngc li .
V d : Cr2O3 2CrO42V tri thiu 5 O thm v tri 10 OH- to 5H2O v phi , sau cn bng in tch bn phn
ng .
Cr2O3 +10 OH- 2CrO42- + 5H2O + 6e
Ngoi ra hc sinh cn phi linh hot trong cc trng hp ngoi l .
3. Nu phn ng c H2O tham gia :
* Sn phm phn ng to ra axit , theo nguyn tc 1.
* Sn phm phn ng to ra baz , theo nguyn tc 2.
MnO4 + 2H2O +3e MnO2 + 4OH***Ch s thay i s oxi ha ca mt s cht theo mi trng :
Trong mi trng baz
: to K2MnO4
KMnO4
Trong mi trng trung tnh v kim yu
: to MnO2 , KOH
Trong mi trng axit
:to Mn2+
* BI TP VN DNG:
Dng 1 : Cn bng phn ng oxi ha kh c mi trng.
1.B tc v cn bng cc phn ng sau theo phng php ion-electron :
... + + +
a. FeSO4+KMnO4 +H2SO4
... + +
b. SO2 + KMnO4 + H2O
c. CH2=CH2 + KMnO4 +H2O HOCH2-CH2OH + +

Hunh Th Long - Trng THPT So Nam Duy Xuyn Qung Nam - T: 0978739996

d. Cu + NaNO3 +HCl
e. FeS + HNO3

Bi lm:
a.Ta c : FeSO4+KMnO4 +H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + MnSO4 +K2SO4 +H2O
2Fe2+ 2Fe3+ + 2e
x5
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e Mn2+ + 4H2O x 2
10FeSO4+2KMnO4 +8H2SO4 5Fe2(SO4)3 +2MnSO4 +K2SO4 +8H2O
b. Ta c :
SO2 + KMnO4 +H2O K2SO4 +MnSO4 +H2SO4
SO2 + 2H2O SO42- + 4H+ +2e x 5
MnO4- +8H+ +5e Mn2+ + 4H2O x 2
____________________________________
5SO2 + 2MnO42- +2H2O 5SO42- + 4H+ +2Mn2+
5SO2 + 2KMnO4 +2H2O K2SO4 +2MnSO4 +2H2SO4
c. Ta c: CH2=CH2 + KMnO4 +H2O HOCH2-CH2OH + MnO2 + KOH
MnO4- + 2H2O +3e MnO2 + 4OHx2
HOCH2-CH2OH +2e
CH2=CH2 + 2OH
x3
3 CH2=CH2 + 2KMnO4 +4H2O 3HOCH2-CH2OH + 2MnO2 + 2KOH
d.
Cu + NaNO3 +HCl Cu2+ + NO +
Cu Cu2+ +2e
x3
+
NO3 +4H +3e NO+ 2H2O x 2
___________________________________
3Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3- 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O
C 2 phng trnh phn t ph hp :
3Cu + 8NaNO3 + 8HCl 3Cu(NO3)2 + 8NaCl + 2NO + 4H2O
3Cu + 2NaNO3 + 8HCl 3CuCl2 + 2NaCl + 2NO + 4H2O
e. . FeS + HNO3
FeS +4H2O Fe3+ + SO42- + 8H+ + 9e x 1
NO3- +2H+ +1e NO2+ H2O
x9
___________________________________
FeS + 9NO3- + 10H+ Fe3+ + SO42- + 9NO2 + 5H2O
; C 2 phng trnh phn t ph hp :
FeS + 12HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + H2SO4 + 9NO2 + 5H2O
3FeS + 30HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + Fe2(SO4)3+ 27NO2 + 15H2O
Dng 2 : Kim loi hoc hn hp kim loi tc dng vi axit c tnh oxi ha
2. Hn hp A gm nhiu kim loi cha bit ha tr ha tan va vn trong 800ml dung dch HNO 3
sinh ra hn hp gm 0,2 mol N2 + 0,1 mol NO .Tnh nng CM ca dung dch HNO3 dng ?
A. 1,5M
B. 2,5M
C.3,5M
D.4,5M
Bi lm:

Hunh Th Long - Trng THPT So Nam Duy Xuyn Qung Nam - T: 0978739996

Ta c : 2NO3- +12H+ +10e N2 + 6H2O (1)

2,4
0,2
mol
+
NO3 +4H +3e NO+ 2H2O (2)
0,4
0,1
mol
T (1), (2) n HNO3 = nH+ = 2,4 +0,4 = 2,8 mol ; [HNO3] = 2,8 : 0,8 = 3,5M Chn 2C
3. Cho m gam hn hp X gm Fe , Al , Mg tc dng vi dung dch HCl d thu c 6,72 lit hiro
(ktc) . Tnh th tch dung dch HNO3 2M dng ha tan ht cng m gam hn hp X trn ?
Bit lng HNO3 dng d 20% so vi lng cn thit v NO l sn phm kh duy nht .
Bi lm:
V cng m gam hn hp X tc dng vi dung dch HCl d hoc dung dch HNO 3 d nn tng
s mol electron nhn trong 2 trng hp ny phi bng nhau .
Ta c : 2H+ +2e H2
(1)
mol
0,6 6,72/22,4
+
NO3 + 4H + 3e NO + 2H2O
(2)
mol
0.8
0,6
+
T (1), (2) suy ra s mol H =s mol HNO3 phn ng = 0,8 mol
V lng HNO3 dng d 20% so vi lng cn thit nn :
S mol HNO3 dng =0,8 + 20%.0,8 = 0,96 mol
V dd HNO3 = 0,96 : 2 = 0,48 lit
Dng 3 : Oxit kim loi hoc hn hp oxit kim loi tc dng vi axit theo phn ng oxi ha kh .
4. Ha tan m gam hn hp Y gm FeO , Fe2O3 , Fe3O4
(vi nFeO : n Fe2O3 = 1 : 1 ) cn 200ml dung dch HNO3 1,5M thu c x lit kh NO (ktc) l sn
phm kh duy nht . Gi tr ca m,x ln lt l :
A. 7,46 gam ; 0,24 lit B. 52,2gam ; 1,68 lit
C. 52gam ; 0.07 lit D. 51,2gam ; 1,68 lit
Bi lm:
V hn hp Y gm FeO , Fe2O3 , Fe3O4 c t l mol FeO v Fe2O3 l 1:1 , nn ta xem hn hp Y
ch c Fe3O4 .
S mol H+=s mol HNO3 = 0,2 . 1,5 = 0,3 mol

Cch 1
(Fe3O4) 3Fe+8/3
3Fe3+ +1e
(1) x 3
3. 0,3/28
3. 0,3/28
+
Ta c : NO3 + 4H
+
3e
NO + 2H2O (2) x 1
3. 0,3/28
0,3/28 mol
T (1) , (2) to 1 mol NO phi cn
3 mol Fe3O4 12 mol O 12 mol H2O 24 mol H+
(3)
+
T (2) , (3) to 1 mol NO cn 4 mol H tham gia vo qu trnh kh
v 24 mol H+ to mi trng
____________________________
Cn 28 mol H+
Vy: 28 mol H+ to 1mol NO
0,3 mol H+ to s mol NO l :0,3/28 mol
VNO =22,4 . 0,3/28 = 0,24 lit
T (1) , (2) 232. 3. 0,3/28 = 7,46 gam

Hunh Th Long - Trng THPT So Nam Duy Xuyn Qung Nam - T: 0978739996

Cch 2 :
3Fe3O4 + 28 HNO3
Mol :
3. 0,3/28 0,3
Suy ra kt qu nh trn.
Nu HS gii theo cch sau :

9 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 14 H2O
0,3/28
Chn A

(Fe3O4) 3Fe+8/3
3Fe3+ +1e (1)
Mol :
0,225
0,225
+
Ta c : NO3 +
4H
+
3e
NO + 2H2O (2)
mol
0,3
0,225
0,075
T (1) , (2) m= 0,225 . 232 = 52,2gam
;
x = 0,075. 22,4 = 1,68 lit
+
Chn B l sai .V cn c H ly oxi ca oxit to nc. i vi dng ny khi gii HS phi cn thn!
III. BI TP T LUYN :
1. B tc v cn bng phn ng sau theo phng php ion-electron :
FeS2 + HNO3 c
2 . Ha tan 3,085 gam hn hp gm Al , Zn , Fe trong 0,04 lit dung dch H 2SO4cnong x mol/lit
va thu c dung dch A ; 1,792 lit ( ktc) kh SO 2 v 0,32gam S . C cn dung dch A thu
c m gam mui khan . Gi tr ca m v x l :
A. 13,645g v 10M
B. 13,645 g v 5M
C. 13,55g v 12M
D. 13,55g v 22M
3. m gam bt Fe trong khng kh thu c 3g hn hp cht rn X . Ha tan va ht 3g hn hp
X ny cn 500ml dung dch HNO3 a mol/lit thu c 0,56 lit NO sn phm kh duy nht . Gi tr
ca m v a ln lt l : A. 0,4M ; 2,152g B. 0,3M ; 2,152g C. 0,32 M ; 2,52g D. 0,2M; 2,52g
4. C 2 dung dch X , Y tha mn :
khng phn ng
X+Y
;
Cu + X
khng phn ng
Cu + Y khng phn ng
;
Cu + X + Y Cu2+ + NO +
X , Y l : A. NaNO3 ; K2SO4
B. Na3PO4 ; KNO3
C. NaNO3 ; KHSO4
D. NaCl ; AgNO3
5. Cho hn hp Al , Zn vo dung dch NaOH , NaNO3 thy thot ra 2 kh X , Y .
X , Y l :
A. H2 ; NO
B. H2 ; N2O
C. H2 ; NO2
D. H2 ; NH3
6. Ha tan 10,71gam hn hp gm Al , Zn , Fe trong 4 lit dung dch HNO3 x mol/lit va thu
c dung dch A v 1,792 lit ( ktc) hn hp kh gm N2 v N2O c t khi so vi heli l 9 . C
cn dung dch A thu c m gam mui khan .Gi tr ca m v x l :
A. 55,35g v 2,2M
B. 55,35g v 0,22M
C. 53,55g v 2,2M D. 53,55g v 0,22M
7. Cho m gam bt Fe tc dng vi dung dch cha 1 mol HNO 3 un nng khuy u , phn ng
ton , gii phng ra 0,25 mol kh NO l sn phm kh duy nht ca HNO 3 , sau phn ng cn li
1 g kim loi . Tnh m ? A. 14g
B. 15g
C. 22g
D. 29g
8. Cho 13,4g hn hp Fe , Al , Mg tc dng ht vi mt lng dung dch HNO 3 2M (ly d 10% )
thu c 4,48 lit hn hp NO v N2O c t khi so vi hiro bng 18,5 v dung dch khng cha
mui amoni . Th tch dung dch HNO3 dng v khi lng mui c trong dung dch sau phn
ng ln lt l : A. 15,4 lit v 81g B. 0,77 lit v 81,6g
C. 1,4 lit v 86g D. 0,7 lit v 80,6g
9. Ha tan hon hn hp X gm 2 kim loi A v B trong dung dch HNO3long . Kt thc phn ng
thu dc hn hp kh Y gm 0,1mol NO ; 0,15mol NO 2 ; 0,05 mol N2O . Bit rng khng c phn
ng to NH4NO3 . S mol HNO3 phn ng l : A. 0,75mol B. 0,9mol C. 1,2mol D. 1,05mol
10. Ha tan 1,68 g kim loi M trong dung dch HNO3 3,5M ly d 10% thu c sn phm kh
gm 0,03mol NO2 v 0,02mol NO . Th dung dch HNO3 dng v kim loi M l :
A. 40ml , Fe
B. 44ml , Fe
C. 40ml , Al
D. 44ml , Al
2B 3C 4C 5D 6B 7C 8B 9C 10B