Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chuyên Đề Phương Trình Và Hệ Phương Trình - Nguyễn Anh Huy
Chuyên Đề Phương Trình Và Hệ Phương Trình - Nguyễn Anh Huy
Net
Din n MATHSCOPE
CHUYN :
variste Galois
(1811-1832)
Niels Henrik Abel
(1802-1829)
Gerolamo Cardano
(1501-1576)
THNG 6/2012
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Din n MATHSCOPE
PHNG TRNH
H PHNG TRNH
Ch bin: Nguyn Anh Huy
26 - 7 - 2012
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Mc lc
Li ni u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Phng trnh bc ba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Phng trnh bc bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
23
27
29
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
32
42
46
55
76
81
93
Phng php t n ph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
Mt s cch t n ph c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
94
t n ph a v phng trnh ng cp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
101
103
108
t n ph a v h phng trnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
109
117
121
124
138
146
Mt s bi ton chn lc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
154
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
3
4
4
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
PHNG TRNH M-LOGARIT
158
L thuyt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
158
Phng php t n ph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
158
166
170
Bi tp tng hp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
173
H PHNG TRNH
177
Cc loi h c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
177
184
206
213
222
Phng php h s bt nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
231
240
246
258
258
277
297
. . . .
297
S dng cng thc lng gic sng tc cc phng trnh a thc bc cao . . . .
307
310
312
318
.
.
.
.
.
.
321
324
328
331
338
345
349
353
362
366
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
366
366
368
372
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Tu s mt s nh ton hc ni ting
Mt cuc i trn bia m . . . .
Ch v l sch qu hp! . . . . . .
Hai gng mt tr . . . . . . . .
Sng hay cht . . . . . . . . . . .
9
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
376
376
376
377
378
381
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Li ni u
Phng trnh l mt trong nhng phn mn quan trng nht ca i s v c nhng ng
dng rt ln trong cc ngnh khoa hc. Sm c bit n t thi xa xa do nhu cu tnh
ton ca con ngi v ngy cng pht trin theo thi gian, n nay, ch xt ring trong Ton
hc, lnh vc phng trnh c nhng ci tin ng k, c v hnh thc (phng trnh hu t,
phng trnh v t, phng trnh m - logarit) v i tng (phng trnh hm, phng trnh
sai phn, phng trnh o hm ring, . . . )
Cn Vit Nam, phng trnh, t nm lp 8, l mt dng ton quen thuc v c
yu thch bi nhiu bn hc sinh. Ln n bc THPT, vi s h tr ca cc cng c gii tch
v hnh hc, nhng bi ton phng trnh - h phng trnh ngy cng c trau chut, tr
thnh nt p ca Ton hc v mt phn khng th thiu trong cc k thi Hc sinh gii, thi
i hc.
c rt nhiu bi vit v phng trnh - h phng trnh, nhng cha th cp mt
cch ton din v nhng phng php gii v sng to phng trnh. Nhn thy nhu cu c
mt ti liu y v hnh thc v ni dung cho c h chuyn v khng chuyn, Din n
MathScope tin hnh bin son quyn sch Chuyn phng trnh - h phng trnh m
chng ti hn hnh gii thiu n cc thy c gio v cc bn hc sinh.
Quyn sch ny gm 6 chng, vi cc ni dung nh sau:
> Chng I: i cng v phng hu t cung cp mt s cch gii tng qut phng
trnh bc ba v bn, ngoi ra cn cp n phng trnh phn thc v nhng cch xy dng
phng trnh hu t.
> Chng II: Phng trnh, h phng trnh c tham s cp n cc phng php
gii v bin lun bi ton c tham s ,cng nh mt s bi ton thng gp trong cc k thi
Hc sinh gii.
> Chng III: Cc phng php gii phng trnh ch yu tng hp nhng phng
php quen thuc nh bt ng thc, lng lin hp, hm s n iu, . . . vi nhiu bi ton
m rng nhm gip bn c c cch nhn tng quan v phng trnh.
Chng ny khng cp n Phng trnh lng gic, v vn ny c trong chuyn
Lng gic ca Din n.
> Chng IV: Phng trnh m logarit a ra mt s dng bi tp ng dng ca hm
s logarit, vi nhiu phng php bin i a dng nh t n ph, dng ng thc, hm n
iu, ...
> Chng V: H phng trnh l phn trng tm ca chuyn . Ni dung ca chng
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
bao gm mt s phng php gii h phng trnh v tng hp cc bi h phng trnh hay
trong nhng k thi hc sinh gii trong nc cng nh quc t.
> Chng VI: Sng to phng trnh - h phng trnh a ra nhng cch xy dng mt bi
hay v kh t nhng phng trnh n gin bng cc cng c mi nh s phc, hm hyperbolic,
hm n iu, . . .
Ngoi ra cn c hai phn Ph lc cung cp thng tin ng dng phng trnh, h phng
trnh trong gii ton v v lch s pht trin ca phng trnh.
Chng ti xin ng li cm n ti nhng thnh vin ca Din n chung tay xy dng
chuyn . c bit xin chn thnh cm n thy Chu Ngc Hng, thy Nguyn Trng Sn,
anh Hong Minh Qun, anh L Phc L, anh Phan c Minh v h tr v ng gp nhng
kin qu gi cho chuyn , bn Nguyn Trng Thnh v gip ban bin tp kim tra cc
bi vit c mt tuyn tp hon chnh.
Nim hi vng duy nht ca nhng ngi lm chuyn l bn c s tm thy nhiu iu
b ch v tnh yu ton hc thng qua quyn sch ny. Chng ti xin n nhn v hoan nghnh
mi kin xy dng ca bn c chuyn c hon thin hn. Mi gp xin vui lng
chuyn n anhhuy0706@gmail.com
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Ch bin: Nguyn Anh Huy (10CT THPT chuyn L Hng Phong - TP HCM)
Ph trch chuyn : Nguyn Anh Huy (10CT THPT chuyn L Hng Phong - TP HCM),
Nguyn An Vnh Phc (TN Ph thng Nng khiu- TP HCM)
i cng v phng trnh hu t: Hunh Phc Trng (THPT Nguyn Thng Hin
TP HCM), Phm Tin Kha (10CT THPT chuyn L Hng Phong - TP HCM)
Phng trnh, h phng trnh c tham s: thy Nguyn Trng Sn (THPT Yn M A
Ninh Bnh), V Trng Hi (12A6 THPT Thi Phin - Hi Phng), nh V Bo Chu
(THPT chuyn L Qu n - Vng Tu), Hong B Minh ( 12A6 THPT chuyn Trn
i Ngha - TP HCM), Nguyn Hong Nam (THPT Phc Thin - ng Nai), Ong Th
Phng (11 Ton THPT chuyn Lng Th Vinh - ng Nai)
Phng php t n ph: thy Mai Ngc Thi (THPT Hng Vng - Bnh Phc), thy
Nguyn Anh Tun (THPT L Qung Ch -H Tnh), Trn Tr Quc (11TL8 THPT
Nguyn Hu - Ph Yn), H c Khnh (10CT THPT chuyn Qung Bnh), on Th
Ho (10A7 THPT Long Khnh - ng Nai)
Phng php dng lng lin hp: Ninh Vn T (THPT chuyn Trn i Ngha TPHCM) , inh V Bo Chu (THPT - chuyn L Qu n, Vng Tu), on Th
Ha (THPT Long Khnh - ng Nai)
Phng php dng bt ng thc: Nguyn An Vnh Phc (TN Ph thng Nng khiuTP HCM), Phan Minh Nht, L Hong c (10CT THPT chuyn L Hng Phong - TP
HCM), ng Hong Phi Long (10A10 THPT Kim Lin H Ni), Nguyn Vn Bnh
(11A5 THPT Trn Quc Tun - Qung Ngi),
Phng php dng n iu: Nguyn Anh Huy (10CT THPT chuyn L Hng Phong
- TP HCM), Hong Kim Qun (THPT Hng Thi H Ni), ng Hong Phi Long
(10A10 THPT Kim Lin H Ni)
Phng trnh m logarit: V Anh Khoa, Nguyn Thanh Hoi (i hc KHTN- TP
HCM), Nguyn Ngc Duy (11 Ton THPT chuyn Lng Th Vinh - ng Nai)
Cc loi h c bn: Nguyn Anh Huy (10CT THPT chuyn L Hng Phong - TP HCM)
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
PHNG TRNH BC BA
Mt s phng php gii phng trnh bc ba
F Phng php phn tch nhn t:
Nu phng trnh bc ba ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 c nghim x = r th c nhn t (x r) do
c th phn tch
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = (x r)[ax2 + (b + ar)x + c + br + ar2 ]
T ta a v gii mt phng trnh bc hai, c nghim l
u3 + v 3 = q
3
u3 v 3 = p
27
Theo nh l Viete, u3 v v 3 l hai nghim ca phng trnh:
X 2 + qX
t =
p3
= 0(5)
27
q 2 p3
+
4
27
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
10
11
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
> Khi > 0, (5) c nghim:
q
q
u3 = + , v 3 =
2
2
Nh vy, phng trnh (2) s c nghim thc duy nht:
r
q
q
y = + + 3
2
2
r
q
> Khi = 0, (5) c nghim kp: u = v = 3
2
Khi , phng trnh (2) c hai nghim thc, trong mt nghim kp.
r
3
r
y1 = 2
q
, y2 = y3 =
2
r
3
q
2
1
3
y2 = (u0 + v0 ) + i
(u0 v0 )
2
2
1
3
(u0 v0 )
y3 = (u0 + v0 ) i
2
2
F Phng php lng gic ho - hm hyperbolic:
Mt phng trnh bc ba, nu c 3 nghim thc, khi biu din di dng cn thc s lin quan
n s phc. V vy ta thng dng phng php lng gic ho tm mt cch biu din
khc n gin hn, da trn hai hm s cos v arccos
C th, t phng trnh t3 + pt + q = 0 () ta t t = u cos v tm u c th a () v
dng
4 cos3 3 cos cos 3 = 0
r
p
u3
Mun vy, ta chn u = 2
v chia 2 v ca () cho
c
3
4
r
r
3q
3q
3
3
3
= 0 cos 3 = .
4 cos 3 cos .
2p
p
2p
p
Vy 3 nghim thc l
r
r
p
3
1
3q
2i
ti = 2
. cos
arccos
.
vi i = 0, 1, 2.
3
3
2p
p
3
Lu rng nu phng trnh c 3 nghim thc th p < 0 (iu ngc li khng ng) nn cng
thc trn khng c s phc.
Khi phng trnh ch c 1 nghim thc v p 6= 0 ta cng c th biu din nghim bng cng
thc hm arcosh v arsinh:
r
r
1
3|q| 3
2|q| p
>t =
.
cosh .arcosh
.
nu p < 0 v 4p3 + 27q 2 > 0.
q
3
3
2p
p
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
12
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
r
r
p
1
3q
3
>t = 2
. sinh .arsinh
.
nu p > 0
3
3
2p p
Mi phng php trn u c th gii quyt phng trnh bc ba tng qut. Nhng mc ch
ca chng ta trong mi bi ton lun l tm li gii ngn nht, p nht. Hy cng xem qua
mt s v d:
Bi tp v d
Bi 1: Gii phng trnh x3 + x2 + x =
1
3
Gii
Phng trnh khng c nghim hu t nn khng th phn tch nhn t. Trc khi ngh ti
cng thc Cardano, ta th quy ng phng trnh:
3x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1 = 0
i lng 3x2 +3x+1 gi ta n mt hng ng thc rt quen thuc x3 +3x2 +3x+1 = (x+1)3 .
Do phng trnh tng ng:
(x + 1)3 = 2x3
hay
x + 1 = 3 2x
1
.
T suy ra nghim duy nht x =
1+ 32
~ Nhn xt: V d trn l mt phng trnh bc ba c nghim v t, v c gii nh kho lo
bin i ng thc. Nhng nhng bi n gin nh th ny khng c nhiu. Sau y ta s i
su vo cng thc Cardano:
Bi 2: Gii phung trnh x3 3x2 + 4x + 11 = 0
Gii
t x = y + 1 . Th vo phng trnh u bi, ta c phng trnh:
y 3 + 1.y + 13 = 0
4
4567
Tnh = 132 + .13 =
>0
27
27
p dng cng thc Cardano suyvra:
v
q
q
u
u
u
u
4567
4567
3 13 +
3 13
t
t
27
27
y=
+
2
2
v
v
q
q
u
u
u
u
4567
4567
3 13 +
3 13
t
t
27
27
Suy ra x =
+
+ 1.
2
2
~ Nhn xt: V d trn l mt ng dng c bn ca cng thc Cardano. Tuy nhin cng
thc ny khng h d nh v ch c dng trong cc k thi Hc sinh gii. V th, c l chng
ta s c gng tm mt con ng hp thc ha cc li gii trn. l phng php lng
gic ho. u tin xt phng trnh dng x3 + px + q = 0 vi p < 0 v c 1 nghim thc:
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
13
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Bi 3: Gii phng trnh x3 + 3x2 + 2x 1 = 0
Gii
3
3
2
y < 1. Do tn ti [0, ] sao cho
y = cos .
Nu |y| < suy ra
2
2
3
Phng trnh tng ng:
8
2
cos3 cos 1 = 0
3 3
3
hay
3 3
cos 3 =
(v nghim)
2
2
1
1
Do |y| > . Nh vy lun tn ti t tho y = (t + ) (). Th vo (1) ta c phng
t
3
3
trnh
1
t3
+
1=0
3 3 3 3t3
Vic gii phng trnh ny khng kh, xin dnh cho bn c. Ta tm c nghim:
1 3 1
1
1 2
r
x=
3
23
+
3
3 2
1
3
3 3 23
2
~ Nhn xt: Cu hi t ra l: S dng phng php trn nh th no?. Mun tr li, ta cn
lm sng t 2 vn :
1) C lun tn ti t tho mn cch t trn?
2
p n l khng. Coi () l phng trnh bc hai theo t ta s tm c iu kin |y| > .
3
Tht ra c th tm nhanh bng cch dng AM-GM:
1
1
1
1
2
= |t| +
|y| = t +
>
t
|t|
3
3
3
r
2
Vy trc ht ta phi chng minh (1) khng c nghim |y| < .
3
2
2) V sao c s ?
3
tng ca ta l t phng
trnh
x3 + px + q = 0 a v mt phng trnh trng
phng theo
r
1
p
t3 qua cch t x = k t +
. Khai trin v ng nht h s ta c k =
t
3
3
Sau y l phng trnh dng x + px + q = 0 vi p < 0 v c 3 nghim thc:
Bi 4: Gii phng trnh x3 x2 2x + 1 = 0
Gii
1
t y = x . Phng trnh tng ng:
3
7
7
y3 y +
= 0()
3
27
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
14
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
3y
3y
2 7 cos
2 7
Vi |y| <
th < 1. Do tn ti [0, ] sao cho cos = hay y =
.
3
3
2 7
2 7
Th vo (), ta c:
7
14
y l phng trnh lng gic c bn. D dng tm c ba nghim ca phng trnh ban
u:
!
7
arccos 14
1
2 7
+
x1 =
cos
3
3
3
cos 3 =
!
7
arccos 14
1
2
2 7
+
cos
+
=
3
3
3
3
x2,3
Do phng
trnh bc ba c ti a ba nghim phn bit nn ta khng cn xt trng hp
2 7
. Bi ton c gii quyt.
|y| >
3
2 7
~ Nhn xt: Ta cng c th chng minh phng trnh v nghim khi |y| >
bng cch t
3
7
1
y=
(t + ) ging nh bi 3, t dn ti mt phng trnh trng phng v nghim.
3
t
r
p
1
t+
() nh sau:
Tng kt li, ta dng php t n ph y =
3
t
r
p
> Nu phng trnh c 1 nghim thc, chng minh phng trnh v nghim khi |y| < 2
,
3
trng hp cn li dng () a v phng trnh trng phng theo t.
r
p
> Nu phng trnh c 3 nghim thc, chng minh phng trnh v nghim khi |y| > 2
3
r
p
bng php t () (a v phng trnh trng phng v nghim theo t). Khi |y| 6 2
th
3
|y|
t r
= cos , t tm , suy ra 3 nghim y.
p
2
3
Cn khi p > 0 khng kh chng minh phng trnh c nghim duy nht:
Bi 5: Gii phng trnh x3 + 6x + 4 = 0
Gii
1
~ tng: Ta s dng php t x = k t
a v phng trnh trng phng.
t
php t ny khng cn iu kin ca x, v n tng ng k(t2 1) xt = 0. Phng trnh
trn lun c nghim theo t.
Nh vy t phng trnh u ta c
1
1
1
3
3
3
k t 3 3k t
+ 6k t
+4=0
t
t
t
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Cn chn k tho 3k 3 = 6k k = 2
Vy ta c li gii bi ton nh sau:
~ Li gii:
1
t x = 2 t
ta c phng trnh
t
15
3
1
3 1
3
6
3
2 2 t 3 + 4 = 0 t 1 + 2t = 0 t1,2 =
t
2
Lu rng t1 .t2 = 1
nh l
ta ch nhn c mt gi tr ca x l
s theo
sViete nn
!
1 + 3
1 3
x = t1 + t2 = 2 3
.2
+ 3
2
2
Bi 6: Gii phng trnh 4x3 3x = m vi |m| > 1
Gii
Nhn
xt rng
khi |x| 6 1 th |V T | 6 1 < |m| (sai) nn |x| > 1. V vy ta c th t
1
1
x=
t+
.
2
t
Ta c phng trnh tng ng:
1 3 1
t + 3 =m
2
t
T :
p
p
1 p
3
3
3
m + m2 1 + m m2 1 .
t = m m2 1 x =
2
Ta chng minh y l nghim duy nht.
Gi s phng trnh c nghim x0 th x0 6 [1, 1] v |x0 | > 1. Khi :
4x3 3x = 4x30 3x0
hay
(x x0 )(4x2 + 4xx0 + 4x20 3) = 0
Xt phng trnh:
4x2 + 4xx0 + 4x20 3 = 0
c 0 = 12 12x20 < 0 nn phng trnh bc hai ny v nghim.
Vy phng trnh u bi c nghim duy nht l
p
1 p
3
3
2
2
x=
m + m 1 + m m 1 .
2
Bi tp t luyn
Bi 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau:
a) x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 1 = 0
b) 2x3 + 5x2 + 4x + 2 = 0
c) x3 5x2 + 4x + 1 = 0
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
16
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
d) 8x3 + 24x2 + 6x 10 3 6 = 0
Bi 2: Gii v bin lun phng trnh:
4x3 + 3x = m vi m R
Bi 3: Gii v bin lun phng trnh:
x3 + ax2 + bx + c = 0
PHNG TRNH BC BN
[1] Phng trnh dng ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + bkx + ak 2 = 0
(1)
Ta c
(1) a(x4 + 2x2 .k + k 2 ) + bx(x2 + k) + (c 2ak)x2 = 0
a(x2 + k)2 + bx(x2 + k) + (c 2ak)x2 = 0
n y c hai hng gii quyt:
Cch 1: a phng trnh v dng A2 = B 2 :
Thm bt, bin i v tri thnh dng hng ng thc dng bnh phng ca mt tng, chuyn
cc hng t cha x2 sang bn phi.
Cch 2: t y = x2 + k y > k
Phng trnh (1) tr thnh ay 2 + bxy + (c 2ak)x2 = 0
Tnh x theo y hoc y theo x a v phng trnh bc hai theo n x.
V d: Gii phng trnh: x4 8x3 + 21x2 24x + 9 = 0 (1.1)
Cch 1:
(1.1) (x4 + 9 + 6x2 ) 8(x2 + 3)x+ 16x2 = 16x2 21x2 + 6x2 (x2 4x + 3)2 = x2
"
"
5 13
x2 4x + 3 = x
x2 5x + 3 = 0
x=
2
5 + 13
x2 4x + 3 = x
x2 3x + 3 = 0
x=
2
Cch 2:
(1.1) (x4 + 6x2 + 9) 8x(x2 + 3) + 15x2 = 0 (x2 + 3)2 8x(x2 + 3) + 15x2 "
=0
y = 3x
t y = x2 + 3. (1.1) tr thnh: y 2 8xy + 15x2 = 0 (y 3x)(y 5x) = 0
y = 5x
2
Vi y = 3x: Ta c x + 3 = 3x: Phng trnh v nghim
5 13
x=
2
Vi y = 5x: Ta c x2 + 3 = 5x x2 5x + 3 = 0
5 + 13
x=
(
2)
5 + 13 5 13
Vy phng trnh (1.1) c tp nghim: S =
;
2
2
Nhn xt: Mi phng php gii c li th ring. Vi cch gii 1, ta s tnh c trc tip m
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
17
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
khng phi thng qua n ph. Vi cch gii 2, ta s c nhng tnh ton n gin hn v t b
nhm ln.
Bi tp t luyn
Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1) x4 13x3 + 46x2 39x + 9 = 0
2) 2x4 + 3x3 27x2 + 6x + 8 = 0
3) x4 3x3 6x2 + 3x + 1 = 0
4) 6x4 + 7x3 36x2 7x + 6 = 0
5) x4 3x3 9x2 27x + 81 = 0
[2] Phng trnh dng (x + a)(x + b)(x + c)(x + d) = ex2 (2)
vi ad = bc = m
Cch 1: a v dng A2 = B 2
(2) (x + px + m)(x2 + nx + m) = ex2 (ad = bc = m, p = a + d, n = b + c)
!
!
p
+
n
n
p
n
p
p
+
n
x2 +
x+m
x
x+m+
x = ex2
x2 +
2
2
2
2
!2 "
#
2
np
p+n
x+m =
+ e x2
x2 +
2
2
Cch 2: Xt xem x = 0 c phi l nghim ca phng trnh khng.
Trng hp x 6= 0:
!
!
m
m
+p
x+
+n =e
(2) x +
x
x
p
m
. iu kin: |u| > 2 |m|
x
(2) tr thnh (u + p)(u + n) = e. n y gii phng trnh bc hai theo u tm x.
t u = x +
x = 8
"
2
x 15x + 24 = 0
x = 3
x2 + 11x + 24 = 0
15 129
x=
2
Cch 2:
(2.1) (x2 + 10x + 24)(x2 14x + 24) = 25x2
Nhn thy x = 0 khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
18
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
24
24
+ 10
x+
14 = 25
x 6= 0 : (2.1) x +
x
x
24
t y = x +
|y| > 4 6. (2.1) tr thnh:
x
"
y = 11
(y + 10)(y 14) = 25 (y + 11)(y 15) = 0
y = 15
Vi y = 11: Ta c phng trnh:
"
x = 3
24
= 11 x2 + 11x + 24 = 0
x+
x
x = 8
Vi y = 15: Ta c phng trnh:
24
15 129
2
x+
= 15 x 15x + 24 = 0 x =
x
2
(
)
15 129 15 + 129
Phng trnh (2.1) c tp nghim S = 3; 8;
;
2
2
~ Nhn xt: Trong cch gii 2, c th ta khng cn xt x 6= 0 ri chia m c th t n ph
y = x2 + m thu c phng trnh bc hai n x, tham s y hoc ngc li.
Bi tp t luyn
Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1) 4(x + 5)(x + 6)(x + 10)(x + 12) = 3x2
2) (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 6) = 168x2
3) (x + 3)(x + 2)(x + 4)(x + 6) = 14x2
4) (x + 6)(x + 8)(x + 9)(x + 12) = 2x2
19
5) 18(x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 5)(2x + 5) = x2
4
[3] Phng trnh dng (x + a)(x + b)(x + c)(x + d) = m (3) vi a + b = c + d = p
Ta c (3) (x2 + px + ab)(x2 + px + cd) = m
Cch 1:
!
!
ab
+
cd
ab
cd
ab
+
cd
ab
cd
(3) x2 + px +
+
x2 + px +
=m
2
2
2
2
!2
!2
ab
cd
ab
+
cd
x2 + px +
=m+
2
2
Bi ton quy v gii hai phng trnh bc hai theo x.
Cch 2:
p2
2
t y = x + px iu kin: y > . (3) tr thnh:(y + ab)(y + cd) = m
4
Gii phng trnh bc 2 n y tm x.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
19
Ta c
(3.1) (x2 + 3x)(x2 + 3x + 2) = 8
(x2 + 3x + 1 1)(x2 + 3x + 1 + 1) = 8
"
x2 + 3x + 1 = 3
(x2 + 3x + 1)2 = 9
x2 + 3x + 1 = 3
"
x2 + 3x 2 = 0
3 17
x=
2
x2 + 3x + 4 = 0
Cch 2:
(3.1) (x2 + 3x)(x2 + 3x + 2) = 8
9
t y = x2 + 3x y >
4
(3.1) tr thnh:
"
y(y + 2) = 8 y 2 + 2y 8 = 0
y=2
y=2
y = 4(loi)
Vi y = 2: Ta c phng trnh:
17
3
x2 + 3x 2 = 0 x =
2
(
)
3 + 17 3 17
;
Phng trnh (3.1) c tp nghim: S =
2
2
Bi tp t luyn
Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1. (x + 2)(x + 3)(x 7)(x 8) = 144
2. (x + 5)(x + 6)(x + 8)(x + 9) = 40
1
3
1
4 39879
3. x +
x+
x+
x+
=
4
5
20
5
40000
2
4. (6x + 5) (3x + 2)(x + 1) = 35
5. (4x + 3)2 (x + 1)(2x + 1) = 810
Nhn xt: Nh dng (2), ngoi cch t n ph trn, ta c th t mt trong cc dng
n ph sau:
> t y = x2 + px + ab
2
> t y = x
+ cd
+ px
p 2
> t y = x +
2
ab + cd
2
> t y = x + px +
2
[4] Phng trnh dng (x + a)4 + (x + b)4 = c (c > 0) (4)
a+b
t x = y
. (4) tr thnh:
2
4
4
ab
ab
y+
+ y
=c
2
2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
20
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
2 2
2y + 3(a b) y + 2
ab
2
4
=c
Bi tp t luyn
Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1. (x + 2)4 + (x + 8)4 = 272
2. (x + 2)4 + (x + 1)4 = 33 + 12 2
3. (x + 10)4 + (x 4)4 = 28562
4. (x + 1)4 + (x 3)4 = 90
x2 + m = 0
Nu 2m + a < 0 : (5) (x2 + m)2 + g 2 (x) = 0 (vi f (x) = g 2 (x))
g(x) = 0
"
x2 + m = g(x)
Nu2m + a > 0 : (5) (x2 + m)2 = g 2 (x) (vi f (x) = g 2 (x))
x2 + m = g(x)
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
21
x2 + 2 = 3(x + 1)
x2 + 2 = 3(x + 1)
"
x2 3x + 2 3 = 0
x2 + 3 + 2 + 3 = 0
3 4 35
x=
p2
3+ 4 35
x=
2
(
)
p
p
3 4 35 3+ 4 35
Phng trnh (5.1) c tp nghim: S =
;
2
2
Bi tp t luyn
Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1. x4 19x2 10x + 8 = 0
2. x4 = 4x + 1
3. x4 = 8x + 7
4. 2x4 + 3x2 10x + 3 = 0
5. (x2 16)2 = 16x + 1
6. 3x4 2x2 16x 5 = 0
Nhn xt: Phng trnh dng x4 = ax + b c gii theo cch tng t.
Phng trnh = 0 l phng trnh bc ba vi cch gii c trnh by trc. Phng
trnh ny c th cho 3 nghim m, cn la chn m sao cho vic tnh ton l thun li nht. Tuy
nhin, d dng nghim m no th cng cho cng mt kt qu.
V d: Gii phng trnh: 20(x 2)2 5(x + 1)2 + 48(x 2)(x + 1) = 0 (6.1)
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
22
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
10u = v
2u = 5v
7
3
1
> Vi 2u = 5v, ta c: 2(x 2) = 5(x + 1) x =
7
7 1
Vy phng trnh (6.1) c tp nghim: S =
;
3 7
f (x)
Vi f (x) v g(x) l hai hm s bt k (g(x) 6= 0), ta s to
~ Nhn xt: Nu chn y =
g(x)
c mt phng trnh. Khng ch l phng trnh hu t, m cn l phng trnh v t.
> Vi 10u = v, ta c: 10(x 2) = x + 1 x =
Bi tp t luyn
Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1. (x 5)4 12(x 2)4 + 4(x2 7x + 10)2 = 0
2. (x 2)4 + 3(x + 3)4 4(x2 + x 6)2 = 0
3. 4(x3 1) + 2(x2 + x + 1)2 4(x 1)2 = 0
4. 2(x2 x + 1)2 + 5(x + 1)2 + 14(x3 + 1) = 0
5. (x 10)4 15(x + 5)4 + 4(x2 5x 50)2 = 0
[7] Phng trnh bc bn tng qut ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e = 0 (7)
Phn tch cc hng t bc 4, 3, 2 thnh bnh phng ng, cc hng t cn li chuyn sang v
phi:
(7) 4a2 x4 + 4bax3 + 4cax2 + 4dax + 4ae = 0
(2ax2 + bx)2 = (b2 4ac)x2 4adx 4ae
Thm vo hai v mt biu thc 2(2ax2 + bx)y + y 2 (y l hng s) v tri thnh bnh phng
ng, cn v phi l tam thc bc hai theo x:
f (x) = (b2 4ac 4ay)x2 + 2(by 2ad)x 4ae + y 2
Tnh y sao cho v phi l mt bnh phng ng. Nh vy, ca v phi bng 0. Nh vy ta
phi gii phng trnh = 0. T ta c dng phng trnh A2 = B 2 quen thuc.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
23
x2 8x + 3 = 2(x 4)
x2 8x + 3 = 2(x 4)
"
"
x2 10x + 11 = 0
x = 3 14
x = 5 14
x2 6x 5 = 0
Phng trnh (7.1) c tp nghim S = 3 + 14; 3 14; 5 + 14; 5 14
~ Nhn xt: V d trn cho ta thy phng trnh = 0 c nhiu nghim. C th chn y = 1
nhng t ta c phng trnh (x2 8x + 1)2 = 56 th khng thun li lm cho vic tnh ton,
tuy nhin, kt qu vn nh nhau.
a
Mt cch gii khc l t phng trnh x4 + ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 t x = t , ta s thu c
4
phng trnh khuyt bc ba theo t, ngha l bi ton quy v gii phng trnh t4 = at2 + bt + c.
(x2 8x + 3)2 = 4(x 4)2
Bi tp t luyn
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1
x
+
= 2 (1.1)
2 x 2x 1
1
iu kin: x 6= 2; x 6= .
2
2x 1 + x(2 x)
(1.1)
= 2 2x 1 + 2x x2 = 2(4x 2 2x2 + x)
(2 x)(2x 1)
3x2 6x + 3 = 0 x = 1(tha iu kin)
Vy phng trnh (1.1) c tp nghim S = {1}
a2 x 2
= b (2)
(x + a)2
2
ax
ax
(2) x
+ 2x.
=b
(x + a)
x+a
2 2
x
x2
+ 2a.
+ a2 = b + a2
x+a
x+a
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
24
t y =
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
x2
. Gii phng trnh bc hai theo y tm x.
x+a
9x2
= 7 (2.1)
(x + 3)2
iu kin: x 6= 3.
2
3x
x2
(2.1) x
+ 6.
=7
x+3
x+3
2 2
x2
x
+ 6.
=7
x+3
x+3
x2
t y =
. Ta c phng trnh
x+3
"
y 2 + 6y 7 = 0
y=1
y = 7
13
> Nu y = 1: Ta c phng trnh x = x + 3 x =
2
> Nu y = 7: Ta c phng trnh x2 + 7x +
21
=
0
(v
nghim)
(
)
1 + 13 1 13
Vy phng trnh (2.1) c tp nghim: S =
;
2
2
2
Bi tp t luyn
Gii cc phng trnh sau:
4x2
1. x2 +
= 12
(x + 2)2
25x2
2. x2 +
= 11
(x + 5)2
9x2
3. x2 +
= 14
(x 3)2
25
49
4. 2
=1
x
(x 7)2
9
8
5.
+1=
2
4(x + 4)
(2x + 5)2
x2 + nx + a
x2 + qx + a
[3] Phng trnh dng 2
+ 2
= b (3)
x + mx + a x + px + a
x2 + mx + a 6= 0
iu kin:
x2 + px + a 6= 0
Xt xem x = 0 c phi l nghim phng trnh khng.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
25
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Trng hp x 6= 0:
a
a
+n
x+ +q
x
x
(2)
+
=b
a
a
x+ +m x+ +p
x
x
p
a
t y = x + . iu kin: |y| > 2 |a| ta c phng trnh
x
x+
y+n
y+q
+
=b
y+m y+p
Gii phng trnh n y sau tm x.
x2 3x + 5 x2 5x + 5
1
2
= (3.1)
2
x 4x + 5 x 6x + 5
4
iu kin: x 6= 1, x 6= 5.
x = 0 khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh.
Xt x 6= 0 :
5
3 x+
x
(3.1)
5
x+ 4 x+
x
x+
t y = x +
5
5
1
x
=
5
4
6
x
5
|y| > 2 5, y 6= 6. Phng trnh (3.1) tr thnh:
x
1
2
1
y3 y5
= 2
= y 2 10y + 16 = 0
y4 y6
4
y 10y + 24
4
T ta c phng trnh
5
= 8 x2 8x + 5 = 0 x = 4 11
x
Vy phng trnh (3.1) c tp nghim: S = 4 + 11; 4 11
~ Nhn xt: Cc dng phng trnh sau c gii mt cch tng t:
mx
nx
Dng 1: 2
+ 2
=p
ax + bx + d ax + cx + d
ax2 + mx + c
px
Dng 2:
+ 2
=b
2
ax + nx + c
ax + qx + c
x+
Bi tp t luyn
Gii cc phng trnh sau:
4x
3x
1) 2
+ 2
=1
4x 8x + 7 4x 10x + 7
2x
13x
2) 2
+ 2
=6
2x 5x + 3 2x + x + 3
3x
7x
3) 2
+ 2
= 4
x 3x + 1 x + x + 1
x2 10x + 15
4x
4) 2
= 2
x 6x + 15
x 12x + 5
x2 + 5x + 3 x2 + 4x + 3
5) 2
+
=7
x 7x + 3 x2 + 5x + 3
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
"
y = 2 (loi)
y=8
26
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Tng kt
Qua cc dng phng trnh trn, ta thy phng trnh hu t thng c gii bng mt trong
cc phng php:
[1.] a v phng trnh tch
[2.] t n ph hon ton
[3.] t n ph a v h phng trnh
[4.] a v ly tha ng bc (thng l dng A2 = B 2 )
[5.] Chia t v mu cho cng mt s
[6.] Thm bt to thnh bnh phng ng
Tuy nhin, c mt s dng phng trnh c nhng phng php gii c trng. Nhng phng
trnh ny s c trnh by c th hn nhng phn khc.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
27
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
x=3
(3x 6)(3 x)(5 2x) = 0
5
x=
2
5
Vy phng trnh (1.1) c tp nghim: S = 2; 3;
2
Vi bi ton trn, cch t nhin nht c l l khai trin ri thu v phng trnh bc ba. Tuy
nhin, vic khai trin c th khng cn hiu qu vi bi ton sau:
V d: Gii phng trnh: (x2 4x + 1)3 + (8x x2 + 4)3 + (x 5)3 = 125x3 (1.2)
4.2 T mnh
1 1 1
1
+ + =
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) = 0 (2) :
a b c
a+b+c
1
1
1
1
+
+
=
(2.1)
x 8 2x + 7 5x + 8
8x + 7
8
7
7
iu kin: x 6= 8, x 6= , x 6= , x 6=
2
5
8
T bi ton (2), ta c:
1
15
x=
7
1
15
Phng trnh c tp nghim: S =
; 0;
3
7
3
3
3
4.3 T ng thc a + b + c 3abc = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 ab bc ca) (3) :
x=
3
3
a + b =
54
a3 .b3 = 3
18
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
28
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
1
1
2
1
2
t
t+ 2 =0t= a=b=
54
18
54 2
3 2
Khi phng trnh cho tng ng vi
(x + a + b) x2 + a2 + b2 a x bx ab = 0
2
x
=
2
2
1
3 2
x+
x2 x +
=0
1
18
3 2
3 2
x=
3 2
2
1
Vy (3.1) c tp nghim S = ;
3 2 3 2
10x2
1 1 1
+ + th (x 1)(y 1)(z 1) = 0 (4) :
x y z
1
1
1
=
+
+ 10x2 18x + 7 (4.1)
11x + 3
2x 1 5x 3
1
3
iu kin: x 6= , x 6=
5
2
1
Nhn xt: Nu t a = 2x 1, b = 5x 3, c =
2
10x 11x + 3
1 1 1
Th ta c: abc = 1 v a + b + c = + +
a b c
1
T (3.1) (2x 1 1)(5x 3 1)
1 =0
10x2 11x + 3
x=1
x=1
4
x= 4
x
=
5
5
11 41
2
10x 11x + 2 = 0
x=
20
(
)
4 11 41
Phng trnh (3.1) c tp nghim: S = 1; ;
5
20
Qua cc v d trn, ta c th hnh dung c bn vic s dng ng thc xy dng phng
trnh. Hi vng da vo vn hiu bit v kh nng sng to ca mnh, bn c c th to ra
nhng phng trnh p mt v c o hn na. Sau y l mt s bi tp t luyn t cc
ng thc khc.
Bi tp t luyn
1. (x 2)6 + (x2 5x + 4)3 = (2x2 + 3)3 + (5 9x)3
2. (x2 2x + 3)5 + (8x x2 + 7)5 = (9x + 5)5 + (5 3x)5
3. (x3 5x+4)2 (127x5x2 )+(x3 +2x2 +7)(7x2 +12x9) = (x3 +7x2 +7x5)2 (2x2 +5x+3)
4. (x 5)4 (4x x2 ) + (2x + 7)4 (x2 3x + 12) = (x2 2x + 7)4 (12 + x)
(x2 + 4x 1)3
(7x 4)3
(x2 5x + 3)3
+
+
=7
5.
(4 9x)(x2 12x + 7) (9x 4)(x2 3x + 3) (12x 7 x2 )(x2 + 3x 3)
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
1
1
1
1
+ 2
+ 2
+ 2
=5
6. 2
x + 4x + 3 x + 8x + 15 x + 12x + 35 x + 16x + 63
7. (x2 8x + 5)7 + (7x 8)7 = (x2 x 3)7
29
6 = 0 ()
Gii
R rng ta khng th on nghim ca phng trnh ny v bc cao v h s xu. Mt cch t
t 6 = a, khi
() x6 x2 (a2 + 1) + a = 0 a2 x2 a + x2 x6 = 0 ()
a1 = x 2
4
a = 1 x
2
x2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
30
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
4
x
=
6
2
x = 6
sr
r
Vy ()
2
4
5
3
1 x = 6x
x=
2
2
sr
r
5
3
Vy phng trnh c tp nghim S = 4 6;
.2
2
2
"
68 = 0 ()
Gii
2 17
68
15
17 2
3
3
x + 3 =
x +
=
x
x
x3
x
2a
a2 2
x2 a2 2a x6 2x2 = 0 ()
=
x3
x
a = x2 (loi do a > 0)
2 + x4
a=
x2
r
2 + x4
17 3
17 3
2
2
4
Vy ta c 17 =
x 17x + 2 = 0 x =
x=
2
x
2
2
( r
)
17 3
Kt lun: (*) c tp nghim S =
2
2
Bi 4: Chng minh phng trnh x5 5x4 + 30x3 50x2 + 55x 21 = 0 c nghim duy
nht
5
5
5
5
x = 1 + 2 4 + 8 16
Gii
t f (x) = x5 5x4 + 30x3 50x2 + 55x 21.
Ta c f 0 (x) = 5x4 20x3 + 90x2 100x + 55 = 5(x2 2x + 3)2 + 10(2x 1)2 > 0 x, do
phng trnh f (x) = 0 c khng qu 1 nghim.
5
5
5
5
x = 1 + 2 4 + 8 16
5
5
5
5
5
2x = 2 + 4 8 + 16 2
5
5
5
x + 2x = 2 2 1 x + 1 = 2(2 x)
(x + 1)5 = 2(2 x)5
Khai trin biu thc trn, sau rt gn, ta c phng trnh:
x5 5x4 + 30x3 50x2 + 55x 21 = 0
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Vy ta c iu phi chng minh. 2
Bi 5: Chng minh phng trnh sau c 7 nghim thc:
g(x) = x9 9x7 + 3x6 + 27x5 18x4 27x3 + 27x2 1 = 0 ()
Gii
t f (x) = x3 3x + 1 th g(x) = f (f (x)). Ta s tm nghim ca g 0 (x) = f 0 (x).f 0 (f (x)):
> Nghim ca f 0 (x) l: f 0 (x) = 0 3x2 3x = 0 x = 1.
> tm nghim ca f 0 (f (x)) ta tm nghim ca f (x) = 1 v f (x) = 1:
f (x) = 1 x3 3x + 2 = 0 x {2; 1}
f (x) = 1 x3 3x = 0 x {0; 3}
g(x) khi x
3)
=
1
<
0
g(x)
c
1
nghim
trong
(2;
3)
g(
g(
3)
=
1
<
0
g(x)
c
1
nghim
trong
(1;
3)
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
31
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Bi tp v d
Bi 1:Tm m phng trnh
x2 + x + 1
x2 x + 1 = m c nghim.
Gii
Xt hm s f (x) = x2 + x + 1 x2 x + 1 vi x R c
2x + 1
2x 1
f 0 (x) =
2 x2 + x + 1 2 x2 x + 1
Ta s tm nghim ca f 0 (x):
2x + 1
2x 1
f 0 (x) = 0
=0
2 x2 + x + 1 2 x 2 x + 1
(2x + 1) x2 x + 1 = (2x 1) x2 + x + 1
#
"
#
2 "
2
2
1
1
3
1 2
1
3
x+
x
+
=(x )
x+
+
2
2
4
2
2
4
2
2
1
1
x+
= x
x=0
2
2
Th li ta thy x = 0 khng l nghim ca f 0 (x). Suy ra f 0 (x) khng i du trn R, m
f 0 (0) = 1 > 0 f 0 (x) > 0x R . Vy hm s f (x) ng bin trn R.
2x
33
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Da vo bng bin thin ta thy phng trnh cho c nghim khi v ch khi m (1; 1) 2
Bi 2: Tm m phng trnh
x2 + 1
x = m c nghim
Gii
KX: x > 0
x4 13x + m + x 1 = 0 (*)
Gii
Ta c:
()
(
x4 13x + m + x 1 = 0
1x>0
4
x 13x + m = (1 x)
1>x
4x3 6x2 9x = 1 m
3
2 .
1
x=
2
3
Da vo bng bin thin suy ra phng trnh c nghim khi v ch khi m > . 2
2
x=
(x x + x + 12)( 5 x 4 x) = m
Xt hm s f (x)
= (x x + x + 12)(
5 x 4 x) lin
tc trn on [0; 4].
3
1
1
1
Ta c: f 0 (x) =
x+
> 0 x [0; 4]
2
2 4x 2 5x
2 x + 12
Vy f (x) l hm ng bin trn [0; 4].
Suy ra phng trnh c nghim khi v ch khi 2 3( 5 2) 6 m 6 12 2 .
45x
2x2 6 1
2
Bi 5: Tm m h sau c nghim: ()
2
3x mx x + 16 = 0
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
34
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Gii
Ta c:
(
()
Xt f (x) =
x2 6 4 + 5x
3x2 mx x + 16 = 0
x [1; 4]
3x2 mx x + 16 = 0
m=
3x2 + 16
x x
3x2 + 16
vi x [1; 4]. Ta c:
x x
6x2 x
x(3x2 + 16)
3 x(x2 16)
0
2
f (x) =
=
6 0x [1; 4]
x3
2x3
(
Bi 6: Tm m h sau c nghim:
72x+
x+1
72+
x+1
+ 2007x 6 2007
x (m + 2)x + 2m + 3 = 0
Gii
Ta c:
72x+
x+1
72+
x+1
x+1
(72x+2 1) 6 2007(1 x) ()
> Nu x > 1 72+ x+1 (72x2 1) > 0 > 2007(1 x).Suy ra (*) v nghim.
x2 4x + 1
=0x=2 3
2
(x 2)
(
Bi 7: Tm m h phng trnh sau c nghim: ()
3.
xy+m=0
y + xy = 2
Gii
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
35
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
KX: xy > 0. T h ta cng
c y 6= 0.
xy+m=0
xy+m=0
y 2 4y + 4
4y 4
y 2 4y + 4
()
m=y
=
(y 6 2)
x=
y
y
y
xy = 2 y
y 6 2
4
4y 4
(y 6 2) ta c f 0 (y) = 2 > 0 y 6= 0, suy ra hm s f (y) ng bin
y
y
trn cc khong (; 0) v (0; 2].
Mt khc, lim f (y) = 4, lim+ f (y) = ; lim f (y) = +
Xt hm s f (y) =
y0
y0
x4 4x3 + 16x + m +
4
x4 4x3 + 16x + m = 6 ()
Gii
Ta c:
()
x = 1
x=2
Da vo bng bin thin suy ra phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit khi v ch khi m < 27.
2 x2 + 2
0
Ta c: f 0 (x) =
2 ; f (x) = 0 x = 2 .
x2 + 2( x2 + 2 1)
Da vo bng bin thin phng trnh c nghim khi v ch khi 2 < m < 2 2
Bi 10: Tm m phng trnh: mx2 + 1 = cos x () c ng mt nghim x 0;
2
Gii
Ta thy (*) c nghim th m 6 0. Khi
x
sin2
cos
x
1
2
mx2 + 1 = cos x m =
2m =
x2
x2
4
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
36
Xt hm s f (t) =
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
sin2 t
vi
t
0;
t2
4
Ta c
2 sin t(t cos t sin t)
sin 2t(t tan t)
2t2 sin t cos t 2tsin2 t
=
=
< 0 t 0;
f (t) =
t4
t3
t3
4
0
x + xy = 1
Gii
iu kin xy > 0
Ta c
3(x + 1)2 + y = m
3(x + 1)2 + y = m
x2 2x + 1
x2 2x + 1
()
y=
m = 3(x + 1)2 +
x
x
xy = 1 x
y61
m 3 = 3x2 + 6x +
x2 2x + 1
x
Xt hm s: f (x) = 3x2 + 6x +
x2 2x + 1
x
(x 6 1) ta c
x = 1
6x3 + 7x2 1
x =
f 0 (x) =
=
0
2
x2
1
x=
3
Da vo bng bin thin ta thy h phng trnh c ba nghim phn bit khi
m [4; 15
] [ 20
; 12] 2
4
3
~ Nhn xt: Khi t n ph ta phi tm min xc nh ca n ph v gii quyt bi ton n
ph trn min xc nh va tm. C th:
* Khi t t = u(x)(x D), ta tm c t D1 v phng trnh f (x, m) = 0 (1) tr thnh
g(t, m) = 0 (2). Khi (1) c nghim x D (2) c nghim t D1 .
* tm min xc nh ca t ta c th s dng cc phng trnh tm min gi tr (v min xc
nh ca t chnh l min gi tr ca hm u(x)).
* Nu bi ton yu cu xc nh s nghim th ta phi tm s tng ng gia x v t, tc l mi
gi tr t D1 th phng trnh t = u(x) c bao nhiu nghim x D.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
37
Gii
KX; x > 2
Ta thy x = 2 khng l nghim ca phng trnh nn ta chia hai v phng trnh cho 4 x2 4:
! r
r
x+2
4 x 2
m
+2 4
= 2 ()
x+2
x2
r
1
t2 + 2t
x+2
4
t t =
(t > 1). Khi (*) tr thnh: m
+2 t=2m=
.
x2
t
2t + 1
t2 + 2t
2t2 + 2t + 2
> 0 t > 1.
Xt hm s f (t) =
(t > 1) ta c f 0 (t) =
2t + 1
(2t + 1)2
Vy hm s f (t) ng bin trn (1; +).
Vy phng trnh c nghim khi v ch khi m > 1 2
~ Nhn xt: Trong cc bi ton trn sau khi t n ph ta thng gp kh khn khi xc nh
min xc nh ca t . tm c iu kin ca n ph t, chng ta c th dng cng c hm
s, bt ng thc, lng gic ha. . .
Bi 13: Tm m phng trnh log23 x +
h i
p 2
log3 x + 1 2m 1 = 0 c nghim trn 1; 3 3
Gii
t t =
log23 x + 1. Do x 1; 3
16t62
Gii
x+1
> log3 2 x (1; 3).
x1
t t = log2 (x2 2x + 5)(t (2; 3))v phng trnh th hai ca h tr thnh
m
t+
= 5 t2 5t = m
t
m( 1 + x2 1 x2 + 2) = 2 1 x4 + 1 + x2 1 x2 ()
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
38
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Gii
iu kin: 1 6 x 6 1
Trc tin, ta nhn thy rng: (1 x2 ) (1 + x2 ) = 1 x4 v 1 x2 + 1 + x2 = 2 nn ta c php
t n ph nh sau:
t t = 1 + x2 1 x2
Phng trnh cho tr thnh:
m (t + 2) = t2 + t + 2
t2 + t + 2
= m (1)
t+2
Do 1 + x2 > 1 x2 t > 0
Mt khc: t2 = 2 2 1 x4 6 2 t 6 2
t2 + t + 2
t2 4t
Ta xt hm s: f (t) =
60
, t 0; 2 , ta c:f 0 (t) =
t+2
(t + 2)2
Vy hm f (t) nghch bin trn on 0; 2 . M hm s lin tc trn 0; 2 nn phng trnh
cho c nghim x khi phng trnh (1) c nghim t 0; 2 .
iu ny tng ng vi:
h i
2 6 m 6 f (0)
min f (t) 6 m 6 max f (t) t 0; 2 f
Vy cc gi tr m cn tm l
2 1 6 m 6 1 2.
x x + x + 12 = m 5 x + 4 x
Gii
Cng ging nh nhng bi ton trc, bi ny ta ngh ngay l phi a bi ton v dng
f (x) = m ri s dng tng giao gia 2 th v suy ra iu kin m.
Ta gii bi ton nh sau:
iu kin: 0 6 x 6 4
x x + x + 12
x
+
4
x x + x + 12
t f (x) =
x [0; 4]
5x+ 4x
Tuy nhin, nu n y ta kho st hm s ny th c v kh phc tp v di dng. V vy ta
s gii quyt theo mt hng khc. rng, ta c tnh cht sau:
f (x)
f (x)
Vi hm s y =
. Nu y = f (x) ng bin v y = g (x) nghch bin th y =
ng
g (x)
g (x)
bin.
Ta vn dng tnh cht trn nh sau:
Xt hm s g (x) = x x + x + 12 ta c:
3
1
g 0 (x) =
x+
> 0 nn hm g(x) l ng bin.
2
2 x+ 12
Xt hm s h(x) = 5 x + 4 x ta c:
1
1
h0 (x) =
< 0 nn hm h(x)l nghch bin
2 5x 2 4x
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
39
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
g (x)
ng bin x [0; 4].
h (x)
Do phng trnh f (x) = m c nghim khi v ch khi
f (0) 6 m 6 f (4) 2 15 12 6 m 6 12 2.
Vy, theo tnh cht trn ta c hm y =
x2 2x + m2 = |x 1| m (1)
Gii
Xt x > 1 ta c:
(1)
(
x2 2x + m2 = x 1 m
x1m>0
x2 2x + m2 = (x 1 m)
x>1+m
2mx = 2m + 1
2m + 1
2m2 + 1
2
2
Ta c x > 1 + m
>1+m
>0m6
0<m<
2m
2m
2
2
2m + 1
Li c x > 1
>1m>0
2m
2
.
Kt hp iu kin trn ta c 0 < m <
2
- Xt x < 1:
(
(
1xm>0
2mx = 2m 1
(1) x2 2x + m2 = 1 x m
2
x2 2x + m2 = (1 x m)
x61m
Kt lun:
> Nu m = 0: h v nghim
1 + m 3m2 + 10m 3
1
> Nu 0 < m < m > 3: phng trnh c 2 nghim:x =
3
1m
> Nu m = 3: phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = 1
1
> Nu m = : phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = 1.2
3
Bi 18: Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim
x2 + x2 + x + 1
2
= x2 + 1
2
+ m x2 x + 1
2
Gii
2
2
= x2 + x + 1
2
x 2 x + 1 + m x2 x + 1
2
x2 + x + 1
x2 + x + 1
=m
x2 x + 1
x2 x + 1
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
40
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
x2 + x + 1 1
, 6t63
x2 x + 1 3
Phng trnh trn tr thnh: t2 t = m
y l mt phng trnh bc hai n gin nn vic kho st xin dnh cho bn c.
iu lu y l iu kin ca t. Thc cht y ta tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht
x2 + x + 1
(c th dng phng php min gi tr).
ca biu thc 2
x x+1
t t =
1
1
x + + y + = 5
x
y
1
1
x3 + 3 + y 3 + 3 = 15m 10
x
y
Gii
Cch 1:
1
Nhn vo h ny, ta thy ngay c hng i l phi t n ph v gia cc i lng x +
x
1
3
v x + 3 dng nh c mi lin h vi nhau. Vi tng , ta c php t nh sau:
x
1
a = x +
x
t
, (|a| > 2, |b| > 2).
1
b = y +
y
3
1
1
1
3 x+
= a3 3a
x + 3 = x +
x
x
x
3
Ta c
1
1
1
y 3 +
= y+
3 y+
= b3 3b
y3
y
y
Khi , h cho tr thnh:
(
(
a+b=5
a+b=5
a3 + b3 3 (a + b) = 15m 10
ab = 8 m
D thy a, b l nghim ca phng trnh X 2 5X + 8 m = 0 X 2 5x + 8 = m (1) Xt
hm s f (X) = X 2 5X + 8, |X| > 2, ta c:
5
f 0 (X) = 2X 5 f 0 (X) = 0 X =
2
T , k bng bin thin v ch rng h cho c nghim thc khi v ch khi phng trnh
7
(1) c nghim |X| > 2. Ta tm c: 6 m 6 2 m > 22.
2
Cch 2:
Ta nhn thy rng phng trnh th nht khng c cha tham s nn ta s xut pht t
phng trnh ny. Khai trin phng trnh ny ra, ta c:
x3 y 3 + 4 (x y) = 9y + 8 3x2 + 6y 2 x3 + 3x2 + 4x = y 3 + 6y 2 + 13y + 8
(x + 1)3 + (x + 1) = (y + 2)3 + (y + 2)
Xt hm s f (t) = t3 + t, d thy l hm s ny ng bin nn
f (x + 1) = f (y + 2) x + 1 = y + 2 x = y + 1
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
41
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
T y, thay x = y + 1 vo phng trnh th hai ta c:
p
15 + 2y y 2 = 2m +
4 y2
(5 y) (y + 3)
p
4 y 2 = 2m
x3 + (y + 2) x2 + 2xy = 2m 3
x2 + 3x + y = m
Gii
~ tng: h ny ta quan st thy bi ton cn cha r ng li no v c hai phng
trnh trong h u cha n tham s m. V vy i n hng gii quyt tt ta nn bt u
phn tch hai v tri trong hai phng trnh trong h. C th ta c:
x3 + (y + 2) x2 + 2xy = x3 + yx2 + 2x2 + 2xy = x2 (x + y) + 2x (x + y) = (x + y) x2 + 2x
Mt khc:
x2 + 3x + y = x2 + 2x + x + y
R rng bc phn tch ny ta tm ra li gii cho bi ton ny chnh l t n ph.
~ Li(gii:
a = x2 + 2x > 1
t:
ta c h phng trnh
b=x+y
(
a+b=m
ab = 2m 3
a2 3 = (a + 2) m (1)
b=ma
a2 3
= m (2)
a+2
H cho c nghim khi v ch khi phng trnh (2) c nghim a > 1.
x2 3
Xt hm s: f (x) =
vi x > 1
x+2
n y ta ch cn lp bng bn thin. Cng vic tip theo xin dnh cho bn c.
T phng trnh (1) trong h ta c:
Bi tp t luyn
Bi 1: Tm m phng trnh tan2 x + cot2 x + m(cot x + tan x) = 3 c nghim
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
42
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Bi tp v d
F Dng nh l Lagrange - Rolle bin lun phng trnh:
Bi 1: Chng minh rng phng trnh a cosx + b cos 2x + c cos 3x = 0 lun c nghim vi
mi a, b, c.
Gii
b sin 2x c sin 3x
+
2
3
ta c f 0 (x) = a cosx + b cos 2x + c cos 3x
M f (0) = f () = 0 x0 (0; ) : f 0 (x0 ) = 0, suy ra iu phi chng minh. 2
Xt f (x) = a sin x +
Bi 2: Cho a + b + c = 0. Chng minh rng phng trnh sau c t nht 4 nghim thuc
[0; ]: a sin x + 9b sin3x + 25c sin 5x = 0
Gii
chng minh f (x) c t nht n nghim ta chng minh F (x) c t nht n + 1 nghim vi F (x)
l mt nguyn hm ca f (x) trn (a; b) (c th phi p dng nhiu ln)
Xt hm s f (x) = a sin x b sin 3x c sin 5x, ta c:
f 0 (x) = a cos x 3b cos 3x 5c cos 5x; f 00 (x) = a sin x + 9b sin 3x + 25c sin 5x
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
43
Ta c f (0) = f ( ) = f ( ) = f () = 0
4
4
3
3
Suy ra x1 (0; ), x2 ( ; ), x3 ( ; ) : f (0) = f 0 (x1 ) =0 f (x2 ) = f 0 (x3 ) = 0
4
4 4
4
x4 (x1 ; x2 ), x5 (x2 ; x3 )|f 00 (x4 ) = f 00 (x5 ) = 0
m f 00 (0) = f 00 () = 0, suy ra iu phi chng minh. 2
Bi 3: Chng minh phng trnh x5 5x + 1 = 0 c ng ba nghim thc.
Gii
t f (x) = x5 5x + 1 th f (2) = 21 < 0, f (0) = 1 > 0, f (1) = 3 < 0, f (2) = 23 > 0
nn t y suy ra phng trnh cho c ba nghim thc
Gi s c nghim th t ca phng trnh. p dng nh l Rolle ta c:
f 0 (x) = 0 5x4 5 = 0. Phng trnh ny c hai nghim thc nn suy ra mu thun.
Vy ta c iu phi chng minh 2.
Bi 4: Cho a thc P (x) v Q(x) = aP (x) + bP 0 (x) trong a, b l cc s thc, a 6=0.
Chng minh rng nu Q(x) v nghim th P (x) v nghim.
Gii
Ta c deg P (x) = deg Q(x)
V Q(x) v nghim nn deg Q(x) chn. Gi s P (x) c nghim, v deg P (x) chn nn P (x) c
t nht 2 nghim.
> Khi P (x) c nghim kp x = x0 ta c x0 cng l mt nghim ca P 0 (x) suy ra Q(x) c
nghim.
> Khi P (x) c hai nghim phn bit x1 < x2 :
Nu b = 0 th hin nhin Q(x) c nghim.
a
Nu b 6=0 : Xt f (x) = e b x P (x) th f (x)c hai nghim phn bit x1 < x2 v
a
a a
1 a
1 a
f 0 (x) = e b x P (x) + e b x P 0 (x) = e b x [aP (x) + bP 0 (x)] = e b x Q(x)
b
b
b
V f (x) c hai nghim suy ra f 0 (x) c t nht 1 nghim hay Q(x) c nghim.
Tt c trng hp u mu thun vi gi thit Q(x) v nghim. Vy khi Q(x) v nghim th
P (x) v nghim 2
Bi 5: Gi s phng trnh sau c n nghim phn bit:
a0 xn + a1 xn1 + ... + an1 x + an = 0, (a0 6= 0)
Chng minh (n 1)a21 > 2na0 a2
Gii
t a0 xn + a1 xn1 + ... + an1 x + an = f (x)
Nhn xt f kh vi v hn trn R nn suy ra
f 0 (x) c n 1 nghim phn bit.
00
f (x) c n 2 nghim phn bit.
. . . ..
n!
f [n2] (x) = a0 x2 + (n 1)!a1 x + (n 2)!a2 c 2 nghim phn bit.
2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
44
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Nhn thy f [n2] (x) c > 0 nn ((n 1)!a1 )2 2n!a0 (n 2)!a2 > 0
Suy ra iu phi chng minh. 2
Bi 6: (VMO 2002) Xt phng trnh
n
X
i=1
1
1
= , vi n l s nguyn dng. Chng
1
2
i2 x
minh rng vi mi s nguyn dng n, phng trnh nu trn c mt nghim duy nht ln
hn 1; k hiu nghim l xn
Gii
n
X
1
1
, ta c: fn (x) lin tc v nghch bin trn (1; +)
1 2
i=1
1
M lim+ fn (x) = +, lim fn (x) = fn (x) = 0 c mt nghim duy nht ln hn 1. 2
x+
x1
2
Xt fn (x) =
i2 x
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
45
Gii
Ta c
() 3x + 2.4x 19x 3 = 0
Xt hm s: y = f (x) = 3x + 2.4x 19x 3 ta c: f 0 (x) = 3x ln 3 + 2.4x ln 4 19 ta c
f 00 (x) = 3x (ln 3)2 + 2.4x (ln 4)2 > 0, x R hay f 00 (x) v nghim, suy ra f 0 (x) c nhiu nht 1
nghim, suy ra f (x) c nhiu nht 2 nghim.
M f (0) = f (2) = 0 do (*) c ng hai nghim x = 0, x = 2 2
Bi 10: Gii phng trnh: (1 + cos x)(2 + 4cos x ) = 3.4 cos x ()
Gii
t t = cos x, (t [1; 1])
Ta c: () (1 + t)(2 + 4t ) = 3.4t (1 + t)(2 + 4t ) 3.4t = 0
Xt hm s: f (t) = (1 + t)(2 + 4t ) 3.4t ta c:
f 0 (t) = 2 + 4t + (t 2)4t ln 4, f 00 (t) = 2.4t ln 4 + (t 2)4t ln2 4
2
, suy ra f 00 (t) c nghim duy nht.
Li c: f 00 (t) = 0 t = 2 +
ln 4
Suy ra f 0 (t) c nhiu nht hai nghim, ngha l f (t) c nhiu nht ba nghim.
1
1
Mt khc d thyf (0) = f ( ) = f (1) = 0, do f (t) c ba nghim t = 0, , 1.
2
2
f (3) f (2)
cos (ccos 1 1) = 0
1
+ k, x = k2(k Z) 2
2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
46
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
f (x, m) > 0
f (x, m) = 0
hoc (II) x Dx
(I) x Dx
m Dm
m Dm
Trong x l bin s, m l tham s, Dx , Dm l min xc nh ca x v m.
Yu cu t ra: ta phi tm gi tr ca tham s m h (I) hc (II) tha mn mt tnh cht
no .
F Phng php gii:
I Bc 1 (iu kin cn): Gi s h tha mn tnh cht P no m u bi i hi. Khi
, da vo c th ca tnh cht P v dng ca phng trnh ta s tm c mt rng buc no
i vi tham s m v rng buc y chnh l iu kin cn c tnh cht P. iu c ngha
l: nu vi m0 khng tha mn rng buc trn th chc chn ng vi m0 , h khng c tnh cht P.
I Bc 2 (iu kin ): Ta tm xem trong cc gi tr ca m va tm c, gi tr no lm
cho h tha mn tnh cht P. bc ny ni chung ta cng ch cn gii nhng h c th khng
cn tham s. Sau khi kim tra, ta s loi i nhng gi tr khng ph hp v nhng gi tr cn
li chnh l p s ca bi ton.
Nh vy, tng ca phng php ny kh r rng v n gin. Trong rt nhiu bi ton v
bin lun th phng php ny li th hin u th r rt. Tuy nhin, thnh cng ca phng
php cn nm ch ta phi lm th no pht hin iiu kin cn mt cch hp l v chn
iu kin mt cch ng n.
Bi tp v d
F S dng tnh i xng ca cc biu thc c mt trong bi ton
Bi 1: Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim duy nht
x+
1x+
x+
1 x = m (1)
Gii
~ iu kin cn:
Gi s (1) c nghim duy nht x =
D thy nu (1) c nghim x = th (1) cng c nghim x = 1 . V nghim l duy nht
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
47
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
1
nn = 1 =
2
1
Thay = vo (1) ta tm c m = 2 + 4 8.
2
~ iu kin :
4
4
x + 4 1 x + x + 1 x = 2 + 8 (2)
Theo bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:
4
x + 1 x 6 2 v 4 x + 4 1 x 6 8
1
Do (2) x = 1 x x = .
2
3
3
3
3
2
(ax + b) + (ax b)2 + a2 x2 b2 = b (1)
Gii
~ iu kin cn:
Gi s (1) c nghim duy nht x = x0 , khi d thy x = x0 cng l nghim ca (1). Do
t gi thit ta suy ra x0 = 0. Thay x0 = 0 vo (1) ta c :
"
b=0
3
3
b2 = b
b=1
~ iu kin :
> Khi b = 0, (1) c dng:
a2 x 2 +
a2 x 2 +
3
a2 x 2 = 0 a2 x 2 = 0
3
3
3
2
(ax + 1) + (ax 1)2 + a2 x2 1 = 1 ()
t u = 3 ax + 1; v = 3 ax 1, ta thy:
( 3
(
(
(
u v3 = 2
uv =2
u=1
ax + 1 = 1
()
ax = 0
u2 + uv + v 2 = 1
u2 + uv + v 2 = 1
v = 1
ax 1 = 1
Vy (*) c nghim duy nht khi v ch khi a 6= 0
"
Tm li, phng trnh (1) c nghim duy nht th iu kin cn v l
a 6= 0; b = 0
b=1
7 + x + 11 x 4 = m 4 3 10 3m
q
p7 + y + p11 y 4 = m 4 310 3m
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
48
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Gii
74
10
6m6
27
3
Tr theo v hai phng trnh ta c:
iu kin: 7 6 x, y 6 11;
x+7
p
p
11 x = y + 7 11 y
Xt hm s: f (t) = t + 7 11 t; 7 6 t 6 11 ta c:
1
1
f 0 (t) =
+
> 0 Vy hm s ng bin, suy ra: f (x) = f (y) x = y.
2 t + 7 2 11 t
Thay vo mt trong hai phng trnh ca h ta c:
q
7 + x + 11 x 4 = m 4 3 10 3m ()
~ iu kin cn:
Ta thy l nu x0 l mt nghim ca phng trnh th 4 x0 cng l nghim ca phng trnh.
Nn h cho c nghim duy nht khi v ch khi
x0 = 4 x0 x0 = 2
Thay vo phng trnh (*) ta c:
q
4 3 10 m = m 2 ()
Gii phng trnh (**) ta tm c m = 3.
~ iu kin :
7 + x + 11 x = 6
Vi m = 3, ta thu c h phng trnh:
7 + y + 11 y = 6
xyz + z = a
xyz 2 + z = b
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4
Gii
~ iu kin cn:
Gi s (x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) l nghim ca h phng trnh cho th (x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) cng l nghim.
Do
z0 = a
tnh duy nht nn x0 = x0 ; y0 = y0 x0 = y0 = 0 Thay tr li vo h , ta c: z0 = b
z 2 = 4
0
T y ta suy ra a = b = 2 hoc a = b = 2
~ iu kin :
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
49
xyz + z = 2 (1)
xyz 2 + z = 2 (2)
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 (3)
xyz = 2
xyz 2 2 + z = 2
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4
Tin hnh lm nh trng hp trn ta i n:
* Nu x = 0 z = 2 y = 0
* Nu y = 0
z = 2 x = 0
x2 + y 2 = 3
* Nu z = 1
xy = 3
Ta thy t h phng trnh trn, ta suy ra x2 + y 2 < 2|xy| nn h v nghim.
Vy trong trng hp ny h c duy nht nghim (x; y; z) = (0, 0, 2)
Vy iu kin cn v h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l a = b = 2 2
F S dng im thun li
Bi 5: Tm a phng trnh sau nghim ng vi mi x:
log2 a2 x2 5ax2 +
6 a = log2+x2 3 a 1 ()
Gii
~ iu kin cn:
Gi s (*)
ng vi mi x. Vi x = 0 ta c log2 6 a = log2 (3 a 1)
16 a 6 6
Li c:
a {2; 5}
a1<3
a1+ 6a=3
~ iu kin :
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
50
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
2bx + (a + 1)by 2 = a2
(a 1)x3 + y 2 = 1
Gii
~ iu kin cn:
Gi s h c nghim vi mi b, thay b = 0 ta c
a2 = 1
(a 1)x3 + y 2 = 1
Do iu kin cn l a = 1
~ iu kin :
2bx + 2by 2 = 1
> Nu a = 1: ta c h
y 2 = 1
1
Khi b > h v nghim. Vy trng hp ny loi.
2
2bx = 1
> Nu a = 1: ta c h
2x3 + y 2 = 1
H trn lun c nghim (x; y) = (0; 1)
Vy a = 1 l iu kin cn v h phng trnh c nghim vi mi b 2
Bi 7: Tm a h phng trnh n (x; y) c nghim vi mi b:
"
(x2 + 1)a = 1
a = 0; x2 y = 1
()
a {0; 1}
a + x2 y = 1
x2 + 1 = a + x2 y = 1
~ iu kin :
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
51
Nu b 6= 0 b2 + 1
6= 1 nn t (1) c y = 0, nhng khng tho (2). Vy trng hp ny loi.
x2 + (b2 + 1)y = 1
> Nu a = 1: ta c
bxy + x2 y = 0
H trn lun c nghim x = y = 0.
Vy a = 1 l iu kin cn v h cho c nghim vi mi b 2
Bi 8: Tm iu kin ca a, b, c, d, e, f hai phng trnh n (x; y) sau l tng ng:
1 1
;
2 2
1
1
, ;
l nghim ca (2). Do (1)
2
2
c + e + f = c e + f = a + d + f = a d + f = 0
Nh vy a + b + c + 2d + 2e + 2f
a
+
b
+
c
2d
2e + 2f
=
=0
2
2
b = d = e = 0
Gii h trn ta tm c iu kin cn ca bi ton l ()
a = c = f 6= 0
~ iu kin :
D thy vi (*) th (2) trng vi (1).
Vy (*) l iu kin cn v (1) (2) 2
Bi 9: Cho phng trnh x3 + ax + b = 0 (1)
Tm a, b phng trnh trn c ba nghim phn bit x1 < x2 < x3 cch u nhau.
Gii
~ iu kin cn:
Gi s phng trnh (1) c 3 nghim khc nhau x1 , x2 , x3 tha gi thit x1 + x3 = 2x2
Theo nh l Viete vi phng trnh bc 3 ta c: x1 + x2 + x3 = 0 3x2 = 0 x2 = 0
Thay x2 = 0 vo (1) ta c b = 0
~ iu kin :
Gi s b = 0 , khi (1) tr thnh:
x3 + ax = 0 x(x2 + a) = 0 (2)
Ta thy (2) c 3 nghim phn bit nu a < 0. Khi cc nghim ca (2) l
x
1 = a
x2 = 0
x3 = a
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
52
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
20x2 + 10x + 3
(20 3y0 ) x2 + 2 (5 y0 ) x + 3 y0 = 0 (1)
3x2 + 2x + 1
5
6 y0 6 7 Vy max f (x) = 7
2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
53
~ iu kin :
Gi s m = 2, khi phng trnh cho tr thnh
20x2 + 10x + 3
= x2 + 2x + 8 (2)
3x2 + 2x + 1
(
= 7 x = 1
Ta nhn thy rng g (x) = x2 + 2x + 8
> 7 x 6= 1
2
20x + 10x + 3
6 7 vi x v f (1) = 6, 5. T y suy ra (2) v nghim.
Mt khc: f (x) =
3x2 + 2x + 1
Vy khng tn ti gi tr no ca m tha mn gi thit. 2
Bi 12: Tm m phng trnh x2 3x + m = 0 (1) c mt nghim gp i nghim ca
phng trnh x2 x + m = 0 (2)
Gii
~ iu kin cn: Gi s tn ti m tho mn iu kin u bi, tc l phng trnh (2) c
nghim x0 , cn (1) c nghim 2x0 . Vy ta c
4x2 6x0 + m = 0
0
x2 x0 + m = 0
0
5
Tr v vi v ca hai phng trnh trn cho nhau ta s tm c x0 = 0 hoc x0 =
3
10
Thay hai gi tr x0 vo mt trong hai phng trnh trn ta c m = 0 v m =
9
y cng chnh l iu kin cn ca bi ton. ~ iu kin :
x2 3x = 0
x2 x = 0
10
Xt khi m = 0 v m =
ta s ln lt gii cc phng trnh
10
9
x2 3x +
=0
x2 x + 10 = 0
9
D thy nghim
ca
2
cp
phng
trnh
ny
tho
gi
thit.
10
Vy m 0;
l iu kin cn v tha mn bi. 2
9
Bi 13: Tm a,b sao cho vi mi c phng trnh sau c khng qu hai nghim dng:
x3 + ax2 + bx + c = 0
Gii
gii bi ny, ta s dng phn b. Ngha l ta tm a, b sao cho tn ti c phng trnh
x3 + ax2 + bx + c = 0 c 3 nghim dng.
~ iu kin cn:
Gi s tn ti c phng trnh f (x) = x3 + ax2 + bx + c = 0 c 3 nghim dng x1 < x2 < x3 .
Khi f (x) = (x x1 )(x x2 )(x x3 )
Vy hm s f (x) c cc tr ti , > 0 (vi x1 < < x2 < < x3 )
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
54
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
0
2
=
a
3b
>
0
a2 > 3b
b > 0
b
P = >0
b>0
()
a < 3b
S = 2a > 0
a < 0
3
(*) l iu kin cn ca bi ton.
~ iu kin :
Gi s a, b tho mn (*) th r rng phng trnh 3x2 + 2ax + b = 0 c 2 nghim dng
0<<
Suy ra hm s f (x) = x3 + ax2 + bx + c c cc i ti x = v cc tiu ti x = .
Do > 0 nn tm c x1 (c; ) sao cho f () < f (x1 ) < f () phng trnh f (x) = f (x1 )
c ba nghim dng. t c = f (x1 ) th phng trnh x3 + ax2 + bx + c = 0 c 3 nghim
dng.
Vy (*) l iu kin cn v tn ti c sao cho phng trnh x3 + ax2 + bx + c = 0 c 3
nghim dng.
Bi tp t luyn
Bi 1: Tm m hai phng trnh sau l tng ng x2 + (m2 5m + 6) x = 0 v x2 +
2 (m 3) x + m2 7m + 12 = 0
Bi 2: Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim duy nht:
|x + m|2 + |x + 1| = |m + 1|
Bi 3: Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim duy nht:
p
x + 3 + 6 x (3 + x) (6 x) = m
(p
x2 + y 2 1 a x + y 1 = 1
Bi 4: Tm a h sau c ng mt nghim:
x + y = xy + 1
(
x2 + 3 + |y| = a
Bi 5: Tm a h sau c ng mt nghim: p
y 2 + 5 + |x| = x2 + 5 + 3 a
(
(x + y)4 + 13 = 6x2 y 2 + m
Bi 6: Cho h phng trnh
xy x2 + y 2 = m
Tm m h c nghim duy nht.
x3 my 3 = 1 (m + 1)2
2
Bi 7: Tm s thc m sao cho h:
c nghim (x; y) tho x + y = 0
3
2
2
x + mx y + xy = 1
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
55
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
|
u +
v | 6 |
u | + |
v | (x1 + x2 )2 + (y1 + y2 )2 6
x21 + y12 +
q
x22 + y22
y1
x1
=
= k > 0.
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi hai vector
u v
v cng hng
x2
y2
Vi hai vector
u,
v bt k trong khng gian th
u .
v = |
u | . |
v | . cos (
u ,
v ) 6 |
u | . |
v|
(nh l cosin trong tam gic) Cho a, b, c l ba cnh ca tam gic ABC v A l gc
nh A ca tam gic khi :
a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A
Cho tam gic ABC c ba gc nhn v im M ty trong mt phng khi gi T l
im nhn cc cnh BC, CA, AB di cng mt gc 1200 th vi mi im M trn mt
phng ta c:
MA + MB + MC > T A + T B + T C
T c gi l im Torricelli ca tam gic ABC.
x2 + y 2 = r
Bi 1: Bin lun s nghim ca h
ax + by = c
(r>0)
~ Phn tch: H cho gm phng trnh ng trn (C) v phng trnh ng thng
d. Nh vy ta cn kho st s giao im ca (C) v d.
> Cch 1: Lp cng thc tnh khong cch t gc to n d. Bin lun s giao im ca
ng thng v ng trn bng cch so snh khong cch vi bn knh ca (C).
b nh nht cha (C). Bin lun v tr ca
> Cch 2: Tm di mt phng P hoc min gc Q
ng thng d i vi cc min phng . Nu pht hin ng thng i qua mt im trong
ng trn th h phng trnh lun c nghim phn bit.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
56
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(x p)2 + (y q)2 = r
Bi 2: Bin lun s nghim ca h phng trnh
ax + by = c
(r>0)
px2 + qy 2 = r
Bi 3: Bin lun s nghim ca h phng trnh
ax + by = c
(p, q, r > 0)
~ Phn tch: H cho gm phng trnh ng elip (E) v phng trnh ng thng d.
Nh vy ta cn kho st s giao im ca d v (E). S dng php co - dn bin (E) thnh
ng trn (C) v bin d thnh d0 , ta a v kho st s im chung ca d0 v (C). Ta bit
rng s im chung khng ln hn
r 2.
q
y h cho tr thnh
~ Phng php: t u = x; v =
p
r
2
2
u + v =
rp
()
p
au + b
v =c
q
T y lm tip nh bi 1. Nu pht hin ng thng i qua mt im nm trong (E) th h
lun c 2 nghim phn bit.
(p, q, r > 0)
px2 + kxy + qy 2 = r
ax + by = c
~ Phng php: Bin i phng trnh u v dng mu2 + nv 2 = r a v bi ton 4.
x2 + y 2 = r
Bi 6: Kho st tnh cht nghim ca h
ax + by = c
(r > 0)
px2 + qy 2 = r
Bi 7: Kho st tnh cht nghim ca h phng trnh
ax + by = c
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(p, q, r > 0)
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
u2 + v 2 = r
a0 u + b0 v = c0
a
b
Trong a0 = ; b0 = . Bi ton a v bi 6.
p
q
x2 + y 2 =
b
() kx by = m
y > 0
Bi ton a v kho st nghim ca h ().
Bi 2: Kho st nghim ca phng trnh
~ Phng php: t z = x + c; y =
p
a b(x + c)2 = kx + m vi a, b > 0
a2 + bz 2 v a v bi 1.
ax + by = c
()
x2 + y 2 = 1
Bi ton a v kho st nghim ca h () vi x, y tho iu kin xc nh.
a c
y2 + z2 =
b d
pby + q dz = m
()
y>0
z > 0
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
57
58
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
[ nm trong min gc P xc
Bi ton a v kho st s nghim ca h () gm cung trn AnB
nh bi cc min x > 0, y > 0 v ng thng d.
Bi tp v d
F Cc bi tp v h tuyn tnh v phn tuyn tnh
Bi 1: Bin lun s nghim ca h
(x 1)2 + (y 2)2 = 5
x + my = m + 1
Gii
u2 + v 2 = 5
t u = x 1; v = y 2 ta c h cho tng ng:
u + mv = m
(C)
A(0,-1)
x2 + y 2 = 4
()
2x y = m
Gii
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
59
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
y
d3
B(0; 2)
y=1
d2
d1
A( 3, 1)
M2
M1
M(
m
2
; 0)
1
2x y = 2. Cc ng thng ct Ox ti M1 ( 3 ; 0) v M2 (1; 0). Cc im nm
2
trong (C) nn giao im th hai ca d1 , d2 vi (C) thuc na mt phng P1 = {(x; y) : y < 0}.
[ l A v B.
V vy d1 , d2 ch c mt im chung vi AnB
[ ng thng d ct on thng
Gi Q l di mt phng bin d1 , d2 , khi Q cha AnB.
m
M1 M2 ti M ( ; 0) khc M1 , M2 .
2
x2 + y 2 = 4
()
x + y = m
Gii
y
B
H
A
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
60
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
th do
Nn suy ra:
OA.OB = OA.OB. cos OA, OB = x1 x2 + y1 y2
[ <
cos OA, OB > 0 AOB
2
2
2
[
AH < OH. V OH + AH = 4 nn suy ra AOB < OH > 2.
2
|m|
Nh vy h c hai nghim phn bit tha x1 x2 +y1 y2 > 0 2 > > 2 2 2 > |m| > 2 2
2
Bi 4: Tm m h c 2 nghim phn bit tho (x1 x2 )2 + 4(y1 y2 )2 = 3:
x2 + 4y 2 = 16
()
x my = m
Gii
H () gm phng trnh elip (E) :
x2 y 2
+
= 1 v ng thng d : x my = m ph thuc m.
16 4
y
O
A -1
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
61
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
u2 + v 2 = 16
()
2u mv = 2m
To cc im B 0 , D0 l nghim ca (). H gm phng trnh ng trn (C) v phng
trnh ng thng d0 l nh ca d qua php dn .
y
P'
O
x
-2
Q'
Mt khc
B 0 D02 = (u1 u2 )2 + (v1 v2 )2 = (x1 x2 )2 + 4(y1 y2 )2 = 3
0 0
3 hn na (C) c tm l gc ta
Ngha l d0 ct (C) ti 2 im B 0 , D0 sao cho
B
D
=
r nn
0 02
BD
|2m|
61
122
= R2 = 16 Suy ra dO/d0 =
, do d =
2
d2O/d0 +
nn tm c m =
4
2
3
4 + m2
Bi 5: Tm m h c 2 nghim phn bit v (x1 x2 )2 + (y1 y2 )2 t gi tr nh nht:
x2 + y 2 = 4
()
2x + my = m + 2
Gii
y
d
A
(C)
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
62
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Gi
u = (m; 2) l vect ch phng ca d th
()
u .OM = 0 2 m = 0 m = 2
Do vi m = 2 th h c hai nghim phn bit tha (x1 x2 )2 + (y1 y2 )2 t gi tr nh nht.
Bi 6. Bin lun s nghim ca h phng trnh sau:
|x| + 2 |y| = 4
(x 2a) (y a) = 0
Gii
Xt h phng trnh:
|x| + 2 |y| = 4
(1)
x
=
2a
0
x0 = 2a
y0 = a
y0 = a
|x0 | + 2 |y| = 4
4 |a| = 4
|a| = 1
x0 = 2; y0 = 1
x0 = 2; y0 = 1
y
x = 2a
x=2
2 B
2 B
y=1
4
-4
y=a
-4
-2 D
O
-2 D
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
63
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Da vo th trn ta c kt lun sau:
m 9 x2 x + 5m = 0 (1)
Gii
t y =
5 x2 ta c h
2
2
x + y = 9
() x my = 5m
y > 0
x2 + y 2 = 9
y > 0
Ta c A(0; 5) d m do A nm ngoi (C)
d
(C)
-3
M2
5m
M1
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
64
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
4 x2 = mx + 2 m ()
Gii
v y = 4 x2 .
Hn na v y = 4 x2 x2 + y 2 = 4, y > 0 nn th ca y = 4 x2 l na ng trn
tm l gc ta bn knh bng hai v nm pha trn trc honh.
Cn y = mx + 2 m l mt h ng thng lun i qua im c nh A(1; 2). Ta nhn thy
D
B
-2
[ = 2.
m1 = tan ACO
\ = tan EAD
\ = tan 2OAE
[ = 4.
m2 = tan DCO
3
[ = 2.
m3 = tan ABO
3
m4 = 0.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
65
T suy ra:
2
0
<
m
6
3
1. Phng trnh () c hai nghim
4
2 6 m 6
3
2
3
m < 2
4
m=
3
m>
4
3. Phng trnh () v nghim < m < 0 2
3
Bi 9: Bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh sau theo a:
a 9 x2 + x x a 3 = 0
Gii
t y = 9 x2 x2 + y 2 = 9
Phng trnh (4) tng ng:
(
x2 + y 2 = 9, y > 0
(ay + x) x a 3 = 0
D thy phng trnh th nht biu din phn pha trn trc honh ca ng trn tm l gc
1
ta bn knh l 3 cn phng trnh th hai biu din hai ng thng x = a 3 v y = .x
a
(nu a 6= 0).
S nghim ca h chnh l s giao im ca hai ng thng vi na ng trn. Ta ch cn
xt khi a > 0 (v khi a < 0 ta c kt qu tng t v khi a = 0 th (4) x = 0 v lc h
c 1 nghim).
1
Thy rng ng thng y = x nn n i qua O v v vy lun ct na ng trn ti mt
a
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
66
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
y
y=-
1
a
y=-
x=a 3
a> 3
1
a
x=a 3
0<a< 3
Do ta c kt lun sau:
"
a=0
|a| > 3
9 2x x2 = x + m (()
Gii
t z = x + 1; y = 10 z 2 ta c h:
2
2
y + z = 10
yz =m1
y > 0
y 2 + z 2 = 10
y > 0
n y tng t nh Bi 1, xin dnh cho bn c gii quyt tip phn cn li ca bi ton.
Bi 11: Bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh
2
2 sin t (m + 3) cos t = m 1, t
;
3 3
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
67
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Gii
t x = sin t; y = cos t v a iu kin ca bi ton thnh:
x2 + y 2 = 1
(i)
2x (m + 3)y = m 1 (ii)
6x61
(iii)
1 6 y 6 1
(iv)
2
2
Do hai iu kin (iii) v (iv) nn ta ch cn kho st nghim trong hnh ch nht ABCD trong
:
!
!
1
1
3 1
3 1
;
, B 1;
, C 1;
,D
;
A
2 2
2
2
2 2
Do bi ton a v kho st s giao im ca ng thng d : 2x (m + 3)y = m 1 v
ng trn (C) : x2 + y 2 = 1 nm trong hnh ch nht ABCD, h c nghim th ch c nghim
duy nht.
A B
S
x
O
DC
I
1
3+1m
1
1
3+4
1
1
3+4
3
2 31
6
6
6
6 6
6 5+2 3 > 5 >
2
m+3
2
2
m+3
2
2
m+3
2
3
Min gc cha tp hp
im
2
cc gi tr ca m =
3
3
tho
mn h iu kin trn c bin l cc ng thng ng vi
1
v m = 2 3 + 5 2
2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
68
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
F Mt vi bi ton khc
Hai phn trn chng ta tip cn vi cch gii ton bng hnh hc, th, trong phn ny,
chng ta s thc s thy c v p ca vic gii ton bng hnh hc, cc bi ton trong phn
ny thng khng mu mc v c cch gii quyt khc nhau ty dng ton, ta bt u vi v
d sau:
2
2
2
2
x + b bx 3 + y + a ay 3 + x2 + y 2 xy 3 = a2 + b2
Trong a, b l cc s thc dng cho trc.
Gii
~ tng: Cc bi ton hai phn trc ch cp n bin lun nghim ca phng trnh,
h phng trnh, nhng y l mt bi v gii phng trnh, cch tip cn hon ton khc.
Ta ch n nhn xt sau: v tri l ba cn thc c dng gn ging nh l Cosin trong tam gic,
v phi l biu thc gn ging cng thc tnh ng cho ca cnh huyn (nh l Pytagore).
Hn na li c mt kt qu quen thuc trong hnh hc phng l AM + M N + N B > AB. Do
ta i n li gii nh sau:
~ Li gii:
M
N
a
O
y
x
p
Khi ta c c AM = OA2 + OM 2 2OA.OM. cos = a2 + y 2 ay. 3.
6
p
p
2
2
2
2
Tng t: M N = x + y xy. 3, BN = x + b bx. 3, AB = a2 + b2 .
Hn na AM + M N + BN > AB nn:
q
q
q
2
2
2
2
x + b bx 3 + y + a ay 3 + x2 + y 2 xy 3 > a2 + b2
r
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
69
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
x
A
y
O
B
Ta c:
SOAB = SOAM + SOBM
Tng t ta tm c x =
1
2ab
3
ab = ay +
by y =
2
2
a + 3.b
2ab
3.a + b
2ab
2ab
Do nghim ca bi ton l x =
,y =
2
3.a + b
a + 3.b
~ Nhn xt: Bi ton trn cho thy c vic s dng hnh hc gii ton s a bi ton
v mt bi ton kh nh nhng. Ta cng n vi v d tip theo:
r
2
2
2x +
3 + 1 x + 1 + 2x
31 x+1=3
r
2x2 2x + 1 +
Gii
~ tng: Cng ging nh trn, v tri gi ta dng nh l Cosin cho tam gic nhng khng
th c. Ta s phi s dng cch gii khc.
Phn tch t biu thc n gin nht ta c c: 2x2 2x + 1 = x2 + (x 1)2 . Do tng
ca chng ta cng l phn tch cc biu thc cn li thnh tng hai bnh phng, do ta s
c li gii sau:
~ Li gii:
!
!
3 1
3 1
Trong h ta Oxy ly cc im M (x, x), A(0, 1), B
, , C
, .
2
2
2
2
y
M
x
1
O
B
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
70
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Khi ta c:
M A = 2x2 2x + 1
M B = 2x2 +
3+1 x+1
M C = 2x2 3 1 x + 1
x x + 1 + 3 x = 2 x2 + 1
Gii
~ tng: Bi ny r rng vic a cc biu thc cha cn thnh di mt on thng
gp kh khn v cc biu thc khng c dng bc hai. Tuy th trong bi ny phng php hnh
hc vn pht huy tc dng. Bin i phng trnh mt cht ta c:
x. x + 1 + 1. 3 x =
r
x+1
2
2
3 x . x2 + 1
V phi khin ta ngh n tch di cn v tri gip ta ngh n tch v hng ca hai vector,
t ta hnh thnh li gii nh sau:
~ Li gii:
iu kin: 1 6 x 6 3.
a. b =x x+1+ 3x
q
x + 1, x + 3 ta c
t a = (x, 1); b =
2
2
|
a | . b = x + 1.
x+1 +
3x
Hn na ta li c
a . b 6 |
a |. b
Do ta c:
x. x + 1 + 1. 3 x 6
r
2
2
x+1 +
3 x . x2 + 1
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
71
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Nh vy theo iu kin ta phi tm x trong trng hp du bng xy ra tc l ta c:
a k b x. 3 x = x + 1 x3 3x2 + x + 1 = 0
x=1
2
(x 1)(x 2x 1) = 0 x = 1 + 2
2
x = 1 2 (loi)
Ba v d trn chng ta tip cn cch gii phng trnh bng hnh hc, sau y s l mt v
d v gii h phng trnh.
2
2
2
2
x = y a + z a
y = z 2 b2 + x 2 b2
p
z = x 2 c2 + y 2 c2
Trong a, b, c l cc s thc dng cho trc tha mn
1 1 1
, , l ba cnh ca tam gic
a b c
khng t.
Gii
~ tng: R rng ngay khi nhn vo bi th gi thit a, b, c l cc s thc dng cho
1 1 1
trc tha mn , , l ba cnh ca tam gic khng t khin ta cm thy kh ri. Tuy
a b c
nhin nu ch n phn tch sau th mi vic hon ton d dng:
Vi mt tam gic khng t c ba cnh l a, b, c cc ng cao tng ng l ha , hb , hc v din
tch l S. ta c:
a
1
ha
2S
b
aha = bhb = chc = 2S
= hb
2S
c = hc
2S
a d c
T ch rng
,
,
l ba cnh ca tam gic khng t ng dng vi tam gic c ba
2S 2S 2S
1
1 1 1
cnh l a, b, c theo t l
do
, ,
l ba cnh ca tam gic khng t. Vy ta c li
2S
ha hb hc
gii nh sau:
~ Li gii:
iu kin a2 , b2 6 z 2 ; b2 , c2 6 x2 ; a2 , c2 6 y 2 .
c
a
x
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
72
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
T ta c c: x =
1
1 1 1
+
a b c
1 1 1
+
a b c
1 1 1
+
a b c
2S
2S
2S
,y=
,z=
2.
a
b
c
a2 + b2 = 1
c+d=3
ac + bd + cd = 9 + 6 2
4
Gii
~ tng: R rng bi ton trn l mt bi ton khng h mu mc, ch c ba phng trnh
nhng li c ti 4 n, hn na phng trnh th 3 kh phc tp. Kh c th bin i i s,
nn chng ta ngh ti phng php hnh hc.
Vi nhng g chng ta phn tch trn, tng hnh hc cn bn ca ta s l xt ng
trn (C) : x2 + y 2 = 1 khi im M (a, b) s thuc ng trn ny. Cn phng trnh th 2
ta xt ng thng (d) : x + y = 3 th im N (c, d) s thuc ng thng ny.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
73
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Qu tch nhng im M (a, b) tha phng trnh th nht l ng trn (O; 1).
Qu tch nhng im N (c, d) tha mn phng trnh th hai l ng thng (d) : x + y = 3.
Hn na ta li c:
2(ac + bd + cd) = 2ac + 2bd + (c + d)2 c2 d2
= 2ac + 2db + 10(a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 )
= 10 (a c)2 (b d)2 = 10 M N 2
9
+
6
2
11
6
2
3
2
Suy ra 10 M N 2 =
MN2 =
MN =
2
2
2
Do ta s tm hai im M , N nmtrn ng trn (O; 1) v ng thng (d) : x + y = 3 sao
3 2
cho khong cch gia chng l .
2
~ Li gii:
N
N0
M
M0
1
3
3 2
Ta c: M0 N0 = ON0 1 = 1 =
= MN
2
2
T suy ra M M0 v N N!
.
0
2 2
3 3
D dng tnh c M0
,
v N0 =
,
2 2
2 2
T suy ra nghim ca h 2
~ Nhn xt: Bi ton trn
rt c th v may mn l M N t gi tr nh nht. Trong mt
9+6 2
v trng hp s
ca ta thay bng s khc m vn tha mn h c nghim v M N
4
khng t cc tr th vic lm bi ton s rt kh khn v h s c v s nghim, do thng
thng cc bi ton dng ny s l v nghim hay c nghim duy nht.
Bi tp t luyn
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
74
Bi 1:
Bi 2:
Bi 3:
Bi
Bi
Bi
Bi
4:
5:
6:
7:
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
x2 xy + 4y 2 = m
r
Bin lun s nghim theo m ca h
3
x +
y=1
7
x2 + y 2 = 8
Tm m h
c nghim x, y > 0
x + y = m
x2 + y 2 = 4
Tm m h
c nghim x 6 0 6 y
2x my = m + 2
p
Bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh 5 2(x + m)2 = x 2
Bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh 4 sin t 3 cos t = 2m 1 vi t [0; ]
(x + 1)2 + y 2 6 a
9 + (y + 1)2 6 a
x2 + y 2 = 2 (1 + a)
(x + y)2 = 4
Tm a h c hai nghim.
Bi 9: Cho h:
x + mx m = 0
x2 + y 2 x = 0
1. Bin lun s nghim ca h theo m.
2. Khi h c hai nghim (x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ). Xt i lng:
d = (x2 x1 )2 + (y2 y1 )2 .
Tm m d t gi tr ln nht.
Bi 11: Cho h:
2ax + y = 1
x + 2y > a
Tm m h c t nht mt nghim m (tc l c t nht mt nghim (x, y) trong x < 0 v
y < 0)
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Bi 12: Bin lun theo m s nghim ca cc phng trnh sau:
a. 16 4x2 = x m
b. 1 9x2 = m 3x
c. 2x x2 = 2m x
d. 4 x2 = 2mx x2
e. 1 x2 = 1 m2 + 2mx x2
f. 4x2 16 = m 2x
Bi 13: Tm m bt phng trnh sau c nghim:
a. 1 x2 > x m
b. x2 9 > x m
1 x2 = y
a.
3mx 3y = 5m
x + 1 + y + 2 = m
b.
x + y = 3m
4 x2 = y
c.
mx 3y = 2m
Bi
17: Tm m cc h sau c nghim:
x2 + x 2 + x < 1
a.
x2 2(m + 2)x + 1 > 0
x + y > 1
b.
x + y 6 2xy + m
x + y 6 2
c.
p
x + y + 2x(y 1) + a = 2
Bi
18: Tm m cc h sau c nghim duy nht:
x + y + 2xy + m > 1
a.
x + y 6 1
x + y = 1
b.
x + y 6 m
Bi 19: Bin lun theo a s nghim ca cc phng trnh:
2
a. |x|
(3 4x ) = a.
1
b.
|x| 1 (|x| 1)2 = a.
3
a
2
c. x 2x 2 =
|x 1|
2
x + 2 |x| 1
d.
= a.
|x| + 1
x2 + 2
e.
=a
|x| 1
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
75
76
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
f. (x + 1)2 a |x + 2| = 0
Bi 20: Cho cc s thc dng x, y, z tha mn h phng trnh
y2
= 25
x
+
xy
+
2
3
y
+ z2 = 9
z 2 + zx + x2 = 16
Tm gi tr biu thc P = xy + 2yz + 3xz
Bi 21: Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha ng thc:
q
q
a2 2ab + b2 + b2 2bc + c2 = a2 + c2
a+c
b
Bi 22: Cho p, q l cc s thc sao cho phng trnh x2 + px + q = 0 c hai nghim thc c
gi tr tuyt i khng vt qu 1. Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca biu thc:
Tm gi tr nh nht ca
P = p2 (p2 + 2q 2 3) + q 2 (q 2 3)
Bi 23: Kho st s nghim ca h phng trnh theo a:
x2 y 2
(x a)2 + y 2 = 1
.
Bi tp v d:
Bi 1: Bin lun s nghim ca h phng trnh vi r > 0:
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = r
() ax + by + cz = m
a0 x + b0 y + c0 z = m0
~ tng:
H (*) gm mt phng trnh ca mt mt cu (W) vi tm l gc ta v mt ng thng
d. Ta giao im ca d v (W) l nghim ca (*). V th, bi ton c a v dng bin
lun s giao im ca d v (W).
~ Phng php:
> Vit phng trnh mt phng (P ) i qua O(0; 0; 0) v vung gc vi ng thng
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(
d:
77
ax + by + cz = m
()
a0 x + b0 y + c0 z = m0
> Tm giao im K ca (P) v d. Xt v tr tng i ca K so vi (W).
* Nu K nm trong (W) th d ct (W) ti hai im phn bit v h (*) c hai nghim phn
bit.
* Nu K nm trn (W) th d v (W) c mt im chung v h (*) c nghim duy nht
* Nu K nm ngoi (W) th h (*) v nghim.
V d 1: Bin lun s nghim ca h phng trnh sau theo tham s m:
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 22
x + y + 2z = m
x z = 2.
Gii
z 3y + z = 0
3m 2m 3m
Gii h ny ta c ta im K
;
;
.
11 11 11
2m2
< 22 11 6 m 6 11. Khi , h cho c hai
* Nu K nm trong (W) khi v ch khi
11
nghim phn bit.
* Nu K nm trn (W) khi v ch khi m = 11 m = 11. Khi , h cho c nghim duy
nht.
* Nu K nm ngoi (W) khi v ch khi m > 11 m < 11. Khi , h cho v nghim. 2
V d 2: Bin lun s nghim ca h phng trnh sau:
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 16
() x + my + z = 2m 4
x z = 2
Gii
Trong
h (*) th phng trnh x + my + z = 2m 4 thuc chm ng thng c trc l
(
x + z = 4
.
y2=0
(
x + my + z = 2m 4
Do ng thng d c phng trnh
xz =2
V d i qua im c nh K (1; 2; 3).
Ta thy rng K nm trong mt cu (W): x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 16 do d ct (W) ti hai im phn
bit vi mi m. Vy h cho lun c hai nghim phn bit vi mi m.
~ M rng:
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
78
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(r > 0)
a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = m 1
a x + b y + c z = m
2
x+y+z =1
x z = 2m
Gii
t u = x m, v = y 2, w = z + 1 h phng trnh cho tng ng vi h sau:
u2 + v 2 + w2 = 16
() u + v + w = m
u w = m 1
n y ta ch cn bin lun s nghim ca h (*) nh phng php bi ton 1.
Bi 2: Bin lun nghim ca h phng trnh:
(p
r x2 y 2 = px + qy + k
ax + by = c
~ Phng php:
p
Bng cch t z = r x2 y 2 th h cho tng ng vi h:
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = r
z > 0
ax + by = c
px + qy z + k = 0
H ny gm phng trnh ca na mt cu (W) v ng thng d. Bi ton cng chuyn v
dng bi 1.
V d 1: Bin lun s nghim ca h phng trnh sau
(p
6 x2 y 2 = 2x + m
xy =2
Gii
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
t z =
79
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 6
z > 0
()
2x z = m
x y = 2
x + y + 2z = 0
2x z = m
x y = 2
1 m m 5 m + 2
T ta tm c H
;
;
3
3
3
Vy ng thng d ct na mt cu (W) ti hai im phn bit khi v ch khi
m+2
>0
m2 m
2
2
31 >m>2
21
+
+2 >6
4
2
<6
9
ng thng d v na mt cu (W) c mt im chung duy nht khi v ch khi:
m+2
>0
3
m
=
2
3
=6
9
Kt lun:
* Khi m = 2 3 1 th h cho c nghim duy nht
* Khi 2 3 1 > m > 2 2 1 th h c hai nghim phn bit
* Mi gi tr cn li ca m lm h v nghim. 2
~ Nhn xt: Cng bng cch lm nh m rng ca bi ton 1, ta c th m rng cho bi
ton 2. vi h c phng trnh mt cu khng nhn gc ta lm tm:
q
r (x m)2 (y n)2 = px + qy + k
ax + by = c
By gi ta s m rng thm vi h gm hai phng trnh mt cu.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
80
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(x a1 )2 + (y b1 )2 + (z c1 )2 = r1
() (x a2 )2 + (y b2 )2 + (z c2 )2 = r2
ax + by + cz = m
~ tng:
Ta nhn thy h (*) c hai phng trnh mt cu v mt phng trnh mt phng. Nu hai
mt cu khng c im chung th h v nghim. Nu hai mt cu c im chung th h hoc
v nghim hoc c nghim ph thuc vo im chung thuc hoc khng thuc mt phng
ax + by + cz = m.
~ Phng php:
Tr hai v ca hai phng trnh u ta thu c mt phng trnh mt phng c dng:
(a1 a2 ) x + (b1 b2 ) y + (c1 c2 ) z = m0 . Ta gi mt phng ny l mt ng phng ca hai
mt cu. D dng nhn thy mt ng phng ny cha cc im chung ca hai mt cu v
vung gc vi ng thng i qua tm ca hai mt cu.
* Nu hai mt cu tip xc nhau ti K th mt ng phng l tip din chung ca hai mt
cu ti K.
* Nu hai mt cu ct nhau th giao tuyn ca chng l ng trn nm trong mt ng
phng.
Nh vy, vic kho st hphng trnh trn chuyn v bi ton kho st h tng ng l:
(x a1 )2 + (x b1 )2 + (x c1 )2 = r1
ax + by + cz = m
Vic kho st phng trnh ny chnh l ni dung ca bi ton 1.
Bi tp t luyn:
Bi1: Bin lun s nghim ca cc h phng trnh sau:
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2m2 2
a) x + y + z = 0
x z = m + 4
(p
45 x2 y 2 = m + 2x
b)
xy =1
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 29
c) mx + y + z = 3m
x z = 2
q
6 (x 2)2 (y + 2)2 = 2x + m
d)
x y = 2
Bi 2: Tm tt c cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh sau c hai nghim phn bit (x1 ; y1 ; z1 )
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
81
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
v (x2 ; y2 ; z2 ) biu thc (x1 x2 )2 + (y1 y2 )2 + (z1 z2 )2 t gi tr nh nht:
2
2
2
x + y + z = 12
mx + y + z = m 2
x + y = 2
x m2 + y m2 = k
(I)
y n2 + z n2 = k
pz p2 + px p2 = k
k 3
Trong m, n, p, k > 0 v tha m + n + p =
2
Gii
Trc ht ta s chng minh (I) nu c nghim th l nghim duy nht. Tht vy: Gi s
(x1 ; y1 ; z1 ) v (x2 ; y2 ; z2 ) l 2 nghim phn bit ca (I). Do vai tr ca x,y,z nh nhau nn ta
gi s x1 > x2
Khi t phng trnh th nht ca (I) ta c:
p
x1 m2 +
y1 m2 =
x2 m2 +
p
y2 m2
Suy ra y2 > y1
Hon ton tng t t phng trnh th hai ca h ta chng minh c z1 > z2
T phng trnh th 3 ta suy ra c x2 > x1 , iu ny mu thun vi gi thit.
Vy (I) c nghim duy nht.
Li c
m, n, p, k > 0
m + n + p = k
2
Nn tn ti mt 4ABC u cnh k v mt im I nm trong tam gic sao cho khong cch
t I n cc cnh l m, n, p.
Xt 4F IA c IA2 IF 2 = AF 2 IA2 m2 = AF
Tng t ta c IB 2 m2 = BF
Do IA2 m2 + IB 2 m2 = AF + BF = k.
2
2
2
T phng trnh 1 ca
h ta suy ra x = IA , y = IB x = IC
x = IA2
Vy (I) c nghim: y = IB 2
z = IC 2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
82
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
x = IA2
Vy vi mi m, n, p, k tho bi th (I) y = IB 2 2
z = IC 2
Bi 2: Tm tt c gi tr nguyn dng ca n sao cho h phng trnh sau c nghim
dng:
x1 + x2 + ... + xn = 9
1 + 1 + ... + 1 = 1
x1 x2
xn
Gii
Gi s h cho c nghim x1 ; x2 ; ...; xn . Theo bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:
1
1
1
+
+ ... +
> n2 n2 6 9 n 6 3
(x1 + x2 + ... + xn )
x1 x2
xn
x 1 + x2 + x3 = 9
> Vi n = 3 th h
c nghim dng x1 = x2 = x3 = 3.
1 + 1 + 1 =1
x1 x2 x3
(
x1 + x2 = 9
x1 + x2 = 9
> Vi n = 2, xt h:
1
1
+
=1
x1 x2 = 9
x1 x2
Ta thy phng trnh t2 9t + 9 = 0 c 2 nghim phn bit dng. Vy n = 2 tha mn yu
cu bi.
x1 = 9
> Vi n = 1, ta c h:
1 =1
x1
D thy h trn v nghim.
Nh vy n {2; 3} l gi tr cn tm. 2
Bi 3: Tm tt c gi tr ca tham s m h sau c 5 nghim thc:
( 3
x mx y = 0
(I)
y 3 my + x = 0
Gii
Nhn thy h cho lun c nghim
x = y = 0 m
( 4
x mx2 xy = 0
Xt x 6= 0, y 6= 0 ta c (I)
y 4 my 2 + xy = 0
T ta c x4 + y 4 = m(x2 + y 2 ) m > 0.
Bi ton cho tr thnh: tm m > 0 h c 4 nghim (x; y) 6= (0; 0)
Th y = x3 mx vo phng trnh th hai ca h, ta c:
3
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
83
m
+
m2 8
u1 =
2
u = m m 8
2
2
Xt hai phng trnh sau:
ng vi mi t s c hai gi tr ca x = t + m.
x x2 = a
1
x3 x4 = b
x + x + x + x = 1
1
Gii
Gi s h cho c t nht mt nghim x1 > 0, x2 > 0, x3 > 0, x4 > 0.
Ta c |a| = |x1 x2 | < |x1 | + |x2 | = x1 + x2
|b| = |x3 x4 | < |x3 | + |x4 | = x3 + x4
T suy ra |a| + |b| < x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 1
Ngc li nu c |a| + |b| < 1 th c = 1 (|a| + |b|) > 0
c
c
Khi ty theo a; b m hay dng m h cho c nghm: x1 = |a| + , x2 = , x3 =
4
4
c
c
|b| + , x4 =
4
4
c
c
c
c
x1 = , x2 = |a| + , x3 = |b| + , x4 =
4
4
4
4
c
c
c
c
x1 = |a| + , x2 = , x3 = , x4 = |b| +
4
4
4
4
Cc nghim ny u tho yu cu bi ton. 2
Bi 5: Cho a, b, c 6= 0. Gii v bin lun h sau theo a, b, c:
a x y + z. x + y z = x yz
(I) b x + y z. y + z x = y xz
c y + z x.x + y z = z xy
Gii
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
84
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
x y + z. x + y z = 0
(x y + z)(x + y z) = 0
T n iu kin cho biu thc trong cn c ngha th tho mn phng trnh th
nht ca h ta phi c: x = 0, y = z > 0 hoc y = 0, x = z > 0 hoc z = 0, x = y > 0
Thay li vo hai phng trnh sau thy ng. chnh l cc nghim ca h phung trnh
trong trng hp ny.
~ Nu a, b, c > 0: Khi h cho tng ng vi h
a2 (x y + z)(x + y z) = x2 yz
(II) b2 (x + y z)(y + z x) = y 2 xz
c2 (y + z x)(x + z y) = z 2 xy
R rng (II) lun c nghim (0; 0; 0). Ta th tm nghim khc ca h:
Nhn v vi v ca ba phng trnh trong h trn ri ly cn bc hai, ta c:
abc(x + y z)(x + z y)(y + z x) = x2 y 2 z 2
T ta i n h phng trnh sau:
x= 2
2
2
2
b + c2 a2
bc(y + z x) = ayz
abc(y + z x) = a yz
a y + b x = 2abc
b
ac(x + y z) = bxz abc(x + y z) = b2 xz b2 z + c2 y = 2abc y = 2
a + c2 b2
ab(x + z y) = cyx
abc(x + z y) = c2 yx
c2 x + a2 z = 2abc
z =
2
a + b2 c2
x, y, z > 0, ta phi c: a2 + b2 > c2 , b2 + c2 > a2 , c2 + a2 > b2
Tm li ta i n kt lun sau:
> Nu c t nht mt trong ba s a, b, c < 0 th nghim ca h l: (0; ; ), (; ; 0), (; 0; )
vi > 0 tu .
>Nu c ba s a, b, c u dng th:
* Nu a2 + b2 > c2 , b2 + c2 > a2 , c2 + a2 > b2 th nghim ca h l (0; 0; 0) v
a
b
c
; 2
; 2
2
2
2
2
2
b + c a a + c b a + b2 c2
* Nu c t nht mt trong cc bt ng thc sau: a2 + b2 6 c2 , b2 + c2 6 a2 , c2 + a2 6 b2 th
nghim ca h ch l (0; 0; 0) 2
a
b
c
+
+
= 0. Chng minh rng phng trnh ax2 + bx + c = 0
m+2 m+1 m
c nghim x (0; 1)
Bi 6: Gi s
Gii
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
85
b
c
a
xm+2 +
xm+1 + xm , x [0, 1]
m+2
m+1
m
f 0 (x) = axm+1 + bxm + cxm1 = xm1 (ax2 + bx + c)
a
b
c
Ta li c: f (0) = 0 v f (1) =
+
+
=0
m+2 m+1 m
Do theo nh l Lagrange th tn ti x0 (0, 1)sao cho f (1) f (0) = (1 0)f 0 (x0 )
Nn f 0 (x0 ) = 0 x0 m1 (ax0 2 + bx0 + c) = 0
ax0 2 + bx0 + c = 0
Vy ta c iu phi chng minh. 2
Xt hm s f (x) =
x1 + x2 + x3 = 2002
(I) x1 x2 + x2 x3 + x3 x1 = 2001b
x x x = 2000a
1 2 3
Xy ra cc trng hp sau:
> Nu x2 < 0 hoc x3 < 0 khi x1 + x2 + x3 < x3 6 2002. iu ny mu thun vi phng
trnh th nht ca (I)
> Nu x1 < 0 6 x2 6 x3 , t phng trnh ba ca (I) suy ra a 6 0.
> Nu 0 6 x1 6 x2 6 x3 , theo bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:
20023
3
2002 = x1 + x2 + x3 > 3 3 x1 x2 x3 = 2000a a 6
54000
2002
20022
Du = xy ra khi x1 = x2 = x3 =
v khi y b =
3
6003
20023
20022
By gi ta xt bi ton trong trng hp a =
v b =
54000
6003
Khi phng trnh cho tr thnh:
x3 2002x2 +
20022
20022
2002 3
=
0
(x
x
) =0
3
33
3
20023
l gi tr cn tm 2
54000
2002
[-2002,2002]
3
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
86
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Gii
1+ >0
x > 2
x
x = 2(1 + a)
xa=1+
Hay
x a = 1 x
x = 2(a 1)
3
2
2
Mt khc 2 6 2(a + 1) < 0 2 6 a < 1 v 2 6 (a 1) < 0 2 6 a < 1.
3
R rng nu (x; y) l mt nghim ca h vi x < 0 th y 6= 0 v (x; y) cng l mt nghim
ca h. Do :
Khi a < 2 th h v nghim.
2
Khi a = 2 ta c x = 2(a + 1) = 2 v x = (a 1) = 2 nn h c ng hai nghim
3
phn bit (2; 1).
2
Khi 2 < a < 1 th 2(a + 1) 6= (a 1) v hai gi tr ny cho h c 4 nghim.
3
Khi 1 < a < 1 th h c 3 nghim.
"
Tm li h cho c ng hai nghim khi
a>1
a = 2
(1)
Gii
V (1) ng vi mi x nn cng ng khi x =
a
1
Vi x = , (1)
+b
2
2
40
+
1
2
20
a = 2b
1 c
+ +d
=0 c
(2)
+d= 1
4 2
2
4
Thay a = 2b vo (1) ta c:
20
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
87
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
H s x40 ca hai v l 240 v 240 b40 + 1 do suy ra 240 = 240 b40 + 1 b =
1 40
240 1
2
(1) tr thnh
20
2
1
1
> Xt khi x
= x2 + cx + d x c = 1 c = 1 v d = (tho (2))
2
4
2
1
> Xt khi x
= (x2 + cx + d) x: khng c c, d tha mn yu cu bi ton.
2
1
1
Vy a = 2b, b = 40 240 1, c = 1 v d = l cc gi tr cn tm 2.
2
4
( 3
x0 = k + a
x0 = k 2 + ax20
x20
k
k = x0 + bx0
= x20 + b
x0
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
88
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
H c nghim duy nht nn phng trnh bc hai theo k cng c nghim duy nht, tc l
1
1
k = . Vy nu h c nghim duy nht th tch P = x0 y0 = .
2
2
~ Nhn xt: Li gii trn tuy nhn hp l nhng tht ra c mt sai lm rt tinh vi, l
khi cho rng h cho v phng trnh thu c sau php th, cn gi l phng trnh h qu,
l tng ng vi nhau. y, r rng nu h phng trnh ban u c nghim duy nht th
cha hn phng trnh cui theo bin k k 2 k + (ax20 + bx0 ) = 0 c nghim duy nht, trong
vn c th c mt nghim khng tha mn bi. Cch bin i i s dng cho bi ny kh
c th tm ra c kt qu chnh xc.
Li gii ng l nh sau:
x = (x2 + b) + a
D thy cc nghim ca phng trnh ny u tha mn bi v x > a, m mi nghim nh
th cho ta mt gi tr tng ng ca y nn iu kin h cho c nghim duy nht l
phng trnh n x trn c nghim duy nht.
Phng trnh bc 4 c nghim duy nht khi n c nghim kp, iu c ngha l nghim
cng l nghim ca phng trnh o hm bng 0.
Gi x0 l nghim (tng ng vi gi tr y0 ) th ta c h sau
(
x0 = (x20 + b) + a
4x0 (x20 + b) = 1
1
Hn na, do x0 l nghim ca h ban u nn x20 + b = y0 , suy ra x0 y0 = . Vy nu h cho
4
1
c nghim duy nht th tch P = x0 y0 = .
4
M RNG:
gii quyt trn vn bi ton, chng ta s lm r hn cc vn sau:
Vn 1: Nu phng trnh bc 4 c nghim duy nht khi n c nghim kp, iu c ngha
l nghim cng l nghim ca phng trnh o hm bng 0.
~ Li gii:
Xt a thc P (x) = x4 + ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, gi s a thc ny c nghim duy nht l x = x0 .
Khi , theo nh l Bezut, ta c th phn tch thc cho thnh P (x) = (x x0 )Q(x) vi
Q(x) l a thc bc 3 a thc bc ba Q(x) lun c t nht mt nghim nn nghim cng
phi l x = x0 . Ta li phn tch a thc ban u thnh P (x) = (x x0 )2 R(x) vi R(x) l a
thc bc 2
Suy ra P 0 (x) = 2(x x0 )R(x) + (x x0 )2 R0 (x) = (x x0 ) [2R(x) + (x x0 )R0 (x)].
a thc ny cng c nghim l x = x0 nn ta c pcm. 2
Vn 2: Tm iu kin cn ca hai tham s a, b h cho c nghim duy nht.
~ Li gii:
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
89
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
T cch gii phn tch trn, ta thy rng a, b phi tha mn iu kin:
(
2
2
x = (x2 + b) + a
x = (x2 + b) + a
x2 + b
x2 + b = 1
4x
4x(x2 + b) = 1
4x
4ax + b
Suy ra x2 =
. Thay vo phng trnh th hai ca h trn, ta c
3
4ax + 4b
4ax + 4b
3 16bx
4x
= 1 4x
= 1 16ax2 + 16bx 3 = 0 x2 =
3
3
16a
Do
3 16bx
4ax + b
9 16ab
=
x=
16a
3
64a2 + 48b
Thay vo phng trnh (), ta c
2
9 16ab
9 16ab
b=0
3
4a
64a2 + 48b
64a2 + 48b
2
(2n)2 x2n1
(x2n
0
0 + b)
=1
Li thay y0 = x2n
0 + b vo ng thc trn, ta c
12n
(2n)2 x2n1
y02n1 = 1 x0 y0 = (4n2 )
0
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
90
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
12n
x2 + 2xy 7y 2 > 1 a ()
1+a
2
2
3x + 10xy 5y 6 2
Gii
~ iu kin cn: Gi s h bt phng trnh c nghim (x0 ; y0 ) v a0 l mt trong cc gi tr
cn tm. Vy th:
2
2
2
2
3x0 + 10x0 y0 5y0 6 2
3x0 + 10x0 y0 5y0 6 2 (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra:
x0 2 + 6x0 y0 + 10y0 2 6
4
4
(x0 + 3y0 )2 6
1 + a0 < 0 a0 < 1
1 + a0
1 + a0
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
91
1
3
( 2
;y =
x=
x + 2xy 7y 2 = 1
2
2
(I)
2
1
3
(x + 3y) = 0
x = ;y =
2
2
H (I) c nghim nn h bt phng trnh cho c nghim.
Tm li, h bt phng trnh ban u c nghim khi v ch khi a < 1 2
~ Nhn xt: y l mt bi ton tng i kh, tng nm trong k thi i hc. iu c bit
ca li gii trn nm iu kin khi chuyn vic chng minh h bt phng trnh c nghim
v vic gii h phng trnh ng cp bc hai. Tuy nhin, mu cht ca bi ton li nm
iu kin cn. Cc bn bao gi ngh, lm cch no a c h bt phng trnh u
bi v dng f 2 (x0 , y0 ) 6 g(a) cha? Hay ni cch khc, ti sao ngh ti vic nhn s (2) vo
bt phng trnh (*)? Chng ta hy cng xem qua tng sau y:
Trc ht, ta thy rng:
(
a=b=0
c>0
60
(
a=b=0
c60
> ax2 + bx + c 6 0 x R (
a<0
60
(
a=b=0
c>0
=0
(
a=b=0
c>0
b2 4ac = 0
Mc tiu ca chng ta l a h bt phng trnh v dng 0 6 f 2 (x0 , y0 ) 6 g(a), chnh v l
do t bt phng trnh (*) ta cn nhn vi mt s < 0. Ta c:
x2 + 2xy 7y 2 6 1 a
x2 + 2xy 7y 2 > 1 a
1+a
1+a
2
2
2
2
3x + 10xy 5y 6 2
3x + 10xy 5y 6 2
1a
( + 3)x2 + 2( + 5)xy (7 + 5)y 2 6
2 (3)
1+a
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
92
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
2 2
2
( + 5) y + ( + 3)(7 + 5)y = 0
( + 5)2 + ( + 3)(7 + 5) = 0
(
= 2
+3>0
5
82 + 36 + 40 = 0
=
2
Tuy nhin, bi ton ny, ta li thy c hai gi tr ca . Ta cn chn la s no s thch
hp.
Ta c:
5(1 a)
2(1 a)
2(1 a) 5(1 a)
2 [
2] =
2(1 + a)
1+a
1+a
2(1 + a)
1a
1a
5(1 a)
2(1 a)
=
> 0 ( do
< 0)
2>
2
2(1 + a)
1+a
2(1 + a)
1+a
Nh vy, t bt phng trnh (3) ta suy ra cn nhn vo hai v ca bt phng trnh (*) vi
s = 2.
T ta cng c th sng to nhiu bi ton mi, v d nh bi sau:
Bi
Tm a cc h bt phng trnh sau c nghim:
11*:
2
5x 4xy + 2y 2 > 3
a)
7x2 + 4xy + 2y 2 6 2a 1
2a + 5
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
PHNG PHP T N PH
Mt s cch t n ph c bn
p
b
a
Dng 1: Phng trnh c dng ax2 + bx + c = px2 + qx + r trong =
p
q
p
~ Phng php: t t = px2 + qx + r, t > 0 a v phng trnh theo t.
Dng 2: Phng trnh c dng
P (x) + Q(x) + (
P (x)
p
Q(x)) 2 P (x).Q(x) + = 0 ( R)
p
p
p
~ Phng php: t t = P (x) Q(x) t2 = P (x) + Q(x) 2 P (x).Q(x).
T a v phng trnh theo t.
Bi 1: Gii phng trnh 1 +
2
x x2 = x + 1 x
3
Gii
KX: 0 6 x 6 1
t2 1
t t = x + 1 x th x x2 =
. Phng trnh u tr thnh
2
1+
t2 1
= t t2 3t + 2 = 0 t = 1; t = 2
3
Nu t = 2 x + 1 x = 2 (v nghim)
Nu t = 1 x + 1 x = 1 x {0; 1}
Vy phng trnh c tp nghim S = {0; 1}. 2
Bi tp t luyn
Gii cc phng trnh sau:
6/ 3x2 + 21x + 18 + 2 x2 + 7x + 7 = 2
7/(HVKTQS-1999) 3x 2 + x 1 = 4x 9 + 2 3x2 5x + 2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
93
94
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
8/ 2x + 3 + x + 1 = 3x + 2 2x2 + 5x + 3 16
9/ 4x + 3 + 2x + 1 = 6x + 8x2 + 10x + 3 16
10/(CSPHN-2001) x 2 x + 2 = 2 x2 4 2x + 2
x4 + 1 = (x2 2x + 1)(x2 + 2x + 1)
x4 + x2 + 1 = (x4 + 2x2 + 1) x2 = (x2 + x + 1)(x2 x + 1)
4x4 + 1 = (2x2 2x + 1)(2x2 + 2x + 1)
Mc tiu ca ta sau khi t n ph l a v nhng dng c bn nh
u + v = 1 + uv (u 1)(v 1) = 0
hay
au + bv = ab + vu (u b)(v a) = 0
i vi phng trnh ng cp bc hai ax2 + bxy + cy 2 = 0 c th t t =
x
(sau khi xt y 6= 0)
y
2
x x2 = x + 1 x ()
3
Gii
3 1x3
Xt (*) ta c: () x =
2 1x3
3t 3
Do t t = 1 x x =
2t 3
Thay vo (**) ta bin i thnh
t(t 1)(2t2 4t + 3) = 0 t {0; 1}
T suy ra x {0; 1}. 2
Ta xt tip v d sau:
Bi 2: Gii phng trnh
3
x + 1 + 3 x + 2 = 1 + 3 x2 + 3x + 2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
95
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Gii
Ta thy (x + 1)(x + 2) = x2 + 3x + 2 nn t u =
x + 1; v =
3
x + 2 c phng trnh
u + v = 1 + uv (u 1)(v 1) = 0
T tm c nghim x {0; 1}. 2
Bi 3: Gii phng trnh
x2 + 3x + 2( 3 x + 1 3 x + 2) = 1
Gii
x2 + 3x + 2( 3 x + 1 3 x + 2) = 0
x + 1 = a; b = 3 x + 2 ta c phng trnh
a3 + b3 ab(a + b) = 0 (a + b)(a b)2 = 0 a = b
3
3x+1=3x+2x=
2
3
Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = . 2
2
Chng ta cng c bi ton tng t:
2x + 3 = a
t
x+1=b
a; b > 0
x + 2 = a2 b2
2x2 + 5x + 3 = ab
1 = a2 2b2
Vi a = b + 1 2x + 3 = x + 1 + 1 (v nghim)
1
Via = 2b 2x + 3 = 2 x + 1 x = (chn)
2
1
Vy phng trnh c tp nghim S =
.2
2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
96
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
2+ x
2 x
p
p
Bi 5: Gii phng trnh
+
= 2
2+ 2+ x
2 2 x
Gii
Thot nhnta a ra nh gi 2 +
>0
a > b
Suy ra () ab = 4 x
a2 + b2 = 4
x+2
x = 4 nn ta t
2+
x = a;
2 x=b
a2
b2
+
= 2
2+a
2b
2
a 2 a2 b + b2 2 + ab2 = 2(2 b 2 + a 2 ab)
2(ab + 2) = (a b)(ab + 2)
a2 + b 2 = 4
ab = 1 4 x = 1 x = 3
Kt hp (*) ta c h phng trnh
a b = 2
u = 2x 3
u 2 + v 2 = 2
t
v = 5 2x
uv = 16x 4x2 15
Phng trnh cho tr thnh
(2v 2 + 3)u + (2u2 + 3)v = 2 + 8uv = u2 + v 2 + 8uv
2uv(u + v) + 3(u + v) = (u + v)2 + 6uv
(u + v 3)(2uv u v) = 0
7
16x 4x2 15 = (v nghim)
2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
97
x + 1 = 1 ()
Gii
XK: x > 1
1 + 5
1 5
Vi t =
th x =
2
2
1 5
Phng trnh c tp nghim S = {1; 0;
}. 2
2
Bi 8: Gii phng trnh x4 +
x2 + 3 = 3
Gii
t x2 = a, a > 0 ta c a2 +
x2 + 2x + 5 = (2x 1)2 + 2 ()
Gii
~ Nhn xt: Bi ny c ly tha bc cao nht l 4, v c c cn bc 2 nn ta s c nhm cc
biu thc ly tha ging trong cn c th t n ph.
~ Li gii:
t > 2
t t = x2 + 2x + 5
t2 5 = x2 + 2x
Ta vit li phng trnh di dng
(t2 5)2 + 8(t2 5) + t + 5 = 0
t4 2t2 + t 10 = 0 (t 2)(t3 + 2t2 + 2t + 5) = 0
t = 2 (do t > 2 t3 + 2t2 + 2t + 5 > 0)
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
98
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Suy ra x2 + 2x + 5 = 2 x = 1
Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = 1. 2
Bi 10: Gii phng trnh
x2 2x + 5 + x 1 = 2
Gii
KX: x > 1
Vit li phng trnh cho di dng
q
(x 1)2 + 4 = 2 x 1
t > 0
t t = x 1
t2 = x 1
Ta c phng trnh
5
Bi 11: Gii phng trnh vi tham s y 6 : (4x2 + 1)x + (y 3) 5 2y = 0
2
Gii
5 4y 2
5 2y x =
2
5 4y 2
l nghim ca phng trnh. 2
2
~ Nhn xt: Cu hi t ra l: Lm sao c th t n ph nh trn?
Trc tin ta t
Vy x =
5 2y = b y 3 =
p
5 b2
(b2 + 1)
(b2 + 1) b
3=
(y 3) 5 2y =
2
2
2
Ta hi vng c
a (a3 + 1)
4x2 + 1 x =
2
2
4x + 1 .2x = a3 + a
8x3 + 2x = a3 + a a = 2x
Vn ny s c cp k hn trong chng Sng to phng trnh - h phng trnh.
r
Bi 12: Gii phng trnh
p
p
x+2
1 = 3 3(x 3)2 + 3 9(x 3)
2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Gii
iu kin x > 2
t3 + 27
x
=
9 r
r
p
x+2
t3 + 45
3
t t = 9 (x 3) th ta c
=
18
q 2
2
3
3(x 3) =
3
Phng trnh cho tr thnh
r
r
t3 + 45
t2
t3 + 45
1= +t
= t2 + 3t + 3 (1)
18
3
2
2
3
3
Ta c t2 + 3t + 3 = t +
+ > 0 nn phng trnh (1) tng ng vi
2
4
t3 + 45
= (t2 + 3t + 3)2
2
2t4 + 11t3 + 30t2 + 36t 27 = 0
1
(2t 1)(t + 3)(t2 + 3t + 9) = 0 t { ; 3}
2
1
t3 + 27
217
th x =
=
2
9
72
t3 + 27
Vi t = 3 th x =
=0
9
Cc nghim trn tha mn iu kin ca bi ton.
217
.2
Vy phng trnh c hai nghim x = 0 v x =
72
Vi t =
p
p
Bi 13: Gii phng trnh 5 3 x 5 x + 3 5 x 3 x = 8
Gii
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi:
q
q
3
5
5
3
15
15
6
5
x +3
x4 = 8 5 x 6 + 3 x4 = 8
t:y =
x2 vi y > 0 ta c:
15
5y 3 + 3y 2 8 = 0 (y 1)(5y 2 + 8y + 8) = 0 y 1 = 0 y = 1
15
Do ta c x2 = 1 x2 = 1 x = 1.
Vy tp nghim ca phng trnh cho l:S = {1; 1} . 2
Bi 14: Gii phng trnh
7
6
x4
+ =0
5
x2 x
Gii
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
99
100
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
7
6
5
5
5
x4
+
= 0 x9 7 x3 + 6 = 0 ()
5
5
2
5
x
x
t:y =
5
x=1
y=1
x3 = 1
5
x=234
y=2
x3 = 2
5
x3 = 3
x = 3 3 9
y = 3
Vy tp nghim ca phng trnh cho l 1; 2 3 4; 3 3 9 . 2
4x 1 + 4x2 1 = 1
Gii
K
4x 1 > 0
4x2 1 > 0
x>
1
2
4 y 2 > 0
2 6 y 6 2
y2=0
2 6 y 6 2
y=2
2x 1 + x2 3x + 1 = 0
Gii
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
y=2
101
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
1
KX: x >
2
t2 + 1
t t = 2x 1 > 0 x =
2
Phng trnh cho tng ng
t=1
t 4t + 4t 1 = 0 (t 1) (t + 2t 1) = 0
t
=
21
t = 2 1 (loi do t > 0)
4
Vi t = 1 x = 1
[(x 1) 1] x 1 2[(x 1) 2] 2 = 0
t3 2t2 t + 2 2 = 0
(t + 1 2)(t2 t 2) = 0
21 x1= 21x=42 2
p
p
!2
1
+
1
+
4
2
1
+
1
+
4
2
Vi t2 t 2 = 0, do t > 0 ta chn t =
x=
+1
2
2
p
!2
1+ 1+4 2
.2
Kt lun: Phng trnh c tp nghim S = 4 2 2;
Vi t =
t n ph a v phng trnh ng cp
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
102
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
~ Li gii:
Vit li phng trnh di dng
2(x2 + 2) = 2(x2 x + 1) + 2(x + 1)
a = 2b
5 37
T tm c nghim x =
.2
2
t
5x2 14x + 9 x2 x 20 = 5 x + 1
Gii
KX: x > 5.
u tin bnh phng hai v ca phng trnh:
p
2x2 5x + 2 = 5 (x2 x 20)(x + 1) ()
Ta khng th tm c hai s , sao cho
(x2 x 20) + (x + 1) = 2x2 5x + 2
t a = x2 4x 5; b = x + 4 ta c phng trnh
a=b
2
2
2a + 3b = 5ab
3b
a=
2
5 + 61
Vi a = b x =
(x > 5)
2
3
7
Vi a = b x = 8; x =
2
4
5 + 61
i chiu vi iu kin ta nhn x = 8; x =
l nghim ca phng trnh.2
2
~ Nhn xt: Ta cng c bi ton tng t:
6 3
Bi 19*: Gii phng trnh 3x2 2x 2 =
x + 3x2 + 4x + 2
30
Sau y l mt v d kh hn:
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
103
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Gii
~ Li gii: K x > 2
t x2 x + 1 = a; x 2 = b vi a, b > 0
Ta biu din cc biu thc ngoi cn theo a v b nh sau:
x2 4x + 7 = ( x2 x + 1)2 + (x 2)2
x2 6x + 11 = a2 5b2
x2 4x + 7 = a2 3b2
a
>0
b
(t 1)(t 3)(t + 2) = 0
Vi t = 1 a = b x2 x + 1 = x 2 (VN)
Vi t = 3 a = 2b x2 x + 1 = 3 x 2 x = 5 6 (chn)
Vy phng trnh c tp nghim S = 5 + 6; 5 6 2
Bi tp t luyn
Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1/ x2 + x 6 + 3 x 1 3x2 6x + 19 = 0
2/ 3 x2 + 4x 5 + x 3 11x2 + 25x + 2 = 0
5/2x2 + 5x 1 = 7 x3 1
6/10 x3 + 8 = 3(x2 x + 6)
7/10 x3 + 1 = 3(x2 + 2)
8/4x2 2 2x + 4 = x4 + 1
10/( x + 1 + x 2)(1 x2 x 2) = 3
11/ x x2 + 1 x = 1 + (1 x) x
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
104
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
trnh cho.
p
a phng trnh v dng f (x)Q(x) = f (x) + P (x)x khi :
p
t f (x) = t; t > 0. Phng trnh vit li thnh t2 t.Q(x) + P (x) = 0
p
n y chng ta gii t theo x. Cui cng l gii quyt phng trnh f (x) = t sau khi
n gin ha v kt lun.
Ta xt v d sau hiu r hn.
Nu t = 3 x = 2 2 2
Bi 22: Gii phng trnh x2 + 3
x2 + 2 x = 1 + 2 x2 + 2
Gii
Phng trnh tng ng vi
2
x + 3 x + 2 x = 1 + 2 x2 + 2
2
x2 + 3x 1 (x + 2)
t t =
x2 + 2 (t >
x2 + 2 = 0
t = x 1 x2 + 2 = x 1
(v nghim)
2x 1 = 0
t = 4 x2 + 2 = 4 x2 = 14 x = 14
3
2x2 1 = 5x2 + x 3
2
Gii
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
t t = 2x2 1 (t > 0)
Phng trnh vit li thnh
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
105
3
2t2 (3x + 1)t + x2 + x 1 = 0
2
Ta c = (x 3)2 suy ra phng trnh
c hai nghim l
x > 1
2
x=1
t = 2x 1 2x2 1 = 2x 1
x2 2x + 1 = 0
x > 2
x = 1 hoc x = 5
t = x + 2 2x2 1 = x + 2
x2 4x 5 = 0
Vy S = {1; 5; 1} 2
~ Nhn xt: Thng thng sau khi t n ph th ta vit phng trnh cho li thnh
3
t2 (3x + 1) t + 3x2 + x 2, nhng bi ton ny li c s khc bit l ta s vit phng trnh
2
3
2
ny li thnh 2t (3x + 1) t + x2 + x 1. Chng ta quan tm ti liu h s trc t2 c p
2
tc ta mong mun phi l bnh phng ca mt s hoc mt biu thc, v iu ny s quyt
nh ti li gii s ngn gn hay phc tp. c th iu chnh c h s trc t2 sao cho
p cc bn c th lm nh sau:
Xt phng trnh
3
mt2 (3x + 1) t + (5 2m) x2 + x + m 3 = 0 co
2
Phng trnh trn c l
3
= (3x + 1) 4m (5 2m) x + x + m 3 =
2
2
2
8m 20m + 9 x + (6 6m) x + 4m2 + 12m + 1
2
2x2 + 1 1 = x 1 + 3x + 8 2x2 + 1
Gii
3
2x2 + 1 1 = x 1 + 3x + 8 2x2 + 1 3x2 + x + 3 + (8x 3) 2x2 + 1 = 0
t
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
106
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
2
Nu t = x 2x2 + 1 = x
(v nghim)
2x2 + 1 = x
9
x 6 1
3
Nu t = 1 3x 2x2 + 1 = 1 = 3x
x=0
7x2 6x = 0
Vy phng trnh c nghim l x = 0. 2
4 2
Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x =
.2
3
t t = 2x 3; t > 0 t2 + 3 = 2x
Ta s thm bt theo n ph a v phng trnh theo t v x l tham s.
Phng trnh cho tng ng
t2 (3x + 2)t + 2x2 + x 3 = 0 ()
(*) c = 9x2 + 12x + 4 4(2x2 + x 3) = (x + 4)2 nn c nghim t = 2x + 3 hoc t = x 1
Vi t = 2x + 3 2x 3 = 2x + 3 (v nghim)
Vi t = x 1 2x 3 = x 1 x = 2 (chn)
Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = 2. 2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
107
Gii
KX: 1 6 x 6 1
t 1 x = t ta c phng trnh
3t2 (2 +
1 x)t + 4( x + 1 1) = 0 ()
= 1
3x + 1 = ( 1 x)2 + ( 1 + x)2
= 2
Nh vy vit li (*) di dng
t2 (2 +
x + 1)t 2(x + 1) + 4 x + 1 = 0 ()
2
(**) c = 9x + 13 12 x + 1 = 9(x
+ 1)
12 x + 1 + 4 = (3 x + 1 2)
3
T d dng tm c nghim x ; 0 . 2
5
~ Nhn xt: Vn y l phi tinh tch 3x thnh hai dng c biu thc nh trong cn,
n y bi ton mi thc s c gii quyt.
Gii
~ Li gii: iu kin 1 6 x 6 1
b
Vi a = 2 1 + x2 = 1 x2 (v nghim)
2
Vi a = 2 b x2 + 1 = 2 1 x2
Gii phng trnh ny tm c x = 0. Vy tp nghim ca phng trnh l S = {0} . 2
Bi tp t luyn
Gii cc phng trnh sau:
2/(x + 3) 10 x2 = x2 x 12 (H Dc-1999)
3/2(1 x) x2 + 2x 1 = x2 2x 1 (H Dc 1997)
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
108
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
4/(4x 1) x2 + 1 = 2x2 + 2x + 1
5/2(1 x) x2 + x + 1 = x2 3x 1
7/(4x 1) x3 + 1 = 2x3 + 2x + 1
Gii
Ta cn tm a, b, c sao cho:
2x2 11x + 21 = a(4x 4)2 + b(4x 4) + c
2x2 11x + 21 = 16ax2 + (4b 32a)x + (16a 4b + c)
7
1
ng nht h s ta thu c a = ; b = ; c = 12
8
4
Ta vit li PT nh sau:
7
1
(4x 4)2 (4x 4) + 12 3 4x 4 = 0
8
4
t u =
4x 4, khi PT tr thnh
u6 14u3 24u + 96 = 0 (u 2)2 (u4 + 4u3 + 18u + 24) = 0
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Phng trnh trn c = (1 3v)2 4(2v 2 2v) = (v + 1)2 nn u = 2v hoc u = v 1
5
u = 2v x + 1 = 2 1 x x =
3
1
1 6 x 6
2
u=v1
4x2 = 3
3
5
Nn phng trnh c 2 nghim x = ; x =
3
( 2 )
5
3
;
2
Vy tp nghim ca phng trnh l S =
3
2
Gii
t a = 1 + x v b = 1 x
Phng trnh cho tng ng
2x + 2 + 1 x + 5 1 + x 3 1 x2 4 1 x + 3 = 0
2a2 + b2 3ab + 5a 4b + 3 = 0
(a b)(2a b) + 3(a b) + (2a b) + 3 = 0
(a b + 1)(2a b + 3) = 0
Nu a + 1 = b :
x+1+1=
3
1 x 2 x + 1 = (2x + 1) x =
2
24 3
p s: Phng trnh c 3 nghim S = 0; ;
2
25 2
t n ph a v h phng trnh
109
110
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Gii
3
2x 1 (
y 3 = 2x 1
x3 + 1 = 2y
Ta c h PT sau
y 3 + 1 = 2x
y l h i xng loi II, tr v theo v ta c:
t y =
x3 y 3 = 2(y x)
(x y)(x2 + y 2 + xy + 2) = 0
3
2x 1 = x x3 2x + 1 = 0 (x 1)(x2 + x 1) = 0
1 5
Vy x = 1; x =
2
y 2 3y 2
2
2
+ 2 > 0, x, y
Ta c x + y + xy + 2 = x +
+
2
(4
)
1 5
Vy phng trnh c tp nghim S = 1;
.2
2
x=y
p
n
a f (x); v =
p
m
b + f (x)
u+v =c
u + vm = a + b
n
4
x+8+ 4x7=3
Gii
KX: x > 7
t u = 4 x + 8 > 0 u4 = x + 8 x = u4 8
v = 4 x 7 > 0 v4 = x 7 x = v4 + 7
Ta c h
u
+
v
=
3
v = 3 u
u, v > 0
u4 v 4 = 15
v = 3 u
(u2 v 2 )(u2 + v 2 ) = 15
u, v > 0
v = 3 u
(u v)(u + v)(u2 + v 2 ) = 15
u, v > 0
0 6 u 6 3
06u63
(u v)(u2 + v 2 ) = 5
0 6 u 6 3
0 6 u 6 3
u = 2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
0 6 u 6 3
(2u 3)(2u2 6u + 9) = 5
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
4x+8=2
x + 8 = 16
T ta tm c
x = 8 (tho KX)
4x7=1
x 7 = 1
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht x = 8. 2
Gii
(
u3 = 3x 2
t u = 3 3x 2; v = 6 5x > 0
v 2 = 6 5x
5u3 + 3v 2 = 5(3x 2) + 3(6 5x) = 8(1)
Mt khc ta li c 2u + 3v 8 = 0(2)
T (1) v (2) ta c h sau:
(
2
5u3 + 3v 2 = 8
8 2u
3
= 8 15u3 + 4u2 32u + 40 = 0
5u + 3
3
2u + 3v = 8
Phng trnh c nghim duy nht u = 2 nn
3
3x 2 = 2 x = 22
1 + 1 x2
(1 + x)3 (1 x)3 = 2 + 1 x2
Gii
K 1 6 x 6 1
t 1 + x = a; 1 x = b vi a, b > 0 a2 + b2 = 2
Ta c h sau
(
a2 + b2 = 2 (1)
1 + ab(a3 b3 ) = 2 + ab (2)
Ta c
(1) (a + b)2 = 2 + 2ab
1
1 + ab = (a + b) (do a, b > 0)
2
Kt hp (2) ta c
1
1
(a + b)(a b)(a2 + b2 + ab) = 2 + ab (a2 b2 ) = 1
2
2
T ta c h
a2 b2 = 2
a2 + b2 = 2
1
1
1
2 a2 = 1 + 1 + x = 1 + x =
2
2
2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
111
112
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
1
Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = . 2
2
Gii
~ K x > 1
t a = x + 1; b = 3 3x + 4 x = a2 1 v 3a2 + 1 = b3
Thay vo phng trnh ta c h sau
(
(a2 + 4)a + 1 = b
3a2 + 1 = b3
Cng v theo v ta c
a3 + 3a2 + 4a + 2 = b3 + b (a + 1)3 + (a + 1) = b3 + b ()
Xt hm s c trng f (t) = t3 + t
Ta c f 0 (t) = 3t2 + 1 > 0, vy hm s ng bin nn () a + 1 = b
Ta c h sau:
(
(
a+1=b
a=b1
b3 3a2 = 1
b3 3a2 = 1
S dng php th ta c
b3 3(b 1)2 = 1 b3 3b2 + 6b 4 = 0 (b 1)(b2 b + 4) = 0
Suy ra b = 1, t x = 1.
Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = 1. 2
4x + 5
Gii
5
4
Ta bin i phng trnh nh sau
~ Li gii: K x >
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
113
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(x y)(x + y 1) = 0
Vi x = y 2x 3 = 4x + 5 x = 2 + 3.
Vi x + y 1 = 0 y = 1 x x = 1 22
~ Nhn xt:
Bi ton tng qut c dng nh sau
1
ax + b = cx2 + dx + e, (a 6= 0, c 6= 0, a 6= )
c
x+5
Gii
~ tng: Xt f (x) = x2 4x 3 c f 0 (x) = 2x 4 = 0 x = 2. Vy t
~ Li gii:
KX: x > 5
Vit li phng trnh u di dng
x + 5 = y 2.
x + 5 = (x 2)2 7 ()
(x 2)2 = y + 5
(y 2)2 = x + 5
Tr v theo v ta c
(x y)(x + y 3) = 0
x>2
1
5 + 29
Nu x = y x + 5 = x 2 x = (5 + 29)
x=
(tho x > 5)
2
x = (5 29)
2
x 6 1
Nu x + y = 3 1 x = x + 5
x = 1 (tho x > 5)
x = 1
x=4
1
Vy phng trnh cho c tp nghim S = 1; (5 + 29) . 2
2
3x + 1 = 13x
Gii
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
114
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
3
t 3x + 1 = (2y 3); y 6
2
(2x 3)2 = 2y + x + 1
Ta c h phng trnh sau
(2y 3)2 = 3x + 1
Tr v theo v ta c (x y)(2x + 2y 5) = 0
15 97
Vi x = y x =
8
11 + 73
Vi 2x + 2y 5 = 0 x =
8
(
)
15 97 11 + 73
;
Vy tp nghim ca phng trnh l S =
2
8
8
~ Nhn xt: Ta thy cch gii bi ton ny khc so vi v d trn v a v h gn i xng
loi II nhng vn gii c mt cch d dng. Bi ton ny c dng nh sau:
u = ar + d
uy + v = r(ux + v)2 + dx + e
Ta vit li phng trnh trn nh sau 3x + 1 + (2x 3)2 x 4 = 0. D dng ta kim tra
1
a2 c
c
ax + b = x2 +cx+d(a 6= 0) v tha mn b+ad =
1+
a
2
2
1 2
2
0
Cch gii: Xt hm s f (x) = x + cx + d c f (x) = x + c
a
a
ac
ac
0
Cho f (x) = 0 ta thu c x = . T t ax + b = y+ ta thu c h i xng loi II.
2
2
r
29
12x + 61
Bi 41: Gii phng trnh 3x2 + x
=
6
36
Dng 4: Phng trnh dng
Gii
~ tng: Xt f (x) = 3x2 + x
29
1
f 0 (x) = 6x + 1 = 0 x =
6
6
~ Li gii:
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
r
12x + 61
1
1
= y + (y > )
36
6
6
1
1
12x + 61
= y2 + y +
12x + 61 = 36y 2 + 12y + 1 3y 2 + y = x + 5
36
3
36
29
1
Mt khc t phng trnh u ta c 3x2 + x
= y + 3x2 + x = y + 5
6
6
Nn ta c h sau:
3x2 + x = y + 5
3y 2 + y = x + 5
t
3x + 2
Tr v theo v ta c (x y)(3x + 3y + 2) = 0 x = y y =
3
r
5
1
Vi x = y 3y 2 = 5 x = y =
;y >
3
6
3x + 2
3x
+
2
Vi y =
3x2 + x =
+ 5 9x2 + x 13 = 0
3
3
3 126
x=
9
T y tm c y v kt lun nghim 2
21x+
1
4
x=
4
2
Gii
iu
kin 0 6 x 6 2 1
p
p
2 1 x = u
0 6 u 6 2 1
p
t
4x=v
0 6 v 6 4 2 1
v
u + v =
u =
4
4
2
2
2
Nh vy ta c h
1
2
v
+
v
=
21
u + v4 = 2 1
4
2
T phng trnh th hai ta c:
r
4
2
1
3
4
1
1
2
2
2
2
(v + 1) =
+v v v+1
=0v=
(chn)
4
4
2
2
2
1
Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x =
1
x2
2
x
3
4
4
3
4
2
.2
2
Gii
(
(
1 x2 > 0
1 6 x 6 1
KX:
06x61
x>0
x>0
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
115
116
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
1 x2 = 1 u 4
2
2
x = v2
3
t u =
x; v =
2
2
x vi u > 0, v 6
3
3
Do ta c h
2
2
u+v = 2
u+v = 2
u+v =
u+v =
3
3
3
3
1 u4 = v 2
u 4 + v 4 = 1
(u2 + v 2 )2 2u2 .v 2 = 1
(u + v)2 2u.v 2 = 1
u+v =
2
8
194
u+v =
u + v = 23
u.v =
3
2
18
4
16
65
2
2 2
2
2
2u
.v
u.v
=
0
u + v =
2u.v 2u .v = 1
9
81
9
5
8
+
194
u.v =
18
Nn u, v l nghim ca phng trnh
8 194
2
2
=0
y y+
3
18
8 + 194
2
= 0 (v nghim)
y2 y +
3
18
T tm c nghim duy nht ca
phng trnh l
r !
q
1
97
x=
2 + 2( 194 6) +
.2
9
2
u2 + x + 1 = (x 1)v
v 2 + x + 1 = (x 1)u
Tr v theo v ta c
u2 v 2 = (x 1)(v u) (u v)(u + v + x 1) = 0
Nu u = v :
u2 + x + 1 = (x 1)u (2x 3)2 + x + 1 = (x 1)(2x 3)
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
117
2x2 6x + 7 = 0 (v nghim)
Nu u + v + x 1 = 0 :
2x 3 + 2x2 6x + 2 + x
1=0
x 6 4
2
3
2x 6x + 2 = 4 3x
(v nghim)
7x2 18x + 14 = 0
Vy phng trnh cho v nghim.2
~ Nhn xt: Cch gii ca bi ton ny xut pht t 1 cch lm nu trn. Dng tng
qut l
p
f n (x) + b = a n af (x) b
Ta d on f (x) = (2x + c)2 . n y ta ng nht h s tm c :
p
4x2 + 4cx + c2 + (11 4c)x + 10 c2 = (x 1) (x 1)(2x + c) (11 4c)x 10 + c2
b = (11 4c)x + 10 c2
i chiu vi bi ton ng nht h s suy ra x = 3
Nu bi ton cha a2 x2 c th
Hoc x =
vi t [0; ] \
cos t
2
2
2
Nu bi ton cha a + x c th: t:x = |a| tan t vi t ;
2 2
Hoc x = |a| cot t vi r
t (0; ).
r
a+x
ax
Nu bi ton cha
hoc
c th t x = a cos 2t.
a
x
a
+
x
p
Nu bi ton cha (x a) (b x) c th t x = a + (b a) sin2 t.
Li th ca phng php ny l a phng trnh ban u v mt phng trnh lng gic
c bn bit cch gii nh phng trnh ng cp, i xng ... V iu kin nhn hoc loi
nghim cng d dng hn rt nhiu. V lng gic l hm tun hon nn ta ch t iu
kin cc biu thc lng gic sao cho khi khai cn khng c du tr tuyt i, c ngha l lun
dng.
(1 x2 )3 = x
2(1 x2 )
Gii
K 1 6 x 6 1
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
118
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
2cossin
t u = cos + sin = 2 sin +
4
5
Do 0 6 x 6 6 + 6
4
4
4
2
1
6 sin +
6 1, ta c 6 u 6 2
2
4
2
Phng trnh i s vi n u c dng
u2 1
u2 1
= 2
u 1
2
2
u3 + 2u2 3u 2 = 0
u 2 u2 + 2 2u + 1 = 0
u= 2
u= 2+1
u= 21< 2
2 sin +
= 2 sin +
= 1 = + k2 , k Z
4
4
4
u2 1
Nu u = 2 sin + 4 = 1 2 v cossin =
=1 2
2
Nu u =
21
2+3
1 2
X2 1 2 X + 1 2 = 0 X =
2
q
1 2
21
2+3
Do sin > 0 cho nn cos =
2
q
1 2
21
2+3
2
Vy phng trnh c tp nghim S =
;
.2
2
2
Bi 46: Gii phng trnh 2x2 +
1 x + 2x 1 x2 = 1
Gii
K x [1; 1]
t x = cos t, t [0; ]
Phng trnh tng ng
t
t
t
2 sin + 2 sin t cos t = 1 cos 2t + sin 2t = 2 sin cos 2t
= sin
2
2
4
2
k4
2t = + + k2
t
t= 2 + 3
4
2 2
cos 2t
= cos
+
k4
4
2 2
2t = + k2
t= +
4
2 2
10
5
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
2 cos2 t +
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
7
1 + 1 x2 = x(1 + 2 1 x2 )
Gii
KX: 1 x2 > 0 h 1 6 xi 6 1
t x = sin t vi t ;
2 2
Khi phng trnh c dng:
q
p
p
2
2
1 + 1 sin t = sin t 1 + 2 1 sin t 1 + cos t = sin t (1 + 2 cos t)
t
t
3t
t
2 cos = sin t + sin 2t 2 cos = 2 sin cos
2
2
2
2
1
t
t
=
x=
cos
=
0
6
2
t
3t
2
1 2 sin
=0
2 cos
3t
2
2
2
sin =
t=
x=1
2
2
2
Vy tp nghim ca phng trnh cho l S =
x2
1
;1 . 2
2
x2 + 1
(x2 + 1)2
+1+
=
2x
2x(1 x2 )
Gii
iu kin
x 6= 1
x 6= 0
n o
t x = tan t; t ;
\ ;0
2 2
4
Khi ta c:
1
1
x2 + 1 = tan2 t + 1 =
x2 + 1 =
2
cos t
cos t
2 tan t
2x
x2 + 1
1
sin 2t =
= 2
=
2
1 + tan t
x +1
2x
sin 2t
1 tan2 t
1 x2
2x (1 x2 )
cos 2t =
= 2
sin 2t. cos 2t =
1 + tan2 t
x +1
(x2 + 1)2
2
4x (1 x2 )
2
(x2 + 1)
sin 4t =
=
sin 4t
2x (1 x2 )
(x2 + 1)2
Khi phng trnh c bin i v dng
1
1
2
+
=
4 sin t. cos 2t + 2 cos 2t = 2
cos t sin 2t
sin 4t
2 sin t. cos 2t = 1 cos 2t 2 sin t. cos 2t = 2sin2 t (cos 2t sin t) sin t = 0
1 2sin2 t sin t sin t = 0 (sin t + 1) (2 sin t 1) sin t = 0
1
1
sin t = t = x =
2
6
3
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
119
120
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
1
Vy nghim duy nht ca phng trnh cho l:x = . 2
3
Bi tp t luyn
Gii cc phng trnh sau:
4/ 2x 1 + x2 3x + 1 = 0
5/ 2x + 15 = 32x2 + 32x 20
6/ x 1 + x2 x 3 = 0
8/ 9x 5 = 3x2 + 2x + 3
9/x2 = 2 x + 2 10/ 3 x + 34 3 x 3 = 14
11/ 4 97 x + 4 x = 5
12/ 3 x + 2 + x + 1 = 3
13/ 4 18 x + 4 x 1 = 3
14/ 4 17 x8 3 2x8 1 = 1
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
121
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
x2
+ 3x + 2 x + 2 = 2x +
x+
6
+5
x
Gii
x(x + 3) > 0
x + 2 > 0
x>0
x2 + 5x + 6
>
0
x 6= 0
Phng trnh c vit li thnh
r
r
x+3
(x + 2)(x + 3)
x
+ 2 x + 2 = 2x +
x
x
r
x+3
(x x + 2)(
2) = 0
x
"
x x+2=0
x=2
r
x+3
x=1
2=0
x
KX:
1
1
1
1
+ 2
+ 2
=
+ 9x + 40 x + 11x + 30 x + 13x + 42
18
Gii
KX: x
/ {4; 5; 6; 7}
Phng trnh tng ng vi:
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
x+4 x+5 x+5 x+6 x+6 x+7
18
"
x=2
1
1
1
=
x2 + 11x 26 = 0
x+4 x+7
18
x = 13
Vy tp nghim ca phng trnh l S = {13; 2} . 2
x2 + x + 2 =
x2 + 5x + 2
2(x + 1)
Gii
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
122
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
KX: x 6= 1
Phng trnh tng ng vi:
(x2 + x + 2) (2x + 2) x2 + x + 2 + 4x = 0
( x2 + x + 2 2x)( x2 + x + 2 2) = 0
"
"
x2 + x + 2 = 2x
x=1
x2 + x + 2 = 2
x = 2
Vy phng trnh c tp nghim S = 1; 2. 2
2
2
(x2 1) + (x + 1)2 + ( x + 2 1) = 0
x2 1 = 0
x = 1
x+1=0
x+21=0
Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = 1. 2
Bi 5: Gii phng trnh
x8 x5 + x 2 x + 1 = 0
Gii
x4
2 x2
x 2 x
+
1 +
=0
2
2
2
x
x
x2
= 1=
= 0. H ny v nghim nn phng trnh v nghim. 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
( x + 1 1) + ( 9 x2 3) + ( (x + 1)(9 x2 ) 3) = 0
p
x + 1 1 = 9 x2 3 = (x + 1)(9 x2 ) 3 = 0 x = 0
T d dng thu c x = 0 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh. 2
Bi 7: Gii phng trnh
1 1
+ 4 = 2( 2x 1 + 2y 1)
x y
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
x+y
123
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Gii
1
1
KX: x > , y >
2
2
Phng trnh trn tng ng vi:
(x
1
1
+ 2 2 2x + 1) + (y + 2 2 2y + 1) = 0
x
y
2
2
2x 1)
(y 2y 1)
+
= 0 ()
x
y
x = 2x 1
M x, y > 0 nn V T () > 0 v (*) xy ra
x=y=1
y = 2y 1
(x
2x x + 3 + x = 2x2 + x + 2
Gii
KX: x > 0
Phng trnh tng ng vi
x + 3 2x = 0
2
( x + 3 2x)
+ ( x 1)2 = 0
x1=0
2
x=1
1
3
1
2 +
2 =
(2x 1)
(3x + 1)
(x + 2)2
Gii
1 1
KX: x
/
;
; 2
2 3
Ta c b sau, c th d dng chng minh bng cch bnh phng 2 v ng thc:
Vi a, b, c l cc s thc tha mn a + b + c = 0 th
r
1 1 1
1
1
1
+ +
= + +
a2 b2 c2 a b c
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
124
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Vy (1) tng ng vi
1
1
1
2
(2x 1) + (3x 1) + (x + 2) = |x + 2|
(3x 1)(x + 2) + (2x 1)(x + 2) + (2x 1)(3x 1)
2
=
(2x 1)(3x 1)(x + 2)
|x + 2|
7x2 3x 3
1
5
=2x=
(2x 1)(3x 1)
2
1 5
Vy phng trnh c nghim x =
.2
2
X2 X + 3 + X2 + X + 4 7
Sau , bm Shift CALC
Sau khi my tnh gii ra nghim, ta nhn thy phng trnh trn c nghim X = 3. kim
tra phng trnh trn cn st nghim hay khng ta tip tc nhp:
h
i
X 2 X + 3 + X 2 + X + 4 7 : (X 3)
Ri li tip tc bm Shift Solve. Ta s tm c nghim th hai l X =
143
.
48
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
125
xy
1) x y =
x y
xy
p
2) 3 x 3 y =
3
x2 3 xy + 3 y 2
xy
3) 4 x 4 y =
4
4
( x y)( x + y)
Bi tp v d
k thut thm bt v tch hng t
phng php ny, chng ta s thm bt hng t hoc tch hng t sn c dng phng
php lng lin hp gii phng trnh.
Bi 1: Gii phng trnh: (x + 1)
x2 2x + 3 = x2 + 1 (1.1)
Gii
V x = 1 khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh trn, ta vit phng trnh di dng:
x2 2x + 3 =
x2 + 1
x2 2x 1
x2 2x + 3 2 =
x+1
x+1
x2 2x + 3 + 2 > 0 nn:
x2 2x + 3 2
x2 2x + 3 + 2
x2 2x 1
(1.1)
=
x+1
x2 2x + 3 + 2
2
2
x 2x 1
x 2x 1
=
2
x+1
x 2x + 3 + 2
x
=
1
+
2
x2 2x 1 = 0
x=1 2
1
1
=
1
1
x+1
=
x2 2x + 3 + 2
x+1
x2 2x + 3 + 2
2
D thy phng trnh x 2x + 3 + 2 = x + 1 v nghim.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
126
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Vy tp nghim ca phng trnh cho l: S = 1 2; 1 + 2 2
~ Nhn xt: mu cht ca li gii trn l nhn ra lng lin hp tm ra nhn t chung l
x2 + 1
Xt phng trnh: x2 2x + 3 =
()
x+1
x2 + 1
m (m > 0)
x+1
x2 mx m + 1
x2 2x + 3 m =
x+1
2
2
x 2x + 3 m
x 2x + 3 + m
x2 mx m + 1
=
x+1
x2 2x + 3 + m
2
2
2
x mx m + 1
x 2x + 3 m
=
x+1
x2 2x + 3 + m
()
x2 2x + 3 m =
By gi ta ch cn xc nh m sao cho
x2 2x + 3 m2 = x2 mx m + 1 2 = m 3 m2 = m + 1 m = 2
T ta suy ra li gii nh trnh by.
3
Bi 2: Gii phng trnh: 3 x2 + x2 + 8 2 = x2 + 15 (1.2)
Gii
D on c
phng trnh nh
x=1, ta vitli
sau:
nghim
3
x2 1 +
x2 + 8 3 =
x2 + 15 4
(1.2) 3
3 (x2 1)
x2 1
x2 1
+
=
3
3
x2 + 8 + 3
x2 + 15 + 4
x4 + x2 + 1
x2 = 1
1
1
1
+
=
()
3
3
x2 + 8 + 3
x2 + 15 + 4
x4 + x2 + 1
Mt khc, ta c:
1
1
x2 + 15 > x2 + 8 x2 + 15 + 4 > x2 + 8 + 3
<
2
2
x + 15 + 4
x +8+3
Nn phng trnh () v nghim. Vy phng trnh c tp nghim S = {1; 1}2.
Gii
iu kin: x > 1
Do x = 1 khng phi l nghim phng trnh nn ta xt x > 1.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
127
2=
2
5 (x + 1)
x+1
5 (x + 1)
x+1
! r
!
r
x2 x + 1
x2 x + 1
2
+2
x+1
x+1
2x2 10x 6
r
=
5 (x + 1)
x2 x + 1
+2
x+1
2x2 10x 6
x2 5x 3
!
=
r
5 (x + 1)
x2 x + 1
(x + 1)
+2
x+1
2
37
5
+
x 5x 3 = 0
x=
r
2
5
x2 x + 1
5 37
=
+ 2 (v nghim)
x=
2
x+1
2
(
)
5 37 5 + 37
Vy tp nghim ca (1.3) l S =
;
2
2
2
(x + 1)3 = 3 3 3x + 5 + 2
n y, ta c th d dng nhm nghim hn. Tht vy, nhm nghim ca phng trnh ta c
phng trnh c nghim l x = 1. i vi cn bc ba, ta cng lm tng t nh cn bc hai.
~ Li gii:
Vit li (1.4) di dng
(1.4) (x + 1)3 8 = 3 3 3x + 5 6
9(x 1)
(3x + 5)2 + 2 3 3x + 5 + 4
"
x=1
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
128
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
162x3 + 2
27x2 9x + 1 = 1 (1.5)
Gii
Vit li (1.5) di dng
(1.5)
162x3 + 2 2
27x2 9x + 1 + 1 = 0
162x3 6
3x (3x 1)
=0
2
27x2 9x + 1 + 1
162x3 + 2 + 2 3 162x3 + 2 + 4
"
#
2 (9x2 + 3x + 1)
3x
(3x 1)
=0
2
3
27x2 9x + 1 + 1
162x3 + 2 + 2 3 162x3 + 2 + 4
3
Xt phng trnh
2 (9x2 + 3x + 1)
3x
=0
2
3
2
27x 9x + 1 + 1
162x3 + 2 + 2 162x3 + 2 + 4
3x
2 (9x2 + 3x + 1)
2
3
3
162x3 + 2
162x3 + 2 + 2 3 162x3 + 2 + 4
t a =
162x3 + 2, suy ra
1
4
1
a 2
2 3x +
+ 1 = a + + 2 3x +
+1= + +1
3x
a
3x
2 a
a
3x =
1
2 x= 3
3x =
a
x2 + 12 + 5 = 3x +
1
2.
3
x2 + 5 (1.6)
Gii
5
3
~ tng: Ta nhn thy x = 2 l mt nghim ca phng trnh. Nh vy phng trnh
cho c th phn tch c v dng (x 2) Q (x) = 0.
~ Li gii:
iu kin: x >
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
129
x2 + 12 4 = 3x 6 +
x2 + 5 3
x2 4
x2 4
= 3 (x 2) +
x2 + 12 + 4
x2 + 5 + 3
x+2
x+2
3 =0
(x 2)
x2 + 12 + 4
x2 + 5 + 3
x=2
x+2
x+2
3 = 0 ()
x2 + 12 + 4
x2 + 5 + 3
1
1
x+2
x+2
<
< 0 nn () v nghim.
2
2
2
+ 12 + 4
x +5+3
x + 12 + 4
x +5+3
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht x = 2 2.
trn ta lm quen vi k thut thm bt v tch s, nhng nu phng trnh c nhiu
nghim th khng th dng cch . Sau y l k thut thm bt v tch n. tng ca
phng php ny l dng n nh vai tr ca s sau khi nhm nghim.
Do
x2
2x 1 + x2 3x + 1 = 0 (1.7)
Gii
~ tng: Nhm nghim ta thy x = 1 l nghim ca phng trnh.
Ta th k thut tch s vi phng trnh ny:
(1.7)
2x 1 1 + x2 3x + 2 = 0
2(x 1)
+ (x 1)(x 2) = 0
2x 1 + 1
x=1
2
= 2 x ()
2x 1 + 1
Nhn thy () vn cn nghim. Vy vic thm bt s khng th tm c ht nghim. Nu
2x 1 x + x2 2x + 1 = 0
x=1
(x 1)
1
+ (x 1)2 = 0
= 1()
2x 1 + x
2x 1 + x
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
2
130
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Nh vy ch cn gii (*):
1 2x + x2 = 2x 1
() 1 x = 2x 1
1 > x > 1
2
x2 4x + 2 = 0
x
=
2
1 > x > 1
2
Kt lun: phng trnh c tp nghim S = 1; 2 2
12x2 + 46x 15
x3 5x + 1 = 2x + 2 (1.8)
Gii
Vit li (1.8) di dng
3
3
(1.8) 12x2 + 46x 15 (2x + 1) x3 5x + 1 1 = 0
8x3 + 40x 16
x3 5x + 2
=0
2
2
2
2x
+
1
3(2x
+
1)
1
3
3
3
12x2 + 46x 15 +
+
x2 5x + 1
+
2
4
2
4
3
3
x 5x + 2
8x 40x + 16
=0
2 +
2
2
3
1
3(2x
+
1)
2x
+
1
3
3
2
( x 5x + 1 ) +
) +
( 12x2 + 46x 15 +
2
4
2
4
3
3
8(x 5x + 2)
x 5x + 2
+
=0
2
2
2
2x
+
1
3(2x
+
1)
1
3
3
3
12x2 + 46x 15 +
+
x2 5x + 1
+
2
4
2
4
x3 5x + 2 = 0
1
8
+
= 0 ()
2
2
2
2x
+
1
3(2x
+
1)
1
3
3
3
12x2 + 46x 15 +
+
x2 5x + 1
+
2
4
2
4
x=2
Do () v nghim nn(1.8) x 5x + 2 = 0 x = 2 1
x= 21
Vy tp nghim ca phng trnh trn l S = 2 1; 2 1; 2 2
~ Nhn xt: Cu hi t ra l: Ti sao xut hin i lng x3 5x + 2 = 0? Bng cch thm
bt ax + b vo phng trnh v ng nht h s, ta s lm xut hin cc i lng nh vy.
in hnh ta xt cc v d sau:
3
3x2
6x 5 =
(2 x)5 +
p
(2 x)(2x2 x 10) (1.9)
Gii
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
131
3x2 6x 5 2 x = 2 x(3x2 5x 6 )
3x2 x(6 2 ) 5 22
= 2 x(3x2 5x 6 )
2
3x 6x 5 + 2 x
c nhn t chung, ta s ng nht h s ca 2 v:
(
6 2 = 5
a=1
5 + 22 = 6 +
~ Li gii:
x62
3+2 6
x62
3
2
6
x>
x
6
iu kin:
3
3x2 6x 5 > 0
2 6
x6
3
Vit li (1.9) di dng
3x2 5x 7
= 2 x(3x2 5x 7)
3x2 6x 5 + 2 x
3x2 5x 7 = 0
= 2 x ()
3x2 6x 5 + 2 x
Xt (*) ta c:
p
p
() 1 = 2 x + (2 x)(3x2 6x 5) x 1 = (2 x)(3x2 6x 5)
32 6
2 6
Vi iu kin x 6
th V T 6
<06VP
3
3
5 + 109
(khng tho x < 2)
x=
6
5 109
Vy phng trnh c tp nghim S = {
}2
6
8 3x2
(1.10)
Gii
2 6
2 6
iu kin:
6x6
3
3
~ tng: bi ny, tuy bit phng trnh c 2 nghim nhng li l nghim v t nn ta
khng th bit chnh xc nghim. Tuy nhin ta ch quan tm ti biu thc cn thm bt to t
2 nghim trn. Do ta s ln lt dng chc nng Shift Solve tm ra 2 nghim ca phng
trnh l: x1 = 0, 6180339887...; x2 = 1, 618033989... sau gn hai nghim ny vo hai bin
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
132
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
A v B.
By gi ta s th tm tam thc bc 2 to t 2 nghim trn. Ngha l ta cn tnh A + B v A.B.
Thu c A + B = 1, AB = 1.
iu chng t A, B l hai nghim ca phng trnh: X 2 X 1 = 0
V t y, ta c th d on c x2 x 1 l mt nhn t ca phng trnh.
Ta vit phng trnh cho li thnh:
=0
x3 (p + 3) x + 1 q +
8 3x2 + px + q
n y, xut hin nhn t x2 x 1 th (p2 + 3) x2 + 2pqx + q 2 8 = (x2 x 1) vi
l mt h s. Chn = 4 th ta c mt cp (p, q) tha mn l (p, q) = (1; 2).
~ Li gii:
Vit li (2) di dng
x2 x 1
x3 2x 1 + 4
=0
8 3x2 + 2 x
4
2
x x1 x+1+
=0
8 3x2 + 2 x
3x
1
8 3x2 + 2 x, ta c: f 0 (x) =
8 3x2
r
3x
2
f 0 (x) = 0
=1x=
2
3
8 3x
Ta c bng bin thin:
q
2 6
x 3
23
236
Xt f (x) =
f 0 (x)
f (x)
6+2 6
3
6+4 6
3
& 6+23
6+4 6
0 < f (x) 6
3
4
4
2 6
12
>0
x+1+
=x+1+
>
+1+
2
f (x)
3
8 3x + 2 x
6 +
4 6
1 5
Vy phng trnh cho tng ng x2 x 1 = 0 x =
2
2
By gi chng ta s phi hp cc k thut trn gii bi ton sau:
Bi 11: Gii phng trnh r
2x3 7x2 + 19
(x 1) 2x2 5x 15 +
= 2x3 7x2 12x + 17 + 7x (1.11)
2
Gii
~ tng: Ta nhn xt thy cc h s c cng s m trong cn thc ging nhau. iu ny
gi cho ta tng thm bt n v s sao cho ph hp nghim.
khng qu ph thuc vo vic on nghim nn ta s thm bt x + tm h s tch
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
133
2x3 7x2 + 19
(1.11) (x1)( 2x2 5x 15)+
= 2x3 7x2 (12+)x+17++ 7x
2
r
3
2
2
2
2x 7x + 19
(x 1)(2x 5x 15 )
+
= 2x3 7x2 (12 + )x + 17 + + 7x
2x2 5x 15 +
r 2
3
2
2
2
2x 7x (10 + )x + 15 +
2x3 7x2 + 19
x > 5 + 145
4
iu kin:
x3 7 x2 + 19 > 0
2
2
Vit li (1.11) di dng
r
2x2 5x 15 + 2
2x 7x + 19
+ 7x
2
3
2x 7x2 14x + 19 = 0
1
1
x=1
x = 5 + 177
177
x=
1
1
r
= 1()
+
2x2 5x 15 + 2
2x3 7x2 + 19
+ 7x
2
D thy
VT ca phng trnh () l hm nghch bin. Mt khc theo iu kin xc nh
5 + 145
x>
> 1. Vy phng trnh (*) v nghim.
4
5 + 177
Xt vi iu kin xc nh. Vy phng trnh trn c nghim duy nht l x =
2
4
~ Nhn xt: C th nhm c nghim x = 1. T vic tch n s d dng hn. Nhng mt
cch tng qut ta s lm nh trn trong mi trng hp c kh nng dng lng lin hp. Tuy
nhin khuyt im ca phng php ny l nu gp phng trnh khng c bt k 1 nghim
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
134
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
3 x + 2 + x = x3 + x2 4x 4 + |x| + |x 1|
(1.12)
Gii
iu kin: 2 6 x 6 3
(1.12)
3 x |x 1| +
2 + x |x| = x3 + x2 4x 4
x2 + x + 2
x2 + x + 2
+
= (x + 2) (x + 1) (x 2)
3 x + |x 1|
2 + x + |x|
1
1
+
(2 x) (x + 1)
+ (x + 2) = 0
3 x + |x 1|
2 + x + |x|
"
x = 1
x=2
Vy phng trnh c tp nghim S = {1; 2} 2
~ Nhn xt: Vi bi ny, vic xut hin thm cc a thc cha tr tuyt i tng chng nh
s gy cho ta thm kh khn trong vic gii quyt. Nhng nh s dng phng php nhn
lng lin hp, bi ton c gii quyt nhanh chng! Khi y, ta ch cn chuyn cc lng
trn v ng v tr v s dng phng php nhn lin hp l .
10x + 1 +
3x 5 =
9x + 4 +
2x 2 (2.1)
Gii
5
3
~ tng: i vi k thut p dng vo mt s bi tp, vic on nghim c th khng cn
thit v ta s nhm tng hng t ca 2 v vi nhau to ra nhn t chung. Tht vy, ta c
th thy:
10x + 1 9x 4 = x 3 v 3x 5 2x + 2 = x 3
Vy ta c th d dng thy c nhn t chung cn nhm l x 3 v khng cn nhm nghim.
Do ta c th gii bi phng trnh ny nh sau:
~ Li gii:
Vit li (2.1) di dng
(2.1) 10x + 1 9x + 4 + 3x 5 2x 2 = 0
x3
x3
+
=0
3x 5 + 2x 2
10x + 1 + 9x + 4
x=3
1
1
x = 3 (chn)
+
= 0 (v nghim)
3x 5 + 2x 2
10x + 1 + 9x + 4
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
iu kin: x >
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
135
Ta thm bt 9x + 4 v 2x 2 tm h s ; ph hp:
r
28
5
26
26 10x + 1 9x + 4+
3x 5 2x 2 =
9x + 4
+
2x 2
31
26
806
r
26
Ta d on = 26, =
th VT s xut hin nhn t chung l x 3. kim chng
31
li, ta s lm nh sau:
xut hin nhn t chung l x 3 th VP sau khi nhn lin hp phi xut hin x 3 hoc
3 x. Vy tm ra s ; nhanh gn, ta c th tm a, b tho
"
a 9x + 4 b 2x 2 = x 3
a 9x + 4 b 2x 2 = 3 x
iu kin: x >
Ta a v gii h phng
r
( trnh:
2
9a2 2b2 = 1
a=
a2 =
13
2
2
13
( 4a + 2b = 3
9a2 2b2 = 1
31
b =
b = 31
4a2 + 2b2 = 3
26
26
r
28
2
=
= r26
26
r13
T tm c h s , :
= 26
5
31
+ =
31
26
806
iu ny ng nh ta d on, vy lm nh tng t nh bi 1 ta s c nghim duy nht
l x = 3. Vy ta t hi c th tm c h s bt k cho phng trnh trn hay khng? Sau y
ta s xt iu :
Bi 2*: Tm mi quan h gia cc h s phng trnh sau c nghim duy nht:
a 10x + 1 + b 3x 5 = c 9x + 4 + d 2x 2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
136
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Gii
a( 10x + 1 9x + 4) + b( 3x 5 2x 2) = (c a) 9x + 4 + (d b) 2x 2
Theo nh V d 1 (*) ta s c h phng
r
r
trnh sau:
2
2
ca=
a=c
(c a)2 =
13
13
13
r
r
31
31
(d b)2 =
db=
b = d + 31
26
26
26
Ta chn
h
s
nh
trn
l
c
th
nhn
lng
lin
hp
cho
a
9x
+
4
v
b 2x 2.
r
2
a=c
r 13 l h s chun phng trnh c nghim duy nht. 2
Vy
31
b=d+
26
Bi 2: Gii phng trnh
3x2 5x + 1
x2 2 =
3 (x2 x 1)
x2 3x + 4 (2.2)
Gii
~ tng:
Trc ht, kim tra ta thy c rng phng trnh cho c mt nghim x = 2 nn ta s c
gng a phng trnh trn v phng trnh tch xut hin nhn t (x 2). Ta c nhn xt
rng: (3x2 5x + 1) (3x2 3x 3) = 2 (x 2) v (x2 2) (x2 3x + 4) = 3 (x 2)
Ta i n li gii nh sau:
~ Li gii:
Vit li (2.2) di dng
p
=
x2 2 + x2 3x + 4
3x2 5x + 1 + 3 (x2 x + 1)
"
#
2
3
p
+
=0
(x 2)
x2 2 + x2 3x + 4
3x2 5x + 1 + 3 (x2 x 1)
x=2
Vy phng trnh (2.2) c nghim duy nht x = 2. 2
Bi tp t luyn
1. Bi tp c bn
1) x2 3x + 3 + x2 3x + 6 = 3
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
2) 3 x + x2 2 x + x2 = 1
3) rx2 3x + 1 + 2x2 6x + 1 = 2
2x + x2
1x
=
4)
x
1 + x2
3
3
5) x 2 + 2x 3 = 1
6) 3 x2 1 + x 7 = 4
7) 4 x + 2 3 x2 + 7 + x3 + 1 x4 = 1
8) x + 3 + 3 x = 3
9) 5 x + x 1 = x2 + 2x + 1
10) x2 + x + 1 2x2 + 3x 1 = 3
12) 2x 1 + x2 3x + 1 = 0
13)
4x + 1 3x 2 = x 5
14) x + 1 + x + 4 + x + 9 + x + 16 = x + 100
x+1
15) 4x + 1 3x 2 =
3
17) x2 + 12 + 5 = 3x + x2 + 5
18) 3 x2 1 + x = x3 1
19) x2 3x 4 = x 1 (x2 4x 2)
2. Bi tp nng cao
x+3
1) 3 x2 1 + x 3 + x + 1 + x = 2
+5
x 6
2) x2 + x 1 = (x + 2) x2 2x + 2
3) 5x 1 + 3 9 x = 2x2 + 3x 1
4) 3x2 7x + 3 x2 2 = 3x2 5x 1 x2 3x + 4
3
6) 2x2 + x + 6 + x2 + x + 3 = 2(x + )
x
7) 2x + 1 + x = 2x2 + 4x 23
8) x2 x 3 + 2x + 5 = 0
9) 2 x2 7x + 10 = x + x2 12x + 20
1
2
1
7
+ 2+
=
10)
2x
4
x 1 x
11) r2 (x2 + 8) = 5 x3 + 8
x2 + x + 1 x2
1
12)
+
=
+2
x+4
2
x2 + 1
x2 1
2
13) 2x 3x + 1 =
2x 3
x3
1
14)
=
2x 1 1
x+3 x3
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
137
138
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
L thuyt
I nh l 1: Nu hm s y = f (x) lun ng bin (hoc nghch bin) v lin tc trn D th s
nghim trn D ca phng trnh f (x) = k khng nhiu hn mt v x, y D : f (x) = f (y)
x = y.
I nh l 2: Nu hm s f(x) v g(x) n iu ngc chiu v lin tc trn D th s nghim
trn D ca phng trnh f (x) = g(x) khng nhiu hn mt.
I nh l 3: Nu hm s f(x) lun ng bin (hoc lun nghch bin) trn D th
f (x) > f (y) x > y ( hoc x < y)
Vn dng linh hot cc nh l trn, t mt phng trnh n x, ta s a hai v v dng
f (g(x)) = f (h(x)) vi f (t) l mt hm n iu trn min D ang xt. Thng thng ta c th
d on c h(x) v bc ca g(x), t ng nht h s tm g(x) (u tin h s nguyn).
Cc bi ton sau s lm r tng trn:
Bi tp v d
Bi 1: Gii phng trnh:
3x + 1 +
x + 7x + 2 = 4 (1.1)
Gii
~ tng: VT ton du cng nn ta hi vng y l mt hm ng bin theo x. Khi theo
nh l 1, (1.1) c nghim duy nht (d thy l x = 1).
~ Li gii:
x > 1
3
KX: ()
x + 7x + 2 > 0
t VT (1.1) l f(x). Ta c
3
7
1
+ (1 +
). p
> 0 x tho (*)
f 0 (x) =
2 3x + 1
2 7x + 2 2 x + 7x + 2
Vy f (x) = 4 = f (1) x = 1
Th li ta thy x = 1 tho phng trnh.Vy (1.1) c tp nghim S = {1} 2
~ Nhn xt: y l mt ng dng c bn ca phng php n iu. Ta ch vic a cc bin
v cng mt v v xt o hm. Chng ta s khng i su vo dng ny, m tp trung nhiu
hn v cch xy dng hm s.
Gii
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
139
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
~ tng: Ta ngh ti vic a hai v v dng f (g(x)) = f (h(x)) trong f (t) = mt3 + nt.
3
(x + u)3 + a(x + u) = ax + b + a ax + b (2.2)
Tip tc phn tch, ta thy VT khng xut hin x2 nn c ngay u = 0, v nu u 6= 0 ta khng
th kh hng t 3ux2 .
Ngha l
3
(2.2) x3 + ax = ax + b + a ax + b
D thy ch cn cng ax + b vo 2 v ca (2.1) l ta c (2.2). Cng vic n y tr nn n
gin.
~ Li gii:
3
(2.1) x3 b + ax + b = ax + b + a ax + b
f (x) = f ( 3 ax + b) vi f (t) = t3 + at
x = 3 ax + b x3 = ax + b
y chnh l phng trnh bc 3 dng c bn. 2
~ Nhn xt: Bi ton trn cho ta mt cch nhn s lc v n iu hm s, trong phn
quan trng nht l xy dng hm v dng nhng nh gi thch hp tm ra h s. Chng
ta cng c th m rng hn mt cht:
3
3x 5 (3.1)
Gii
~ tng: Ta cn a 2 v v biu thc dng f (g(x)) = f (h(x)) trong f (t) = mt3 + nt
3x 5
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
3x 5
140
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
ng nht h s vi VT ca (3.1) ta c
12u = 36
6u2 1 = 53
u3 + u + 5 = 25
u = 3
(2x 3)3 + 2x 3 = 3x 5 + 3 3x 5
3x 5 (2x 3)3 = 3x 5
x=2
3
2
8x 36x + 51x 22 = 0
5 3
x=
4
5 3
}2
Vy (3.1) c tp nghim S = {2;
4
~ Nhn xt: i khi ta cn tinh trong vic xy dng hm, nh trong bi trn h s bc cao
nht c th l 8 hoc 1. Mt v d khc:
(3.2) 2x 3 =
3
4x + 5
1
Lu rng 4x3 = 4(x3 ) = .(2x)3 do ta cng cn xt 2 trng hp.
2
x 1 (4.1)
Gii
x1
9x2 + x(18u 8) + u2 + u + 9 =
x1
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
141
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
ng nht h s ta c
18u 8 = 28
u2 + u + 9 = 21
u = 10
9
u {4; 3}
x 1 9x2 + x(6u + 2) + u2 + u + 1 =
x1
ng nht h s ta c
6u + 2 = 28
u2 + u + 1 = 21
u = 5
(4.1) x2 30x + 25 + 3x 5 = x 1 + x 1
1
na x 1 > 0 >
.
2
1
3
Nh vy t (4.2) ta ch suy ra 3x 5 = x 1 khi 3x 5 >
x> .
2
2
3
Cn x [1; ] th sao? Li rng hm s bc 2 cng c ci hay ca n, l t2 = (t)2 .
2
trn, da vo h s ca x2 , ta ch mi xt g(x) = px + u vi mp2 = 9 v p N , nhng thc ra
vn cn trng hp m = 1, p = 3 . Ta s xt tip trng hp ny:
Cn a (4.1) v dng
(u 3x)2 + u 3x = x 1 +
x 1 9x2 + x(6u 4) + u2 + u + 1 = x 1
ng nht h s ta c
6u 4 = 28
u2 + u + 1 = 21
u=4
3
1
4 3x >
. Vy chn u = 4.
2
2
n y bi ton mi thc s c gii quyt.
~ Li gii:
KX: x > 1
1
3
> Nu x > 3x 5 >
2
2
Kim tra li: C x <
Ta c
(4.1) (3x 5)2 + (3x 5) = (x 1) +
x1
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
142
> Nu 1 6 x <
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
3x 5 > 0
x >
3
13
(3x 5)2 = x 1
x 2;
9
x=2
3
1
: 4 3x >
2
2
Ta c
(4.1) (4 3x)2 + 4 3x = x 1 + x 1
4 3x > 0
x 6 (
3
25 13
)
x=
(chn)
25 13
(4 3x)2 = x 1
18
8
(
)
25 13
Vy (3.1) c tp nghim S = 2;
2
18
~ Nhn xt: Cn linh hot trong vic xy dng hm s, nht l i vi hm bc chn.
Gii
~ tng: Nh nhng bi trc, u tin ta th a 2 v v biu thc dng f (t) = 3t3 + 3t.
(5.1) tr thnh:
p
3(x u)3 + 3(x u) = 9(3x2 + 21x + 5) + 3 3 9(3x2 + 21x + 5)
p
3x3 + x2 (9u + 27) + x(9u2 186) + (3u3 3u 45) = 3 3 9(3x2 + 21x + 5)
9u + 27 = 6
ng nht h s vi VT(5.1) ta c
9u2 186 = 3
3u3 3u 45 = 17
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
27u + 27 = 54
ng nht h s ta c 9u2 108 = 27
27u u3 45 = 153
143
u=3
2
3
x = (1 + 2)2 (tham kho cch gii PT bc 3 tng qut)
3
~ Nhn xt: Mt cu hi t ra l: Ti sao li nhn 9 m khng phi l s khc? Tht ra iu
ny c cp n ri. Khi xy dng hm f (t) = mt3 +3t, ta thng ngh ti g(x) = px+q
1
nn mp3 = 3, do m = 3, p = 1 m qun rng cn c m = , p = 3 (trng hp ny tht ra
9
t3
him gp, tr nhng bi h s ln nh bi ny). Nh vy f (t) cng c th l + 3t (v trong
9
bi ny th ng l vy). Vic nhn 9 ch n gin l kh mu s.
Lu rng vi nhng dng phng trnh nh trn, ta s khai trin v ng nht h s cc bc
3, 2, 1, 0. Ngha l ta c mt 4 h phng trnh, do s n ti a c th l 4. bi trn,
ta vn c th t f (t) = mt3 + t, khi trong qu trnh ng nht h s s xut hin thm 2
n m v p nhng vn gii c. Ta cng xem qua bi tng t:
Bi 6: Gii phng trnh x3 6x2 + 12x 7 =
3
x3 + 9x2 19x + 11 (6.1)
Gii
~ tng: Ta a hai v v hm s f (t) = mt3 + t. H s bc nht l 1, v n tng ng vi
3
x3 + 9x2 19x + 11 VP. VT th hng t bc 3 l x3 nn ta ngh ti m = 1, nhng vic
ng nht h s khng thnh cng ( bi ny nguyn nhn l do VP cng c x3 trong cn).
Vy, vi nhn xt rng VT th t = g(x) = px + u, ta s tm c p, u v m.
Cn a hai v v dng
3
m(px + u)3 + (px + u) = m(x3 + 9x2 19x + 11) + x3 + 9x2 19x + 11
x3 (mp3 + m) + x2 (3mup2 9m) + x(3u2 mp + p + 19m) + mu3 + u 11m
3
= x3 + 9x2 19x + 11 (6.2)
ng nht h s VT ca (6.1) v (6.2) ta c
mp3 + m = 1
3mpu2 9m = 6
3u2 mp + p + 19m = 12
3
mu + u 11m = 7
m=
2
p=1
u = 1
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
144
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
~ Li gii:
Ta vit (6.1) di dng
(x 1)3
x3 + 9x2 19x + 11
3
+ (x 1) =
+ x3 + 9x2 19x + 11
2
2
t3
3
f (x 1) = f ( x3 + 9x2 19x + 11) (vi f (t) = + t)
2
3
3
2
x 1 = x + 9x 19x + 11 (do f(t) ng bin trn R)
x=1
f (x + 1) = f ( 3x + 1) (vi f (t) = t3 + t)
~ tng: Nhn qua s sp xp ca bi ton, ta thy hai biu thc VT kh ging nhau v
hi vng c th tm hm c trng ca phng trnh t y.
u tin a mi biu thc v 1 v:
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
145
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Nh kinh nghim bi 7, ta s phn tch biu thc bc ln theo biu thc bc nh.
p
Ta c V P (8.2) = 3x(2 + (3x)2 + 3) nn hi vng V T (8.2) cng c th a v
(3x)2 + 3)
t2 + 3)
1
1
2t3 + 3t
> 0 t [ ; 0] nn (8.3) 2x + 1 = 3x x =
(chn)
Do f 0 (t) = 2 +
4
2
5
t + 3t
2
1
Vy (8.1) c tp nghim S =
2
5
~ Nhn xt: y l mt bi ton hay v kh, i hi phi c k nng bin i linh hot. Ta
cng c li gii gn gi hn, khng cn dng o hm nh sau:
(8.1) (2x + 1)(2 +
p
p
(2x + 1)2 + 3) = (3x)(2 + (3x)2 + 3) ()
1 1
> Nu x
;
: 3x < 2x 1 < 0 (3x)2 > (2x + 1)2
2
5
p
p
2+3 > 2+
2 + (3x)
(2x + 1)2 + 3 V T () < V P ()
1
; 0 : Chng minh tng t ta cng c () v nghim.
> Nu x
5
1
> Nu x =
: Ta c () nghim ng.
5
1
Vy (8.1) c tp nghim S =
2
5
Bi tp t luyn
Gii cc phng trnh sau
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
146
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
n
X
!
a2i
n
X
i=1
!
b2i
>
i=1
n
X
!2
ai bi
i=1
a2
an
a1
=
= ... =
b1
b2
bn
> Bt ng thc Holder: (dng m rng ca BCS): cho m b n s dng (m, n > 2):
(a11 , a12,...., a1n ) (a21 , a22,...., a2n ) ; ....; (am1 , am2,...., amn )
Ta lun c:
(a11 .a21 ....am1 + a12 .a22 ....am2 + ...a1n .a2n ....amn )m
6 (a11 m + a12 m + ... + a1n m )(a21 m + a22 m + ... + a2n m )...(am1 m + am2 m + ... + amn m )
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi cc b s t l vi nhau.
Bi tp v d
Bi 1: Gii phng trnh
13 x 1 + 9 x + 1 = 16x
Gii
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
147
iu kin: x > 1
p dng bt ng thc BCS:
2
V T 2 = ( 13. 13x 13 + 3 3. 3x + 3) 6 (13 + 27)(13x 13 + 3x + 3) = 40(16x 10)
p dng bt ng thc AM-GM:
10 + 16x 10 2
) = (16x)2 = V P 2
2
13
3x + 3
13x
=
13
3 3 x
V T 6 V P . ng thc xy ra
10 = 16x 10
Vy phng trnh v nghim. 2
~ Nhn xt: Ta cng c bi ton tng t:
x2 + 4x + 5 = 2 2x + 3
Gii
~ tng: Nh bi trn, do VT c bc ln hn VP nn nhiu kh nng c th dng bt ng
thc AM-GM.
~ Li gii:
3
iu kin x >
.
2
T phng trnh, p dng bt ng thc AM-GM:
(2x + 3) + 1 > 2 2x + 3 = x2 + 4x + 5
2x + 4 > x2 + 4x + 5 x2 + 2x + 1 6 0
(x + 1)2 6 0 x = 1 (chn)
Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = 1 2.
Bi 3: Gii phng trnh
x2 + x 1 +
x2 + x + 1 = x2 x + 2
Gii
2(x2 + x 1 x2 + x + 1) = 2 x
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
148
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Mt khc:
2
V P 2 x = x2 x + 2 2 x = (x 1)2 + ( x 1) > 0 V P > 2 x > V T
2
2
x + x 1 = x + x + 1
x = 1 (tho KX)
ng thc xy ra (x 1)2 = 0
x = 1
Vy phng trnh c nghim x = 1 2.
r
Bi 4: Gii phng trnh
x=
1
x +
x
r
1
1
x
Gii
y l mt bi ton trong k thi v ch ton cng ha Yugoslavia (Nam T) nm 1977, a s
cc li gii thc hin php bin i tng ng hoc gii bng phng php a v h phng
trnh.Sau y l mt li gii khc s dng bt ng thc AM-GM:
iu kin x > 1.
p dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:
r
r
r
r
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
x + 1 = (x ).(1) + (x 1). 6 (x + 1 + x 1 + ) = x
x
x
x
x
2
x
x
x 1 = 1
x
Vy phng trnh cho tng ng:
1
x 1 =
x
1+ 5
Kt hp vi iu kin ta tm c x =
2.
2
Bi 5: Gii phng trnh
1 x2 +
4
1+x+ 41x=3
Gii
1+x+ 1x
4
4
(1)
1 x = (1 x)(1 + x) 6
1+ 1+x
4
1+x6
(2)
4 1 x 6 1 + 1 x (3)
2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
149
4
1 x2 + 4 1 + x + 4 1 x 6 1 + 1 + x + 1 x
p dng bt ng thc BCS:
p
1 + x + 1 x 6 2(1 + x + 1 x) = 2 V T 6 1 + 2 = 3 = V P
1x=1+x
x = 0 ( tha)
ng thc xy ra 1 + x = 1
1 x = 1
Vy phng trnh c nghim x = 0 2.
Bi 6: Gii phng trnh
p
4
(x 2)(4 x) + 4 x 2 + 4 4 x + 6x 3x = x3 + 30
Gii
p
~ tng: ta thy ngay phi p dng bt ng thc AM-GM cho 4 (x 2)(4 x) v
x2+4x
p
4
= 1 (1)
(x 2)(4 x) 6
2
q p
q
4
x 2 + 4 x 6 2( x 2 + 4 x) 6 2. 2(x 2 + 4 x) = 2 (3)
4
(x 2)(4 x) + 4 x 2 + 4 4 x + 6x 3x 6 x3 + 30 V T 6 V P
x2=4x
ng thc xy ra x3 = 27
x = 3 (tha).
x2= 4x
Vy phng trnh c nghim x = 3 2.
Bi 7: Gii phng trnh
27x10 5x6 +
864 = 0
Gii
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
150
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
2
27
5
4
27x +
=5
6
x
p dng bt ng thc AM-GM c:
5
VT =
27x
+
3
27x
+
3
5
27x
27
27
+ 6 + 6 >5
3
x
x
275 x12
=5=VP
33 .x12
5
5
27x4
27
= 6 x = 10 3
ng thc xy ra
3
x
Vy phng trnh c nghim x = 10 3 2.
Bi 8: Gii phng trnh
2 x2 +
1
1
2 2 =4 x+
x
x
Gii
~ tng: Hng i ca ta khi nhn vo bi ton l a ht cc bin sang mt v, t dng
BCS mt cch thch hp.
r kh c x khi dng BCS th ta s nhm
1
1
x vi 2 x2 v vi 2 2 .
x
x
~ Li gii:
2 x2 > 0
1
KX: 2 2 > 0
x 6= 0
r
1
1
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi x + 2 x2 + + 2 2 = 4.
x
x
p dng bt ng thc BCS:
(x + 2 x2 )2 6 2(x2 + 2 x2 ) = 4
r
1
1
1
1
( + 2 2 )2 6 2( 2 + 2 2 ) = 4
x
x
x
x
x + 2 x2 6 2
1
1
r
2
1
x+ 2x + + 2 2 64
1
x
x
+ 2 2 62
x
x
Du = xy ra ti x = 1 (tha iu kin).
Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = 1 2.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
151
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Bi 9: Gii phng trnh
1
3x2 1 + x2 x x x2 + 1 = (7x2 x + 4)
2 2
Gii
1
T (1) v (2) ta c 3x2 1 + x2 x x x2 + 1 = (7x2 x + 4) = (x2 + 2)(5x2 x)
2 2
Du = xy ra khi x = 1 (tha iu kin).
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l x = 1 2.
r
Bi 10: Gii phng trnh
1x
2x + x2
=
x
1 + x2
Gii
iu kin: 0 6 x 6 1
1
2x 1
1=1+
x
1 + x2
1
l mt nghim ca phng trnh. Ta chng minh nghim ny l duy nht:
2
(
VT >1
1
* Nu 0 6 x < , khi
, phng trnh v nghim.
2
VP <1
(
VT <1
1
* Nu < x 6 1, khi
, phng trnh v nghim.
2
VP >1
1
Vy phng trnh c nghim x = 2.
2
Nhn thy x =
> Nhn xt: li gii trn khc vi nhng bi trc, chng ta khng th chng minh V T > V P
hay V T 6 V P nu khng chia trng hp ra xt. Do i vi nhng bi phng trnh c
s dng phng php nh gi i hi ta phi bin i linh hot (nhn qua th c v VP l
hm tng cn VT l hm gim, nn nhiu kh nng PT c nghim duy nht) . K thut chia
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
152
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
2 1x
3x
= (x 1) 1
x + 4x + 5 2
x +x+1
x2 + x + 1
2
Gii
K: x 6 1.
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi:
2 1x
x2 2x + 1
= (x 1) 1
(x + 2) + 2
x +x+1
x2 + x + 1
2
hay
2 1x
(1 x)2
1 2
x +x+1
x2 + x + 1
(x + 2)2 = (1 x)
x = 2 (chn)
1 =0
y
y =0y =z
z
Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = 2 2
Bi 12: Gii phng
h trnh
i
2
2
2
2
2
13 (x 3x + 6) + (x 2x + 7) = (5x2 12x + 33)
Gii
~ tng: thy rng 13 = 22 + 32 nn VT c dng (a2 + b2 )(x2 + y 2 ), t ta ngh ti
vic s dng BCS chng minh V T > V P .
~ Li gii:
p dng bt ng thc BCS c:
2
V T = (2 + 3 ) (x 3x + 6) + (x 2x + 7)
2
2
> 2(x2 3x + 6) + 3(x2 2x + 7) = (5x2 12x + 33) = V P
ng thc xy ra
2
3
= 2
x=1x=4
3x + 6
x 2x + 7
Vy phng trnh c tp nghim S = {1; 4} 2
x2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
153
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Gii
Vi x > 0, V T > 0 = V P (v l) x 6 0 |x| = x
p dng bt ng thc AM-GM c:
x3000 + 999 = x3000 + 1 + 1 + ... + 1 > 1000 1000 x3000 .1.1...1 = 1000 |x3 | = 1000x3 (2)
Ly (1)+(2) ta c:
2x3000 + 3998 > (1000x3 + 3000x)
x3000 + 500x3 + 1500x + 1999 > 0 V T > V P
(
ng thc xy ra
x3000 = 1
x = 1
x60
Vy phng trnh c nghim S = {1} 2
Bi 14: Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1
a) 32x4 + (4x 1)4 =
27
1
(1 + x)8 + 16x4
=
b)
(1 + x2 )4
8
Gii
1
a) Ta chng minh bt ng thc ph sau: x4 + y 4 + z 4 > (x + y + z)4
27
2
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
2
2
2 2
2
Tht vy: x + y + z > (x + y + z ) >
(x + y + z)
= (x + y + z)4
3
3 3
27
1
4
4
4
4
x + y + z > (x + y + z)
27
p dng ta c
32x4 + (4x 1)4 = (2x)4 + (2x)4 + (1 4x)4 >
1
1
(2x + 2x + 1 4x) =
27
27
1
Do phng trnh trn tng ng 2x = 1 4x x =
6
1
Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = 2.
6
b) Ta chng minh bt ng thc ph sau: A4 + B 4 >
Vi A = (x + 1)2 v B = 2x th ta c:
(A2 + B 2 )2
(A + B)4
>
2
8
(1 + x)8 + 16x4
1 (1 + x2 )4
1
>
.
=
2
4
2
4
(1 + x )
8 (1 + x )
8
Bi tp t luyn
Bi 1: Gii phng trnh
3x2 + 6x + 7 +
5x2 + 10x + 14 = 4 2x x2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
154
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
6 2
4 2
Bi 3: Gii phng trnh 19 x1 + 5 x 1 + 95 x 3x+2 = 3
p
Bi 4: Gii phng trnh x2 3x + 3.5 = (x2 2x + 2)(x2 4x + 5)
x2
1
Bi 5: Gii phng trnh 5x3 + 3x2 + 3x 2 =
+ 3x
2
2
Bi
6:
Gii
phng
trnh
p
p
x
x
x2 8x + 7 + x2 8x 9)
+
(
x2 8x + 7 x2 8x 9) = 2x+1
(
r
1
5
Bi 7: Gii phng trnh 8x2 +
=
x
2
1
2
2
3
2
Bi 8: Gii phng trnh
(3x + x + 9x 7) = (x2 + 2) + (x3 + 3x 3)
10
MT S BI TON CHN LC
Bi 1: Gii phng trnh
3
7x + 1 3 x2 x 8 + 3 x2 8x + 1 = 2
Gii
t a = 3 7x + 1; b = 3 8 + x x2 ; c = 3 x2 8x + 1
Ta c h
a + b + c = 2
(a + b + c)3 = 8
a3 + b3 + c3 = 8
a3 + b3 + c3 = 8
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) = 0
a = b x = 1 x = 9
b = c x = 1
c = a x = 0 x = 1
Vy phng trnh c nghim S = {1; 1; 0; 9} . 2
Gii
1
KX: x >
30060
30060x + 1 + 1
t y =
15y 1 = 30060x + 1 15y 2 2y = 2004x
15
2
2
Mt khc t phng trnh
u ta c 30x 4x = 4008y 15x 2x = 2004y
15x2 2x = 2004y
Ta c h phng trnh
15y 2 2y = 2004x
Tr v theo v ta c (x y)[15(x + y) + 2002] = 0
Vi x = y 15x 1 = 30060x + 1
2006
x=0x=
15
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
155
t
t
t
t
4 2 cos = cos t + 3 + 3 2 sin + 2 sin cos
2
2
2
2
t
t
t
t
2 t
4 2 cos = 4 2 sin + 3 2 sin + 2 sin cos
2
2
2
2
2
t
t
t
t
2 cos
2 2 sin
+ 2 sin2 3 2 sin 4 = 0
2
2
2
2
t
t
t
t
2 cos
2 2 sin
+ sin 2 2
2 sin + 2 = 0
2
2
2
2
t
t
t
2 sin 2 cos + 2 = 0
sin 2 2
2
2
2
t
t
t
t
1
2 sin 2 cos + 2 = 0 sin cos =
2
2
2
2
2
t
t=
= + k2
2 4
6
6
t
1
sin
2 4
2
t
17
7
t = (l)
=
+ k2
6
2 4
6
3
i chiu vi iu kin ca t, phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = cos =
.2
6
2
2
4
2
6
4
3
2
3
2
(*) c = (x3
" 3x + 1) + 4.(x 2x + x) = x 2x + 2x + x 2x + 1 = (x x + 1)
t = x(1)
nn c nghim
t = x3 2x + 1(2)
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
156
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Xt (1) ta c:
"
x2 + 21 = x
x<0
(1)
"
x2 + 21 = x2
x<0
(v nghim)
Xt (2) ta c:
x2 + 21 5 = x3 2x 4
x=2
2
x 4
x+2
= (x 2)(x2 + 2x + 2)
= x2 + 2x + 2 (3)
x2 + 21 + 5
2
x + 21 + 5
x + 2
x+2
x
+
2
< x2 + 2x + 2 = V P
<
Xt (3) ta c:
6
2
2
5
x + 21 + 5
x + 21 + 5
Suy ra (3) v nghim.
Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = 2. 2
(2)
x2 + 21 = x3 2x + 1
r
4
1 x2
x
Gii
Do x4 + 2x3 + 2x2 2x + 1 = x2 (x + 1)2 + (1 x)2 > 0 x nn iu kin ca x l 0 < x < 1
Vit li phng trnh di dng
x2 (x + 1)2 + (1 x)2 = (x2 + 1)
u, v > 0
t u = x(x + 1); v = 1 x
u + v = x2 + 1
p
x(x + 1)(1 x) (2)
u2 + v 2 = (u + v) uv ( u v)2 (u + v + uv) = 0 u = v
Suy ra x(x + 1) = 1 x x2 + 2x 1 = 0 x = 1 2
Gii
t u = 6x + 1; v =
x2 + 3 ta c:
1
9
u2
9
2
2
V T ()10x + 3x + 1 = (6x + 1) + (x + 3) =
+ v2
4
4
4
4
2
(*) tr thnh:
1 2
9
u + v 2 = uv (u 2v)2 = 9 u 2v = 3
4
4
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
157
Vi u 2v = 3
3x 1 > 0
1 + 6x x2 + 3 = 3 3x 1 = x3 + 3
x=1
x2 + 3 = (3x 1)2
3x 2 > 0
73
2
Vi u 2v = 3 3x + 2 = x + 3
x=
(3x + 2)2 = x2 + 3
4
)
(
73
.2
Vy phng trnh c tp nghim S = 1;
4
Bi 7: Gii phng trnh
8x(1 x2 ) 2 2x(x + 3)
2 ()
=
5
(1 + x2 )2
1 + x2
Gii
2x
1 x2
;
b
=
1 + x2
1 + x2
2 2x(x + 3)
= 2(3a b + 1) v a2 + b2 = 1 nn (*) tr thnh:
Ta tnh c
1 + x2
4ab 2(3a b + 1) = 5 2
t a =
(4x3 x + 3)3 x3 =
3
()
2
Gii
t t = 4x3 x + 3 = t 3 = t 4x3 + x
Phng trnh (*) tr thnh:
t 4x3 + x
2t3 + 2x3 t x = 0
2
(t + x)(2t2 2tx + 2x2 1) = 0 t + x = 0
t3 x3 =
r
T tm c x =
3
.2
4
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
L THUYT
Cho phng trnh ax = m (a > 0, a 6= 1), ta c:
Nu m > 0 th phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht x = loga m.
Nu m 6 0 th phng trnh cho v nghim.
Hm s logarit:
ac = b c = loga b.
aloga b = b.
loga (b1 .b2 ) = loga b1 + loga b2 .
loga b = . loga b.
loga c =
logb c
.
logb a
1
.
logb a
loga c =
1
. loga c.
PHNG PHP T N PH
Phng php t n ph l mt phng php kh ph bin i vi cc bi ton phng trnh
v h phng trnh. Cc bi ton gii phng trnh m ta c th p dng phng php ny,
nu d, th ta s thy ngay du hiu l mt biu thc cha bin no lp i lp li nhiu
ln, cn nu kh hn, th ta cn phi c mt t bin i kho lo, ch yu l a v hnh
dng s khai ca bi ton, l mt phng trnh vi cc biu thc cha bin lp li. Cng c
trng hp, bi ton yu cu ta phi t thm nhiu n ph khc, nhm to ra mt phng
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
158
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
159
trnh hoc mt h phng trnh mi d dng gii quyt hn. Sau y, chng ta hy cng nhau
xt cc v d nh nhm lm sng t hn tng gii quyt cc bi ton dng ny.
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh 2x
2 x
+ 22+xx = 3
Gii
~ tng: Ta nhn thy rng biu thc x2 x c lp li trong phng trnh trn. V th,
ta s c ngay tng l phi t mt n mi thay th cho biu thc ny.
~ Li gii:
t t = x2 x, phng trnh cho tr thnh:
2t + 22t = 3 2t + 4.
1
= 3 (2t )2 + 4 = 3.2t
t
2
Gii
t t = log2 x, phng trnh c vit li thnh:
t+
(
10t + 6 = 9
t69
t=3x=8
10t + 6 = t2 18t + 81
Gii
~ tng: Vi bi ton ny, ta nhn thy rng cc hng t trong phng trnh u c ly
tha ca 3, do , u tin ta s trit tiu cc ly tha ny.
~ Li gii:
Ta c:
() 34x+8 4.32x+5 + 33 = 0 34x+5 4.32x+2 + 1 = 0
3.34x+4 4.32x+2 + 1 = 0
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
160
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
"
t=1
32x+2 = 1
3t2 4t + 1 = 0
1
32x+2 = 31
t=
3
3
2
Vy phng trnh cho c tp nghim l S = 1;
2
x = 1
3
x=
2
Gii
Ta c:
() 22x+6 + 16.2x+3 17 = 0
t t = 2x+3 > 0, ta c:
"
t2 + 16t 17 = 0
t=1
2x+3 = 1 x = 3
t = 17 (loi)
Gii
~ tng: Vi bi ton ny, rng 2 + 3 . 2 3 = 1. Ta s nhn lng lin hp
lm xut hin biu thc chung.
~ Li gii:
Ta c:
x
1
x = 4
() 2 + 3 +
2+ 3
x
t t = 2 + 3 > 0. Phng trnh tr thnh:
"
"
x
2
+
3
=
2
+
3
t=2+ 3
x=1
1
1
x
t+ =4
t
t=2 3
x = 1
2+ 3 = 2+ 3
"
Gii
~ tng: Ta ch rng 16x = (4x )2 , do , ta nh hng c ngay phng php t
n ph.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
161
~ Li gii:
t t = 4x > 0, ta c:
2t2 15t 8 = 0
t=8
3
4x = 8 22x = 23 x =
1
2
t = (loi)
2
3
2
Vy phng trnh c mt nghim duy nht x =
2
x
x
Bi 7. Gii phng trnh 3 + 5 + 16 3 5 = 2x+3 ()
Gii
~ tng: Vi bi ton ny, tng u tin chnh l nhn lng lin hp cho (3 5). Th
nhng, v phi ca phng trnh by gi l 2x+3 , do , ta cn phi bin i phng trnh
lm sao cho mt i bin x hng t 2x+3 .
~ Li gii:
Ta c:
!x
!x
3+ 5
3 5
()
+ 16.
=8
2
2
n y, ta s dng
lng lin hp nh bnh
thng.
!x
!x
1
3 5
3+ 5
>0 =
. Ta c:
t t =
2
t
2
16
=8t=4
t+
t
!x
3+ 5
= 4 x. ln
2
!
3+ 5
ln 4
= ln 4 x =
2
ln 3 + 5 ln 2
ln 4
2
ln 3 + 5 ln 2
x
x
Bi 8. Gii phng trnh 7 + 4 3 3 2 3 + 2 = 0
Gii
Vit li phng trnh:
t t = 2 +
2+
x
2x
3
3 2 3 +2=0
x
x
1
3 > 0 = 2 3 . Ta c:
t
"
x
t=1
3
t2 + 2 = 0 2
2+ 3 =1x=0
t
t t+3=0
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
162
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
t = 1 (loi)
t=2
t=2
x1
1
3
3
= 2 . ln
= ln 2 x = log2 3 1
2
x
2
Vy phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht x = log2 3 1 2
Bi 10. Gii phng trnh 3.16x + 2.81x = 5.36x
Gii
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
2x
x
9
9
3+2
=5
4
4
x
9
t t =
> 0. Phng trnh tr thnh:
4
t=1
x=0
3 + 2t2 = 5t
3
1
t=
x=
2
2
1
2
Vy phng trnh c tp nghim S = 0;
2
Bi 11. Gii phng trnh 125x + 50x = 23x+1
Phng trnh tng ng vi
x
5
t t =
> 0. Ta c:
2
125
8
x
+
Gii
x
50
= 2.
8
t3 + t2 2 = 0 t = 1 x = 0
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht x = 0 2
1
2
Bi 12. Gii phng trnh
+
=1
4 log x 2 + log x
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
163
Gii
(
t t = log x, suy ra
t 6= 4
. Phng trnh tr thnh
t 6= 2
"
"
t=1
x = 10
2
1
+
=1
4t 2+t
t=2
x = 100
p
p
1 + log0.04 x + 3 + log0.2 x = 1
Gii
~ tng: i vi cc biu thc loga f (x) vi a > 0, th iu kin hm logarit ny tn ti
l f (x) > 0. Khi tin hnh gii cc bi ton phng trnh logarit, ta phi c bit ch n
iu kin xc nh ca bi ton.
~ Li gii:
KX: log0.2 x > 2, x > 0.
t t = log0.2 x t > 2. Ta c:
r
r
1
3
1 2 5
1+ t+ 3+t=12
t + t + 3 = 3 t
2
2
2
2
3
Do t > 1 nn 3 t 6 0, suy ra t = 2, hay x = 25 2
2
Bi 14. Gii phng trnh logx2 16 + log2x 64 = 3
Gii
1
khng tha mn phng trnh cho.
2
Vi mt s bin i nh, phng trnh tng ng vi:
2
6
+
=3
log2 x 1 + log2 x
(
t t = log2 x
t 6= 0
. Ta c:
t 6= 1
"
t=2
x=4
2
6
+
=3
1
t t+1
x = 21/3
t=
3
Vy phng trnh cho c tp nghim S = 4; 21/3 2
Bi 15. Gii h phng
trnh sau:
(
log1+x (1 2y + y 2 ) + log1y (1 + 2x + x2 ) = 4 (1)
log1+x (1 + 2y) + log12y (1 + 2x) = 2
(2)
(H Quc gia TP HCM)
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
164
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Gii
(
iu kin:
0 < 1 y 6= 1
0 < 1 + x 6= 1
x > 1
.
y<1
Ta c:
(1) logx+1 (1 y)2 + log1y (1 + x)2 = 4 log1+x (1 y) + log1y (1 + x) = 2 (3)
1
t t = log1+x (1 y), suy ra log1y (1 + x) = . Phng trnh (3) tr thnh:
t
t+
1
= 2 t2 2t + 1 = 0 t = 1
t
Suy ra
log1+x (1 y) = 1 1 y = 1 + x x = y
Thay vo phng trnh (2), ta c
log1+x (1 2x) + log1+x (1 + 2x) = 2 log1+x (1 4x2 ) = 2
x = 0 (loi)
1 4x2 = (1 + x)2 5x2 + 2x = 0
2
x=
5
2
Suy ra y = .
5
2 2
Th li nghim nhn c vo h phng trnh ban u, ta c c nghim ;
l nghim
5 5
duy nht ca h cho 2
Bi 16. Gii phng trnh log3 (3x 1). log3 (3x+1 3) = 6
Gii
t t = log3 (3x 1), phng trnh c vit li:
"
"
"
x
t=2
log3 (3 1) = 2
x = log3 10
t2 + t 6 = 0
x
t = 3
log3 (3 1) = 3
x = log3 28 3
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim l x = log3 10 v x = log3 28 3 2
Bi 17. Gii phng trnh log4 (x
x2 1). log5 (x +
x2 1) = log20 (x x2 1)
Gii
1
x2 1 = .
t
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
t t = x
x2 1, suy ra x +
"
log4 t = 0
1
log4 t. log5 = log20 t log4 t. log5 t = log20 4. log4 t
t
log5 t = log20 4
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
165
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
"
t=1
.
t = 5 log20 4
F Vi t = 1 suy ra x = 1. (
x x2 1 = 5 log20 4
1 log20 4
log20 4
F Vi t = 5
suy ra
x
=
5
+
5
2
x + x2 1 = 5log20 4
1 log20 4
Th li cc gi tr nhn c, phng trnh cho c hai nghim l x = 1 v x =
5
+ 5log20 4 2
2
log20 4
Bi 18. Gii phng trnh log2 (x2 + 3x + 2) + log2 (x2 + 7x + 12) = 3 + log2 3
Gii
(
Nghim ca phng trnh (nu c) phi tha mn iu kin xc nh
x2 + 3x + 2 > 0
x2 + 7x + 12 > 0
.
2
x + 5x + 4 = 4
x = 5
Nhn thy cc gi tr ny tha mn tp xc nh ban u. Vy, phng trnh cho c hai
nghim l x = 0 v x = 5 2
Qua cc bi ton trn, chng ta rt ra c mt s kinh nghim v mt s iu ng lu khi
gii phng trnh m - logarit:
Lu n iu kin xc nh ca bi ton a ra. Cc iu kin ny c th gip ta chn
c min nghim trn phng trnh h qu, gip ta thu c nghim chnh xc hn. Cn nu
nh chng ta khng xc nh iu kin bi ton, th sau khi gii quyt xong, chng ta cn mt
bc khng th b qua l th li nghim vo bi ton.
c c cc bc bin i mu mo trong cc bi ton phng trnh nh trn, i hi
chng ta phi c kinh nghim lm bi, luyn tp vi nhiu dng bi tp khc nhau. V gip
cho cc bn luyn tp nhiu hn vi phng php ny, chng ti xin ngh vi cc bn th
luyn tp vi mt s bi tp t luyn sau y:
Bi tp t luyn:
1/ 43+2 cos x 7.41+cos x 2 = 0.
2/ log22 x.logx (4x2 ) = 12.
log2 x
log8 4x
3/
=
.
log4 2x
log16 8x
4
4/ (2 log3 x) log9x 3
= 1.
1 log3 x
5/ 2xlog2 x + 2x3log8 x 5 = 0.
p
cos x p
cos x 5
6/
7+4 3
+
74 3
= .
2
x
7/ log2 (9 2 ) = 3 x.
2
8/ 7log25 (5x)1 xlog5 7 = 0.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
166
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Gii
Nhn vo bi ton ny, chng ta s thy ngay rng phng php t n ph c v nh khng
c tc dng. Chng ta s c nhng nhn xt sau y:
Nu x > 1 th 22x1 + 32x = 52x+1 > 2x + 3x+1 + 5x+2
Nu x < 1 th 22x1 + 32x = 52x+1 < 2x + 3x+1 + 5x+2
Nu x = 1 th 22x1 + 32x = 52x+1 = 2x + 3x+1 + 5x+2 (= 136).
Vy phng trnh c 1 nghim duy nht x = 1 2
Bi 2. Gii phng trnh 32x + 42x = 2.12x
Gii
p dng BT AM-GM, ta c: 32x + 42x > 2.12x . Du ng thc xy ra, do : 3x = 4x .
Nu x > 0: 3x < 4x .
Nu x < 0: 3x > 4x .
Nu x = 0: 3x = 4x = 1.
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht x = 0 2
Bi 3. Gii phng trnh x + log(x2 x 6) = 4 + log(x + 2)
Gii
Phng trnh tr thnh:
(
x + log(x + 2) + log(x 3) = 1 + log(x + 2)
x+2>0
log(x 3) = 4 x
x>3
log(x 3) = 4 x
Gii
Ta c BT sau:
(1 + x)(1 + y)(1 + z) > (1 +
3
xyz)3 , x, y, z > 0
p dng vo bi ton, ta c:
(1 + 2x )(1 + 3x )(1 + 36x ) > (1 +
2x 3x 36x ) = (1 + 6x )3
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
167
Gii
KX: x + 3 > 0 x > 3. t t = log5 (x + 3) x = 5t 3. Ta c:
t
t
5
1
5 3=2
3
=1
3
2
t
t
t
5
1
5 3
Nu t > 1 th
3
> = 1.
3
2
2 2
t
t
5
1
5 3
Nu t < 1 th
3
< = 1.
3
2
2 2
t
t
5
1
Nu t = 1 th
3
= 1.
3
2
Do t = 1, hay x = 2 (nhn).
Vy phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht x = 2 2
~ Nhn xt: Vi cc bi ton trn, c th thy c nhng bc bin i rt kinh in ca
phng php nh gi BT. Cn nhng bi ton sau y, cc bn cn phi c s kt hp
kho lo gia cc BT v vic xt tnh n iu ca hm s.
Bi 6. Gii phng trnh x.2x = x(3 x) + 2(2x 1)
Gii
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi:
"
(x 2)(2x + x 1) = 0
x = 2 (nhn)
2x + x 1 = 0
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
168
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
x 1 6= 0
iu kin:
1 .
x>
2
Phng trnh c vit li thnh:
1
1
log2 x +
+2 x+
= log2 (x 1)2 + 2(x 1)2 ()
2
2
t f (x) = log2 x + 2x vi x > 0. Ta c: f 0 (x) = 2 +
1
> 0 x > 0.
x. ln 2
Do , hm f ngbin trn
(0; +).
1
Li t (), ta c f x +
= f ((x 1)2 ), suy ra:
2
3+ 7
1
x =
2
x + = (x 1)2
3 7
2
x=
2
(
)
3+ 7 3 7
Vy phng trnh cho c tp nghim S =
;
2
2
2
Bi 8. Gii phng trnh (1 + x)(2 + 4x ) = 3.4x
Gii
D c x > 1. Xt hm s f (x) = (1 + x)(2 + 4x ) 3.4x vi x (1; +).
Ta c: f 0 (x) = (x2)4x ln 4+4x +2, f 00 (x) = (x4)(ln 4)2 +2.4x ln 4, f 000 (x) = (x2)4x (ln 4)3 +
3.4x (ln 4)2 .
3
3
f 000 (x) = 0 x = 2
. t x0 = 2
.
ln 4
ln 4
Ta thy hm f 00 (x) nghch bin trn (1; x0 ), ng bin trn (x0 ; +) v f 00 (1) < 0, f 00 (x0 ) <
0, lim f 00 (x) = +, nn phng trnh f 00 (x) = 0 c ng 1 nghim. Do , phng trnh
x+
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
169
Li c
2x + 3x + 4x + 870x 2400x2 + 1560x < 3 + 36x + x(870x2 2400x + 1524) < 36x + 3
Do
12x + 13x + 14x > 2x + 3x + 4x + 870x 2400x2 + 1560x
iu ny mu thun vi bi cho.
Nu x > 0, suy ra f (4) > 0, do phng trnh cho khng c qu 4 nghim.
Nhn thy cc gi tr x = 0, x = 1, x = 2, x = 3 tha mn phng trnh cho.
Vy phng trnh c tp nghim S = {0; 1; 2; 3} 2
Bi 10. Gii phng trnh 9x (3x + 2x ) = 2x (8x + 7x ) + 5x (5x 2x )
Gii
Ta c nhn xt rng, vi bi ton trn, ta khng thy cc c s c mi lin quan no n nhau,
cc hm s cha bin th ton l hm s m. Ta th bin i v dng phng trnh c li
f (a) = f (b). Ta c:
9x (3x + 2x ) = 2x (8x + 7x ) + 5x (5x 2x )
10x + 12x 16x 25x = 12x + 14x 18x 27x
Ta xt hm s f (t) = tx + (t + 2)x (t + 6)x (t + 15)x vi t > 0. Phng trnh cho tng
ng vi
f (10) = f (12)
Ta thy rng, hm f lin tc v kh o hm trn [10; 12], nn theo nh l Largrange, tn ti
f (10) f (12)
c (10; 12) sao cho f 0 (c) =
= 0. Do , ta c:
10 12
x cx1 + (c + 2)x1 (c + 6)x1 (c + 15)x1 = 0
"
x=0
x1
x1
c
+ (c + 2)
= (c + 6)x1 + (c + 15)x1
Xt phng trnh cx1 + (c + 2)x1 = (c + 6)x1 + (c + 15)x1 . Ta c:
Nu x > 1 th x 1 > 0, suy ra cx1 + (c + 2)x1 < (c + 6)x1 + (c + 15)x1 .
Nu x < 1 th x 1 < 0, suy ra cx1 + (c + 2)x1 > (c + 6)x1 + (c + 15)x1 .
Nu x = 1 th cx1 + (c + 2)x1 = (c + 6)x1 + (c + 15)x1 = 2.
Th li, ta c phng trnh ny c tp nghim l S = {0; 1} 2
Qua cc bi tp v d nu trn, cc bn s thy rng, ngi ra s thng hay bt u to
ra bi ton t mt hng ng thc, t mt phng trnh n gin, hay t trng hp xy ra
du bng ca mt bt ng no . H cng c cng ct giu biu thc ban u bao nhiu,
th mc kh ca bi ton cng theo m kh ln by nhiu. V cng vic ca chng ta l
tm ra con ng m ngi ra s dng. C th c bi ton, chng ta i theo mt hng
khc tc gi, nhng i vi mt s bi ton, dng nh l con ng tc gi xut pht cng l
con ng duy nht m ta c th s dng gii quyt c bi ton. nhun nhuyn hn,
cc bn hy luyn tp vi cc bi ton sau y:
Bi tp t luyn
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
170
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
1/ 2 3x = x2 + 8x 14.
8
.
log3
4x + 4)
3/ (x + 3) log23 (x + 2) + 4 (x + 2) log3 (x + 2) = 16.
3
4/ ex + (x3 x) ln(x2 + 1) = e x .
2/ 22x+1 + 232x =
(4x2
= 413x
Gii
~ tng: Ta c mt nhn xt kh th v: 4 l ly tha bc hai ca 2. Do , ta s bin i
c hai v v cng c s 2.
~ Li gii:
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi:
"
x = 2
x2 x+8
26x
2
2
=2
x x + 8 = 2 6x
x = 3
Vy phng trnh cho c tp nghim l S = {2; 3} 2
Bi 2. Gii phng trnh (x2 x + 1)x
2 1
=1
Gii
Phng trnh tng ng vi:
(
"
x2 x + 1 > 0
x=0
(x2 x)(x2 1) = 0
2
2
(x x + 1 1)(x 1) = 0
x = 1
Vy tp nghim ca phng trnh cho l S = {1; 0; 1} 2
~ Nhn xt: i vi phng trnh c dng f (x)g(x) = 1, u tin, ta c iu kin l f (x) > 0.
Tip n, biu thc f (x)g(x) bng 1, th hoc f (x) = 1, hoc g(x) = 0, (
do , ta suy ra phng
f (x) > 0
trnh [f (x) 1]g(x) = 0. Vy, phng trnh cho s tng ng vi
.
[f (x) 1]g(x) = 0
23x = 5y 2 4y
Bi 3. Gii h phng trnh sau: 4x + 2x+1
=y
2x + 2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
171
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Gii
H tng ng vi:
(
x=0
(
(
3x
2
x
y=1
2 = 5y 4y
2 =y
(
x=2
x
3
2
2 =y
y 5y + 4y = 0
y=4
Vy h cho c tp nghim {(x; y)} = {(0; 1); (2; 4)}2
Bi 4. Gii phng trnh 2x + 2x1 + 2x2 = 3x 3x1 + 3x2
Gii
~ tng: Ta c ngay nhn xt l biu thc ly tha cha x ging nhau c hai v ca
phng trnh. Do , ta s c tng l rt ra phn t chung ca mi hai v.
~ Li gii:
Phng trnh cho tr thnh:
1 1
1 1
x
x
=3 1+
2 1+ +
2 4
9 3
7
7
2 . = 3x .
4
9
x
x 2
2
2
=
x=2
3
3
x1
x
= 500
Gii
iu kin xc nh: x 6= 0.
Phng trnh tng ng vi:
5x .2
3(x1)
x
x3
5x3 = (
1 )
2x
(5.2 x )
x3
3x
x
x3
5x3 = (2 x )
"
"
x3=0
x=3
=1
1
5.2 x = 1
x = log5 2
= 53 .22 5x3 = 2
x2 + y 2 = 25 ()
Gii
iu kin xc nh: y > x; y > 0. Ta c bin i sau:
1
1
= 1 log4 (y x) log4 = 1
y
y
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
log 1 (y x) log4
4
172
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
3y
yx
=1x=
log4
y
4
3y
4
2
+ y 2 = 25 y = 4
x > 1
KX:
3 . Nhn thy rng cc c s ca cc ly tha u l ly tha ca 2, do ta
3x N
s bin i bi ton v dng cc ly tha ca 2.
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi:
r
1
1
x x 1
7
2x
x=3
+
x x
1
7
2x .2 3 .2 2x = 22 .2 3 2 2 3 2x = 2 3 +
=
1
2 3 2x
3
x=
5
Kt hp vi KX, ta c phng trnh ny c mt nghim duy nht x = 3 2
1
1
3 (x + 1) +
Bi 8. Gii phng trnh log
log81 (x 3)2012 = 5 log243 [4(x 2)]
3
3
503
Gii
~ tng: Nhn vo bi, ta thy ngay rng c s ca cc hm logarit u l ly tha ca
3. Do , ta s bin i chng v dng cc hm s logarit c s 3.
~ Li gii:
KX: x > 2, x 6= 3.
Phng trnh tng ng vi
log3 (x + 1) + log3 |x 3| = log3 (4x 8) (x + 1)|x 3| = (4x 8)
Nu x > 3, ta c:
"
x2 2x 3 = 4x 8
x = 1 (loi)
x=5
Nu 2 < x < 3, ta c:
x
=
1
+
12
x2 + 2x + 3 = 4x 8
x = 1 12 (loi)
"
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
173
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Vy phng trnh cho c tp nghim S = 5; 1 + 12 2
V cho kinh nghim lm bi c cng c thm, cc bn hy th t gii cc bi ton t
luyn sau:
Bi tp t luyn.
Gii cc phng trnh:
1/ 2x .3x1 .5x2 = 12.
2
2/ (x2 2x + 2) 4x = 1.
2
2
3/ 2x +x 4.2x x 22x + 4 = 0
BI TP TNG HP
Sau y, chng ta s cng nhau th sc mnh vi nhng bi ton kh hn v hay hn. Cc bi
ton ny i hi s vn dng linh hot cc k nng bin i, t n ph, cng nh xt n
tnh n iu ca cc hm s ph cn dng n.
Bi 1. 3x2 + 1 + log2006
4x2 + 2
= x6
x6 + x2 + 1
Gii
log2006 a + a = log2006 b + b ()
1
+ 1 > 0 x > 0, li do hm
x ln 2006
f lin tc trn (0; +), nn t (*) suy ra a = b. Ta cn phi gii phng trnh:
Xt hm s f (x) = log2006 x + x vi x > 0, ta c: f 0 (x) =
x6 3x2 1 = 0
t u = x2 > 0. Phng trnh c vit li: u3 3u 1 = 0.
1
t u = 2v v > 0, ta c 4v 3 3v = .
2
1
3
Xt g(v) = 4v 3v lin tc trn R. Ta c g 0 (v) = 0 v = .
2
1
Ta c g(0) = 0, g
= 1, g(1) = 1, do , phng trnh ch c mt nghim duy nht
2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
174
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Gii
t=1
2t + t 1 = 0
Vi t = 1, suy ra x = k vi k Z.
Xt phng trnh f (t) = 2t + t 1 = 0.
Ta c hm f l hm s tng trn R nn f (t) = 0 c nhiu nht mt nghim, li do f (0) = 0,
k
nn suy ra t = 0 l nghim ca phng trnh f (t) = 0, suy ra x = +
vi k Z.
4
2
k
Vy phng trnh cho c tp nghim S = {k|k Z}
+
|k Z 2
4
2
Bi 3. Gii h
( phng trnh:
71+xy + 31+xy + 71x+y = 101+xy + 101x+y (1)
(x, y R)
4x2 + 2x + 3 = 8y + 1
(2)
Gii
1
3
iu kin: x > , y > .
2
8
Ta c b sau: Vi mi a > b > 1 ax + ax > bx + bx , x R (3), du ng thc xy ra
khi x = 0. Tht vy, bt ng thc (3) tng ng vi:
1
x
x
(a b ) 1 x x > 0 (4)
a b
(
ax > bx
1
x
x
(a b ) 1 x x > 0. Du ng thc xy ra khi x = 0.
Nu x > 0
a b
(ab)x > 1
(
ax 6 bx
1
x
x
Nu x 6 0
a b ) 1 x x > 0. Du ng tc xy ra khi x = 0.
a b
(ab)x 6 1
p dng b trn vo bi ton, ta c:
(
(
10t + 10t > 7t + 7t
7(10t + 10t ) > 71+t + 71t
(t = x y)
10t + 10t > 3t + 3t
3(10t + 10t ) > 31+t + 31t
101+t + 101t > 71+t + 71t + 31+t + 31t
101+xy + 101x+y > 71+xy + 71x+y + 31+xy + 31x+y (5)
T (1) v (5), ta c ng thc xy ra, do t = x y = 0 x = y. Thay vo phng trnh
(2) ta c:
4x2 + 2x + 3 = 8x + 1
9
1
4x2 6x + = 2x + 3 2x + 3 +
4
4
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
175
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
2
2
3
1
=
2x
2x + 3
2
2
"
2x 1 = 2x + 3
2x 2 = 2x + 3
3 + 17
x =
4
5 21
x=
4
!
3 + 17 3 + 17
5 21 5 21
Vy HPT cho c hai nghim (x; y) =
;
; (x; y) =
;
2
4
4
4
4
|y 2| = 0 (2)
(x + 3)2
( ngh OLP 30-04 THPT chuyn Lng Th Vinh, ng Nai)
Gii
Trc tin, ta hy tm cc nghim p (nu c) ca h.
iu kin xc nh: x 6= 3. t t = 4y > 0, phng trnh (1) tr thnh:
"
x = 2
2x2 6tx + 4x 12t = 0 2(x + 2)(x 3t) = 0
x = 3t
Khi x = 2, th vo phng trnh (2), ta c
"
1 |y 2| = 0
y=3
y=1
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
176
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
1
Vi 0 < t < 16, khi f (t) =
+ log4 t 2.
(3t + 3)3
9
1
(3t + 3)4 9t ln 4
.
Ta c f 0 (t) =
=
t ln 4 (3t + 3)4
(3t + 3)4 .t. ln 4
t g(t) = (3t + 3)4 9t ln 4 vi t [0; 16).
Ta c: g 0 (t) = 12(3t + 3)3 9 ln 4 v g 00 (t) = 12.32 .(3t + 3)2 > 0.
Do g 0 (t) ng bin trn [0; 16), hay vi mi t thuc (0; 16), ta c g 0 (t) > g 0 (0). M
g 0 (0) = 12.33 9 ln 4 > 0 suy ra g 0 (t) > 0, t (0; 16) .
T y, suy ra hm g(t) ng bin trn [0; 16), nn g(t) > g(0) = 81 > 0. Suy ra
f 0 (t) > 0, t (0; 16), hay hm f (t) ng bin trn (0; 16).
V f (1) < 0, f (16) > 0 nn phng trnh c nghim duy nht t2 thuc khong (1; 16).
Do nghim (3t2 ; log4 t2 ) l nghim th t ca h.
Bi
tp t luyn
x y
+
4 y x = 32
. (HV CNBCVT 1999)
1/
log (x y) = 1 log3 (x + y)
( 3
x y = (log2 y log2 x)(2 + xy)
2/
. (H Ngoi thng 1999)
x3 + y 3 = 16
( 2
p
2
4x 16 + 3 x + x2 + 1 = 4y 8y + 3 y 4 + y 2 8y + 17
3/
y(x2 1) 4x2 + 3x 8 + ln(x2 3x + 3) = 0
( ngh OLP 30-04 THPT chuyn Nguyn Bnh Khim, Qung Nam)
4/ log2
x2 3x + 2 + 1 +
x2 +3x1
1
= 2.
3
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
CC LOI H C BN
L thuyt
F H phng trnh i xng loi I:
H phng trnh i xng loi I l h c dng
F (x; y) = 0
G(x; y) = 0
Trong F (x; y), G(x; y) l cc a thc i xng vi x, y.
Cch gii chung ca h l t S = x + y; P = xy (iu kin S 2 4P > 0). Dng tnh i xng
ta a h v dng
F (S; P ) = 0
1
G1 (S; P ) = 0
Tm c S v P. T , theo nh l Viete o, x v y l nghim ca phng trnh
t2 St + P = 0
F H phng trnh i xng loi II:
H phng trnh i xng loi II l h c dng
F (x; y) = 0
F (y; x) = 0
Trong F (x; y) l mt a thc khng i xng.
Tr hai phng trnh v theo v c F (x; y) F (y; x) = 0 ()
Coi x l n s, y l tham s v t F (x; y) = f (x) + g(y) (g(y) c lp vi x)
th F (y; x) = f (y) + g(x). Khi
() G(x) = f (x) + g(y) f (y) g(x) = 0
Xt G(x), thay x = y th G(y) = f (y) + g(y) f (y) g(y) = 0
y l nghim ca phng trnh G(x) = 0
G(x) c cha nhn t (x y) theo nh l Bezout.
Nh vy ta c cch gii h i xng loi II l: Tr hai phng trnh v theo v c
G(x; y) = (x y).M (x; y) = 0
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
177
178
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
a x2 + b xy + c y 2 + d x + e y + f = 0
1
1
1
1
1
1
a2 x2 + b2 xy + c2 y 2 + d2 x + e2 y + f2 = 0
Trong ai , bi , ci , di , ei , fi (i = 1, 2) l cc tham s v x, y l n s.
Ta cng xt mt s trng hp c bit ca h:
a) H cha mt phng trnh bc nht:
Ta tnh x theo y hoc ngc li t mt phng trnh, thay vo phng trnh cn li c mt
phng trnh bc 2 mt n.
b) H cha mt phng trnh thun nht bc 2:
Nu mt trong 2 phng trnh ca h khng cha hng t bc nht v s hng t do, chng
hn nu d1 = e1 = f1 = 0 th h c th a v phng trnh bc hai bng cch t y = tx ri
thay vo phng trnh thun nht tm c t, t thay vo phng trnh th 2 tm
x, y tng ng.
Phng php ny cng c th p dng gii h gm 2 phng trnh bn ng cp bc hai:
a x2 + b xy + c y 2 + f = 0
1
1
1
1
()
a2 x2 + b2 xy + c2 y 2 + f2 = 0
V r rng t h ta c th to mt phng trnh thun nht bc 2 l
f2 (a1 x2 + b1 xy + c1 y 2 ) f1 (a2 x2 + b2 xy + c2 y 2 ) = 0
Trong trng hp tng qut, php gii h bc 2 hai n s dn n gii mt phng trnh
bc cao (> 4). Nhng vi mt s h phng trnh, ta c th a v h (*) bng cch t
x = u + a; y = v + b trong u, v l n mi (phng php tnh tin nghim). Ta cn tm hng
s a, b hng t bc nht hai phng trnh b trit tiu, nh vy h thu c l h ng cp.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
h s ca u, v l 0 ta gii h phng trnh
2a + 4b 18 = 0
6b + 4a 22 = 0
4a + 2b + 6 = 0
2a + 8b 46 = 0
179
a = 5
b = 7
~ Li gii:
t x = u 5; y = v + 7 ta c h phng trnh
u2 + 3v 2 + 4uv = 1 (3)
(II)
2u2 + 4v 2 + 2uv = 1 (4)
H ny c th gii theo cch thng thng, nhng lu l tr 2 phng trnh v theo v ta c
ngay
u2 + v 2 2uv = 0 u = v
u
=
v
=
8u2 = 1
2 2
Ta c h (II)
1
u = v
u=v=
2 2
1
1
1
1
5; + 7 , 5; + 7 2
Vy (I) c nghim (x; y) =
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
Vi nhng h c cha tham s, cch gii hon ton tng t:
x2 + 2xy = m (1)
V d: Tm m h c nghim:
x2 + xy + y 2 = 1 (2)
Gii
x2 = m
Nu y = 0 ta c h
x2 = 1
ch c nghim khi m = 1.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
180
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
x + y + z = a (1)
()
xy + yz + zx = b (2)
xyz = c (3)
y + z = a x0
Gii phng trnh trn, tm nghim x0 th vo (1) v (3) ta c
c
yz =
x0
c
2
Nh vy y, z l nghim ca phung trnh t (a x0 )t +
= 0.
x0
x + y + z = 1
V d: Gii h phng trnh
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9
x3 + y 3 + z 3 = 1
Gii
T h phng trnh ta c
2
2
2
2
xy + yz + zx = (x + y + z) (x + y + z )
2
3
3
3
3xyz = (x + y + z ) (x + y + z)(x2 + y 2 + z 2 xy yz zx) = 12
Suy ra
xy + yz + zx = 4
. Vy ta a h v dng
xyz = 4
x + y + z = 1 (1)
xy + yz + zx = 4 (2)
xyz = 4 (3)
Theo nh l Viete o, x, y, z l nghim ca phng trnh
t=1
t3 t2 4t + 4 = 0
t = 2
t = 2
T ta tm c nghim ca h l (x; y; z) = (1; 2; 2) v cc hon v.2
~ Nhn xt: nh l Viete o khng nm trong chng trnh ph thng, nn ta c th chng
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
181
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
minh li bng php th nh sau:
T (3) x, y, z 6= 0
Nhn hai v ca (2) cho x ta c
x2 y + xyz + x2 z = 4x x2 (y + z) = 4x xyz = 4 4x
Nhn hai v ca (1) cho x2 ta c
x3 + x2 (y + z) = x2 x3 + 4 4x = x2 x {1; 2; 2}
Sau y ta cng xem qua mt s bi tp tng hp:
Bi tp tng hp
(
Bi 1: Gii h phng trnh sau
x2 y 2 2x + 2y = 3
y 2 2xy + 2x = 4
Gii
u2 v 2 = 3
v 2 2uv = 5
u2 v 2 = 3
( 2
(
5u 5v 2 = 15
u2 v 2 = 3
4
v
u
=
5
3v 2 6uv = 15
5u2 + 6uv 8v 2 = 0
u = 2v
4
> Vi u = v. Ta c:
5
5
v = ;u =
16 2
25
3
v v 2 = 3 v 2 =
5
25
3
v = ;u =
3
3
4
2
> Vi u = 2v ta c 4v 2 v 2 = 3
v = 1 (vnghim)
4
5
4
5
Kt lun: H c nghim (x; y) = + 1; + 1 ; + 1; + 1 2
3
3
3
3
~ Nhn xt: Ngoi phng php tnh tin nghim, vi bi ny ta c th bin i ng thc
tm ra cch t n ph trn:
Xt h phng trnh tng ng:
(
(
(x 1)2 (y 1)2 = 3
(x 1)2 (y 1)2 = 3
(y 2 2y + 1) 2(xy y x + 1) = 5
(y 1)2 2(x 1)(y 1) = 5
T ta t x = u + 1 v y = v + 1
(
Bi 2: Gii h phng trnh sau
x2 2xy + 2y + 15 = 0
2x 2xy + y 2 + 5 = 0
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
182
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Gii
u2 2uv = 16
v 2 2uv = 6
u= v
( 2
( 2
3
3u 6uv = 48
3u + 10uv 8v = 0
u = 4v
8v 2 16uv = 48
v 2 2uv = 6
2
v 2uv = 6
2
> Vi u = v ta c:
3
"
2
v
=
3
4
v 2 v 2 = 6 v 2 = 18
3
v = 3 2
> Vi v = 3 2 u = 2 2
> Vi v = 3 2 u = 2 2
> Vi u = 4v.Ta c: v 2 + 8v 2 = 6 9v 2 = 6 (v nghim)
Kt lun: H c nghim (x; y) l 2 2 + 1; 3 2 + 1 ; 2 2 + 1; 3 2 + 1 2
(
Bi 3: Gii h phng trnh sau:
x2 + y 2 = 8 x y
xy(xy + x + y + 1) = 12
Gii
a+b=8
ab = 12
X=2
X=6
> Vi a = 2 ta c:
"
x2 + x 2 = 0
> Vi a = 6 ta c:
x = 2
"
x2 + x 6 = 0
x=1
x=2
x = 3
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
183
Tng t gii vi b = 2 v b = 6
Kt lun: H c nghim (x; y) l (1; 2); (1; 3); (2; 2); (2; 3) v cc hon v. 2
x3 + 1 = 2(x2 x + y)
y 3 + 1 = 2(y 2 y + x)
Gii
Ta c ()
x3 2x2 + 2x + 1 = 2y
y 3 2y 2 + 2y + 1 = 2x
Nhn thy f (t) = t3 2t2 + 2t + 1 c f 0 (t) = 3t2 4t + 2 > 0 t nn f (t) ng bin trn R.
Nu x > y 2x > 2y f (y) > f (x) y > x (mu thun). Tng t vi x < y. Vy x = y.
Ta c h tng ng
y
x = y
x = (
)
5
x3 2x2 + 1 = 0
x 1;
2
1+ 5 1+ 5 1 5 1 5
Vy h c nghim (x; y) = (1; 1), (
;
), (
;
)2
2
2
2
2
~ Nhn xt: Ta cng c th gii bi trn bng bin i s cp. Nu tr hai phng trnh v
theo v ta s c
"
x=y
(x y)(x2 + xy + y 2 2x 2y + 2) = 2(y x)
x2 + xy + y 2 2(x + y) + 4 = 0
Xt trng hp x2 + xy + y 2 2(x + y) + 4 = 0:
x3 2x2 + 2x + 1
Thay y =
ta c phng trnh bc 6 theo x:
2
x6 4x5 + 10x4 14x3 + 16x2 10x + 13 = 0
(x6 4x5 + 4x4 ) + (6x4 14x3 + 10x2 ) + (6x2 10x + 13) = 0
6
5
4
4
2
x 4x + 4x = x (x 2) > 0
2x 2 = 3y 3x
3y 2 = 3x 2y
Gii
Ta vit li h nh sau:
2x + 3x = 3y + 2
2y + 3y = 3x + 2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
184
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
2
2
. Xt hm s f (t) = 2t +3t c f 0 (t) = 2x . ln 2+3x . ln 3 > 0 t ( ; +)
3
3
2
Vy hm s f (t) ng bin trn ( ; +). Suy ra x = y. Ta c h tng ng
3
x = y
2x + 3x = 3x + 2 ()
T suy ra x, y >
00
Bi tp t luyn
(
x2 + 2xy + 3y 2 2x 10y = 0
2x2 + 2xy + y 2 2y = 0
(
2x2 + 3xy + y 2 9x 6y = 6
x2 + xy + 2y 2 3x 12y + 10 = 0
3x2 + 2xy + y 2 = 11
3) Tm m h c nghim:
x2 + 2xy + 3y 2 = 17 + m
f (x1 ) = g(x2 )
f (x2 ) = g(x3 )
...
f (xn1 ) = g(xn )
f (xn ) = g(x1 )
Sau y l mt s nh l tng qut v h hon v:
F nh l 1: Nu hai hm s f (x), g(x) cng tng trn tp A v (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) l nghim ca
h (trong xi A, i = 1, n) th x1 = x2 = .. = xn
~ Chng minh: Khng gim tng qut gi s x1 = max(x1 , x2 , ..., xn )
f (x1 ) > f (x2 ) g(x2 ) > g(x3 ) x2 > x3 ... xn > x1
x1 > x2 > x3 > ... > xn > x1 x1 = x2 = ... = xn 2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
185
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
x = x = ... = x
1
3
n1
x2 = x4 = ... = xn2
Trong gii ton, ta thng gp h hon v 3 n, trong a phn c th gii bng nguyn l
cc hn. Bi vit ny cng cp n mt s h c bit, c th gii bng cch bin i cc
phng trnh, dng bt ng thc hoc lng gic ho. Sau y l mt s bi tp v d.
Bi tp v d
2x(y 2 + 1) = y(y 2 + 9)
2z(x2 + 1) = x(x2 + 9)
x=
z =
Gii
y(y + 9)
2(y 2 + 1)
z(z 2 + 9)
(z 2 + 1)
x(x2 + 9)
(x2 + 1)
2
t(t2 + 9)
(t R).
2(t2 + 1)
t4 4t2 + 9
Ta c f 0 (t) =
> 0 (t R). Suy ra hm s f (t) ng bin trn R.
2(t2 + 1)2
Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s x = max{x; y; z}.
x > y f (x) > f (y) z > x z = x f (x) = f (y) x = y x = y = z.
Thay vo phng trnh th nht ca h ta c:
x= 7
2x3 + 2x = x3 + 9x x3 7x = 0
0
x =
x= 7
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Xt hm s f (t) =
186
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Vy h phng trnh c ba nghim (x; y; z) l ( 7; 7; 7); (0; 0; 0) v ( 7; 7; 7). 2
~ Nhn xt: Bi 1 cho ta ci nhn s lc v nguyn l cc hn trong h hon v. Ta cng c
th tng qut bi trn nh sau:
Bi 1*:(Olympic 30-4-2009)
Gii v bin lun theo tham s a h phng trnh 2y(z 2 + a2 ) = z(z 2 + 9a2 )
3
2
y 6x + 12x 8 = 0
Bi 2: Gii h phng trnh: (II) z 3 6y 2 + 12y 8 = 0
x3 6z 2 + 12z 8 = 0
Gii
3
2
y = 6x 12x + 8 (1)
(II) z 3 = 6y 2 12y + 8 (2)
x3 = 6z 2 12z + 8 (3)
Khng gim tng qut gi s x = max{x; y; z}.
Ta c y 3 = 6(x 1)2 + 2 > 2 y > 1. Chng minh tng t c x, y, z > 1.
Xt f (t) = 6t2 12t + 8; f 0 (t) = 12t 12 > 0 t > 1 f (t) ng bin trn (1; +)
Ta c x > y f (x) > f (y) y 3 > z 3 y > z f (y) > f (z) z 3 > x3
x > y > z > x x = y = z. Khi :
x = y = z
(II)
x=y=z=2
x3 = 6x2 12x + 8
Vy (II) c nghim (x; y; z) = (2; 2; 2) 2
~ Nhn xt: bi ny ta thy f (t) khng n iu, khc vi bi 1. Do phi c thm nhn
xt x, y, z > 1. y chnh l mu cht ca bi ton.
Sau y ta s n vi mt cch nhn mi v nguyn l cc hn. Thay v nh gi x, y, z ring
l, ta s nh gi nhng biu thc hon v ca x, y, z l x + y, y + z, z + x:
3
2
x + 3x + 2x 5 = y
Bi 3: (VMO 2006) Gii h phng trnh (III) y 3 + 3y 2 + 2y 5 = z
z 3 + 3z 2 + 2z 5 = x
Gii
Ta cng xem qua 2 cch gii ca bi ton.
> Cch 1:
Cng 3 phng trnh ca h ta c:
x3 + 3x2 + x 5 + y 3 + 3y 2 + y 5 + z 3 + 3z 2 + z 5 = 0
(x 1)(x2 + 4x + 5) + (y 1)(y 2 + 4y + 5) + (z 1)(z 2 + 4z + 5) = 0
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
187
(x + 1) = y + x + 6 (1)
(III) (y + 1)3 = z + y + 6 (2)
(z + 1)3 = x + z + 6 (3)
Khng gim tng qut gi s x = max{x; y; z}.
x + z > y + z (z + 1)3 > (y + 1)3 z > y x + z > x + y (z + 1)3 > (x + 1)3
z > x z = x x + y = y + z (x + 1)3 = (y + 1)3 x = y
Khi :
x = y = z
(III)
x=y=z=1
x3 + 3x2 + x 5 = 0
Vy (III) c nghim (x; y; z) = (1; 1; 1) 2
~ Nhn xt: Cch 1 l phng php dng bt ng thc, s c cp sau. Xt cch 2,
ta thy vic nh gi x + y, y + z, z + x r rng c li th ca n. Ta vn c th so snh
x + y, y + z, z + x da vo mi quan h hon v gia x, y, z nhng v tri ca (1), (2), (3)
tr nn rt p. Ta cng xt mt bi tng t:
3
2
x = 3y + 2y (1)
Bi 4: Gii h phng trnh (IV ) y = 3z 3 + 2z 2 (2)
3
2
x + y = 3y + 2y + y
(IV ) y + z = 3z 3 + 2z 2 + z
z + x = 3x3 + 2x2 + x
Khng gim tng qut gi s x = max{x; y; z}.
Xt f (t) = 3t3 + 2t2 + t ta c f 0 (t) = 9t2 + 4t + 1 > 0 f (t) ng bin trn R
Li c x + y > y + z f (y) > f (z) y > z x + y > x + z f (y) > f (x) y > x
y = x f (y) = f (x) x + y = x + z y = z
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
188
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Vy
x = y = z
(IV )
3x3 + 2x2 x = 0
x = y = z
x {0; 1; 1 }
3
1 1 1
Vy (IV ) c nghim (x; y; z) = (0; 0; 0), (1; 1; 1),
; ;
2
3 3 3
~ Nhn xt: Cu hi t ra l: khi no ta phi xt (x + y; y + z; z + x)? Mu cht y
chnh l ta cn xy dng mt hm n iu trn min xc nh. Nu nguyn (IV ), ta xt
f (t) = 3t3 + 2t2 th f 0 (t) = 9t2 + 4t c nghim t = 0 nn f (t) c th i chiu n iu. T
ta ngh ti vic bin i cc phng trnh.
c mt hm n iu, ta s cng hai v ca (1) cho ky, tng t vi (2) v (3):
3
2
x + ky = 3y + 2y + ky
(IV )
y + kz = 3z 3 + 2z 2 + kz
z + kx = 3x3 + 2x2 + kx
4
9
Nhng s k cn phi m bo ta
vn
c
th
so
snh
VT
ca
(1),
(2)
v
(3).
D
thy
hng
s
9t2 + 4t + 1 > 0 t
tt nht l k = 1. Khi ta c
x + y > x + z > y + z
Khi ta xt f (t) = 3t3 + 2t2 + kt c f 0 (t) = 9t2 + 4t + k. Ta cn f 0 (t) > 0 t, ngha l k >
T ta i n li gii nh trn.
x = 2y 1 (1)
Bi 5: Gii h phng trnh (V ) y = 2z 2 1 (2)
z = 2x2 1 (3)
Gii
Khng gim tng qut gi s x = max{x; y; z}.
1
(3) 2x2 1 = z 6 x
6x61
2
2
t x = cos t (t [0; ])
3
(3) z = 2 cos2 t 1 = cos 2t
(2) y = 2 cos2 2t 1 = cos 4t
(1) x = 2 cos2 4t 1 = cos 8t
k2
k2
cos t = cos 8t t =
t=
(k Z)
7
9
2 4 2 2 4
2
t 0; ; ; ; ;
(do t 0;
)
9 9 3 7 7
3
2
4
8
1 1 1
Vy (V I) c nghim (x; y; z) = (1; 1; 1) ; cos ; cos ; cos
;
;
;
9
9
9
2 2 2
2
4
8
cos ; cos ; cos
v cc hon v. 2
7
7
7
~ Nhn xt: Phng php lng gic ho cn s kho lo v hiu bit r v cng thc lng
gic. Nh bi 5, t x = 2y 2 1 lm ta nh n cng thc cos 2t = 2 cos2 t 1, do ta mi
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
189
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
t x = cos t. Ta xt tip Bi 6:
x = y + 2 (1)
Bi 6: Gii h phng trnh (V I) y 2 = z + 2 (2)
z 2 = x + 2 (3)
Gii
4
2
3
x y 6x y + 4x 4x + y = 0
y 4 z 6y 2 z + 4y 3 4y + z = 0
z 4 x 6z 2 x + 4z 3 4z + x = 0
Gii
4x 4x3
y
=
(1)
x4 6x2 + 1
3
4y 4y
(V II) z = 4
(2)
y 6y 2 + 1
x = 4z 4z
(3)
z 4 6z 2 + 1
Ta th xt o hm ca f (t) =
4t 4t3
. D thy
t4 6t2 + 1
4(t2 + 1)3
f (t) = 4
> 0 t 6=
(t 6t2 + 1)2
0
32 2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
190
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
KX: x, y, z 6= 3 2 2
t x = tan a (a [0; ) a 6= )
2
T (1), (2), (3) ta tnh c: y = f (x) = tan 4a; z = f (y) = tan 16a; x = f (z) = tan 64a
k
tan a = tan 64a a =
(k = 0, 62)
63
k
Vy (V II) c nghim (x; y; z) = (tan a; tan 4a; tan 16a) vi a =
, k = 0; 62
63
~ Nhn xt: Nguyn l cc hn thng c dng trong cc bi h hon v nhng khng cn
tc dng vi nhng bi t lng gic. Nu xt hm n iu theo cch u tin th ta lm
mt 60 nghim ca h!
x3 3x = y (1)
z 3 3z = x (3)
Gii
h
i3
h
i
3
3
T h phng trnh suy ra: (x3 3x) 3(x3 3x) 3 (x3 3x) 3(x3 3x) = x.
y l phng trnh a thc bc 27 nn c nhiu nht 27 nghim. Do h cho c nhiu
nht 27 nghim.
Xt x [2; 2]. Ta s chng minh h c 27 nghim trong trng hp ny, do khng cn xt
cc trng hp cn li.
t x = 2 cos t (t [0; ]). Khi ta c:
(1) y = 2 cos 3t
t=k
13 (k Z)
cos 27t = cos t
(2) z = 2 cos 9t
t=k
Vi t = k
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
191
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
x, y, z (2; +), khi hm s f (t) = t3 3t l hm n iu.
Tip theo ta cng xem qua mt s bi h hon v gii bng Bt ng thc:
x2 + x 1 = y
z2 + z 1 = x
Gii
Ta cng xem qua 2 cch gii cho bi ton:
> Cch 1:
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s: x = min {x; y; z}
x2 1 = y x > 0 |x| > 1
z 2 1 = x z 6 0 |z| 6 1 1 6 y 2 + y 1 6 1 0 6 y 2 + y 6 2 y [2; 1] [0; 1].
* Nu x > 0 z(> x > 1 z = x = 1 y = 1
x 6 1 z 2 + z 1 6 1 z [0; 1]
* Nu x 6 0
x 6 1 x(x + 1) > 0 y > 1
* Nu y = 1 x = y = z = 1
* Nu y > 1 : y [0; 1]
1 > z 2 + z 1 = x > 5
4
Ta c:
y 2 + y 1 = z 6 0
0 6 y 6 5 1
1 6 z 6 0
x(x + 1) = y + 1
H y(y + 1) = z + 1
z(z + 1) = x + 1
Nu x = 1 y = z = 1
Nu x, y, z 6= 1 th nhn v theo v, ta c: xyz = 1
p
Li c: 3 = x2 + y 2 + z 2 > 3 3 x2 y 2 z 2 = 3 x2 = y 2 = z 2 = 1 x = y = z = 1 Vy h c
nghim (x; y; z) = (1; 1; 1), (1; 1; 1) 2
x 2x 2 = y
Bi 10: Gii h phng trnh (X) y 3 2y 2 = z
z 3 2z 2 = x
Gii
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
192
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
H (X) tng ng vi
(x 2)[(x + 1) + 1] = y 2 (1)
(y 2)[(y + 1)2 + 1] = z 2 (2)
(1) |x 2| > |y 2|
rng (2) |y 2| > |z 2|
(3) |z 2| > |x 2|
|x 2| = |y 2| = |z 2|
Ta cng c x 2, y
2, z 2 cng du do x 2 = y 2 = z 2 x = y = z
"
x = y = z
x = y = z = 1
Vy (X) tr thnh
x3 3x 2 = 0
x=y=z=2
Kt lun: H phng trnh c nghim (x; y; z) = (1; 1; 1), (2; 2; 2) 2
4x2 3x + 1 = y
4z 2 z + 1 = 3x
Gii
Vit li h phng trnh di dng
(2x 1) = y x
x y > 0
2
(XI) (2y 1) = 5(z y) y z > 0
x = y = z
Vy (X)
4x2 4x + 1 = 0
x=y=z=
x=y=z
1
2
1
2
2
[f (x)]2 = (y x)p .
[f (z)]2 = (x z)n .
vi m, n, p l cc s l v , , > 0
x
=
cos(x2 )
1
x2 =
cos(x3 )
9
Bi 12: Gii h phng trnh (XII)
x3 =
cos(x4 )
x4 =
cos(x1 )
9
( Olympic 30-4-2007)
Gii
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
193
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
3
1
T h phng trnh ta c |xi | 6
< (i = 1, 4)
9
2
1
3
3
x1 > x3
cos(x2 ) >
cos(x4 ) x2 6 x4 x2 6 x4
9
9
3
3
cos(x3 ) 6
cos(x1 ) x3 > x1 x3 > x1 x3 = x1
9
9
Khi suy ra x2 = x4 .
3
1
Xt hm s f (x) = x +
cos(x) vi x 0;
9
2
3
3
1
0
sin(x) > 1
> 0. Suy ra hm s f (x) ng bin trn 0;
.
Ta c: f (x) = 1
9
9
2
3
3
Li c: x1 + x4 = x1 + x2 x1 +
cos(x1 ) = x2 +
cos(x2 )
9
9
x1 = x2 (do hm s f (x) ng bin).
3
Do : x1 = x2 = x3 = x4 x1 =
cos(x1 ) cos(x1 ) 3 3x1 = 0
9
1
Xt hm s g(x) = cos(x) 3 3x vi x 0;
2
1
Ta c: g 0 (x) = sin(x) 3 3 < 0 x 0;
. Vy hm s g(x) nghch bin trn khong
2
1
0;
.
2
Do phng trnh g(x) = 0 c nhiu nht 1 nghim trn on ny.
1
1
Mt khc, g( ) = 0 nn phng trnh g(x) = 0 c nghim duy nht x = .
6
6
1 1 1
; ;
2.
Vy h phng trnh c nghim duy nht l
6 6 6
x = (y 1)2
y = (z 1)2
Bi 13: Gii h phng trnh (XIII)
z = (t 1)2
t = (x 1)2
Gii
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
194
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
3+ 5
> 1 (loi)
x = y =
2
3 5
x = y =
(
2
(
x = (y 1)2
.
T h phng trnh ta c:
x=0
y = (x 1)2
y=1
(
x=1
y=0
> Trng hp 2: x > 1
x, y, z, t > 1. Khi ,t y > x suy ra (z 1)2 > (y 1)2 z > y
(t 1)2 > (z 1)2 t > z (x 1)2 > (t 1)2 x > t. Suy ra: x = y = z = t.
T h phng trnh suy ra:
3+ 5
x =
2
x = (x 1)2
3 5
<1
x=
2
!
3+ 5 3+ 5 3+ 5 3+ 5
Vy h phng trnh c cc nghim l (x; y; z; t) =
;
;
;
;
2
2
2
2
3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5
;
;
;
;(0; 1; 0; 1); (1; 0; 1; 0) 2.
2
2
2
2
x21 + x1 x2 1 = 0
x2 + x2 x3 1 = 0
2
Bi 14: Gii h phng trnh (XIV )
. (Olympic 30-4-2011)
2
x
+
x
1
=
0
3
4
3
x2 + x x 1 = 0
4
Gii
Khng gim tng qut gi s x1 = min{x1 ; x2 ; x3 ; x4 }.
Xt f (t) = t2 + t 1. H phng trnh tng tng
f (x1 ) = x2
f (x2 ) = x3
f (x3 ) = x4
f (x ) = x
4
1
1
1
Hm s f (t) tng trn khong ( ; +), gim trn khong (; ) v
2
2
1
5
5
f (t) > f ( ) =
t R nn xi >
i = 1, 4.
2
4
4
1
> Nu x1 > :
2
x4 >
1
4
Ta c:
x4 > .
1
11
5
2
f (x4 ) > >
= f ( )
2
6
4
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
195
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
1
Lp lun tng t ta cng c: x2 , x3 > .
2
Do x1 6 x2 f (x1 ) 6 f (x2 ) x2 6 x3 f (x2 ) 6 f (x3 ) x3 6 x4
f (x3 ) 6 f (x4 ) x4 6 x1 x1 6 x2 6 x3 6 x4 6 x1 x1 = x2 = x3 = x4 = 1.
1
> Nu x1 < :
2
1
1
Nu c k {1; 2; 3; 4} xk > th theo trng hp trn ta c: xi >
i = 1, 4
2
2
1
1
x1 > ( mu thun). Vy xi <
i = 1, 4.
2
2
Do x1 6 x3 f (x1 ) > f (x3 ) x2 > x4 f (x2 ) 6 f (x4 ) x3 6 x1 x3 = x1 .
Lp lun tng t ta c x2 =
x4 .
x1 = x3
x2 = x4
H phng trnh tr thnh:
f (x1 ) = x2
f (x ) = x
2
3
"
x1 = x2
x1 + f (x1 ) = x2 + f (x2 ) x21 + 2x1 1 = x22 + 2x2 1
x1 = x2 = 1
x1 = x2 2
x1 = x2 = x3 = x4 = 1
Vy h phng trnh ban u c nghim l x1 = x2 = x3 = x4 = 1 2.
1
1
x1 =
x2 +
(1)
2
x2
x2 = 1 x3 + 1
(2)
2
x3
Bi 15: Gii h phng trnh (XV )
...
1
1
x1 +
(2012)
x2012 =
2
x1
Gii
Kx: xi 6= 0 (i = 1; 2012)
1
1
1
1
(1) |x1 | = |x2 + | = (|x2 | + | |) > 1
2
x2
2
x2
Chng minh tng t c |xi | > 1 (i = 1; 2012)
1
Li c: x1 .x2 = (x22 + 1) > 0 x1 , x2 cng du.
2
Chng minh tng t c x1 , x2 , ..., x2012 cng du.
|
2012
X
xi | =
i=1
2012
X
i=1
2012
2012
X
X
1
1
|=
| |()
|xi | |
x
xi
i=1
i=1 i
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
X
X 1
X
X 1
X
X 1
1X
1
xi =
(xi + )
xi =
|
xi | = |
|
|xi | =
| |() (do())
2 i=1
xi
x
x
xi
i=1
i=1 i
i=1
i=1 i
i=1
i=1
Li c: |xi | > 1
2012
X
i=1
2012
X
1
|xi | > 2012 >
| |
xi
i=1
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
196
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Vy (**) tng ng
"
|x1 | = |x2 | = ...|x2012 | = 1
x1 = x2 = ... = x2012 = 1
x1 = x2 = ... = x2012 = 1
Th li ta thy (V III) c nghim (x1 ; x2 ; ...x2012 ) = (1; 1; ...; 1), (1; 1, ...; 1). 2
n
n
X
X
Nh vy, bng bin i kho lo, kt hp ng thc |
xi | =
|xi | x1 , x2 , ...xn cng
i=1
i=1
x21 = x2 + 1
x2 = x3 + 1
2
Bi 16: Gii h phng trnh: (XV I) .................
x2n1 = xn + 1
x2 = x + 1
1
n
(n N , n > 2).
Gii
Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s x1 = max{x1 , x2 ..., xn }(*).
Th th x2n = x1 + 1 = max {x1 + 1, x2 + 1, ..., xn + 1} = max {x21 , x22 , ..., x2n }.
|xn | = max{|x1 | , |x2 | ..., |xn | }(**)
T (*) v (**) suy ra xn 6 0.
> Nu x1 > 0 th x2n = x1 + 1 > 1. V xn < 0 nn xn < 1( v l v x2n1 = xn + 1 < 0).
Vy x1 6 0 xi 6 0 i = 1, n.
T (**) suy ra xn = min{x1 , x2 ..., xn }.
V xi 6 x1 6 0 i nn |x1 | = min {|xi |} hay x1 2 = min {xi 2 } .
2
2
Vy x2 = x21 1 = min{x2i
( 1} = min{xi }= xn . T x2 = x3 + 1 v xn = x1 + 1 suy ra x1 = x3 .
x1 = x3 = ... = max {xi }
.
C tip tc nh vy ta c
x2 = x4 = ... = min {xi }=xn
> Vi n l:
1 5
2
Ta c x1 = x2 = ... = xn . T h ta c: x1 x1 1 = 0 x1 =
.
2
1 5
Do h phng trnh c nghim l x1 = x2 = ... = xn =
.
2
> Vi n chn:
x1 = 0
2
T x22 = x3 + 1, x21 = x2 + 1 v x1 = x3 ta c (x21 1) = x1 + 1 x1 = 1
1 5
x1 =
2
Vy h phng trnh c cc nghim
!
1 5 1 5
1 5
(x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) =
;
;...;
, (1; 0; 1; 0. . . ; 1; 0), (0; 1; 0; 1; . . . ; 0; 1). 2
2
2
2
3
2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
197
Gii
Cng (1), (2), (3) v theo v ta c:
(x 4)3 + (y 4)3 + (z 4)3 = 0()
Suy ra trong 3 s hng trn c t nht 1 s khng m, gi s l (z 4)3 > 0 z > 4
(2) y 3 16 = 12(z 2)2 > 12.22 y > 4
(1) x3 16 = 12(y 2)2 > 12.22 x > 4
Vy x, y, z > 4 V T () > 0. Khi () x 4 = y 4 = z 4 = 0 x = y = z = 4
Th li ta thy (IX) c nghim (x; y; z) = (4; 4; 4) 2
q
2009
30 x1 + 4 x2 =
x2008
3
30 x + 4 x = 2009 x2008
2
3
4
Bi 18: Tm nghim dng ca h phng trnh (XV II)
......................................
2009
30x
+
4
x
=
x2008
2008
1
2
Gii
Gi s (x1 , x2 , x3 ....., x2008 ) l mt nghim ca h phng trnh.
t a = max {x1 , x2 , x3 ....., x2008 }, b = min {x1 , x2 , x3 ....., x2008 } a > b > 0.
Ta c:
q
2009
34 a > 30 x1 + 4 x2 =
x2008
3
......................................
2009
34a > 30x
+
4
x
=
x2008
2008
1
2
n p
o
p
p
2009
2009
2008 2009
2008
2008
34 a > max
x1 ,
x2 , ...,
x2008
2007
2009
34 a >
a2008 344018 a2009 > a4016 a2007 6 344018 a 6
344018
Tng t ta c:
q
2009
34 b 6 30 x1 + 4 x2 =
x2008
3
34 b 6 30 x + 4 x = 2009 x2008
2
3
4
......................................
2009
34b 6 30x
+
4
x
=
x2008
2008
1
2
n
o
p
p
p
2007
2009 2008
34 b 6
b
344018 b2009 6 b4016 b2007 > 344018 b >
344018
2007
2007
Vy a = b =
344018 x1 = x2 = ...x2008 =
344018 .
2007
Th li ta thy nghim ca h phng trnh l x1 = x2 = ...x2008 =
344018 2
Ta cng xem qua mt s bi h hon v lng gic:
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
198
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Ta c:
1)(cos
x
+
2)
=
2
cos
y
(XIX)
|2 cos y 1| (cos y + 2) = |2 cos z 1|
(2 cos y 1)(cos y + 2) = 2 cos z 1
"
x, y, z + k|k Z
2 cos x 1 = 2 cos y 1 = 2 cos z 1 = 0
3
2
cos x + 2 = cos y + 2 = cos z + 2 = 1
x, y, z { 2k|k Z}
tan2 x + tan2 y
2
cos
2x
+
=2
1 + tan2 x
tan2 y + tan2 z
Bi 20: Gii h phng trnh (XX) 2 cos 2y +
=2
1 + tan2
2
2
1 tan2
, ta c
1 + tan2
tan2 y tan2 x
= 1 cos 2x
12+ tan x2
tan z tan y
(XX)
= 1 cos 2y
1 + tan2 y
2
2
tan2 x > tan2 y > tan2 z > tan2 x tan2 x = tan2 y = tan2 z
x = k
1 cos 2x = 1 cos 2y = 1 cos 2z = 0
y = l
z = m
(k, l, m Z)
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
ex exy = y
ez ezx = x
199
Gii
Vi x = 0, ta c h
1 ey = y
ey eyz = z
ez ez = 0
Xt hm f (y) = 1 ey y (y R).
Ta c: f 0 (y) = ey 1 = 0 y = 0
Do f (y) ng bin trn (; 0] v nghch bin trn [0; +) nn Maxf (y) = 0 v do phng
trnh f (y) = 0 c nghim duy nht y = 0 z = 0.
Vy (0;0;0) l mt nghim ca phng trnh.
Vi x 6= 0, h phng trnh tng ng vi h
yey
x
e
=
ey 1
zez
ey = z
e 1
ez = xe
ex 1
tet
(t 6= 0).
et 1
et (et t 1)
Ta c: g 0 (t) =
> 0 t 6= 0( v et > t + 1 t 6= 0) lim g(t) = 1; lim+ g(t) = 1
2
t
t0
t0
(e 1)
D thy g(t) ng bin trn (; 0) v trn (0; +)
Suy ra: nu x > y g(x) > g(y) ez > ex z > x g(z) > g(x) ey > ez y > z
y > x(mu thun).
Tng t, nu x < y cng suy ra mu thun.
(
x = y = z 6= 0
Vy x = y y = z v h phng trnh tr thnh
x, y, z .
ex 1 = x
Vy (0;0;0) l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh.
Sau y ta cng xem qua mt s bi h phng trnh cha tham s:
Xt hm g(t) =
x2 yz = a
z 2 yx = c
Gii
2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
200
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
a2 bc
b2 ac
c2 ab
x=
,y =
,z =
vi k = a3 + b3 + c3 3abc 2.
k
k
k
mx = z + z
1
Bi 23: Gii v bin lun h phng trnh theo m: (XXIII) my = x +
mz = y +
y
Gii
H phng trnh tng ng
mxz = z + 1
myx = x2 + 1
mzy = y 2 + 1
x.y.z 6= 0
mxy > 0; myz > 0; mzx > 0 m3 x2 y 2 z 2 > 0 m > 0.
Ta thy x,y,z cng du v nu (x; y; z) l nghim ca h phng trnh th (x; y; z) cng
l nghim. Do ta ch cn xt x, y, z > 0. Gi s x = max {x; y; z}.
> Nu x > y > z > 0 :
y 2 + 1 > z 2 + 1 myz > mxz y > x y = x
y 2 + 1 = x2 + 1 myx = myz x = z x = y = z.
> Nu x > z > y > 0 :
x2 + 1 > z 2 + 1 myx > mxz y > z y = z
y 2 + 1 = z 2 + 1 myz = mxz x = y x = y = z.
C hai trng hp u suy ra x = y = z.
Do h phng trnh tr thnh
(
(
mx2 = x2 + 1
(m 1)x2 = 1
x=y=z>0
x=y=z>0
* Vi 0 < m 6 1, h phng trnh v nghim.
* Vi m > 1, h phng trnh tng ng x = y = z =
Tm li:
Vi m 6 1: h phng trnh v nghim.
Vi m > 1, h phng trnh c hai nghim l (
(
1
.
m1
1
1
1
;
;
) v
m1 m1 m1
1
1
1
;
;
) 2.
m1
m1
m1
x2 = y + a
z2 = x + a
(0 < a < 1)
Gii
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
201
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Gi s x = max {x; y; z}.
T h phng trnh suy ra z 2 = max {x2 ; y 2 ; z 2 }.
> Nu z > 0:
Ta c z 2 = max {x2 ; y 2 ; z 2 } z = max {x; y; z} x = z x2 = z 2
y + a = x + a x = y x = y = z.
r
1
1
T h phng trnh ta c: x = x + a x x a = 0 x = +
+ a. Suy ra:
2
4
r
1
1
+a
x=y=z= +
2
4
> Nu z < 0:
3 x + 1 = 4 y + 1 = 5 z + 1 (1)
x
y
z
Bi 25: Gii h phng trnh (XXV )
xy + yz + zx = 1 (2)
Gii
K: xyz 6= 0
Nu (x, y, z) l mt nghim ca h th (x, y, z) cng l mt nghim ca h v t (1) suy
ra x, y,
z cng du nn ta ch cn xt x, y, z dng l .
x = tan
t: y = tan , ; ; 0;
ta c:
z = tan
(I)
3 tan +
1
tan
= 4 tan +
1
tan
= 5 tan +
1
tan
(3)
tan2 + 1
tan2 + 1
tan2 + 1
3
4
5
= 4.
= 5.
=
=
(5)
tan
tan
tan
sin 2
sin 2
sin 2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
202
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
T (4) ta c:
(4) tan (tan + tan ) = 1 tan tan
1 tan tan
tan =
= cot ( + )
tan + tan
+ + = (6)
2
T (5) v (6), suy ra 2, 2, 2 l cc gc trong mt tam gic vung, c cc cnh l 3, 4, 5 Do
:
2 = = tan = 1 = z
2
4
T ta c:
tan = y =
2
tan = x = 1
3
1 1
1 1
Vy h phng trnh cho c nghim l: (x; y; z) =
; ; 1 , ; ; 1 2
3 2
3 2
ab(a + b) = 6
Bi 26: Gii h phng trnh (XXV I) bc(b + c) = 30
ac(a + c) = 12
Gii
R rng a, b, c khng th bng 0. t S = a + b + c, P = abc h phng trnh tr thnh
PS
P
c=
(S
c)
=
6
P +6
c
PS
P
(S a) = 30 a =
P + 30
a
b = P S
(S b) = 12
b
P + 12
P
P
P
Nh vy S = S
+
+
P + 6 P + 12 P + 30
Nu S = 0 th a + b = c, khi phng trnh u tin tr thnh abc = 6 v hai phng
trnh cn li l abc = 30 v abc = 12 iu ny khng th xy ra.
P
P
P
Do
+
+
=1
P + 6 P + 12 P + 30
Bin i v thu gn ta c P 3 + 24P 2 1080 = 0 (P 6)(P 2 + 30P + 180) = 0
> Vi P = 6 ta c a =
S
S
S
S3
, b = , c = ab(a + b) =
=6S=6
6
3
2
36
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
> Vi P = 15 + 3 5 ta c
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
203
15
+
3
5
53
S=
a=
S
15 + 3 5
15 + 3 5
S = 5S
b=
3 + 3 5
15 + 3 5
5+5
c =
S=
S
2
9 + 3 5
r
3
36
Kt hp ab(a + b) = 6 ta c 5S = 6 S = 6
r
r
r5 !
3 5 6 36 6 36 5 + 5 6 36
Vy (a, b, c) =
, 5
,
2
5
5
2
5
r
r !
r
3 + 5 6 36 6 36 5 5 6 36
.
, 5.
,
.
Tng t vi P = 153 5 ta tm c (a, b, c) =
2
5
5
2
5
Kt lun: H c nghim
r
r
r
r !
r
r !
3 5 6 36 6 36 5 + 5 6 36
3 + 5 6 36 6 36 5 5 6 36
(a; b; c) =
.
, 5.
,
.
,
.
, 5.
,
.
2
2
5
5
2
5
2
5
5
2
5
3
2
2
2x = 2y(x + 1) (z + 1) (1)
Bi 27: Gii h phng trnh
Xt 6 trng hp:
> Nu y 6 x 6 z:
T (1) ta c:
0 = 2y(x2 + 1) (z 2 + 1) 2x3
0 6 2x(x2 + 1) (z 2 + 1) 2x3
0 6 2x(x2 + 1) (x2 + 1) 2x3 (x 1)2 6 0
T suy ra x = y = z = 1
> Nu y 6 z 6 x :
2x3 + z 2 + 1 > 2x3 + z 2 + 1 ()
T (1) ta c 2x3 + z 2 + 1 = 2y(x2 + 1) = 2yx2 + 2y
Li c:
2
3
2yx + 2y 6 2x + 2y
2x3 + z 2 + 1 6 2x3 + z 2 + 1
2yx2 + 2y 6 2x3 + 2z
2yx2 + 2y 6 2x3 + z 2 + 1
Kt hp () suy ra x = z, ngha l x = y = z = 1.
> Nu z 6 y 6 x :
T (2) ta c
0 = 3z(y 2 + 1) 2y 4 2(x2 + 1)
0 6 3y(y 2 + 1) 2y 4 2(x2 + 1)
0 6 3z(y 2 + 1) 2y 4 2(y 2 + 1) = (2y 2 + y + 2)(y 1)2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
204
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
T suy ra x = y = z = 1
> Nu z 6 x 6 y:
T (2) ta c
0 = 8[3z(y 2 + 1) 2y 4 2(x2 + 1)] 0 6 8[3x(y 2 + 1) 2y 4 2(x2 + 1)]
0 6 (3y 2 + 1 4x)2 16(y x) [7(y + 1)2 + 8](y 1)2
T suy ra y = 1 x = y = z = 1
> Nu x 6 y 6 z:
T (3) ta c
0 = 4x(z 2 + 1) 3(y 2 + 1) 2z 5
0 6 4y(z 2 + 1) 3(y 2 + 1) 2z 5
3
0 6 (2z + 4z + 2z + 3)(z 1) (z y)
3
2z
2
7
+
4
Do y = z x = y = z = 1
> Nu x 6 z 6 y:
T (3) ta c
0 = 4x(z 2 + 1) 3(y 2 + 1) 2z 5
0 6 4z(z 2 + 1) 3(y 2 + 1) 2z 5
0 6 4x(z 2 + 1) 3(z 2 + 1) 2z 5
0 6 (2z 3 + 4z 2 + 2z + 3)(z 1)2
T c x = y = z = 1.
Tm li h c nghim duy nht (x; y; z) = (1; 1; 1) 2.
x2 + y 2 + xy = 37 (1)
y 2 + z 2 + yz = 19 (3)
Gii
Ta c:
(1) (2) y 2 z 2 + x (y z) = 9 (y z) (x + y + z) = 9 (4)
(2) (3) x2 y 2 + z (x y) = 9 (x y) (x + y + z) = 9 (5)
Li c:
"
(4) (5) [(y z) (x y)] (x + y + z) = 0
> Nu : x + y + z = 0 z = (x + y)
Thay vo h ta c:
x2 + y 2 + xy = 37
x2 + y 2 + xy = 28 (v nghim)
x2 + y 2 + xy = 19
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
x+y+z =0
yz =xy
205
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(
> Nu y z = x y = t :
x=y+t
z =yt
Thay vo (4) ta c:
t (y + y + t + y t) = 9 ty = 3 t =
3
(6)
y
Thay vo (3) ta c:
y 2 + (y t)2 + y (y t) = 19 3y 2 3ty + t2 = 19 3y 2 + t2 = 28 (7)
Thay (6) vo (7) ta c:
y 2 = 9 y = 3 t = 1
9
3y 2 + 2 = 28 3y 4 28y 2 + 9 = 0
3
1
2
y
t = 3 3
y = y=
3
3
1
1
Xt 4 trng hp (y; t) = (3; 1), (3; 1), ; 3 3 , ; 3 3 ta tm c nghim
3
3
ca h l
!
!
10 3 3 8 3
10 3
3 8 3
(x; y; z) = (4; 3; 2) , (4; 3; 2) ,
;
;
,
;
;
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
Bi tp t luyn
x = 3z 3 + 2z 2
z = 3y 3 + 2y 2
( x
2 2 = 3y 3x
Bi 2: Gii h phng trnh:
( OLP 30-4-2008 T130)
2y 2 = 3x 3y
x3 9(y 2 3y + 3) = 0
z 3 9(x2 3x + 3) = 0
2
Bi 4: Cho 100 s a1 , a2 , a3 , ..., a100 tha mn: ...........................
.
a 4a + 3a > 0
100
1
2
Tnh cc s a2 , a3 , ..., a100 bit
a1 = 1
3x y
= x2
3y
3y z
Bi 5: Gii h phng trnh:
= y 2 (THTT 12-2010).
y 3z
3z
x
= z2
z 3x
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
206
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
4x2
y
=
4x2 + 1
4y 2
Bi 6: Gii h phng trnh: z = 2
4y + 1
x = 4z
4z 2 + 1
2 (x y) (1 + 4xy) = 3 (1)
Bi 1: Gii h phng trnh
x2 + y 2 = 1
(2)
Gii
t x = cos ; y = sin ta c phng trnh
1
0
+ sin 2 = 3
2. 2 sin( 45 ).2
2
2 cos(3 450 ) = 3
"
= 650 + k1200
(k, l Z)
= 350 + l1200
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (sin 650 ; cos 650 ), (sin 1850 ; cos 1850 ), (sin 3050 ; cos 3050 ),
(sin 850 ; cos 850 ), ( sin 350 ; cos 350 ), (sin 2050 ; cos 2050 ). 2
(
Bi 2: Gii h phng trnh
(x y)(x2 y 2 ) = 3
(x + y)(x2 + y 2 ) = 15
Gii
(
t
x3 + y 3 xy(x + y) = 3
x3 + y 3 + xy(x + y) = 15
u = x3 + y 3
, h cho tr thnh
v = xy(x + y)
(
u + v = 15
uv =3
u=9
v=6
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
207
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Khi , ta c:
(
x +y =9
xy(x + y) = 6
x=1
y=2
x+y =3
(
xy = 2
x=2
y=1
x+ + x+y3=3
y
1
2x + y + = 8
y
Gii
y 6= 0
1
x+ >0
iu kin:
x+y3>0
Bin i h cho tr thnh
()
x+ + x+y3=3
y
1
x+ +x+y3=5
y
r
u= x+ 1 >0
y
t
Khi h cho tr thnh
v = x+y3>0
(
u+v =3
u2 + v 2 = 5
u=2
v=1
u+v =3
(
uv = 2
u=1
v=2
tha mn ()
(
x=3
1
1
x+ =
y=1
u=2
(
y
4
(tha ())
Nu
x+y3=1
v=1
x=5
y = 1
(
x = 4 10
x+ 1 =1
y
=
3
+
10
u=1
(
y
Nu
(tha ())
x+y3=4
v=2
x = 4 + 10
y = 3 10
Kt lun: H c nghim (x; y) = (3; 1), (5; 1), (4 10; 3 + 10), (4 + 10; 3 10). 2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
208
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Gii
iu kin: xy > 0
t: u = log3 (xy) xy = 3u
Khi , h cho tr thnh
(
xy = 3
x2 + y 2 3(x + y) = 12
(
(
x+y =6
xy
=
3
(
(
x
+
y
=
3
xy = 3
Vy h c nghim (x; y) = (3 +
6; 3
xy = 3
(x + y)2 3(x + y) 18 = 0
x=3+ 6
y =3 6
x=3 6
y =3+ 6
6), (3 6; 3 + 6). 2
x2 + y 2 + xy = 4y 1
y
+2
x+y = 2
x +1
Gii
x +1 +x+y =4
y
y
x+y =
+2
2
x +1
t u =
x2 + 1
, v = x + y. H phng trnh c dng
y
u+v =4
1
v = +2
u
(
x=1
2
x +1 =1
y=2
(
Gii h trn ta thu c u = 1, v = 3
x = 2
x+y =3
y=5
Vy h c nghim (x; y) = (1; 2), (2; 5). 2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
209
x2 + y 2
=4
y
x2
Gii
iu kin: xy 6= 0
x
t a = x2 + y 2 1, b = vi ab 6= 0
y
H cho tr thnh
(
a=1
3+2 =1
b = 1
(
a b
a 2b = 3
a=9
b=3
(
"
a=1
x = 1; y = 1
Nu
b = 1
x = 1; y = 1
(
"
a=9
x = 3; y = 1
Nu
b=3
x = 3; y = 1
Vy h c nghim (x; y) = (1; 1), (1; 1), (3; 1), (3; 1). 2
Bi 7: Gii h phng trnh sau
(
x2 + xy 3x + y = 0
x4 + 3x2 y 5x2 + y 2 = 0
Gii
Xt x = 0 y = 0. Vy (0; 0) l mt nghim ca h.
Xt x 6= 0, chia hai v ca phng trnh u cho x, hai v ca phng trnh th hai cho x2 , ta
c h phng trnh sau
y
y
x+
x+ +y =3
+y =3
x2
x 2
x2 + y + 3y = 5
x+ y +y =5
x
x2
y
t z = x + , ta thu c h
x
(
"
z+y =3
z2 + y = 5
z = 2; y = 1
x=y=1
z = 1; y = 4
Vy h c nghim (x; y) = (0; 0), (1; 1). 2
Gii h ny ta c
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
210
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
x2 y + 2x2 + 3y 15 = 0
x4 + y 2 2x2 4y 5 = 0
Gii
H phng trnh cho tng ng vi h sau
(
(x2 1)(y 2) + 4(x2 1) + 4(y 2) = 5
(x2 1)2 + (y 2)2 = 10
t u = x2 1, v = y 2
H tr thnh
(
(
u + v = 10
uv + 4(u + v) = 5
u + v = 10
uv = 45
(u + v) 2uv = 10
(
uv + 4(u + v) = 5
u+v =2
uv = 3
u=3
v = 1
(
u = 1
v=3
2x 1 y 1 + 2 2x 1 = 8
y 2 + y 2x 1 + 2x = 13
Gii
1
iu kin: x > . t t = 2x 1 vi t > 0. H phng trnh tr thnh
2
(
(
t y (1 + 2t) = 8
t y 2ty = 8
(1)
2
2
2
y + yt + t = 12
(t y) + 3ty = 12 (2)
T (1) v (2), suy ra
2(t y) + 3 (t y) = 0
ty =0
ty =
3
2
5
2x 1 = 2 x = y = 2.
2
3
3
+
61
Vi y = t + , c 4t2 + 6t 13 = 0 t =
( do t > 0). Khi :
2
4
3
3
+
61
3
+
61
y= +
y=
3 + 61
2
4
4
t=
4
2x 1 = 3 + 61
x = 43 3 61
4
16
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Vi t = y, ta c: t = y = 2. Khi :
211
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
!
43 3 61 3 + 61
5
;2 ,
;
.2
Vy h c nghim (x; y) =
2
16
4
Bi 10: Gii h phng trnh sau
x y+2= 3
2
y + 2 (x 2) x + 2 =
4
Gii
iu kin: x > 2, y > 2
t u = x + 2, v = y + 2 vi u, v > 0 ()
H cho tr thnh
u2 v = 7 (1)
2
1
v 2 + 2 (u2 4) u = (2)
4
T (1) v (2), thu c:
2
7
1
2
u
+ 2u3 8u = u4 + 2u3 7u2 8u + 12 = 0
2
4
(u 1) (u 2) u2 + 5u + 6 = 0 u = 1 u = 2
5
Vi u = 1 thay vo (1) c v = , khng tha ().
2
1
Vi u = 2 thay vo (1) c v = , tha ().
2
7
Vy h c nghim l (x; y) = 2;
.2
4
Bi 11: Gii h phng trnh
(
2x2 x(y 1) + y 2 = 3y
x2 + xy 3y 2 = x 2y
Gii
Xt y = 0 x = 0.
x
Xt y =
6 0. t t = x = ty. H cho tr thnh
y
(
y 2 (2t2 t + 1) = y(3 t)
(1)
2 2
y (t + t 3) = y(t 2)
(2)
t 2 6= 0
T (2) suy ra
. Chia (1) cho (2) v theo v ta c
t2 + t 3 6= 0
t = 1
2t2 t + 1
3t
t=1
=
3t3 7t2 3t + 7 = 0
t2 + t 3
t2
7
t=
3
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
212
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
7 3
;
.2
H cho c nghim (x; y) = (0; 0), (1; 1), (1; 1),
43 43
Bi 12: Gii h phng trnh
(
p
2 x2 y 4 + 2xy 2 y 4 + 1 = 2 3 2 x y 2 (1)
(I) p
x y2 + x = 3
(2)
Gii
(
T (2) ta c: (2)
p
x y2 = 3 x
x63
x2 + y 2 7x + 9 = 0
T (1) ta c:
p
u = xy 2 + 1
. Phng trnh (*) tr thnh:
v = y2
h
p
i
(u + v) (u v) = 2 u 3 2 v
(
u 3 2 v >0
2
u2 v 2 = 4 u 3 2 v
(
u 3 2 v >0
(II)
3u2 8 3 2 uv + 45 24 2 v 2 = 0 ()
u
xy 2 + 1
=3
=3
v
y2
u
xy 2 + 1
8 2
8
2
=5
=5
2
v
3
y
3
2
xy + 1
x=2
3
2
(x 3) x + 7x 9 + 1 = 0 x + 10x 30x + 28 = 0 x = 4 + 2 (loi)
x=4 2
2
Vi x = 2 y 2 = 1 y = 1
p
Vi x = 4 2 y 2 = 1 + 2 y = 1 + 2
Vy h phng trnh cho c nghim
p
p
(x; y) = (2; 1) , (2; 1) ; 4 2; 1 + 2 ; 4 2; 1 + 2 . 2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
213
Bi tp v d
2
2
x + y = 1 + xy
Bi 1: Gii h phng trnh x 2 y 2
+
=1
y+1
x+1
Gii
~ tng: H trn tuy l i xng loi I nhng bc kh cao, vic a v S = x + y v P = xy
c th gp nhiu kh khn. Nhng nu ta bit ng thc sau:
x
y
x2 xy + y 2 = 1
+
= 1 th bi ton tr nn n gin.
y+1 x+1
~ Li gii: KX: x, y 6= 1
(
a=0
(
b=1
a+b=1
y
x
= a,
= b ta c h phng trnh mi:
(
t
2
2
a=1
y+1
x+1
a +b =1
b=0
T tm ra nghim ca h l (x; y) = (0; 1); (1; 0) 2
x y
1
1
1
y + x xy = x2 + y 2 1
Bi 2: Gii h phng trnh
y
x2 xy + y 2
x
+
=
x+1 y+1
xy
Gii
~ tng: Cng nh bi 1, vic a v S = x + y v P = xy cn nhiu bin i phc tp v
rc ri. Thc ra bn cht bi ton l t ng thc sau:
xy = 1
1
1
+
=1
x+1 y+1
214
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Nhng mun che giu bn cht ca bi ton hn na ch cn thng qua php i bin n gin
1 1
(x; y) ( ; )
x y
x y
1
1
1
y + x xy = x2 + y 2 1
Cui cng li h thnh
y
x2 xy + y 2
x
+
=
x+1 y+1
xy
y cng chnh l li gii cho bi 2! 2
1
2
(1)
y 2 = xy 2 xy
Bi 3: Gii h phng trnh
4
1
= 1 (2)
2 +
(x + 1)
(y + 2)2
Gii
~ tng: T (1) ta c: (xy 2)(
Nhng nu t y th x =
1
+ 1) = 0 xy = 2
y2
2
vo (2) th s rt phc tp. Vy ta th tm mt quan h gia
y
1
2
v
(v hai biu thc ny xut hin (2)). Khi ta li n ng thc sau:
x+1
y+2
xy = 2
1
2
+
=1
x+1 y+2
n y th mi chuyn tr nn n gin.
~ Li gii:
KX: x 6= 1; y 6= 2
H cho tng ng:
xy = 2
1
4
=1
2 +
(x + 1)
(y + 2)2
t a =
1
2
+
=1
x+1 y+2
1
4
=1
2 +
(x + 1)
(y + 2)2
1
2
; b=
(a, b 6= 0) ta c
x+1
y+2
"
a + b = 1
a = 0; b = 1
(loi)
a2 + b2 = 1
a = 1; b = 0
Vy h v nghim. 2
Bi 4: Gii
phng trnh
h
2
2
2
2
v
+
1
1
+
y
u
v
1
+ v 2 u2
+
= 9u2
u2
v2
1 + v 2 1 + u2 v 2 u2
u2 + v 2 = 1
Gii
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(1)
(2)
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
~ tng:
Ta c mnh sau: (
215
a
b
c
bc ca ab
+
+
)(
+
+
) = 9 a + b + c = 0 ()
a
b
c
bc ca ab
* Chng minh:
xy yz zx
(x y)(y z)(z x)
+
+
=
z
x
y
xyz
t x = b c, y = c a, z = a b x y = 3c, y z = 3a, z x = 3b
Th th
3a
3b
3c
27abc
+
+
=
bc ca ab
(b c)(c a)(a b)
Vy ta c h tng ng:
v = 0
u2 + v 2 = 1
Vy h c nghim (u; v) = (1; 0); (1; 0) 2
(1)
x + y + xy = 3
Bi 5: Gii h phng trnh
4
4
1
x+1
+
+
=
(2)
5y + 9 x + 6 1 + (x + 1)(y + 2)
2
Gii
~ tng: T (1) ta n cch phn tch quen thuc l (x + 1)(y + 1) = 4.
(2) cng c x + 1 v y + 1 nn ta ngh ti t a = x + 1; b = y + 1. Tuy nhin mu cht ca
1
bi ton chnh l t c = t (1) c abc = 1.
4
1
1
1
+
+
= 1.
Khi ta li c mnh sau: abc = 1
1 + a + ab 1 + b + bc 1 + c + ca
T ta i n li gii:
~ Li gii:
1
t x + 1 = a, y + 1 = b, = c ta c h phng trnh
4
abc = 1
1
1
1
x+1
+
+
=
1 + a + ab 1 + b + bc 1 + c + ca
2
Li c:
1
1
1
1
a
ab
+
+
=
+
+
=1
1 + a + ab 1 + b + bc 1 + c + ca
1 + a + ab a + ab + abc ab + abc + a2 bc
x+1
x=1y=1
2
Vy h c nghim duy nht l (x; y) = (1; 1) 2
Thay vo phng trnh sau c 1 =
(
Bi 6: Gii h phng trnh sau:
x2 + y 2 = 2
(x + y)(1 + xy)4 = 32
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
216
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Gii
x2 + y 2 = 2
Vy ta c h
x + y = 2
x=y=1
x2 + y 2 = 2
(x + y)(4 x2 y 2 2xy) = 2y 5
Gii
3x3 y 3 =
1
(1)
x+y
x2 + y 2 = 1
(2)
Gii
~ tng: Nhn vo h ta d dng ngh n vic th s 1 t phng trnh (2) vo phng
trnh (1) c phng trnh thun nht.
~ Li gii:
KX: x + y 6= 0
2
Phng trnh (2) tng ng vi (x2 + y 2 ) = 1
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Th vo phng trnh (1) ta c:
2
3x3 y 3 (x + y) = x2 + y 2
3x4 y 4 + 3x3 y xy 3 = x4 + y 4 + 2x2 y 2
2x4 + 3x3 y 2x2 y 2 xy 3 2y 4 = 0
(x y) (x + 2y) 2x2 + xy + y 2 = 0
x=y
x = 2y
2x2 + xy + y 2 = 0
> Vi 2x2 + xy + y 2 = 0 x = y = 0 (khng tho x2 + y 2 = 1). Trng hp ny loi.
> Vi x = y ta c:
x
=
y
=
1
2
2x2 = 1 x2 =
1
2
x=y=
2
> Vi x = 2y ta c:
1
2
;x =
y
=
1
5
5
5y 2 = 1 y 2 =
1
2
5
y = ;x =
5
5
2 1
2 1
1 1
1 1
Kt lun: H c nghim (x; y) l ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
2
5 5
5 5
2 2
2 2
( 3
x + 4y y 3 16x = 0
Bi 9: Gii h phng trnh sau
y 2 = 5x2 + 4
Gii
(
~ tng: H phng trnh c th vit li nh sau:
x3 y 3 = 4(4x y) (1)
y 2 5x2 = 4 (2)
T ta ngh n vic th (2) vo (1) c phng trnh thun nht.
~ Li gii:
H phng trnh tng ng:
( 3
( 3
x y 3 = 4 (4x y)
x y 3 = y 2 5x2 (4x y)
y 2 5x2 = 4
y 2 5x2 = 4
(
(
21x3 5x2 y 4xy 2 = 0
x (7x 4y) (3x + y) = 0
y 2 5x2 = 4
y 2 5x2 = 4
x=0
7x
y =
y = 3x
2
y 5x2 = 4
> Vi x = 0 ta cy =2
2
7x
7x
31 2
> Vi y =
5x2 = 4
x = 4 (V nghim)
4
4
15
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
217
218
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
"
x = 1; y = 3
2
> Vi y = 3x (3x) 5x2 = 4 x2 = 1
x = 1; y = 3
Kt lun: H c nghim (x; y) l (0; 2) ; (0; 2) ; (1; 3) ; (1; 3) 2
(
Bi 10: Gii h phng trnh (I)
x3 8x = y 3 + 2y
x2 3y 2 = 6
Gii
(
H phng trnh c th vit li nh sau:
x3 y 3 = 2 (4x + y) (1)
x2 3y 2 = 6 (2)
Ta ngh n cch ng bc (1) bng cch dng php th t (2). Nhng trc ta phi lm
xut hin s 6 (1) nn bin i:
(
(
3 x3 y 3 = x2 3y 2 (4x + y)
3 x3 y 3 = 6 (4x + y)
(I)
x2 3y 2 = 6
x2 3y 2 = 6
x=0
( 3
(
x = 3y
x + x2 y 12xy 2 = 0
x (x 3y) (x + 4y) = 0
2
2
2
2
x = 4y
x 3y = 6
x 3y = 6
x2 3y 2 = 6
> Vi x = 0 y 2 = 2 (v nghim)
"
> Vi x = 3y (3y)2 3y 2 = 6 y 2 = 6
y = 1; x = 3
y = 1; x = 3
r
r
6
6
y=
; x = 4
6
13
13
r
r
> Vi x = 4y (4y)2 3y 2 = 6 y 2 =
13
6
6
y=
;x = 4
13 !
r
r
r13
r !
6
6
6
6
Kt lun: H c nghim (x; y) l (3; 1) ; (3; 1) ; 4
;
; 4
;
2
13
13
13
13
( 2
x + y 2 + xy = 3
Bi 11: Gii h phng trnh
x5 + y 5 + 15xy(x + y) = 32
Gii
~ tng: Ta cn tm mi quan h gia cc hng t trong h. Mun vy ta ch ti hng
ng thc (x + y)5 = x5 + y 5 + 5xy(x + y)(x2 + xy + y 2 ).
~ Li gii:
H cho c vit li nh sau:
x2 + y 2 + xy = 3
x2 + y 2 + xy = 3
()
x5 + y 5 + 5.3xy(x + y) = 32
x5 + y 5 + 5xy(x2 + xy + y 2 )(x + y) = 32
Cng vic tip theo tr nn n gin:
( 2
2
x + y = 2
x + y + xy = 3
()
xy = 1
x+y =2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
x=y=1
219
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Vy h c nghim (x; y) = (1; 1) 2
x
Bi 12: Gii h phng trnh
1
+
x
1
= 2 y 4 x4
2y
1
= x2 + 3y 2 3x2 + y 2
2y
Gii
~ tng: Khai trinv phi ca hai phng trnh. gii bi ton ta ch cn ch cng
x5 + 5x4 y + 10x3 y 2 + 10x2 y 3 + 5xy 4 + y 5 = (x + y)5
thc khai trin bc 5:
x5 5x4 y + 10x3 y 2 10x2 y 3 + 5xy 4 y 5 = (x y)5
~ Li gii:
H tng ng
1
1
+
= 3(x4 + y 4 ) + 10x2 y 2
x 2y
1
1
= 2(y 4 x4 )
x 2y
Cng tr 2 phng trnh ta c:
= 5y 4 + x4 + 10x2 y 2
x
1
= 5x4 + y 4 + 10x2 y 2
y
2 = 5xy 4 + x5 + 10x3 y 2
1 = 5yx4 + y 5 + 10x2 y 3
(x + y)5 = 3
(x y)5 = 1
5
Vy h phng trnh cho c 1 nghim l: (x; y) =
3+1
;
2
31
2
!
2
Sau y l mt s li gii bng cch ghp hng ng thc to ra nhng i lng khng m.
(
Bi 13: Gii h phng trnh
x2 4 3x 2 + 10 = 2y
p
y 2 6 4y 3 + 11 = x
Gii
(x 2)2 + ( 3x 2 2)2 + x + 4 = 2y
p
(y 3)2 + ( 4y 3 3)2 + 2y = x + 4
Cng 2 phng trnh trn v theo v ta thu c:
p
2
2
(x 2)2 + (y 3)2 + ( 3x 2 2) + ( 4y 3 3) = 0
T tm c nghim ca h l (x; y) = (2; 3) 2
1 1 1
+ + = 2 (1)
x y z
Bi 14: Gii h phng trnh
2
1
2 = 4 (2)
xy z
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
220
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Gii
Ta c:
2
2
1 1 1
1 1 1
2
1
(1)
+ +
=4
+ +
=
2
x y z
x y z
xy z
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
+
+
=
2
2+ 2+ 2+
x
y
z
xy yz zx
xy z
1
1
1
1
2
2
+
+
+
=0
+
+
x2 xz z 2
y 2 yz z 2
1
1
2
2
=
1 1
1 1
x
z
+
+
+
=0 1
x = y = z
1
x z
y z
=
y
z
1 1 1
Th vo h ta tm c nghim (x; y; z) =
; ;
2
2 2 2
(
Gii
Ta c:
(
(2) (x + y + z)2 +(xy 1)2 = 0
z = (x + y)
z = x +
x+y+z =0
x
1
y =
xy 1 = 0
y = 1
x
x
Thay vo (1), ta c:
s
1
2
1
(2 x) (1 2x) 2 +
1+
= 4 1 10 x +
x
x
x
s
2x + 1
x+2
1
(2 x) (1 2x)
= 4 1 10 x +
x
x
x
s
(4 x2 ) (1 4x2 )
1
= 4 1 10 x +
x2
x
s
1
1
2
4 x + 2 17 = 4 1 10 x +
(3)
x
x
|t| > 2
1
t: t = x +
.
x2 + 1 = t2 2
x
x2
T ta c:
(3) 4 t2 2 17 = 4 1 10t
4t2 25 = 4 1 10t
2
4t2 25 16 (1 10t) = 0
4t2 20t + 29 (2t + 3) (2t + 7) = 0
7
1
7
t = (do |t| > 2) x + =
2
x 2
7
33
2x2 + 7x + 2 = 0 x =
4
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
7 + 33
7 33
7
~ Vi x =
y=
z=
4
4
2
7 33
7 + 33
7
~ Vi x =
y=
z=
4
4
2
Vy h phng trnh cho c 2 nghim
l
!
!
7 + 33 7 33 7
7 33 7 + 33 7
(x; y; z) =
;
;
,
;
;
2.
4
4
2
4
4
2
Bi tp t luyn
Gii
h phng trnh:
xy x = 2
1)
1
16
4 +
4 = 1
( (x3 + 1) 2 (y +3 1)
x + 5xy 3y = 2x y
2)
x2 + 2xy = 1
5
5
x + y = 31
7
3) x3 + y 3
x2 + xy + y 2 = 3
( 3
x + y 3 xy 2 = 1
4)
4x4 + y 4 4x y = 0
( 2
x + y2 = 4
5)
8x2 + x5 = 8y 2 + y 5
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
221
222
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Bi tp v d
Bi 1: Gii h
phng trnh:
tan x tan y = y x (1)
(I)
p
y + 1 1 = x y + 8 (2)
Gii
~ tng: Ta thy bi ton dng ny rt c trng cho phng php c nu v cch ra
ny cng thng hay c s dng trong cc thi C H, thi HSG. iu quan trng l
cn chng minh c x = y t h trn.
~ Li
( gii:
16y
K: p
y+86x
T phng trnh ban u ta c : tan x + x = tan y + y
Nh vy hm c trng ca phng trnh l f (t) = tant + t.
1
Li c f 0 (t) =
+ 1 > 0 nn f (t) l mt hm ng bin trn tp xc nh, suy ra x = y.
cos2 t
Th vo (2) ta c:
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
p
p
y+11= y y+
8
y
+
1
=
y
y
+
8
+
1
y
+
8
=
4y
4
y+8
8
y >
3
3y 8 = 4 y + 8
y=8
2
9y 48y + 64 = 16y + 128
Vy x = y = 8 l nghim duy nht ca (I) 2.
223
(x + 1 + x2 )(y + p1 + y 2 ) = 1 (1)
Bi 2: Gii h phng trnh (II)
x6x 2xy + 1 = 4xy + 6x + 1 (2)
Gii
~ tng: Nhn qua ta thy (2) c v d khai thc hn thng qua vic bnh phng
tm quan h gia x, y. Nhng tht ra mu cht ca bi ton li l (1). Ch cn rng
p
1
p
= y + y 2 + 1 th ta gii quyt xong.
y + y2 + 1
~ Li gii:
KX: 6x 2xy + 1 > 0 ()
p
2 + 1 = y +
2 + 1 f (x) = f (y) vi f (t) = t +
Ta c: (1) x +
x
y
t2 + 1
2
|t| t
t +1+t
>
> 0 do f (t) ng bin trn R.
Li c: f 0 (t) =
t2 + 1
t2 + 1
Vy f (x) = f (y) x = y. Th vo (2) ta c:
"
2 25x2
2x2 + 6x + 1 = 3x
x
x 6x + 2x2 + 1 = 4x2 +6x+1
2x2 + 6x + 1
=
2
4
2x2 + 6x + 1 = 2x
> Nu
2x2 + 6x + 1 = 3x
2x2 + 6x + 1 = 9x2
x = 1 y = 1
x > 0
2x2 + 6x + 1 = 4x2
2
> Nu 2x + 6x + 1 = 2x
x 6 0
11
3 + 11
y=
2
11 3 + 11
;
)2
2
2
3x 1 + 4 (2x + 1) = y 1 + 3y (1)
Bi 3: Gii h phng trnh (III)
(x + y) (2x y) + 4 = 6x 3y (2)
x=
Gii
~ tng: Ta thy (1) c dng n iu, nhng khng th tm c hm s c trng. Nh
vy r rng ta phi thay i x hoc y. Chuyn qua phn tch (2) th thy rng
(2) (x + y + 1)(2x y + 4) = 0. Vy ta tnh c y theo x, t vic xy dng hm c
trng cho (1) tr nn d dng v ch cn mt n.
~ Li gii:
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
224
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
1
KX: x > , y > 1 ().
3
Ta c:
(2) (x + y)(2x y) + 4 = 4(x + y) (2x y) (x + y + 1)(2x y + 4) = 0
7
y = 2x + 4 ( do () x + y + 1 > > 0). Thay vo (1) ta c:
3
3x 1 + 2x 8 = 2x + 3 2 (3x 1) + 3x 1 = 2 (2x + 3) + 2x + 3
Xt hm s f (t) = 2t2 + t vi t > 0. Phng trnh (12) c th vit li thnh
f
3x 1 = f
2x + 3
Ta c f 0 (t) = 4t + 1 > 0 t > 0 nn hm s f ng bin trn (0; +). Do
3x 1 =
2x + 3 x = 4 y = 12.
x3 + x 2 = y 3 + 3y 2 + 4y (1)
Bi 4: Gii h phng trnh (IV )
x5 + y 3 + 1 = 0 (2)
Gii
~ tng: Rt t nhin ta nhn vo tng PT nh gi vi mc ch tm mi quan h gia
hai bin.
T (1) ta thy rng 2 v l 2 a thc c lp ca 2 bin x ,y v cng bc. Nh vy vic p
dng phng php s dng tnh n iu c c hi thnh cng rt cao. V y cng l lc
chng ta dng ti k thut h s bt nh.
u tin, ta chn mt a thc bt k lm chun (1). D thy nn chn a thc bn v tri
v nhn n n gin hn. Vi tng ta c hm s c trng f (t) = t3 + t 2 , nh vy
vic ca chng ta cn lm l phn tch :
y 3 + 3y 2 + 4y = g 3 (y) + g(y) 2
R rng g(y) c dng g(y) = y + b t y ta khai trin v c b = 1
Nh vy ta c phng trnh x3 + x 2 = (y + 1)3 + (y + 1) 2 ti y th tng gii bi
ton c hon thin.
~ Li gii:
T (1) ta c
x3 + x 2 = (y + 1)3 + (y + 1) 2 ()
Xt hm s c trng: f (t) = t3 + t 2 c f 0 (t) = 3t2 + 1 > 0, t R
Suy ra f (t) ng bin trn R , Kt hp vi (*) ta c x = y + 1
Th vo (2) suy ra:
x5 + (x 1)3 + 1 = 0 x5 + x3 3x2 + 3x = 0
(
x=0
x(x4 + x2 3x + 3) = 0
x4 + x2 3x + 3 = 0 (v nghim)
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
225
p
(4x2 + 1)x + (y 3) 5 2y = 0 (1)
(H khi A
4x2 + y 2 + 2 3 4x = 7 (2)
2010)
Gii
~ tng: Kh c th khai thc g t (2), do ta s bt u phn tch t (1). Phng trnh
ny c x, y tch bit nn kh nng dng n iu l cao. Vy ta bin i phng trnh v dng
p
g(x) = h(y) (4x2 + 1)x = (3 y) 5 2y
p
1 + a2
a3 a
5 a2
5 a2
v (3 y) 5 2y = (3
)a =
.a =
+
2
2
2
2
2
t3
t
Ta hi vng rng f (t) = + chnh l hm c trng m ta cn tm. Vy cn phi phn tch
2
2
3
p(x)
p(x)
+
. R rng p(x) c dng mx + n , dng h s bt nh ta
(4x2 + 1).x = 4x3 + x =
2
2
t3
t
thu c m = 2; n = 0 p(x) = 2x. Nh vy hm s c trng chnh l f (t) = +
2
2
3
5
~ Li gii: K: x 6 ; y 6 .
4
2
Ta c
q
3
(5 2y)3 5 2y
p
2x
(2x)
2
(1) (4x + 1)x = (3 y) 5 2y
+
=
+
2
2
2
2
t
5 2y = a y =
t3
t
3t2 1
+ c f 0 (t) =
+ > 0, t R
2
2
2
2
(
x>0
5
4x2 + ( 2x2 ) + 2 3 4x 7 = 0
2
2
5
3
2
Xt hm s g(x) = 4x + ( 2x ) + 2 3 4x 7 c g 0 (t) > 0, x 6 suy ra g(x) ng bin
2
4
1
1
trn TX , li c g( ) = 0 x = y = 2
2
2
1
Vy V c nghim (x; y) = ( ; 2) 2.
2
( 5
x + xy 4 = y 10 + y 6 (1)
p
Bi 6: Gii h phng trnh (V I)
4x + 5 + y 2 + 8 = 6(2)
2
Gii
~ tng: Nhn vo h trn ta thy rng khng th dng php th. Phng trnh 1 c 2 n
khng c lp vi nn ta ngh ti vic th nhm li v phn tch nhn t, li c x y 2 l mt
nhn t chung, tuy vy vic phn tch ra l tng i phc tp khi phi dng hng ng thc
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
226
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
lin quan ti A5 B 5 .
Ta cng xt cch khc n gin hn. Vi d on x = y 2 l mi quan h duy nht ca x ,y ta
ngh ti dng n iu. Hy th nh gi:
(1) c hng t xy 4 m trong vic xt hm c trng ta li ch c th xt hm mt n nh vy
mt iu rt t nhin l ta tm cch bin i sao cho (1) tr thnh PT c 2 n tch bit. V
chia 2 v cho y 5 l cch duy nht gip chng ta gii quyt c tt c vn nu trn. Ta
cng i n li gii chi tit:
~ Li gii:
5
K: x >
4
D thy y = 0 khng tho h. Vi y6= 0 chia c 2 v ca PT(1) cho y 5 ta c:
(1)
x5 x
+ = y 5 + y ()
y5 y
Th vo PT(2) ta c 4x + 5 + x + 8 = 6 ()
5
Ta c x =
khng tho (**). t V T () = g(x).
4
2
1
5
5
Ta c g 0 (x) =
+
> 0 x >
do g(x) ng bin trn ( ; +)
4
4
4x + 5 2 x + 8
Li c g(1) = 6 nn (**) c nghim duy nht x = 1. Suy ra y = 1.
Vy (V I) c nghim (x; y) = (1 : 1); (1; 1) 2
~ Nhn xt: Vi nhng phng trnh c bc cao th vic h bc v t n ph rt hu ch. Ta
cng xem qua mt s bi tng t:
(
Bi 7: Gii h phng trnh (V II)
2
x3 (4y
+ 2 (x2 +
1) x = 6 (1)
+ 1)
p
x2 y 2 + 2 4y 2 + 1 = x + x2 + 1 (2)
Gii
KX: x > 0.
Nu x = 0, t phng trnh th hai ca h ta c 0 = 6 (sai). Vy x > 0, chia c hai v ca (2)
cho x2 ta thu c
!
r
1
p
1
2y 1 + 4y 2 + 1 =
1+
+ 1 (3)
x
x2
Xt hm s f (t) = t 1 + 1 + t2 vi t R, phng trnh (3) c th vit li thnh
1
f (2y) = f ( )
x
2t2 + 1
1
Ta c f 0 (t) = 1 +
> 0 t R, do 2y = .Thay vo (1) ta c
2
x
t +1
x3 + x + 2 x2 + 1 x 6 = 0 x3 + x 6 = 2 x2 + 1 x (4)
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
227
1
nht x = 1 y = .
2
1
Vy (V II) c nghim (x, y) = 1,
2.
2
p
2
2
2
x + 1 3x y + 2
4y + 1 + 1 = 8x2 y 3
Bi 8: Gii h phng trnh (V III)
x2 y x + 2 = 0
Gii
Vi x = 0 hoc y = 0 th h v nghim.
Vi x =
6 0 v y 6= 0.Phng trnh (1) tng ng vi
x2 + 1 4x2 y + x 2
x2 + 1 4x2 y + x
p
p
.4y = 8x2 y 3
= 2x2 y
4y 2 + 1 1
4y 2 + 1 1
p
p
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
x + 1 4x y + x = 2x y 4y + 1 2x y x + 1 + x = 2x y
4y + 1 + 1
!
r
q
1
1
2
(2y) + 1 + 1 (3)
+ 1 + 1 = 2y
x
x2
t2 + 1
t
t
+
t
+
1
+
0
Xt hm s: f (t) = t t2 + 1 + 1 c f (t) = t2 + 1+
+1 =
>0
2+1
2+1
t
t
Nn hm s f (t) = t t2 + 1 + 1 ng bin trn R
T phng trnh (3) ta c
1
1
f
= f (2y) = 2y 2xy = 1
x
x
Th vo phng trnh (2) ta c:
x = 4
2
2x y 2x + 4 = 0 x 2x + 4 = 0
y = 1
8
1
Kt lun: H c nghim (x; y) = 4;
2
8
p
( 3
x 3x2 + 2 = y 3 + 3y 2 (1)
p
Bi 9: Gii h phng trnh (IX)
3 x 2 = y 2 + 8y (2)
Gii
~ tng: Chng ta li bt u tm ti t ci n gin ti phc tp
T (1) rng ta c dng g(x) = h(y) nh mong mun nh vy tng dng tnh n
iu xt hm c trng xut hin. V s tt hn nu g(x), h(y) l hm a thc. Vy ta
th bnh phng loi b cn thc:
2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
228
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
2
Nh vy ta s t a = y + 3 y = a2 3 , y y + 3 = (a2 3)a = a3 3a
3
Phn tch hon ton tng t nh cc v d trc , ta c (x 1)3 3(x 1) = ( y + 3)
p
p
p
3
y + 3 (x 1)3 3(x 1) = ( y + 3) 3 y + 3
(2) 9(x2) = y 2 +8y 9(x2) = (x2 2x 2) +8(x2 2x2) x4 4x3 +8x2 17x+6 = 0
"
x=3
(x 3)(x3 x2 + 5x 2) = 0
x3 x2 + 5x 2 = 0
Xt Q(x) = x3 x2 + 5x 2 c Q0 (x) = 3x2 2x + 5 > 0, x suy ra y l mt hm ng bin
trn R
Li c x > 2 Q(x) > Q(2) = 13 > 0 suy ra phng trnh Q(x) = 0 v nghim.
Vy (IX) c nghim (x; y) = (3; 1) 2.
~ Nhn xt: Nhng bi ton trn cho thy c nhiu cch a hai v ca mt phng
trnh v hm c trng. Tuy nhin mt s bi ton kh hn s i hi phi bin i cc phng
trnh ca h tm ra hm c trng.
(
Bi 10: Gii h phng trnh (X)
x3 (2x + 3y) = 1
x(y 3 2) = 1
Gii
x
(2
+
3y
+
y
2)
=
3x
+
1
y
+
3y
=
+
3
x
x
x3 (y 3 2) = 3x2
Ti y hm s c trng l r: f (t) = t3 + 3t
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
229
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
C f 0 (t) = 3t2 + 3 > 0, t R suy ra f (t) l hm s ng bin trn R y =
1
ti y ta ch
x
vic th vo mt PT
bi ton s c hon tt :
bt k trong 2 PT th
y =
y = 1
x = 1, y = 1
x
x
(X)
1
3
2x3 + 3x2 1 = 0
x3 (2 + ) = 1
x = ,y = 2
2
x
1
Th li ta thy (X) c nghim (x; y) = (1; 1); ( 2 ; 2) 2.
Sau y ta cng xem qua mt s bi h phng trnh logarit:
Bi 11:
Gii h phng trnh
log (2x + 1) log (x y) + 1 = 4x2 + 4x + 2 p(x y)2 + 1 + (x y)2 4x(x + 1) (1)
3
3
(XI)
t
1
1
2
0
2
Xt f (t) = t + 1 t log3 t (t > 0) ta c f (t) =
2t +
6 2 2 < 0
t
t2 + 1
2
nn f (t) nghch bin trn (0; +).
Do () 2x + 1 = x y x = y 1
1
1
Xt g(x) = log3 (2x) + 4x2 4x2 + 1 (x > 0) ta c g 0 (x) = 4x(2
) + > 0 nn
x
4x2 + 1
1
1
3
g(x) ng bin. Li c g
= 1 2 nn (2) c nghim duy nht x = y =
2
2
2
Vy (IX) c nghim (x; y) = ( 12 ; 3
)
2.
2
(1)
ey2 x2 = x + 1
y2 + 1
Bi 12: Gii h phng trnh
3log (x + 2y + 6) = 2log (x + y + 2) + 1
2
2
Gii
(
KX:
x + 2y + 6 > 0
x+y+2>0
Xt hm s: f (t) = et (t + 1), t [0, +). Ta c f 0 (t) = et (t + 1) + et = et (t + 2) > 0 nn y
l hm ng bin.
Do :
ey
2 x2
x2 + 1
2
2
ex (x2 + 1) = ey (y 2 + 1) f (x2 ) = f (y 2 ) x2 = y 2 x = y
2
y +1
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
230
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Bi tp t luyn
Gii cc(h phngtrnh sau:
(8x 3) 2x 1 y 4y 3 = 0
Bi 1)
4x2 8x + 2y 3 + y 2 2y + 3 = 0
( 3
x (3y + 55) = 64
Bi 2)
xy(y 2 + 3y + 3) = 12 + 51x
x+y+1+ 3x+y =5
p
Bi 4) p 2
x + xy + 4 + y 2 + xy + 4 = 12
(
x3 y 3 2 = 3x 3y 2
p
Bi 5)
x2 + 1 x2 3 2y y 2 + 2 = 0
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
231
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
PHNG PHP H S BT NH
H s bt nh l ngun gc cho nhiu li gii p. Bi vit ny s cp n nhng bin i
trong h phng trnh hu t da vo h s bt nh. Mc tiu ca chng ta l sau khi bin i
thu c mt phng trnh c th phn tch thnh nhn t hoc c chnh phng
(nu l bc 2). Ta cng xem qua mt s v d:
Bi tp v d
x3 y 3 = 35 (1)
Bi 1: Gii h phng trnh (I)
2x2 + 3y 2 = 4x 9y (2)
Gii
~ tng: Khng th dng php th gii h trn. V th ta hi vng c th t hai phng
trnh ca h a v dng (x + a)3 = (y + b)3 ( rng x, y c lp vi nhau). Mun vy ta
nhn (2) cho mt s . Cng vic ca ta l tm a, b, (lu phng trnh (1) c bc 3 (cao
nht) nn ta mc nh h s nh c, cc s a, b, s c chn ph hp)
Ly (1) + .(2) ta c:
x3 y 3 35 + (2x2 + 3y 2 4x + 9y) = 0
x3 + 2x2 4x y 3 + 3y 2 + 9y 35 = 0 ()
Ta cn tm a, b, tho:
= 3
a = 2
b = 3
3
3
a b = 35
V T () = (x + a)3 (y + b)3 3a = 2
3a2 = 4
Do () tr thnh: (x 2)3 (y + 3)3 = 0.
~ Li gii: Ta c h phng trnh:
x3 y 3 = 35
x = y + 5
x 2 = y + 3
(y + 5)3 y 3 = 35
x = 2; y = 3
x = 3; y = 2
x4 y 4 = 240 (1)
x3 2y 3 = 3(x2 4y 2 ) 4(x 8y) (2)
Gii
~ tng: Nh bi trn, do x, y tch bit nn ta hi vng t hai phng trnh ca h a v
dng (x + )4 = (y + )4 . Mun vy ta nhn phng trnh th hai cho mt s k. Cng vic
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
232
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
ca ta l tm cc s , , k.
H phng trnh cho tng ng:
( 4
x + a = y 4 + a + 240
x3 3x2 + 4x = 2y 3 12y 2 + 32y
Suy ra:
x4 + a + k(x3 3x2 + 4x) = y 4 + a + 240 + k(2y 3 12y 2 + 32) ()
Cn chn k sao cho :
(x + )4 = (y + )4 x4 + 4x3 + 62 x2 + 43 x + 4 = y 4 + 4y 3 + 6 2 y 2 + 4 3 y + 4 ()
T (*) v (**) ng nht h s ta c:
a = 4
k = 4
k = 8
3k
=
6
= 2
4k = 43
a = 16
a + 240 = 4
= 4
2k = 4
12k = 6 2
32k = 4 3
~ Li gii:
H cho tng ng:
(
x4 + 16 = y 4 + 256
x3 3x2 + 4x = 2y 3 12y 2 + 32y
Ly phng trnh th hai nhn cho (-8) cng vi phng trnh th nht ta c:
x4 + 16 8(x3 3x2 + 4x) = y 4 + 256 8(2y 3 12y 2 + 32y)
"
"
x
2
=
y
4
x=y2
(x 2)4 = (y 4)4
x2=4y
x=6y
> Nu x = y 2 thay vo (1) ta c:
8y 3 24y 2 + 32y + 224 = 0 (y + 2)(8y 2 40y + 112) = 0 y = 2 x = 4
> Nu x = 6 y thay vo (1) ta c:
y 3 9y 2 + 36y 44 = 0 (y 2)(y 2 7y + 22) = 0 y = 2 x = 4
Vy h phng trnh cho c nghim (x; y) = (4; 2), (4; 2) 2
~ Nhn xt: bi ny hoc cc bi tng t vi s m ln hn hay nh hn nu khng cha
cc hng t c dng xm .y n ta u c th s dng phng php trn. Tuy nhin ch cn qua
mt php i bin h s khng cn p na. Chng ta cng xt bi ton sau:
x2 + y 2 = 1 (1)
5
Bi 3: Gii h phng trnh (II)
57
2
4x + 4x
= y(3x + 1) (2)
25
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
233
Gii
~ tng: rng 2 phng trnh ca h u c bc hai v xut hin c hng t xy nn
vic dng HSB nh bi 1 s gp nhiu kh khn. Mt hng i thng dng ca ta vi h
loi ny l a v phng trnh bc hai theo (ax + by). lm iu , ta nhn (1) cho , (2)
cho v cng li:
57
1
2
2
2
+ 4x + 3xy + 3x + y
=0
(1). + (2). x + y
5
25
4
57
3
2
2
1+
x +
xy + y + (3x + y)
=0
5
25
xut hin hng t ax + by chnh l (3x + y). Do ta hi vng c
3
4
x2 +
xy + y 2 = k(3x + y)2
1+
1 + 4 = 9
= 1
3 = 6
= 2
Vy ta tm c , .
~ Li gii: Ly (1) + (2).2 ta c
7
119
7
17
3x + y = 5
2
(3x + y) + 2(3x + y)
= 0 3x + y
3x + y +
=0
17
25
5
5
3x + y =
5
7
> Nu 3x + y = :
5
2
1
x
=
;
y
=
1
x2 + y 2 =
5
5
17
5
Ta c h phng trnh
>
Nu
3x
+
7
=
:
y = 3x +
11
2
5
x= ; y=
25
25
1
17
2
2
y = 3x
x + y =
5
5
(v nghim)
Ta c h phng trnh
17
102x 284
2
y = 3x
10x +
+
=0
5
25
5
2 1
11 2
Vy (II) c nghim (x; y) =
;
;
;
2.
5 5
25 25
~ Nhn xt: Nhng h phng trnh cha hng t x2 , xy, y 2 phn ln c th a v phng
trnh bc hai theo ax + by. Bi h trn cn c 2 cch gii khc, l dng php th hoc t n
ph tng - hiu. Ta cng xem qua mt bi tng t:
(
Bi 4: Gii h phng trnh
x2 + 2xy + 2y 2 + 3x = 0 (1)
xy + y 2 + 3y + 1 = 0 (2)
Gii
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
234
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
~ tng:
Nh bi trn ta s bin i a v phng trnh bc hai theo mx + ny. lm iu ta
nhn phng trnh th nht vi v phng trnh th cho ri cng li:
(1). + (2). (x2 + 2xy + 2y 2 + 3x) + (xy + y 2 + 3y + 1) = 0
2
2
+ 2 xy +
+ 2 y + 3 x + y + = 0
x +
2
+ 2 xy +
+2 y = x+ y
x +
2
x2 +
+ 2 xy +
+ 2 y 2 = x2 + 2 xy + 2 y 2
ng nht h s ta c:
+2=
= 2 = 2
2
+2=
2
x + 2y + 2 = 0
> Nu x + 2y + 1 = 0 x = 2y 1 thay vo phng trnh th hai ca h ta c:
"
y
=
1
+
2
x
=
3
2
2
y 2 + 2y + 1 = 0
y = 1 2 x = 3 + 2 2
> Nu x + 2y + 2 = 0 x = 2y 2 thay vo phng trnh th hai ca h ta c:
1+ 5
y
=
x
=
3
+
5
2
y 2 + y + 1 = 0
1 5
y=
x = 3 5
2
Vy h phng trnh
cho
c
4
nghim
(x,
y)
l
(3
2
2;
1
+
2);
(3
+
2
2;
1
2);
!
!
1+ 5
1 5
3 + 5;
, 3 5;
2
2
2
~ Nhn xt: Nhng h phng trnh c cha cc phn t x2 , xy, y 2 phn ln c th a v
phng trnh bc hai theo mx + ny, t c th tnh x theo y hoc y theo x ri th ngc lai
vo mt trong hai phng trnh ca h s ra c nghim.
x4 4x2 + y 2 6y + 9 = 0 (1)
Bi 5: Gii h phng trnh
x2 y + x2 + 2y 22 = 0 (2)
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
235
Gii
~ tng: H phng trnh trn c bc kh cao (bc 4) nhng c th gim bc bng cch t
t = x2 . Vy cch t nhin nht chnh l ta a v phng trnh bc 2. m bo chnh
phng ta s dng h s bt nh nh sau:
Ta c:
(1) + (2).a x4 + x2 (4 + ay + a) + y 2 6y + 9 + 22ay 22a = 0
Coi y l phng trnh bc 2 theo x2 ta c:
= y 2 (a2 4) + y(16a + 2a2 + 24) + a2 + 80a 20
l mt bnh phng th trc ht h s ca y 2 phi l s chnh phng, ngha l ta gii
PT nghim nguyn a2 4 = k 2
a 4 = 0
Tm c cc nghim ca PT ny, ln lt th li. D thy a = 2 th 16a + 2a2 + 24 = 0
a2 + 80a 20 = 144
Vy ta chn a = 2.
~ Li gii:
Xt (1) + (2).2 ta c:
(1) + (2).2 x4 4x2 + y 2 6y + 9 + 2(x2 y + x2 + 2y 22) = 0 (x2 + y + 5)(x2 + y 7) = 0
> Nu y = x2 5, thay vo (1) ta c phng trnh
x4 4x2 + (x2 + 5)2 + 6(x2 + 5) + 9 = 0 x4 + 6x2 = 32(v nghim)
> Nu y = x2 + 7, thay vo (1) ta c phng trnh
x3 + 3xy 2 = 49 (1)
x2 8xy + y 2 = 8y 17x (2)
Gii
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
236
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
ax3 + (a + b)x2 + cxy 2 + dxy + cy 2 + (b + 49)x + dy + 49 = 0 (2)
a=1
a+b=
a=1
c=3
c==3
d = 8
b=2
c
=
d = 24
b + 49 = 17
d = 8
~ Li gii:
Nhn phng trnh th hai ca h cho 3 ri cng vi phng trnh th nht c :
x3 + 3xy 2 + 49 + 3x2 24xy + 3y 2 24y + 51x = 0
(x + 1)(x2 + 2x + 3y 2 24y + 49) = 0
(x + 1)((x + 1)2 + 3(y 4)2 ) = 0
"
"
x+1=0
x = 1
x + 1 = 0, y 4 = 0
x = 1, y = 4
> Nu x = 1 thay vo phng trnh th nht ca h c y 2 = 16 y = 4
> Nu x = 1, y = 4 thay vo h thy tha.
Vy h phng trnh cho c nghim (x, y) l (1, 4), (1, 4) 2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
237
x = 1
x = 1
x = 1
x3 + 3xy 2 = 49
y 2 = 16
y = 4
Do h c nghim (x; y) = (1; 4), (1; 4) 2
~ Nhn xt: Hai cch trn u xt (1) + (2).a v u ra a = 3 tuy tng khc nhau.
Cch 1 rt hiu qu trong nhng bi c th tm c nghim. Cch 2 mang tnh tng qut ,
v tng gii phng trnh nghim nguyn kh th v. Bi ny cn mt cch gii khc bng
phng php t n ph tng - hiu.
Sau y ta s khai thc su v cch 1. Lu rng vi nhng bi cng on c nhiu nghim
th cng d dng h s bt nh.
x3 (x 2)x + x2 + x + 2 = 0
(x + 1)2 (x 2) = 0
Vic phn tch trn l khng kh v ta bit trc nghim.
Bc 4: La chn biu thc thch hp:
Nh th, so vi phng trnh th nht va nhn c th phng trnh th hai thiu i mt
biu thc l x 1 , nhng ch rng biu thc ny cng tng ng vi y 1. Ta s chn
mt trong hai biu thc ny nhn vo.
R rng nu chn y 1 th vic nhn s to ra mt a thc c cha bin y ng bc vi a
thc phng trnh th nht ban u. Vy ta s nhn phng trnh sau cho y 1.
~ Li gii:
Nhn phng trnh th hai cho y + 1, ri ly phng trnh th nht, tr phng trnh va
nhn c, ta c:
(x + y)(x y + 2)(x2 2x + y 2 + 3y + 5) = 0]
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
238
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(x y)2 + x + y = y 2 (1)
Bi 8: Gii h phng trnh
x4 4x2 y + 3x2 = y 2 (2)
Gii
~ tng: u tin ta thy (1) x2 2xy + x + y = 0.
C th tm c 3 nghim nguyn ca
h ny l (x; y) = (0, 0), (2; 2), (1; 2). T 2 nghim u
x2 2x = 0
ta thy x = y. Thay vo h ta c
[x(x 2)]2 = 0
Nh vy ta s phi nhn x(x 2) hoc y(y 2) vo (1). rng nu chn x(x 2) ta s lm
mt bc 4. Vy khu chun b hon tt.
~ Li gii:
Xt x = 0 v x = 2 ta thy h c nghim (x; y) = (0; 0), (2; 2).
Vi x
/ {0; 2} xt (1).[x(x 2)] + (2) ta c phng trnh
x(x 2)(x2 2xy + x + y) + (x4 4x2 y + 3x2 + y 2 ) = 0 (x y)(2x3 x2 + x y) = 0
> Nu x = y thay vo (1) ta c 2x x2 = 0. Trng hp ny loi do x
/ {0; 2}
3
2
> Nu 2x x + x y = 0 ta c h phng trnh
2x3 x2 + x y = 0
()
x2 2xy + x + y = 0
Cng hai phng trnh ta c
2x3 2xy + 2x = 0 2x(x2 + 1 2y) = 0 x2 + 1 = 2y (do x 6= 0)
Thay vo (1) ta c phng trnh
2x3 + x2 + 1 = 0 x = 1
T tm c (x; y) = (1; 2).
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (1; 2), (0; 0), (2; 2) 2
M RNG:
~ tng: Nh cp, nu bit cng nhiu nghim th ta c li gii cng p. Sau y l
mt cch phn tch khi ta bit c 3 nghim. Ta s ln lt lp 3 quan h tuyn tnh gia x v
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
239
y = x
y. Trong bi ny, l y = 2x
y = 2
Do (2) c bc cao hn nn ta xt
(1). + (2) x4 + x2 (4y + + 3) + x( 2y) + y + y 2 = 0 (3)
Ta s chn quan h no d s dng nht, chnh l y = 2. Nh vy (3) c nghim y = 2,
ngha l
x4 + x2 ( 5) + x(3) + 2 + 4 = 0 =
x4 + 5x2 4
= (x + 1)(x + 2)
x2 3x + 2
Bi tp t luyn
Giicc h phng trnh sau:
x3 + y 3 = 9 (1)
1)
x2 + 2y 2 = x + 4y (2)
( 3
x y 3 + 3y 2 + 2x 5y + 3 = 0(1)
2)
x2 + 2y = 1(2)
( 2
x + y2 = 1
3)
21x + 3y + 96x2 + 28xy = 117
( 2
6x y + 2y 3 + 35 = 0
4)
5x2 + 5y 2 + 2xy + 5x + 13y = 0
( 4
x y 4 = 1215
5)
2x3 4y 3 = 9(x2 4y 2 ) 18(x 8y)
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
240
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
a = mx + ny
x = ma + nb
()
hoc ()
(a, b l n mi) .
b = ux + vy
y = ua + vb
Hai php t trn thc ra tng ng, v ta c th tnh x, y theo a, b v ngc li. Lu rng:
F Php t () c dng vi nhng h m ta c th nhm cc hng t mt cch thch hp
to ra phng trnh n gin hn theo mx + ny v ux + vy.
F Php t () c dng vi nhng h phng trnh m ta hi vng c th kh mt hay mt
s hng t no sau khi khai trin. (lu rng h phng trnh hu t m 2 n tch bit th
c th gii quyt bng h s bt nh).
Khi gp mt bi ton ta nn th () trc,
v php t ny cho h n gin hn.
a = mx + ny
Mt trng hp c bit hn l php t
dng cho h phng trnh c mt
b = nx my
phng trnh i xng, c th a mt s bi v h i xng loi I.
Phng php ny c th gii quyt nhiu h phng trnh hu t, c bit l h bc hai. V t
mt phng trnh bc hai 2 n m1 x2 + m2 xy + m3 y 2 + m4 x + m5 y + m6 = 0 ta c th a v
dng n1 ab + n2 a + n2 b + n3 = 0, t tnh c a theo b.
Sau y l cc v d c th:
Bi tp v d
x2 + y 2 = xy + x + y
Bi 1: Gii h phng trnh
x2 y 2 = 3
Gii
~ tng: D thy nu t a = x + y, b = x y th t phng trnh sau c ab = 3 nn mc
tiu dng php th thnh cng. Vic cn li l a phng trnh u v bin a, b (d thy
1
x2 xy + y 2 = [3(x + y)2 + (x y)2 ] )
4
~ Li gii:
t a = x + y; b = x y ta c h phng trnh
3a2 + b2 = 4b
a = 3
b = 3
27 b
ab = 3
a = 1
+ b2 = 4b
2
b
T tm c (x; y) = (2; 1) 2
2
x + y2 + x = 3
Bi 2: Gii h phng trnh sau
2xy
x2 4y 2 +
= 1
x+y1
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
241
Gii
KX: x + y 6= 1
Phng trnh (2) tng ng:
(x + y 1) x2 4y 2 + x + y + 2xy + 1 = 0
x3 4y 3 4xy 2 + x2 y x2 + 4y 2 + x + y + 2xy 1 = 0
(x + 2y) x2 xy 2y 2 + xy + x + 2y 2 + 2y x2 xy 2y 2 + y + 1 = 0
(x + 2y) x2 xy 2y 2 + (x + 2y) (y + 1) x2 xy 2y 2 + y + 1 = 0
(x + 2y 1) x2 xy 2y 2 + y + 1 = 0
"
x + 2y = 1
x2 xy 2y 2 + y + 1 = 0
> Nu x + 2y = 1 thay vo phng trnh (1) ta c
x = 1 2y
3 + 14
1 2 14
;x =
3 + 14
y =
x = 1 2y
5
5
y
=
5
2
3 14
1 + 2 14
5y 6y 1 = 0
y=
;x =
14
y=
5
5
5
> Nu x2 xy 2y 2 + y + 1 = 0 ta c h phng trnh:
()
x2 + y 2 + x = 3
x2 xy 2y 2 + y + 1 = 0
x = 2a + b
3
t a = x + y; b = x 2y
ab
y =
3
Ta c HPT:
b3
. Th vo (1) c phng trnh bc 4 theo b:
3b + 1
9
4
3
2
54b + 135b 648b 729b = 0 b
; 1; 0; 3
2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
242
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Nh vy h tng ng
9
3
b
=
;
a
=
2
5
b = 1; a = 2
b = 0; a = 3
b = 3; a = 0
T tm c nghim
11 17
(x; y) =
;
, (1; 1), (2; 1), (1; 1),
10 10
!
1 2 14 3 + 14
;
,
5
5
!
1 + 2 14 3 14
;
2
5
5
x2 + y 2 = 2 (1)
5
Bi 3: Gii h phng trnh
4x2 + 3x 57 = y(3x + 1) (2)
25
Gii
~ tng: Xt cc hng t bc 2 c hai phng trnh, ta thy khng th phn tch thnh
nhn t. Tuy nhin lu rng ta c th thay i h s ca x2 v y 2 (2) bng php th (1).
Nh vy ta hng ti cch t (), nhng y kh khn hn v ta khng bit biu thc cn
phn tch l g. Tip tc khai thc bi ton:
I Ta s th (1) vo (2) bin i biu thc bc 2. Ngha l ta xt:
(1). + (2) x2 (4 + ) + 3xy + y 2 + 3x + y =
57
+
25 5
x2 + y 2 = 2
5
47
2
2x + 3xy 2y 2 + 3x + y =
25
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
243
t a = x + 2y, b = 2x y ta c h i xng :
3
4
a2 + b2 = 1
a = ;b =
5
5
47
4
3
a + b + ab
=0
a
=
;
b
=
25
5
5
2 1 11 2
Vy ta tm c (x; y) =
; ); ( ;
2
5 5 25 25
~ Nhn xt: Bi ton trn cng c th gii bng h s bt nh. C th ta xt
7 17
2
;
(1).25 + (2).50 25(3x + y) + 50(3x + y) 119 = 0 3x + y
5 5
T d dng lm tip.
x3 + 3xy 2 = 49
Bi 4: Gii h phng trnh
x2 8xy + y 2 = 8y 17x
Gii
~ tng: Th xt hng t bc 2 trc, ta thy khng th phn tch x2 8xy+y 2 thnh nhn t
v cng khng c cch no bin i biu thc ny. n hng t bc 3, d x3 +3xy 2 = x(x2 +3y 2 )
nhng khng d a v bc 3 theo a, b vi php t (). Vy ta chuyn qua php t ().
Trc tin ta th cch t x = ua + vb; y = va ub v mc ch ca ta chnh l kh ab, a2 b, ab2
sau khi a v h bc 3 theo a, b.
Gi ta
( s tm u, v:
x = ua + vb
t
thay vo h ta c:
y = va ub
( 3 3
a (u + 3uv 2 ) + b3 (v 3 + 3u2 v) + a2 b(3v 3 3u2 v) + ab2 (3u3 3uv 2 ) = 49
a2 (u2 8uv + v 2 ) + b2 (v 2 + 8uv + u2 ) + 8ab(u2 v 2 ) = 9ua 25vb
Ta s ng nht h s sao cho h s ca a2 b, ab2 v ab bng 0 :
"
3v 3 3u2 v = 0
u=v
3u3 3uv 2 = 0
u = v
u2 v 2 = 0
Do u = v hay u = v u c cng cch t nn ta chn u = v = 1 (tht ra c th ly u, v tu
, v v tri ca phng trnh u l thun nht).
~ Li gii:
t x = a + b, y = a b ta c h:
( 3
( 3
4a + 4b3 = 49
8a + 8b3 = 98
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
244
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
3 5
5 3
;
;
;
T tm c (a; b) =
2 2
2 2
Nh vy h c nghim (x; y) = (1; 4), (1; 4) 2
~ Nhn xt: T bi trn c th rt ra mt kinh nghim nh l nu trong mt phng trnh c
mx3 v 3mxy 2 , hoc my 3 v 3mx2 y th ta c th t x = a + b; y = a b.Sau y ta xt mt
bi tng t:
6x2 y + 2y 3 + 35 = 0 (1)
Bi 5: Gii h phng trnh
5x2 + 5y 2 + 2xy + 5x + 13y = 0 (2)
Gii
~ tng: Theo nhn xt bi 4, do phng trnh u c 2y 3 +6x2 y nn ta t x = a+b; y = ab.
~ Li gii:
t x = a + b; y = a b ta c (1) tr thnh:
6(a + b)2 (a b) + 2(a b)3 + 35 = 0 6 a2 + 2ab + b2 (a b) + 2 a3 3a2 b + 3ab2 b3 + 35 = 0
35
6 a3 a2 b + 2a2 b 2ab2 + ab2 b3 + 2a3 6a2 b + 6ab2 2b3 + 35 = 0 a3 b3 +
=0
8
a3 b3 = 35
8
6a2 + 9a + 4b2 4b = 0
3
3
Gii h ny bng h s bt nh, ta tm c (a; b) = 1;
;1
;
2
2
1 5
1 5
Vy ta c (x; y) =
;
;
;
2
2 2
2 2
~ Nhn xt: Nu bit nghim ca h, ta cng c th trnh by ngn gn hn bng h s bt
nh nh sau:
"
2
2 #
1
5
(1) + 3.(2) (6y + 15)x2 + 3(2y + 5)x + 2y 3 + 15y 2 + 39y + 35 = 0 (2y + 5) 3 x +
+ y+
=0
2
2
( 4
x 2x = y 4 y
Bi 6: Gii h phng trnh
3
(x2 y 2 ) = 3
( kim tra i d tuyn trng THPT Chuyn HSP H Ni)
Gii
t x + y = a, x y = b, 3 = c3 .
T phng trnh th hai ca h, ta c: (ab)3 = c3 ab = c.
ab
a+b
Ta c: x =
,y =
. Suy ra:
2
2
"
2
2 #
a
+
b
a
b
ab
x4 y 4 = (x y)(x + y)(x2 + y 2 ) = ab
+
= (a2 + b2 )
2
2
2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
245
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Li c na:
(a b)
a + 3b
a + c3 b
2x y = (a + b)
=
=
2
2
2
Do , phng trnh th nht ca h cho tng ng vi:
ab 2
a + c3 b
(a + b2 ) =
c(a2 + b2 ) = a + c3 b
2
2
Ta c h mi l:
(
c(a2 + b2 ) = a + c3 b
ab = c
c2
c4
2
c a + 2 =a+
ca4 + c3 = a3 + ac4
a
a
(ca 1)(a3 c3 ) = 0 a =
Suy ra h ny c hai nghim l: (a, b) = (c, 1);
1
a=c
c
1 2
,c .
c
3
3
c+1
3+1
31
=
,y =
.
> Nu a = c, b = 1 th x =
2
2
2
3
1
1
1
+
c
2
1
1 c3
1
1
1
2
> Nu a = , b = c2 th x =
+ c2 =
=
,
y
=
c
=
=
3
3
c
2 c
2c
2c
3 ! 2 c
3
3
3
2 1
3+1
31
Vy h cho c hai nghim l: (x, y) =
,
,
,
2.
3
2
2
3 33
Bi tp t luyn
Gii
h phng trnh:
x2 y 2 = y
1)
x2 + xy + x = 6
=7
4(x2 + y 2 ) + 4xy +
2
(x
+
y)
2)
1
2x +
=3
x+y
= 2(10 xy)
3(x2 + y 2 ) +
(x y)2
3)
1
2x +
=5
xy
x2 + 2x + 6 = y + 1
4)
x2 + xy + y 2 = 7
x2 y 2 = 4x + 6y 1
5)
x4 + y 4 5x2 5y 2 = 2x2 y 2 10xy 1
x2 + y 2 = 1
6)
21x + 3y + 48x2 48y 2 + 28xy = 69
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
246
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Bi tp v d
(
Bi 1: Gii h phng trnh sau:
x6 + y 8 + z 10 = 1 (1)
x2007 + y 2009 + z 2011 = 1 (2)
Gii
T (1) ta c: 1 6 x, y, z 6 1
T (1) v (2) ta c:
x2007 + y 2009 + z 2011 = x6 + y 8 + z 10
x6 1 x2001 + y 8 1 y 2001 + z 10 1 z 2001 = 0 (3)
T 1 6 x, y, z 6 1 ta thy:
x6 1 x2001 , y 8 1 y 2001 , z 10 1 z 2001 > 0
Do :
"
(3)
x=y=z=1
x=y=z=0
3(a + b) = 2 |ab + 1|
9(a3 + b3 ) = |a3 b3 + 1|
Gii
Ta c:
3 3
a b + 1 = (ab + 1)(a2 b2 ab + 1) = |(ab + 1)| (a2 b2 ab + 1) = |(ab + 1)| (ab + 1)2 3ab
3
9
9
2
2
|(ab + 1)| (ab + 1) 3ab = (a + b) (a + b) 3ab = (a + b)(3a2 + 2ab + 3b2 )
2
4
8
9
Li c: 5(a + b)(a b)2 > 0 9(a3 + b3 ) > (a + b)(3a2 + 2ab + 3b2 ) 9(a3 + b3 ) > |a3 b3 + 1|
8
ng thc xy ra nn a = b.
3+ 5
Vy h c nghim duy nht a = b =
2.
2
a + b = 3 24
Bi 3: Gii h phng trnh
1
1
+
=2
( a + b)
a + 3b
b + 3a
Gii
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
p dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:
a
1
a
a
+
b
6
+
a+ b
1
a
3
2 a + b a +3b
a+ 3b
6
+
b
1 1
2b
2 a+b 2
a
+
3b
6
+
2 2 a + 3b
a + 3b
a+ b
1
b
3
Chng minh tng t ta cng c:
6
+
2 a+b 2
b + 3a
Cng lai ta c
1
1
( a + b)
+
62
a + 3b
b + 3a
ng thc xy ra nn a = b.
24
2.
2
x4 + y 4 = 2
Bi 4: Gii h phng trnh:
x3 2x2 + 2x = y 2
Gii
Vit li h cho di dng:
x4 + y 4 = 2
x3 2x2 + 2x 1 = y 2 1
x4 + y 4 = 2
(x 1)(x2 x + 1) = y 2 1
Xt cc kh nng sau:
> Nu x > 1 (x 1)(x2 x + 1) > 0 y 2 > 1 y 4 > 1 x4 + y 4 > 2
Khi y h cho v nghm.
> Nu 0 < x < 1 y 2 < 1 y 4 < 1
Trong trng hp ny h cng v nghim.
2
2
> Nu x < 0 th x3 2x
+ 2x < 0 y < 0 : v l.
y 4 = 2
> Ti x = 0, ta c h
(v nghim)
y 2 = 0
y 4 = 1
> Ti x = 1, h tr thnh:
y = 1
y 2 = 1
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (1; 1), (1; 1) 2
Bi 5: Gii h phng trnh
4
x +
32 x y 2 = 3
x + 32 x + 6y = 24
Gii
iu kin 0 6 x 6 32.
Cng hai phng trnh v theo v:
( x + 32 x) + ( 4 x + 4 32 x) = y 2 6y + 21 (1)
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
247
248
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Li c:
x + 32 x 6 2(x + 32 x) = 8
x + 4 32 x 6 2( x + 32 x) 6 2.8 = 4
T suy ra ( x + 32 x) + ( 4 x + 4 32 x) 6 12 (3)
x = 16
y = 3
2xy
= x2 + y (1)
x +
3
2
x 2x + 9
Bi 6: Gii h phng trnh
2xy
= y 2 + x (2)
y + p
3
2
y 2y + 9
Gii
~ tng: y l h phng trnh i xng loi II, nhng nu lm theo cch thng thng
th s rt kh khn do c s xut hin ca cn bc ba. rng khi ta cng 2 phng trnh
li hng t (x + y) mi v s c n gin, khi VT xut hin 2xy, cn VP xut hin
x2 + y 2 , v do y l h phng trnh i xng loi II nn s c nghim x = y. T ta ngh
ti vic nh gi 2xy v x2 + y 2 .
~ Li gii:
Vi x = 0 y = 0. Xt x, y 6= 0 :
Cng (1) v (2) v theo v:
x + y + 2xy(
3
2xy(
3
1
1
+p
) = x2 + y 2 + x + y
3
2
2
x 2x + 9
y 2y + 9
x2
1
1
+p
) = x2 + y 2 (3)
3
2
2x + 9
y 2y + 9
1
1
1
1
= q
6
=
3
3
2
3
8
x2 2x + 9
(x 1)2 + 8
1
1
1
1
p
q
=
6
=
2
3
3 y 2 2y + 9
8
(y 1)2 + 8
3
1
1
1
1
p
+p
6
1
2xy(
+
) 6 2xy 6 x2 +y 2 (4)
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
x 2x + 9
x 2x + 9
y 2y + 9
y 2y + 9
3 + 2x2 y x4 y 2 + x4 (1 2x2 ) = y 4
p
1 + 1 + (x y)2 = x3 (x3 x + 2y 2 )
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
249
Gii
~ Nhn thy cc biu thc trong cn rt phc tp. Nhng phng trnh sau gi cho ta
a v cc bnh phng, t hi vng c th nh gi bt ng thc mt cch hp l.
~ Li gii:
p
p
p
Nhn thy 3 + 2x2 y x4 y 2 = 4 (1 x2 y)2 6 2 v 1 + 1 + (x y)2 > 2
y 4 + 2x6 x4 6 x6 x4 + 2x3 y 2 (x3 y 2 )2 6 0
1x y =0
Suy ra x3 = y 2
x=y=1
xy =0
3
2
x =y
Th li ta thy h c nghim (x; y) = (1; 1) 2
(
Bi 8: Gii h phng trnh
y 3 x3 = 7
x3 y 2 + x = 2
Gii
(y 3 7) y 2 + x = 2
y3 y2 4 = 1 x
(y 2)(y 2 + y + 2) = 1 x (2)
1 2 7
Ta c y 2 + y + 2 = (y + ) + > 0, y R.
2
4
Xt cc trng (
hp:
(1) x > 1
>y > 2 : Ta c
H v nghim
(2) x < 1
(
(1) x < 1
>y < 2 : Ta c
H v nghim
(2) x > 1
>y = 2 : x = 1
Vy h phng trnh c nghim (1;2) 2.
~ Nhn xt: Mu cht ca li gii trn chnh l on c nghim (x; y) = (1; 2), t c
nhng bin i ng thc hp l chng minh y l nghim duy nht. Ta cng xem qua mt
bi tng t:
(
Bi 9: Gii h phng trnh
y = x3 + 3x + 4
x = 2y 3 6y 2
()
Gii
~ tng: d dng nhm c nghim ca h phng trnh l x = y = 2.
Ta hi vng
( y l nghim duy nht ca h, v th ta s c gng a h phng trnh ban u
y 2 = (x 2).f (x)
v dng:
x 2 = (y 2).g(y)
Ri t hai phng trnh trn da vo du ca f (x) v g(y) ta s nh gi gia x v y, v
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
250
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
2y 3 6y 4 = x 2
2(y 2)(y + 1)2 = x 2 (2)
(
> Nu x > 2 :
(1) y < 2
(2) y > 2
V nghim
(1) y > 2
V nghim
(2) y < 2
Suy ra x = 2 y = 2.
Th li ta thy x = y = 2 tha h.
Vy h phng trnh c nghim (2;2) 2.
> Nu x < 2:
(
Bi 10: Gii h phng trnh
x5 + y 5 + z 5 = 3
x6 + y 6 + z 6 = 3
Gii
x6 = y 6 = z 6
ng thc xy ra
x, y, z > 0
Kt hp vi gi thit suy ra x = y = z = 1.
Th li ta thy h phng trnh cho c nghim (1; 1; 1) 2
x2 y 2 2x + y 2 = 0 (1)
Bi 11: Gii h phng trnh
7x2 14x + 3y 3 + 10 = 0 (2)
Gii
T (1) suy ra:
x > 0
2x
2
61
y = 2
1 6 y 6 1
x +1
y 3 > 1 ()
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
251
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
T (2) suy ra 7(x 1)2 + 3(y 3 + 1) = 0
M 7(x 1)2 > 0; 3(y(3 + 1) > 0 (do (*))
7(x 1)2 + 3(y 3 + 1) > 0
(
(x 1)2 = 0
x=1
ng thc xy ra
y3 + 1 = 0
y = 1
Th li ta thy h c nghim (x; y) = (1; 1) 2
(
Bi 12: Gii h phng trnh ()
x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2xy xz yz = 3
x2 + y 2 + yz zx 2xy = 1
Gii
~ tng: Ta thy rng phng trnh th nht c th phn tch thnh mt bnh phng
ca mt tng theo x, y, z v cn d mt lng theo z 2 , phng trnh th hai cng c th phn
tch thnh bnh phng ca mt tng c cha x, y, z nhng li thiu mt lng theo z 2 .
T ta ngh ti vic nh gi z 2 t mi phng trnh.
~ Li gii:
Vit li h (*) di dng
z 2 3z 2
( 2
2
2
2
+
=3
(x
+
y)
z(x
+
y)
+
(x + y + 2xy) z(x + y) + z = 3
4
4
z2 z2
(x2 + y 2 2xy) z(x y) = 1
(x y)2 z(x y) +
= 1
4
4
z 2
z2
z2
(x + y ) = 3(1 )
1
>0
2
4 ()
4
z 2 z2
z2
(x y ) =
1
1>0
2
4
4
"
z 2 6 4
z=2
z2 = 4
z 2 > 4
z = 2
(
> z = 2, ()
> z = 2, ()
(x + y 1)2 = 0
(x y 1)2 = 0
(
(x + y + 1)2 = 0
x+y1=0
xy1=0
(
x+y+1=0
x=1
y=0
(
x = 1
(x y + 1)2 = 0
xy+1=0
y=0
Th li ta thy h c nghim (x; y; z) = (1; 0; 2), (1; 0; 2) 2.
(
Bi 13: Gii h phng trnh
2x + 4y = 32
xy = 8
Gii
~ tng: Ta thy phng trnh th nht ca h c dng tng, phng trnh th hai c dng
tch nn ngh ti vic s dng bt ng thc AM-GM nh gi.
~ Li gii:
Do xy = 8 > 0 x, y cng du
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
252
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(
2x = 22y
x=4
ng thc xy ra x = 2y
y=2
xy = 8
Th li ta thy nghim (4;2) tha h.
Vy h phng trnh c nghim (4;2) 2
2x2
=y
x2 + 1
2y 2
Bi 14: Gii h phng trnh
=z
y2 + 1
2z = x
z2 + 1
(Thi v ch ton Bungari 1977)
Gii
Ta thy
x = y = z = 0 l mt nghim ca h.
x 6= 0
Nu
y 6= 0 th x, y, z > 0. Khi , nhn 3 v ca h phng trnh ta c
z 6= 0
8x2 y 2 z 2
= xyz (x2 + 1)(y 2 + 1)(z 2 + 1) = 8xyz
2
2
2
(z + 1)(y + 1)(z + 1)
Mt khc p dng bt ng thc AM-GM c:
p
x, y, z > 0
ng thc xy ra
x=y=z=1
x2 = y 2 = z 2 = 1
Th li ta thy x = y = z = 1 tha h.
Vy h phng trnh c nghim (0;0;0), (1;1;1) 2.
~ Nhn xt:
2t2
1) Bi h trn cng c th gii bng hm n iu. C th xt hm f (t) = 2
, ta c
t +1
4t
f 0 (t) = 2
nn f (t) ng bin trn (0; +).
(t + 1)2
D thy x, y, z > 0 do khng gim tng qut gi s x = max{x; y; z} th
f (x) > f (y) y > z f (y) > f (z) z > x x = y = z.
Ta cng xem qua bi ton tng qut hn:
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
253
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
2x2
=y
x + 13
3y
Bi 15: Gii h phng trnh sau:
=z
4
y + y2 + 1
4z
=x
6
4
z + z + z2 + 1
Gii
R rng nu mt trong s cc n x, y, z bng 0 th cc x = y = z = 0.
Nh vy x = y = z = 0 l nghim ca h cho.
Nu x, y, z 6= 0 x, y, z > 0
Ta c:
2x2
2x
61y= 2
6 x (1)
x2 + 1 > 2x 2
x +1
x +1
3y 2
3y 3
y 4 + y 2 + 1 > 3y 4
6
1
z
=
6 y (2)
y + y2 + 1
y4 + y2 + 1
4z 3
4z 4
z 6 + z 4 + z 2 + 1 > 4z 3 6
6
1
x
=
6 z (3)
z + z4 + z2 + 1
z6 + z4 + z2 + 1
T (1),(2),(3) ta suy ra x = y = z = 1.
Vy h cho c nghim x = y = z = 0 hoc x = y = z = 1 2.
(
Bi 16: Gii h phng trnh
x4 + y 2 = 9
x2 + y 2 + xy 3x 4y + 4 = 0
Gii
7
(1)
3
4
(2)
3
4 2
4
7
697
T (1) v (2) x + y 6
+
=
< 9 (mu thun)
3
3
81
Vy h phng trnh cho v nghim 2
4
x + y + z = 2010
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
=
+
+
3x + 2y 3y + 2z 3z + 2x
x + 2y + 2z y + 2z + 2x z + 2x + 2y
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
254
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Gii
1
2
1
+
>
3x + 2y x + 2y + 2z
2x + 2y + z
Tng t ta cng c:
1
2
1
+
>
3y + 2x y + 2x + 2z
x + 2y + 2z
1
1
2
+
>
3z + 2x z + 2x + 2y
y + 2x + 2z
Suy ra:
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
>
+
+
3x + 2y 3y + 2x 3z + 2x
2x + 2y + z x + 2y + 2z y + 2x + 2z
Du = xy ra x = y = z.
670
Thay vo h ta c: 3 x = 2010 x =
3
670 670 670
Vy h phng trnh c nghim duy nht (x; y; z) = (
,
,
). 2
3
3
3
Bi 18: Gii
h phng trnh:
r
a2 + 1
ax+ ay+ az =3 a 1
a
Vi a > 1 v a l hng s.
Gii
z+
a, B = a x + a y + a z
A2 6 3(3a + x + y + z)
p dng BT Cauchy-Schwarz:
B 2 6 3(3a x y z)
t A =
x+a+
y+b+
a2 + 1
x=y=z=
2
ax= ay = az = a 1
a
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
1 1 1
.2
Vy h phng trnh c nghim duy nht (x, y, z)= , ,
a a a
2011
2011
255
Gii
iu kin: -1 6 xi 6 1 (i= 1, 2, 3, ..., 2010). Ta c
20102 .
2011
= ( 1 + x1 + 1 + x2 + ... + 1 + x2010 )2 6 2010(2010 + x1 + x2 + ... + x2010 )
2010
2011
= ( 1 x1 + 1 x2 + ... + 1 x2010 )2 6 2010(2010 x1 x2 ... x2010 )
2010
1 + x1 = 1 + x2 = ... = 1 + x2010
1 + x1 = 1 + x2 = ... = 1 + x2010
x1 = x2 = ... = x2010 =
x1 + x2 + ... + x2010 = 1
1
2010
1
(i = 1, 2010) 2
2010
1
1
1
+
+
=
3
3
y
z
x
x+y+z =1
xy + yz + zx = 7 + 2xyz()
27
Gii
8(xy + yz + zx) 2
9
1
(x + y + z)2
Ta phi chng minh xy + yz + zx 6 =
(ng)
3
3
1
Du = xy ra x = y = z =
3
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
256
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
xy(x + y) = x2 xy + y 2
Bi 21: Gii h phng trnh
1 + 1 = 16
x3 y 3
Gii
iu kin x, y 6= 0.
1
1
t a = v b =
x
y
1 1 1
1
1
1
T gi thit ta suy ra
+
= 2
+ 2 a + b = a2 ab + b2
ab a b
a
ab b
1
1
3 + 3 = a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 ab + b2 ) = (a + b)2
x
y
(a + b)2
(a + b)2
a+b>
06a+b64
Ta c bt ng thc sau: a2 ab + b2 >
4
4
1
1
3 + 3 = (a + b)2 6 16
x
y
1
ng thc xy ra nn a = b x = y = .
2
1
Vy h c nghim duy nht x = y = 2.
2
2009
X
xi = 2009
i=1
Bi 22: Gii h phng trnh
2009
2009
X
X
x
=
x6i
i
i=1
i=1
Gii
Gi s (x1 , x2 , . . . , x2009 ) l mt nghim ca h.
Khng gim tng qut gi s x21 > x22 > ... > x22009 .
p dng bt ng thc BCS ta c
2009
X
2009
x2i >
2009
X
i=1
i=1
!2
xi
2009
X
i=1
p dng bt ng thc Chebysev cho cc b s (x21 , x22 , . . . , x22009 ) v (x61 , x62 , . . . , x62009 ) c
sp th t ta c
! 2009 !
2009
2009
X
X
X
2
6
xi
xi 6 2009
x8i (2)
i=1
i=1
i=1
x8i >
2009
X
x6i (3)
i=1
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
257
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Bi tp t luyn
(
Bi 1: Gii h phng trnh
2x2 4x + 3 + y 3 = 0
(
x2 y 2 2x + y 2 = 0
xy 3 = 9
x + 3y = 6
(
x+ y+ z =3
(1 + x)(1 + y)(1 + z) = (1 +
(
Bi
Bi
Bi
Bi
Bi
Bi
xyz)3
3(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) = 1
x2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x2 = xyz(x + y + z)3
1
1
1
+ + =3 3
y
x
z
5: Gii h phng trnh
x + y + z = 1
( 7
y + 1 = (x + 1)(x2 + 1)(x4 + 1)
6: Gii h phng trnh
x7 + 1 = (y + 1)(y 2 + 1)(y 4 + 1)
y
30 2 + 4y = 2007
xz
7: Gii h phng trnh 30 2 + 4z = 2007
y
30 x + 4x = 2007
z2
2x2
=y
2+1
3y 3
=z
4
y + y2 + 1
8: Gii h phng trnh
4z 4
=t
z6 + z4 + z2 + 1
5t5
8
=x
6
4
2
t +t +t +t +1
x3 + y = 3x + 4
3z 3 + x = 9z + 8
( 2
x + y2 = 1
10: Gii h phng trnh
125y 5 125y 3 + 6 15 = 0
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
258
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
x2 4xy + x + 2y = 0 (1)
x4 8x2 y + 3x2 + 4y 2 = 0 (2)
Gii
Nhn thy phng trnh (1) c hng t x2 +2y v phng trnh (2) li c hng t x4 +4y 2 ,Nn
ta ngh n vic phn tch c 2 phng trnh u c hng t x2 + 2y
H phng trnh tng ng
( 2
( 2
x + 2y + x 4xy = 0
(x + 2y) + x(1 4y) = 0
2
x4 + 4x2 y + 4y 2 + 3x2 12x2 y = 0
(x2 + 2y) + 3x2 (1 4y) = 0
t x2 + 2y = a v 1 4y = b ta c HPT:
x=0
x2 b2 + 3x2 b = 0 x2 b(b + 3) = 0
b = 0
2
2
a + 3x b = 0
b = 3
a + xb = 0
> Vi x = 0 y = 0
1
1
> Vi b = 0 y = x2 x + x + = 0 (V nghim)
4
2
> Vi b = 3 y = 1 x2 4x + x + 2 = 0 x2 3x + 2 = 0
"
x=2
x=1
Nhn thy VT(1) c nhn t y 2 chung. V th chia c hai v phng trnh (1) cho y 2 (y 6= 0)
ri bin i phng trnh (1) v dng f (t) = 0.T ta s bin i phng trnh (2) v dng
f (t0 ) = 0.
Nhn thy x = 0 hoc y = 0 khng tho h. Xt xy 6= 0.
2
2
4
3
3
2
3
24
4
2
2
3 + = 25 + 9x2 6x
+ 2. = 24 + (3x 1)2
3
y
y
y
y
( 3
3a + 2a = 24 + b2
2
t 3x 1 = a v = b, ta c h i xng loi 2:
y
3b3 + 2b = 24 + a2
Tr v theo v ca h ta c
3(a b)(a2 + ab + b2 ) + 2(a b) + (a b)(a + b) = 0
(a b)(3a2 + 3ab + 3b2 + 2 + a + b) = 0
a=b
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
259
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Thay vo mt trong hai phng trnh ca h ta c
(
3x 1 = 2
x=1
3a3 a2 + 2a 24 = 0 (a 2)(3a2 + 5a + 8) = 0 a = 2 2
=2
y=1
y
Kt lun: H c nghim (x; y) = (1; 1) 2
9y 3 (3x3 1) = 125
45x2 y + 75x = 6y 2
Gii
125
125
3
3
27x
+
=9
27x
+
=
9
y3
y3
5
5
x2
x
45. + 75. 2 = 6
3.x.
3x +
=6
y
y
y
y
t a = 3x v b =
5
( b 6= 0).H tr thnh:
y
(
a3 + b3 = 9
ab(a + b) = 6
(a + b)3 3ab(a + b) = 9
ab(a + b) = 6
T tm c nghim ca h l (x; y) l
(
Bi 5: Gii h phng trnh sau
1 5
;
3 2
a=1
b=2
a+b=3
(
a=2
ab = 2
b=1
2
;
;5 2
3
x2 + y 2 + 2x = 3
2 x3 + y 3 + 6x2 = 3 x2 + y 2 + 5
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
260
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Gii
(x + 1)2 + y 2 = 4
2x3 + 6x2 + 6x + 2 + 2y 3 = 16
(x + 1)2 + y 2 = 4
(x + 1)3 + y 3 = 8
t a = x + 1 v b = y, H tr thnh:
(
()
a2 + b2 = 4
a3 + b3 = 8
a2 b2
3
2
3a2 b2 a2 + b2 2a3 b3 = 0
"
a=0
3a2 + 3b2 2ab = 0
b=0
() a2 + b2
= a3 + b3
> Nu a = 0 : x = 1 y = 2
> Nu b = y = 0 : x = 1
Vy h phng trnh c nghim(x; y) = (1; 2), (1; 0) 2
2y(x2 y 2 ) = 3x
Bi 6: Gii h phng trnh
x(x2 + y 2 ) = 10y
Gii
Nu x = 0 hoc y = 0 th h c nghim (x; y) = (0; 0). Xt xy 6= 0, chia hai phng trnh v
theo v ta c:
2y(x2 y 2 )
3x
=
20y 2 (x2 y 2 ) = 3x2 (x2 + y 2 )
x(x2 + y 2 )
10y
> Nu x2 = 4y 2 ta c h
2y.3y 2 = 3x
x.5y 2 = 10y
> Nu x2 =
2y 3 = x
xy = 2
"
x2 = 4y 2
x2 =
x = 2; y = 1
x = 2; y = 1
5y 2
ta c h
3
2y. 2y = 3x
32
8y
x.
= 10y
3
4
15
135
x
=
;
y
=
4
2
2 135
15
4 135
x=
; y=
2
2 4 135
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
4y 3 = 9x
4xy = 15
5y 2
3
261
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Vy h phng trnh c nghim (x; y) = (0; 0), (2; 1), (2; 1),
!
15 4 135
2
;
2
2 4 135
z 2 + 2xyz = 1 (1)
z + zy 4 + 4y 3 = 4y + 6y 2 z (3)
15
;
4
2 135
4
135
,
2
Gii
1 z2
V z = 0 khng l nghim ca h phng trnh nn (1) xy =
2z
t z = tan () vi ,
\ {0} (a) cos 6= 0, sin 6= 0
2 2
1 z2
1 tan2
Ta c: xy =
=
= cot 2
2z
2 tan
Thay vo (2) ta c :
3cot2 2 + 3y cot 2 = 1 + ycot3 2 y =
3cot2 2 1
1
=
= tan 6
3
cot 2 3 cot 2
cot 6
4 tan 6 4tan3 6
= tan 24 ()
1 6tan2 6 + tan4 6
T ()v ()ta c:
tan 24 = tan 24 = + k, k Z =
Vi ,
\ {0}ta thu c:
2 2
k
,k Z
23
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
, , , , , , , , ,
,
23 23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
Vy h phng trnh c cc nghim l:
(x; y; z) = (cot 2. cot 6; tan 6; tan ) vi
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
= , , , , , , , , ,
,
2
23 23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
x(y 2 + 1)
3
2
=
2
x +y
5
Bi 8: Gii h phng trnh
2
y(x
1)
4
=
2
2
x +y
5
=
Gii
T h suy ra xy 6= 0 v x 6= 1. Bnh phng hai phng trnh v cng li ta c
2
2
x(y 2 + 1)
y(x2 1)
+
=1
x2 + y 2
x2 + y 2
x2 (y 2 + 1)2 + y 2 (x2 1)2 = (x2 + y 2 )2
(x2 y 2 + 1 x2 y 2 )(x2 + y 2 ) = 0
(x2 1)(y 2 1) = 0 y 2 1 = 0 y = 1
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
262
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
3
2x
2
=
+1
5 x=3
> Vi y = 1 ta c h x
2
x
1
4
=
2
5
x +1
2x
3
2
=
1
+1
5
x=
> Vi y = 1 ta c x
2
4
x
=
x2 + 1
5
1
Th li ta thy h c nghim (x; y) = (3; 1), ( ; 1) 2
3
2003
2002
x + y + xy = z 2
+ 2z 2
2004
(I)
Bi 9: Gii h phng trnh
x4 + y 4 = 2z 2
(x + y)z1 = (z + 2004)xy
Gii
T h ta c:
2004
2z 2
2003
= x4 + y 4 > 2x2 y 2 xy 6 z 2
(1)
Li c
(x + y)4 6 4 x2 + y 2
2
2004
2002
6 4.2 x4 + y 4 = 16z 2
x + y 6 2z 2 (2)
x + y + xy 6 z 2
2002
2002
+ 2z 2
. Khi ta c:
(
(I)
x=y=z
22002
(2x)z1 = (z + 2004)xy
Vy h c 3 nghim: (x; y; z) = (1; 1; 1) ,
1 1
; ;
2 2
22002
x=y=z=1
x = y = 1
2
1
z = 22002
2
x + y + z + t = 15 (1)
x2 + y 2 + z 2 + t2 = 65 (2)
Bi 10: Gii h phng trnh
(I)
3
3
3
3
x
+
y
+
z
+
t
=
315
(3)
xt = yz (4)
Gii
Ta c
263
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Li c:
(3) (x + t)3 + (y + z)3 3xt(x + t) 3yz(y + z) = 315
(x + t)3 + (y + z)3 3xt(x + y + z + t) = 315(do(4))
(x + y + z + t)3 3(x + t)(y + z)(x + y + z + t) 45xt = 315(do (1))
153 45(x + t) [15 (x + t)] 45xt = 315
(x + t)2 15(x + t) xt = 68(6)
Ta c: (6) (5) xt = 12 (5)
Thay vo (5) ta c:
"
(x + t)2 15(x + t) + 56 = 0
x+t=8
x+t=7
x3 + y 3 + x2 (y + z) = xyz + 14 (1)
z 3 + x3 + z 2 (x + y) = xyz + 7 (3)
Gii
(1) + (2) + (3) x3 + y 3 + z 3 + x2 + y 2 + z 2 (x + y + z) = 3xyz
(x + y + z)3 3 (x + y + z) (xy + yz + zx) + x2 + y 2 + z 2 (x + y + z) = 0
(x + y + z) x2 + y 2 + z 2 (xy + yz + zx) + x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 0
" 2
x + y 2 + z 2 (xy + yz + zx) + x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 0 ()
x + y + z = 0 ()
> T () ta c:
(
Du = xy ra x = y = z = 0
> T (**) ta c: z = (x + y)
Thay vo (1) v (3) ta c h phng trnh sau:
( 3
y + xy (x + y) = 14
x3 + xy (x + y) = 7
(
* Xt x = 0 (I)
y 3 = 14
V T(5) > 0
(I)
(v nghim)
0=7
Xt x 6= 0. t: y = kx ta c:
( 3 3
x k + k 2 + k = 14 (4)
k3 + k2 + k
= 2 k 3 k 2 k 2 = 0 k = 2 y = 2x
(I)
2
3
2
k +k+1
x k + k + 1 = 7 (5)
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
264
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Thay vo (5) ta c: x = 1 y = 2 z = 3
Vy h phng trnh c 1 nghim l: (x; y; z) = (1; 2; 3) 2
x3 + x(y z)2 = 2
z 3 + z(x y)2 = 16
Gii
Ta a h v dng:
(x + y 2z) x + y + z
=0
x + y 2z = 0 y = 2z x
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 0 x = y = z = 0 (l)
x2 + y + x3 y + xy 2 + xy = 5 (1)
4
5
4
2
x + y + xy(1 + 2x) =
(2)
4
(H khi A - 2006)
Gii
H phng trnh tng ng:
x2 + y + xy + xy(x2 + y) = 5
4
5
2
2
(x + y) + xy =
4
t u = x2 + y; v = xy ta c h
u + v + uv = 5
4
5
2
u + v =
4
5
v = 5 u2
u = 0, v =
4
4
u
1
3
u3 + u2 + = 0
u
=
,
v
=
4
2
2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
265
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
r
r !
5
25
3 5
ta tm c (x; y) =
; 3
> Vi u = 0, v =
4
4
16
1
3
3
> Vi u =
,v =
ta tm c (x; y) = 1;
2
2
2
r !
r
3
3 25
3 5
;
, 1;
2
Vy h c nghim (x; y) =
4
16
2
4yz
y 2 + z 2 x2 =
4zx
2
2
2
Bi 14: Gii h phng trnh z + x y =
4xy
2
2
2
x + y z =
z
Gii
XK: x, y, z 6= 0
Nhn hai v ca cc phng trnh ln lt vi x2 , y 2 , z 2 ta c:
2 2
2 2
4
x y + x z x = 4xyz
y 2 z 2 + x2 y 2 y 4 = 6xyz
x2 z 2 + y 2 z 2 z 4 = 8xyz
Li c:
(1) 2 (2) + (3) 2y 4 y 2 z 2 x2 y 2 x4 + 2x2 z 2 z 4 = 0
y 2 (2y 2 x2 z 2 ) (x2 z 2 )2 = 0
6xz
2
2
2
y 2y y +
(x2 z 2 )2 = 0
y
y 4 6xyz (x2 z 2 )2 = 0
(y 2 x2 + z 2 )(y 2 + x2 z 2 ) 6xyz = 0
4yz 8xy
6xyz = 0
x
z
32y 2 6xyz = 0 16y 3xz = 0
Thay xz =
3xz
16
vo (2) v y =
vo (1) v (3) ta c:
3
16
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 0
4
x2 y 2 + z 2 = 32
1 x2 + y 2 z 2 = 0
2
288
128
y l h phng trnh tuyn tnh theo (x2 ; y 2 ; z 2 ), ta tm c (x , y , z ) = 64,
,
5
5
yz zx xy
2 2 2
T h ban u ta thy vi nhng gi tr (x ; y ; z ) trn, cc hng t
, ,
u dng.
x y z
Gi s x < 0, t (1) ta c yz < 0. Tng t vi y!< 0 v z < 0.
r
r
r
r !
2
2
2
2
Vy nghim ca h l (x, y, z) = 8, 12
,8
, 8, 12
, 8
,
5
5
5
5
2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
266
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
r !
r
r !
2
2
2
2
8, 12
, 8
, 8, 12
,8
v cc hon v 2
5
5
5
5
2z (x + y) + 1 = x2 y 2 (1)
y 3x2 1 = 2x x2 + 1 (3)
r
Gii
1
V x = khng tha phng trnh (3)nn:
3
3x3 x 2x (x2 + 1)
x3 3x
2x (x2 + 1)
x
+
y
=
x
+
y
=
3x2 1
3x2 1
3x2 1
n o
\ ;
cos 6= 0, cos 3 6= 0
t x = tan , ;
2 2
6 6
Ta c:
tan3 3 tan
tan + y =
y = tan 3 tan
3tan2 1
(3) y =
(1) z =
x2 y 2 1
(do x = ykhng tha phng trnh (1) tan 3 6= 0)
2 (x + y)
tan =
cos 3 2 sin 3. cos 3
cos2
2
2
2sin2 3 1
1
cos 6
1
tan =
+ tan =
2
2 sin 3. cos 3
cos
sin 6
cos2
2
2
1
cos 5
1
cos 6. cos + sin 6. sin
=
=
sin 6. cos
cos2
sin 6. cos
cos2
cos 5 = sin 6 cos 5 = cos
6
2
5 =
cos 5 = cos
6
6 + k2
2
2
5 =
cos 5 = cos
+ 6
+ 6 + k2
2
2
k2
+
, = k2
=
22
11
2
(k Z)
k2
= +
, = k2
22
11
2
n o
3 5 7 9
Vi: ;
\ ;
= ; ; ; ;
2 2
6 6
22 22
22
22
22
Vy h phng trnh cho c nghim l:
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
267
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
3 5 7 9
1
, = ; ; ; ;
2
(x; y; z) = tan ; tan 3 tan ; tan
sin 6
22 22
22
22
22
(x + 2)2 + (y + 3)2 = (y + 3) (x + z 2)
(I)
Bi 16: Gii h phng trnh x2 + 5x + 9z 7y 15 = 3yz
a2 + ab + b2 + bz 4b = 0 (1)
5a2 + a 47
15
5a2 + a 47
vo (2)ta c:
15
2
2
5a + a 47
5a + a 12
2
a + a 7b b
=0
b = a2 + a
5
15
5 (a2 + a)
1 241
b= 2
(V a =
khng l nghim ca phng trnh)
5a + a 12
10
Thay z =
5 (a2 + a)
vo (4) ta c:
5a2 + a 12
2
15a (a2 + a)
5 (a2 + a)
25 (a2 + a)
2a a + 2
+3
2
=0
5a + a 12
5a2 + a 12
5a + a 12
2
2a2 a
2
2
5a2 + a 12 + 15a a2 + a 25 a2 + a
5a2 + a 12 + 75 a2 + a = 0
11 61
a = 0 a = 2 a =
10
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
268
> TH1:
> TH2:
> TH3:
> TH4:
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
b = 0
x = 2
a = 0 :
z = 47
y = 3
15
b =
3 x = 4
a = 2 :
y = 4
z = 29
3
15
17 2 61
31
+
61
b =
x =
11 + 61
15
10
:
a=
28 + 2 61
10
61
39
+
z =
y=
15
15
17 + 2 61
31
+
61
b =
x =
11 61
15
10
a=
:
28
+
2 61
10
y =
z = 39 61
15
15
Vy h phng
c 4 nghim
l:
trnh cho
4 29
47
, 4; ;
,
(x; y; z) = 2; 3;
15
3 15!
!
31 + 61 28 + 2 61 39 + 61
31 + 61 28 + 2 61 39 61
;
;
;
;
,
2
10
15
15
10
15
15
Bi 17: Cho cc tham s dng a, b, c. Tm nghim dng ca h
(
x + y + z = a + b + c (1)
4xyz a2 x b2 y c2 z = abc (2)
Gii
Ta c:
(2)
b2
c2
abc
a2
+
+
+
= 4 (3)
yz xz xy xyz
a
b
c
t: x1 = ; y1 = ; z1 = ta c:
yz
xy
xz
(3) x21 + y12 + z12 + x1 .y1 .z1 = 4 (4)
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
x cos v y cos u +
x sin v + y sin u 2 = 0
269
a y
b x
a+b
a+b
Ta tnh c: z = x sin v + y sin u = + = z =
2
2 zx 2 yz
2 z
c+a
b+c
Tng t, ta cng c: y =
;x =
2
2
b+c c+a a+b
;
;
2
Vy h phng trnh cho c 1 nghim l: (x; y; z) =
2
2
2
xz = x + 8 (1)
x2 + 4z 2 = 140 4y 2 (3)
Gii
Ta c (1) x = xz 8
Thay vo (2) ta c: 4y 2 = 7xz 3 (xz 8) 28 y 2 = xz 1 (y 2 > 0 xz > 1)
Thay vo (3) ta c:
"
"
x
+
2z
=
12
x = 2z + 12 (4)
x2 + 4z 2 = 140 4 (xz 1) (x + 2z)2 = 144
x + 2z = 12
x = 2z 12 (5)
Thay (4) vo (1) ta c:
z (2z + 12) = 2z + 12 + 8 z 2 7z + 10 = 0
"
z = 2 x = 8 y 2 = 15 y = 15
z = 5 x = 2 y 2 = 9 y = 3
Thay (5) vo (1) ta c:
z (2z 12) = 2z 12 + 8 z 2 + 5z 2 = 0
5 + 33
z
=
x
=
7
33 ()
5 33
4
z=
x = 7 + 33 y 2 = 33 y = 33
2
Loi (*) do xz < 0. Vy h phng trnh c 6 nghim l:
!
5 33
(x; y; z) = 8; 15; 2 , (2; 3; 5) , 7 + 33; 4 33;
2
2
x + y + z = 0(1)
x7 + y 7 + z 7 = 350(3)
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
270
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Gii
x3 + y 3 + z 3 = 30xyz
x5 + y 5 + z 5 + x2 y 2 (x + y) + y 2 z 2 (y + z) + x2 z 2 (x + z) = 30xyz
x5 + y 5 + z 5 x2 y 2 z xy 2 z 2 x2 yz 2 = 30xyz
x5 + y 5 + z 5 xyz(xy + yz + zx) = 30xyz
x5 + y 5 + z 5 + 5xyz = 30xyz x5 + y 5 + z 5 = 25xyz
(2) (5) x2 + y 2 + z 2 x5 + y 5 + z 5 = 250xyz
x7 + y 7 + z 7 + x2 y 2 (x3 + y 3 ) + y 2 z 2 (y 3 + z 3 ) + z 2 x2 (z 3 + x3 ) = 250xyz
x7 + y 7 + z 7 + x2 y 2 (3xyz z 3 ) + y 2 z 2 (3xyz x3 ) + z 2 x2 (3xyz y 3 ) = 250xyz
x7 + y 7 + z 7 + 3xyz(x2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x2 ) x2 y 2 z 2 (x + y + z) = 250xyz
x7 + y 7 + z 7 + 3xyz (xy + yz + xz)2 2xyz(x + y + z) = 250xyz
x7 + y 7 + z 7 + 45xyz = 250xyz
x7 + y 7 + z 7 = 135xyz(6)
Thay (6) vo (3) ta c: 135xyz = 350 xyz = 2. Vy ta c:
x+y+z =0
xy + xz + yz = 5
xyz = 2
Suy ra x, y, zl nghim ca phng trnh t3 5t 2 = 0 t = 1 +
Vy h c nghim l 1 + 2; 2; 1 2 v cc hon v 2.
2, t = 2, t = 1
30x 4y +
= 2012
xy
1
Bi 20: Gii h phng trnh () 4y 2012z +
= 30
zx
2012y 30z + 1 = 4
yz
Gii
~ tng: R rng cc s 30, 4, 2012 c chn ngu nhin do ta c th t 30 = a; 4 =
b; 2012 = c thy r hn tng bi ton. Khi , nh ni trn, ta cn tnh a, b, c
theo x, yz. D thy h thu c l mt h tuyn tnh 3 n vi x, y, z l tham s. C th dng
cng thc Cramer tnh nghim, nhng do trong chng trnh ph thng khng c cng thc
Cramer cho h 3 n nn ta s a v h 2 n.
~ Li gii:
t 30 = a; 4 = b; 2012 = c ta c HPT:
1
c = ax by + 1
ax by +
= c (1)
xy
xy
1
1
1
0
= a (4)
(II ) by cz +
= a (2) bz (ax by + ).x +
xy
zx
zx
1
1
cy az + 1 = b (3)
(ax by + ).y az +
= b (5)
yz
xy
yz
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
271
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Xt (4), (5) l 1 h 2 n theo a, b. Dng cng thc Cramer ta tnh c:
x + 1 xy z
= (1 + x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 6= 0
D =
xy z y 1
1
1
xy z (1 + x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
xy y
Da = 1
=
1
xz
2
y 1
yz
1
1
x
+
1
2
2
2
xy y = (x + y + z + 1)
D =
xy z 1 1
yz
xy x
Tr li HPT u ta c
xz =
yz =
xy =
1
30
1
4
1
2012
r
1
Da
=
a=
D
xz
Db
1
=
b=
D
yz
c =
xy
x=
r15090
15
y=
r 4024
503
z =
30
!
r
15
503
;
2
4024
30
1
;
15090
x4 + 4x2 + y 2 4y = 2
Bi 21: Gii h phng trnh ()
x2 y + 2x2 + 6y = 23
Vy () c nghim (x; y; z) =
Gii
t 4y = 2 x4 4x2
H tng ng
y(x2 + 6) = 23 2x2
D = x + 6
vi t = y 2
Dy = 23 2x2
2
Dy
D
t
Do t = y 2 nn
=
(x2 + 6)(x6 10x4 30x2 + 104) = (23 2x2 )2
D
D
(1 x)(1 + x)(1 + x2 )(x4 + 16x2 + 95) = 0 x = 1
T ta tm c nghim ca h l (x; y) = (1; 3), (1; 3) 2
Ta tnh c
(
Bi 22: Gii h phng trnh
x4 + x3 y + 9y = y 3 x + x2 y 2 + 9x
x(y 3 x3 ) = 7
Gii
Ta c:
x4 + x3 y + 9y = y 3 x + x2 y 2 + 9x (x4 xy 3 ) + (x3 y x2 y 2 ) 9(x y) = 0
(x y) x(x2 + xy + y 2 ) + x2 y 9 = 0 (x y) x(x + y)2 9 = 0
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
272
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
s
r
r
2
2
7
7
7
3
3
3
x(x + x3 + ) = x x2 + 2x x3 + +
x3 +
x
x
x
s
r
2
q
7
7
3
3
3
3
2 3
3
3
3
6
2
= x + 2x . x + + x
x +
= x + 2x x + 7x + x(x4 + 7)2
x
x
T (*) suy ra x > 0 v trong biu thc trn, cc s m ca bin x u dng nn y l hm
ng bin; suy ra n c khng qu mt nghim.
Thay trc tip x = 1 vo biu thc, ta thy tha.
Vy h cho c ng mt nghim l: (x, y) = (1, 2) 2.
~ Nhn xt: im c bit ca bi ny l x l c h phng trnh mi sau khi bin i, nu
nh ta dng cch i s trc tip, phn tch ra c mt nghim x = 1 th phng trnh bc
cao cn li kh m gii c. Cch lp lun theo tnh n iu ca hm s th ny va trnh
c iu va lm cho li gii nh nhng hn.
Bi 23 : Gii h phng
trnh
xy+zw =2
x2 y 2 + z 2 w 2 = 6
x3 y 3 + z 3 w3 = 20
4
x y 4 + z 4 w4 = 66
x+z =a
xz = b
y+w =c
yw = d
T (1) v (2) ta c
Gii
a c = 2 (1)
a2 2b c2 + 2d = 6 (2)
ta c HPT:
4
a 4a2 b + 2b2 c4 + 4c2 d 2d2 = 66 (4)
c = a 2
d = 2a + b + 5
T (3) v (4) c
5a 2b 14 = 0
5a2 2ab 10a b 13 = 0
5a 2b = 14
4a b = 13
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
a = 4
b = 3
c = 2
d = 0
273
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Th ngc li ta tm c nghim (x; y; w; z) ca h l (1; 0; 3; 2) v cc hon v. 2
(
Bi 24: Gii h phng trnh
(2x2 3x + 4)(2y 2 3y + 4) = 18
x2 + y 2 + xy 7x 6y + 14 = 0
Gii
7
3
Hon ton tng t, xem (*) l phng trnh bc hai theo bin y, vit li l:
y 2 y(x 6) + (x2 7x + 14) = 0
Phng trnh ny c nghim khi:
x = (x 6)2 4(x2 7x + 14) > 0 3x2 + 16x 20 > 0 2 6 x 6
10
3
3
< 1.
4
Suy ra, trn [1, +), hm s ny ng bin. Li c f (x) > f (2) = 6, f (y) > f (1) = 3
f (x).f (y) > 3.6 = 18.
T phng trnh th nht ca h th ta thy ng thc phi xy ra, tc l x = 2, y = 1.
Thay hai gi tr ny vo (*), ta thy khng tha.
Vy h phng trnh cho v nghim. 2
~ Nhn xt: tng gii ca bi ny khng kh v cng kh quen thuc khi ch cn tm
min xc nh ca bin thng qua vic tnh Delta ca mt phng trnh bc hai; tuy trong
li gii trn c kho st hm s nhng thc ra cc kt qu c th chng minh bng bt
ng thc i s thun ty nn cng c gii chnh ca bi ny l i s. V do vic hai
biu thc ca x v y phng trnh u ca h ging nhau c th dn n nh gi sai hng
m dng gii tch, xt hm s khai thc phng trnh u tin trong khi iu khng
em li kt qu g. Cc h s c chn ra s rt p chnh l u im ni bt ca bi ton ny.
Ta xt hm s: f (t) = 2t2 3t + 4(t R) f 0 (t) = 4t 3 = 0 t =
x4 + y 4 + xy = 2xy 2 + 7 (1)
Bi 25: Gii h phng trnh
x2 y + 4xy + xy 3 + 11(x y 2 ) = 28 (2)
Gii
Xt (1).4 (2) x2 (y + 4) x(y 3 + 8y 2 + 11) + 4y 4 + 11y 2 = 0 ().
Nu y = 4 ta c phng trnh 27x + 1200 = 0 x = 16. Th li thy (x; y) = (16 4)
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
274
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
khng tho h.
Vy y 6= 4. Khi , coi (*) l phng trnh bc 2 theo x, ta tm c nghim
p
y 3 + 8y 2 + 11 (y 3 + 8y 2 + 11)2 4(y + 4)(4y 4 + 11y 2 )
x1,2 =
2(y + 4)
y 3 + 8y 2 + 11 (y 3 11)
x1,2 =
2(y + 4)
4y 2 + 11
x1 = y 2 ; x2 =
y+4
Vi x = y 2 thay vo (1) ta c y 3 = 7 y =
7 = x =
49. Vi x =
4y 2 + 11
thay vo
y+4
phng trnh u v rt gn ta c
y 6 +4y 4 6y 3 +4y 2 12y+9 = 0 (y 3 +2y3)2 = 0 (y1)(y 2 +y+3) = 0 = y = 1 = x = 3
Vy h c nghim (x; y) = ( 3 49; 3 7), (3; 1) 2
(
Bi 26: Gii h phng trnh
x2 + 3y 2 = 4
x4 + 9y 4 = 10
Gii
T h phng trnh ta c
(x2 + 3y 2 )2 (x4 + 9y 4 ) = 6x2 y 2 = 6 = x2 y 2 = 1
> Nu xy = 1 ta c:
x + 2 3xy + 3y 2 = 4 + 2 3 = x + y 3 =
2
4 + 2 3 = ( 3 + 1)
Li c:
1
1
= x2 ( 3 + 1)x + 3 = 0 x = 1, x = 3; y =
x
x
> Nu xy = 1 ta c
q
2
2
x + 2 3xy + 3y = 4 2 3 = x + y 3 = 4 2 3 = ( 3 1)
y=
Li c
1
1
= x2 ( 3 1)x 3 = 0 x = 1, x = 3; y =
x
x
1
1
Vy h phng trnh c nghim (x; y) = (1, 1), (1, 1) and 3, , 3,
2
3
3
y=
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
275
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
x + yz = u
t y + zx = v
z + xy = w
ta c h phng trnh
u + v = v + w = w + u = 2a(a + 1)
H ny c nghim u = v = w = a(a + 1) do h (*) tng ng
x + yz = y + zx = z + xy = a(a + 1)
(x y) = z(x y)
Tm li ta c s sau:
x=y
z=1
(y z) = x(y z)
x + zx = a(a + 1)
x = y z = 1
y =zx=1
x + yz = a(a + 1)
& x = 1 = x = y = 1 ; z = a2 + a 1
2
% y = z = y = z = 1 ; x = a + a 1
2
& x = 1 = x = z = 1 ; y = a + a 1
% y=z
= x = y = z
{a, (a + 1)}
x + y + z = a
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = b2
xy = z 2
(1)
(2)
(3)
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
276
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
T :
z=
a2 b2
2a
T y tm c x, y bi cc h thc: x + y = a z =
a2 + b2
(a2 b2 )2
; xy = z 2 =
2a
4a2
2
2
10a2 b2 3a4 3b4
a
+
b
x =
4a
4a
2
2
2 b2 3a4 3b4
a
+
b
10a
y =
4a
4a
Cu b) x, y > 0 th x + y =
z > 0
a2 + b2
>0a>0
2a
a2 b 2
> 0 a > |b|
2a
|b|
1
a
> a > |b| > ()
a
3
3
ux2 + vy 2 = 5
()
ux + vy = 2
u+v =1
Gii
t ak = uxk + vy k . rng
ak+1 = (x + y)ak xyak1
t A = x + y; B = xy. Ln lt xt k = 2, 3 t h (*) ta c:
5 = 2A B
A = 4
14 = 5A 2B
B = 3
Do x, y l nghim ca phng trnh t2 4t + 3 = 0.Nh vy (x; y) = (1; 3), (3; 1).
Th vo h (*) ta c
u + v = 1
1
u=v=
u + 3v = 2
2
1 1
1 1
Vy h (*) c nghim (x; y; u; v) = 1; 3; ;
, 3; 1; ;
2
2 2
2 2
Bi 30: Gii h phng trnh
a2 + bc ab = b2 + ca bc = c2 + ab ca
Gii
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
277
t + 2k
3 3
2 7
vi t = arccos v k = 1, 2
2 + cos
3
3
2 7
T a2 + b ab = 1 + ab a, ta ca2 + a 1 = b(2a 1) b =
t + 2k
t + 2k
2 7
2 7
c 2 + cos
, c f 2 + cos
,c
3
3
3
3
x2 + x 1
3 3
)2
(trong c R, t = arccos , k = 0, 2 v f (x) =
2x 1
2 7
H phng trnh v t
x + x2 2x + 2 = 3y1 + 1
Bi 1: Gii h phng trnh
p
y + y 2 2y + 2 = 3x1 + 1
Gii
Do nhm c nghim x = y = 1 nn ta s gii bng hm s v chng minh n l nghim duy
nht
ca h.
x 1 = a
t
, khi h phng trnh tng ng
y 1 = b
a + a2 + 1 = 3b
b + b2 + 1 = 3a
Nhn thy y l h i xng theo 2 n a v b, tr v theo v ta c
a + a2 + 1 + 3a = b + b2 + 1 + 3b
t2 + 1 + t
t
0
2
Ta xt hm s c trng f (t) = t + t + 1 + 3 c f (t) =
+ 3t ln 3
2
t +1
Xt hm s G(a) = ln( a2 + 1 + a) a ln 3
1
Ta c G0 (a) =
ln 3 < 1 ln 3 < 0a R
2
a +1
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
278
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
x + y xy = 3
x + 1 + y + 1 = 4
( thi H khi A - 2006)
Gii
KX: x > 1, g > 1, xy > 0
3 + t + 2 + 2 t2 + 3 + t + 1 = 16 2 t2 t + 4 = 11 t
0 6 t 6 11
0 6 t 6 11
t=3
4(t2 + t + 4) = (11 t)2
3t2 + 26t 105 = 0
T tm c nghim ca h l (x; y) = (3; 3) 2
(
Bi 3: Gii h phng trnh
p
x + x2 + y + 3 = 2
p
2 x + 4 + 3 y + 8 = 13
Gii
p
x (x2 + y + 3) = 4 x + y = 1 x2 2 x (x2 + y + 3) x + y 6 1 ()
x = 0
x=0
T du bng xy ra cc BT nn x + 4
y
+
8
y=1
=
2
3
Th li ta thy h c nghim duy nht (x; y) = (0; 1) 2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Bi 4: Gii h phng trnh sau vi z > 0:
(3 x)2003 = y + 2
p
1
+ log 1 (y + 2) = log 1
9 + 4y
() log3
3
3
2z y
log2 x2 + z 2 = 2 + log2 x
Gii
K: x > 0; 2z > y; y > 2
Ta c:
(3 x)2003 = y + 2
()
log3 (2z y) log3 (y + 2) = log3 (9 + 4y)
log x2 + z 2 = log 4x
2
2
2003
(3 x)
=y+2
(2z y) . (y + 2) = 9 + 4y
x2 + z 2 = 4x
(3 x)2003 = y + 2
y 2 + 9 + z 2 + 6y 2yz 6z = z 2 2z
x2 4x + 4 = 4 z 2
(3 x)2003 = y + 2 (1)
(y + 3 z)2 = z 2 2z (2)
(x 2)2 = 4 z 2 (3)
Nu (x0 , y0 , z0 ) l nghim ca h ta c:
(x0 2)2 = 4 z0 2 4 z0 2 > 0 2 6 z0 6 2 (4)
(y0 + 3 z0 )2 = z0 2 2z0 z0 2 2z0 > 0 z0 6 0 z0 > 2 (5)
Kt hp vi iu kin bi ton l(z0 > 0vi (4)(v (5) ta c: z0 = 0 z0 = 2
x0 = 0
x0 = 4
> Vi z0 = 0 t (2) v (3) ta c
y
x
1
2
+ =
+2
y
x x
Bi 5: Gii h phng trnh
y(x2 + 1 1) = 3x2 + 3
Gii
iu kin xc nh: x > 0, y 6= 0.
Phng trnh th nht ca h tng ng vi:
1
y
2 x
+ =
+ 2 y x + y 2 = 2x x + 2xy y 2 + y( x 2x) 2x x = 0
y
x x
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
279
280
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
2
2
x = ( x 2x) + 8x x = x + 4x x + 4x2 = ( x + 2x) > 0
Do , phng
(2x x) + ( x + 2x)
(2x x) ( x + 2x)
y1 =
= x, y2 =
= 2x,
2
2
Xt hai trng hp:
x( x2 + 1 1) = 3x2 + 3
D thy: x( x2 + 1 1) < 0 < 3x2 + 3 nn phng trnh ny v nghim.
> Nu y = 2x, thay vo phng trnh th hai ca h, ta c:
2x
()
2x( x2 + 1 1) = 3x2 + 3 x2 + 1.(2x 3) = 2x x2 + 1 =
2x 3
3
3
khng tha mn ng thc nn ch xt x 6=
v php bin i trn l ph
(d thy x =
2
2
hp).
2x
, x > 0.
Xt hai hm s: f (x) = x2 + 1, x > 0 v g(x) =
2x 3
x
2 3
0
0
Ta c: f (x) =
> 0 nn l hm ng bin, g (x) =
2 < 0 nn l hm nghch
x2 + 1
(2x 3)
bin. Suy ra phng trnh (*) c khng qu mt nghim.
Nhm thy x = 3 tha mn (*) nn y cng chnh l nghim duy nht ca (*).
Vy h cho c nghim duy nht l (x, y) = ( 3, 2 3) 2.
~ Nhn xt: Quan h ca x v y c che giu ngay trong phng trnh u tin, nu nhn
thy iu th cc bc tip theo s rt d nhn bit.
p
3 + 2x2 y x4 y 2 + x4 1 2x2 = y 2
q
Bi 6: Gii h phng trnh sau
1 + 1 + (x y)2 = x3 x3 x + 2y 2
Gii
H phng trnh tng ng:
q
4 (1 x2 y)2 = 2x6 x4 + y 2
q
1 + (x y)2 = 1 x6 + x4 2x3 y 2
Cng v theo v hai phng trnh ca h trn ta c:
q
q
2
2
4 (1 x y) 1 + (x y)2 = x6 2x3 y + y 2 + 1
q
q
2
2
2
4 (1 x y) = 1 + (x y)2 + x3 y + 1 ()
Ta thy:
(
1 x2 y = 0
V T () 6 2
V P () = V T () = 2 x y = 0 x = y = 1
V P () > 2
x3 y = 0
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
281
2
3
2x
+
4y
=4
(x + y) 1
(1)
xy
y x
q
p
p
(x + 1)2 + xy + 3x + 2y + 5 2x x (y + 3) = x + y + 3 (2)
Gii
x>0
y > 3; y 6= 0
KX:
2 3
(x + y) > 0
y x
(x + 1)2 + xy + 3x + 2y + 5 2x x (y + 3) > 0
Bin i phng trnh (1):
r
x
y
x
y
(1) 2 + 4 = 4 2 3 1 1 (3)
y
x
y
x
t
x
= t (t 6= 0) , phng trnh (3) tr thnh:
y
r
4
3
2t + + 1 = 4 2t 1
t
t
Li c:
16
8
48
+ 1 + 16 + + 4t = 32t
16
2
t
t
t
16
56
4
2
2
2
4t + 2 28t +
+ 33 = 0 4 t + 2 28 t
+ 33 = 0 (5)
t
t
t
t
(4) 4t2 +
t t
2
= u, phng trnh (4) tr thnh:
t
7
4 u2 + 4 28u + 33 = 0 4u2 28u + 49 = 0 u =
2
t=4
2
7
t = 2t2 7t 4 = 0
1
t
2
t=
2
(chn)
x = 4y
y=1
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
282
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
35
1
1
=
+p
12
1 x2
1 y2
Bi 9: Gii h phng trnh
x
y
7
p
=
2
2
12
1x
1y
Gii
r
1x
1y
= a v
= b.
1+x
1+y
Cng hai phng trnh v theo v ta c
r
r
1+x
1y
7
1
7
+
= + b = (1)
1x
1+y
2
a
2
t
1 + b = 7
2 + 2ab = 7b
a
2
1
7
a + =
3ab + 3 = 7b
b
3
3a2 7a + 2 = 0
b = 7 1
3 a
T tm c nghim ca h l (x; y) = (
3 4 4 3
,
), ( , ) 2
5 5
5 5
2x + 2y = 4 (1)
Bi 10: Gii h phng trnh
2x + 5 + 2y + 5 = 6 (2)
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
a = 2, b = 3
1
1
a= , b=
3
2
283
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Gii
KX: x, y > 0
5
2
+
=
Tr (2) cho (1) ta c 2x + 5 2x+ 2y + 5 2y = 2
2y + 5 + 2y
2x + 5 + 2x
a + b = 10
a=b=5
5 + 5 = 2
a b
x x y 1 = 1 (1)
Bi 11: Gii h phng trnh
y 2 + x + 2y x y 2 x = 0 (2)
Gii
KX: x > 0; x y 1 > 0
T (1) ta c:
p
p
p
y 2 = 4(x y 1) (y + 2)2 = 4x y + 2 = 2 x
T (2) ta c:
(y +
x)2 = xy 2 y +
x=y x
Ta c h mi l
y + 2 = 2x
y + x = y x
y = 1; x =
1
4
y = 2; x = 4
1
Th li ta thy h c nghim (x; y) = ( ; 1), (2; 4) 2
4
Bi 12: Tm a h sau c nghim thc x, y, z:
x 1 + y 1 + z 1 = a 1
x + 1 + y + 1 + z + 1 = a + 1
Gii
KX: x > 1, y > 1, z > 1
H cho tng ng
(
x1+ x+1 +
y1+ y+1 +
z 1 + z + 1 = 2a
x+1 x1 +
y+1 y1 +
z+1 z1 =2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
284
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
t u = x 1 + x + 1; v = y 1 + y + 1; s = z 1 + z + 1
Do x > 1, y > 1, z > 1 nn u > 2, v > 2, s > 2 . Ngc li nu u > 2, v > 2, s >
2, ta c
2
1
2
2
1
4
2
x + 1 x 1 =
= x+1=
u+
x=
u + 2 >1x>1
u
2
u
4
u
x+1+ x1
u + v + s = 2a
(1)
() 1 1 1
+ + =1
u v s
u + v = 2a 3
u.v = 3 (2a 3)
2
3 (2a 3)
u, v l 2 nghim ca phng trnh t2 2 (2a 3) t +
2
p
2a 3 (2a 3) (2a 9)
u, v =
2
2
t h = 2a 9 > 0 h + 6 2 2 > (h + 3)2 > h (h + 6).
p
1 2 x+ y
+
=2
x
x + y
4
Bi 13: Gii h phng trnh
1 2 x+ y
4y
=1
4
x+y
Gii
KX: x, y > 0
Nu x = 0 hoc y = 0 th h v nghim. Xt x, y > 0.
t u = x; v = y ta c h phng trnh
2
1
2u + v
1
2u + v
+ 2
=2
u
= + 2
2
4 u + v2
u
4 u + v
1
2u + v
1
1
2u + v
=
2
=1
v
2
4 u2 + v 2
v
4 u +v
2
1
1
+ =
2
u
v
2
1
4u + 2v
=
u2 + v 2
u
v
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
285
5x
+
7
5y
x +
=7
2
2
x +y
7 5x 5y
y +
=0
x2 + y 2
Gii
> x = 0 : y = 5
> y = 0 : v nghim
> x, y =
6 0:
5x2 + 7 5xy
x +
= 7x
2 + y2
x
7 5xy 5y 2
y 2 +
=0
x2 + y 2
2
2
Tr 2 phng trnh v theo v ta c
()
x y + 5= 7x
2
5xy + 7 5y
xy +
= 7y
2
2
x 2+ y
Nhn (1) cho y v (2) cho x ta c:
7 5x 5xy
xy +
=0
2 + y2
x
Cng 2 phng trnh v theo
v c: 2xy + 7 5 = 7y ()
x2 y 2 + 5 = 7x (3)
T (*) v (**) ta c HPT:
2xy + 7 5 = 7y (4)
7 2x 6= 0
y =
7 2x
Th vo (3) ta c phng trnh
=
7x
x
=
7
(do
x
=
6
0)
y
=
5
(7 2x)2
(2x 7)2
p
x + y px y = 4x y (1)
Bi 15: Gii h phng trnh
x2 16 = 2 + y 3x (2)
Gii
Xt (1) ta c
"
p
p
(1) 2x 2 x2 y = 4x y y 2x = 2 x2 y
y = 0 (loi)
y = 4x 4
Thay y = 4x 4 vo (2) ta c
x2 16 = 2 + x 4 x2 16 3 = x 4 1
x2 25
x5
x5
1
=
(x 5)(
) = 0 ()
2
2
x4+1
x4+1
x 16 + 3
x 16 + 3
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
286
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
x+5
x+5
1
Do
>
>1>
nn () x = 5 y = 16
x4+1
x2 16 + 3
x2 + 3
Th li ta thy h c nghim (x; y) = (5; 16) 2
5x2 + y 2 6x 11 = 0 (1)
x4 + 2x3 p
Bi 16: Gii h phng trnh
3 y2 7 6
(2)
x2 + x = p 2
y 7
Gii
KX: y 2 7 > 0
Xt (1) ta c:
(1) x2 (x2 + x) + x(x2 + x) 6(x2 + x) + y 2 7 4 = 0 (x2 + x 6)(x2 + x) + (y 2 7) = 4
t a = x2 + x; b =
p
y 2 7 ta c h phng trnh
a = 0; b = 2
a(a 6) + b2 = 4
a = 1; b = 3
a = 3b 6
a = 5; b = 3 (loi)
b
a = 6; b = 2 (loi)
1
2
x + y + x + 3 = y 3 (1)
x
Bi 17: Gii h phng trnh
x + y + x = x + 3 (2)
Gii
Ta c iu kin x > 0, y > 3
x + y (x + 3)
(1) x + y + x + 3 =
x
(x + y (x + 3)
x + y (x + 3)
=
x
x+y x+3
1
1
(y 3)(
)=0
x+y x+3 x
1
1
=0 x+y x+3=x
x+y x+3 x
T y ta c h phng trnh
x + y x + 3 = x
x + y + x = x + 3
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
!
; 4 ,
51
; 4 2
2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(x y)4 = 13x 4,
Bi 18: Gii h phng trnh
x + y + 3x y = 2
Gii
iu
kin: x + y > 0 v 3x y > 0
3x y = a
a2 b2
t:
(a, b > 0)
= x y H phng trnh tr thnh:
x+y =b
2
2
2
2
2 4
(a b ) = 13(a + b ) 4(1)
16
4
a+b= 2
Phng trnh (1) tng ng:
(a b)4 .(a + b)4
13(a2 + b2 )
=
4
16
4
Th a + b =
13 2
(a + b2 ).2 4.4
2
13 2
.(a + b2 )(a + b)2 4(a + b)4
2
t=3
2
(t 3)(3t 1)(t2 + 4t + 1) = 0
1 (t + 4t + 1 > 0t > 0)
t=
3
a
Nu t = 3 = 3 kt hp vi a + b = 2
b
3x y =
x = 5
8
16
1
3
x + y =
y =
8
16
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
287
288
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
a
1
1
Nu t = = kt hp vi a + b = 2
3
b
3
3x y =
x = 5
8
16
9
13
x + y =
y =
8
16
5 3
5 3
Vy h c nghim (x; y) =
;
,
;
.2
16 16
16 16
(
2x + 2 4 6 x y 2 = 2 2 (1)
Bi 19: Gii h phng trnh
4
2x + 2 6 x + 2 2y = 8 + 2 (2)
Gii
KX: x [0; 6]
Cng v theo v hai phng trnh ca h ta c
2
4
2x + 2 6 x + 2x + 2 4 6 x = y 2 + 6 + 3 2 (3)
Li c: V T (3) = 1. 2x + 2. 12 2x + 1. 4 2x + 2. 4 24 4x
p dng BT Cauchy-Schwarz cho V T (3) ta c
r
p
(
2x = 6 x
x=2
4
V T (3) = V P (3) = 6 + 3 2
2x = 4 6 x
y
=
2
y = 2
Th li ta thy h c nghim duy nht (x; y) = (0; 6) 2
p
x2 x y.
3
xy =y
Bi 20: Gii h phng trnh
2(x2 + y 2 ) = 11 + 32x 1
Gii
1
> 0.
2
Trong phng trnh th nht, x y v y cng du. Nu y > x th y > 0 v x y 6 0, mu
thun.
Do , x > y > 0.
t 3 x y = a > 0 x y = a3 .
Ta c (x2 x y)a2 = y 2 . Thay y = x a3 , ta c:
Ta thy 2x 1 > 0 x >
(x2 2x + a3 )a2 = (x a3 )2
ng thc ny tng ng vi:
a2 x2 2a2 x + a5 = x2 2a3 x + a6
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
289
x3 3x2 + 2 = py 3 + 3y 2
Bi 21: Gii h phng trnh
p
3x 2 = y 3 + 8y
Gii
iu kin: x > 2, y 2 (y + 3) > 0, y(y + 8) > 0 y > 0.
Phng trnh th nht vit li l:
p
x3 3x2 + 2 = y y + 3
t x 1 = a > 1, y + 3 = b > 3, ta c:
a3 3a = b3 3b (a b)(a2 + b2 + ab 3) = 0
x + 3 = y3 6
p
Bi 22: Gii h phng trnh (I)
y + 2 = z 3 25
z + 1 = x3 + 1
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
290
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Gii
t a =
x + 3, b = y + 2, c = z + 1 (a, b, c > 0) ta c:
3
3
2
a b = b2 2 b 6 = f (b)
a
=
b
3
3
(I) b = c2 1 25 b c = c2 1 c 25 = g(c)
3
3
2
c a = a2 3 a + 1 = h(a)
c= a 3 +1
Li c:
(
a>0
b>0
3
b2 2 > 6 > 13
b> 3
3
c> 3
c2 1 > 25 > 23
Suy ra:
3
a2 3 + 1 > 3
a > 3
a2 3 >
q
3
r ()
3 1
31>
2
Ta c:
0
2
f (b) = 3 b2 2 .2b 1 > 3.1.2 3 1 > 0 b > 3
2
0
g (c) = 3 c2 1 .2c 1 > 3.22 .2 3 1 > 0 c > 3
23
2
1
1
0
2
x
+
3
=
2
x=1
a=b=c=2
y+2=2 y =2
z+1=2
z = 3
Th li ta thy h phng trnh c 2 nghim l: (x; y; z) = (1; 2; 3) 2
~ Nhn xt: Nu c th on nghim ca h, ta cng c li gii p nh sau:
Ta c:
x1
= (y 2)(y 2 + 2y + 4)
x
+
3
+
2
x
+
3
2
=
y
y2
3
= (z 3)(z 2 + 3z + 9)
(I)
y + 2 2 = z 27
y+2+2
z + 1 2 = x3 1
z3
= (x 1)(x2 + x + 1)
z+1+2
291
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
> Nu x 6= 1 : y6= 2, z 6= 3
(1) |x 1| > |y 2|
T h trn ta c: (2) |y 2| > |z 3|
(3) |z 3| > |x 1|
(mu thun)
Vy x = 1 y = 2, z = 3
2x + 2y xy = 3
Bi 23: Gii h phng trnh
3x + 1 + 3y + 1 = 4
Gii
Nnhn thy phng trnh th nht ca h c h s bc nht ca x; y t l vi nhau nn ta
thm bt a v ng h s.
3
3
9
xy =
T phng trnh th nht ta c 2x + 2y xy = 3 (2x + 2y)
2
2
2
2
a
x =
3x + 1 = a
3
t
2
b
1
3y + 1 = b
y =
3
(3x + 1) + (3y + 1) 3 xy = 13
2
2
H phng trnh cho tng ng
3x + 1 + 3y + 1 = 4
Thay a; b vo h ta c
p
a2 + b2 1 (a2 1)(b2 1) = 13
2
2
a + b = 4
S = a + b
t
P = ab
v th (2) vo (1) ta c
P 2 + 2P 15 = 19 4P (vi P 6
19
)
4
94
(loi) S = P = 4
15
3x + 1 = 2
Vy a, b l nghim ca phng trnh X 2 4X + 4 = 0 a = b = 2
3y + 1 = 2
P 2 154P + 376 = 0 P = 4 P =
3y 2 + 2y(x + 1) + 1 = 4y px2 + 2y + 1
y(y x) = 3 3y
Gii
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
292
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
KX: x2 + 2y + 1 > 0
T h ta c
4y 2 4y
x2 + 2y + 1 + x2 + 2y + 1 = y 2 2xy + x2
p
(2y x2 + 2y + 1)2 = (x y)2
p
p
> Nu 2y
x2 + 2y + 1 = x y 3y x = x2 + 2y + 1 :
3y x > 0
Ta c h 9y 2 6xy 2y = 1 (1)
y 2 xy + 3y = 3 (2)
17
Xt (1) (2).6 ta c 3y 2 20y + 17 = 0 y =
y =1
3
17
415
Vi y = 1 th x = 1 (chn). Vi y =
th x =
(chn)
3
p
p51
> Nu 2y
x2 + 2y + 1 = y x y + x = x2 + 2y + 1 :
x + y > 0
Ta c h
y 2 + 2xy 2y = 1
y 2 xy + 3y = 3
415 17
;
51 3
.2
Gii
2
x 2y
2y x
2y + x
=
x y
+ y
2y + x
1
(x 2y)
+ 2y + x = 0
xy+ y
Vi x = 2y thay vo (1) ta c 34y 5.62y + 4.24y = 0 92y 5.62y + 4.42y = 0
2y
2
2y
Chia 2 v ca phng trnh cho 9 v t a =
(0 < a < 1) ta c:
3
1
a
=
4
4a2 5a + 1 = 0
a = 1 (loi)
2y
2
1
1
= y = log 3 4 x = log 3 4
Vy ta c
2
3
4
2 2
1
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = log 3 4; log 3 4 2
2
2
2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
293
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Bi 26: Gii h phng
( trnh
x11 + xy 10 = y 22 + y 12
(1)
p
4
4 3
7y + 13x + 8 = 2y x (3x2 + 3y 2 1) (2)
Gii
8
13
Xt x = 0 t (1) suy ra y = 0 nhng (x; y) = 0 khng tho (2).
Xt xy 6= 0. T phng trnh (1) ta c
Xt y = 0, thay vo h tm c x =
11
x
x
+ = y 11 + y
y
y
Xt hm s f (t) = t11 + t ta c f 0 (t) = 11t10 + 1 > 0 t R f (t) ng bin trn R. T
ta c:
x
(1) f
= f (y) x = y 2 > 0
y
Khi (2) tr thnh:
7x2 + 13x + 8 = 2x2
p
3
1
3
x(3x2 + 3x 1) 7t + 13t2 + 8t3 = 2 3 + 3t t2 vi t = > 0 (3)
x
3
(3) (2t + 1)3 + 2(2t + 1) = 3 + 3t t2 + 2 3 + 3t t2
3
g(2t + 1) = g( 3 + 3t t2 ) vi g(t) = t3 + 2t
Do g 0 (t) = 3t2 + 2 > 0 t > 0 nn ta suy ra
t = 1 (loi)
89
3
(loi)
2t + 1 = 3 + 3t t2 (2t + 1)3 = 3 + 3t t2 t =
16
89 5
t=
(chni)
16
r
16
16
Suy ra x =
y=
89 5
89
5
r
8
16
16
Vy h c nghim (x; y) =
;0 ,
;
2
13
89 5
89 5
x2 3y y = 1 2y
x
Gii
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
294
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
x2 1 = x
a=b
1 5
x=
a2 3ab + 2b2 = 0
5
x
=
2
2
x 1=2 x
a = 2b
1 5
Vy h c nghim x = y =
v x = y = 2 5 2
2
x2 + 91 = y 2 + y 2 (1)
Bi 28: Gii h phng trnh p
y 2 + 91 = x 2 + x2 (2)
Gii
K: x, y > 2
Ly (1) tr (2) ta c:
x2 + 91
p
p
y 2 + 91 = y 2 + y 2 x 2 x2
x2 y 2
yx
p
=
+ (y 2 x2 )
2
2
x2+ y2
x + 91 + y + 91
x+y
1
p
(x y)(
+
+ x + y) = 0
2
2
x2+ y2
x + 91 + y + 91
x=y
Thay vo h ban u ta c:
x2 + 91 = x 2 + x2
x2 + 91 10 = x 2 1 + (x2 9)
x2 9
x3
=
+ (x 3)(x + 3)
x2+1
x2 + 91 + 10
x=3
x+3
1
=
+ (x + 3)
2
x2+1
x + 91 + 10
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
x+3
x+3
1
D thy
<x+3
<x+3+
x2+1
x2 + 91 + 10
x2 + 91 + 10
Do x = 3 (tho x > 2). Vy h c nghim x = y = 3 2
295
p
x4 y 4 (x2 + y 2 ) + 1 = 1 xy (1)
Bi 29: Gii h phng trnh
p
1 x2 + 1 y 2 = 2 (2)
Gii
1 6 x, y 6 1
KX:
x4 y 4 (x2 + y 2 ) + 1 > 0
a > 2b
t a = x2 + y 2 ; b = xy
1 6 b 6 1
T (1) ta c: b4 a + 1 = 1 b b4 a + 1 = b2 2b + 1 a = b4 b2 + 2b
Li c a > 2b b4 b2
+ 2b > 2b b2 (b2 1) > 0 () Do b [1; 1] b2 (b2 1) 6 0 nn
a = 2b
() b2 (b2 1) = 0
T a = 2b x = y. Vy ta c:
b {0; 1}
> Nu b = 0 x = y = 0 (tho (2)).
> Nu b = 1 x = y = 1 (khng tha (2)).
> Nu b = 1 x2 = 1 (v nghim).
Kt lun: H c nghim (x; y) = (0; 0) 2
2
2
2xy + x + y = 2 xy + x + y (1)
2
2
Bi 30: Gii h phng trnh x + y
Gii
iu kin: xy > 0
Phng trnh (1) vit li:
x2 + y 2
xy
2xy
x+y
x +y
4xy (x + y)
+
xy = 0
+r 2
=0
x+y
2
2
2(x + y)
x2 + y 2
+ xy
2
x=y
2
2
1
1
(x y)
(x y)
r
=
(3)
+ r
=0
x+y
2(x + y)
x2 + y 2
x2 + y 2
+ xy
2(
+ xy)
2
2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
r
296
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Xt (3) ta c:
r
p
x2 + y 2
(3) x + y =
+ xy 2(x + y) = 2(x2 + y 2 ) + 2 xy
2
2(x2 + y 2 ) (x + y)2
2 p 2
( x y) = 2(x + y 2 ) (x + y) ( x y)2 = p
2(x2 + y 2 ) + x + y
(x y)2
2
2 ( x y)2 .( x + y)2
( x y) = p
( x y) = p
2(x2 + y 2 ) + x + y
2(x2 + y 2 ) + x + y
x=y
( x + y)2
1= p
(4)
2(x2 + y 2 ) + x + y
Xt (4) ta c:
(4)
t2 + 1 ln(t +
t2 + 1) t ln 2012 = 0 (6)
t
1+
2
1
t + 1 ln 2012 =
ln 2012 <
Xt f (t) = ln(t+ t2 + 1)t ln 2012. Ta c f 0 (t) =
2
2
t+ t +1
t +1
0 vi mi t R f (t) nghch bin trn R
M f (0) = 0 (6) c duy nht mt nghim t = 0
t+1
1
1
Ta c t = 0 x =
= y=x=
2
2
2
1 1
Vy h c duy nht 1 nghim (x; y) =
;
2
2 2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
x
=
2
3
2
3x
.
y = 2 3x2
Ta c bi ton sau
Bi 1 (THTT, s 250, thng 04/1998). Gii phng trnh
x + 3 2 3x2
2
= 2.
Gii
t y = 2 3x2 . Ta c h
(
x + 3y 2 = 2
y = 2 3x2
x = 2 3y 2 (1)
y = 2 3x2 (2)
Ly (1) tr (2) ta c
"
x y = 3(x2 y 2 )
y=x
xy =0
1 3x
3(x + y) = 1
.
y=
3
Vi y = x, thay vo (1) ta c
2
3x + x 2 = 0 x 1,
.
3
2
Vi y =
1 3x
, thay vo (2) ta c
3
1 3x
1 21
2
2
= 2 3x 9x 3x 5 = 0 x =
.
3
6
(
)
2 1 21
Kt lun: Phng trnh cho tp nghim S = 1; ;
2
3
6
2
~ Nhn xt: T li gii trn ta thy rng nu khai trin (2 3x2 ) th s a phng trnh
cho v phng trnh a thc bc bn, sau bin i thnh
(x + 1)(3x 2)(9x2 3x 5) = 0.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
297
298
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
2y = 5x2 1
8x 5.4y 2 = 4
2y = 5x2 1 (1)
2x = 5y 2 1. (2)
y=x
yx=0
5x + 2
2 = 5(x + y)
y=
.
5
Vi y = x, thay vo (1) ta c
1 6
5x 2x 1 = 0 x =
.
5
2
Vi y =
5x + 2
, thay vo (1) ta c
5
10x + 4
5 50
2
2
= 5x 1 25x + 10x 1 = 0 x =
.
5
25
(
)
1 6 1 2
Phng trnh cho c tp nghim S =
,
2
5
5
~ Nhn xt: Php t 2y = 5x2 1 c tm ra nh sau: Ta t ay + b = 5x2 1, vi a, b tm
sau. Khi thu c h
(
(
2
ay + b = 5x 1
ay + b + 1 = 5x2
8x 5 (ay + b)2 = 4
8x + 4 5b2 = 5a2 y 2 + 10aby.
(
a = 5 = b+1
b=0
h trn l h i xng loi II th
8
5a2
4 5b2
10ab = 0
a = 2.
Vy ta c php t 2y = 5x2 1. Sau y l mt bi tng t:
Bi 3. Gii phng trnh 5(5x2 17)2 343x 833 = 0
Gii
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
ay + b = 5x2 17
2
~ tng: t ay + b = 5x 17 (a 6= 0)
5(ay + b)2 343x 833 = 0 ()
T (*) c
5(ay)2 + 10aby + b2 343x 833 = 0
5(ay)2 + 10aby + b2 833
343
5a3 .y 2 + 10a2 .by + b2 .a 833a
ax + b =
+ b ()
343
Ta hi vng c ax + b = 5y 2 17, kt hp vi (**) suy ra
x=
343 = a3
a = 7
2
ng nht h s ta c a b = 0
b = 0
Vy ta c li gii sau:
~ Li gii:
t 7y = 5x2 + 17 ta c h phng trnh
7y = 5x2 17
245y 2 343x 833 = 0
7y = 5x2 17 (1)
7x = 5y 2 17 (2)
Ly (1) tr (2) ta c
"
7(y x) = 5(x + y)(x y)
x=y
5x + 5y = 7
5x 7x 17 = 0 x =
389
10
> Nu 5x + 5y = 7, kt hp (2) ta c
5(5x2 17)
35 5 193
2
7 + 5x +
= 0 25x + 35x 36 = 0 x =
7
50
(
)
7 389 35 5 193
Kt lun: Phng trnh c tp nghim S =
2
;
10
50
V d 3. Xt mt phng trnh bc ba
3
3
4x 3x =
8x3 6x = 3 6x = 8x3 3
2
Do ta xt
(
6y = 8x3 3
6x = 8
6x = 8y 3 3
8x3
6
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
!3
3
299
300
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
3
1296x + 216 3 = 8 8x3 3
3
162x + 27 3 = 8x3 3 .
Ta c bi ton sau
3
Bi 4. Gii phng trnh 162x + 27 3 = 8x3 3 .
Gii
t 6y = 8x3
3. Ta c h
(
(
6y = 8x3 3
6y = 8x3 3 (1)
162x + 27 3 = 216y 3
6x = 8y 3 3 (2)
(3)
5
3
3
6x = 8x 3 4x 3x =
4x3 3x = cos
2
6
3
(4)
3 cos , ta c
3
3
5
5
5
= 4 cos3
3 cos ,
6
18
18
17
17
17
cos
= 4 cos3
3 cos
,
6
18
18
7
7
7
cos
= 4 cos3
3 cos .
6
18
18
cos
5
17
7
, x = cos
, x = cos
l tt c cc nghim ca phng trnh (4) v cng l
18
18
18
tt c cc nghim ca phng trnh cho 2
ay + b = 8x3 3
(
8
b+ 3
a
b=0
= 3 =
162
a
27 3 b3
2
a = 6.
3a b = 3ab2 = 0
Vy ta c php t 6y = 8x3
3.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
301
Ta mong mun c mt phng trnh cha (ax + b)3 v cha 3 cx + d, hn na phng trnh
ny c gii bng cch a v h gn i xng loi hai (ngha l khi tr theo v hai phng
trnh ca h ta c tha s (x y)). Vy ta xt h
(
(2y 5)3 = x 2
(2x 5)3 = x + 2y 2.
Nu c php t 2y 5 =
ta c
8x3 60x2 + 150x 125 = x +
3
x 2 + 5 2.
Ta c bi ton sau
Bi 5. Gii phng trnh
Cch 1:
Tp xc nh R. Phng trnh vit li
3
t 2y 5 =
x 2 = (2x 5)3 + x 3.
x 2. Kt hp vi (1) ta c h
(
(2y 5)3 = x 2
(2)
(2x 5)3 = x + 2y 2 (3)
2
(2x 5) + (2x 5) (2y 5) + (2y 5)2 + 1 = 0. (5) (v nghim)
Ta c (4) y = x. Thay vo (2) ta c
(2x 5)3 = x 2 8x3 60x2 + 149x 123 = 0
(x 3)(8x2 36x + 41) = 0 x = 3.
Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = 3 2
~ Nhn xt: T nghim duy nht trn, ta ngh n cch dng n iu hm s nh sau:
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(1)
302
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Cch 2.
Tp xc nh R. t y = 3 x 2. Ta c h
(
8x3 60x2 + 151x 128 = y
x = y3 + 2
Cng v theo v hai phng trnh ca h ta c
8x3 60x2 + 152x 128 = y 3 + y + 2
8x3 60x2 + 150x 125 + 2x 5 = y 3 + y
(2x 5)3 + (2x 5) = y 3 + y.
(*)
x 2 (2x 5)3 = x 2
3
4 6x + 4 6x 8x3 + 8x 4 = 3 4 6x.
Ta c bi ton sau:
Bi 6. Gii phng trnh
8x3 + 8x 4 =
4 6x.
Gii
Tp xc nh ca phng trnh l R.
Cch 1:
Phng trnh cho tng ng
(2x)3 + 2x =
4 6x + 4 6x.
(1)
4 6x = 2x 8x3 + 6x = 4 4x3 + 3x = 2.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(2)
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
303
1
1
3
2=
3 (3 )2 43 1 3 = 2 5.
2
p
1
1
3
3
Do , nu t = 2 + 5 th 2 =
3 . Ta c
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3 =3
+4
.
2
p
1
1
1 p
3
3
Vy x =
=
2 + 5 + 2 5 l nghim duy nht ca (2) v cng l
2
2
nghim duy nht ca phng trnh cho 2
Cch 2:
Phng trnh vit li thnh
(2x)3 =
t 2y =
6x + 4 8x + 4.
4 6x. Ta c h
(
(
8y 3 = 4 6x
8y 3 = 6x + 4
(a)
8x3 + 8x 4 = 2y
8x3 = 2y + 4 8x. (b)
6x + 1 = 8x3 4x 1
6x + 1 = 8y 3
8y 3 = 6x + 1.
(2)
Ly (1) tr (2) theo v ta c
8(x3 y 3 ) = 2(y x) (x y)[4(x2 + xy + y 2 ) + 1] = 0 y = x.
Thay y = x vo (2) ta c
(3)
304
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
5
7
Vy x = cos , x = cos , x = cos
l tt c cc nghim ca phng trnh (3) v cng l
9
9
9
tt c cc nghim ca phng trnh cho 2
~ Nhn xt: Ta cn c th gii cch khc nh sau : Phng trnh vit li
6x + 1 + 3 6x + 1 = (2x)3 + 2x.
(3)
Xt hm s f (t) = t3 + t, t R. V f 0 (t) = 3t2 + 1 > 0, t R nn hm s f (t) ng bin trn
1
3
6x + 1 = 2x 8x3 6x = 1 4x3 3x = .
2
V d 6. Xt mt tam thc bc hai lun nhn gi tr dng : x2 + 2. Khi
Z
x3
2
+ 2x + C.
x + 2 dx =
3
x3
+ 2x. Ta c h(3) = 15.
3
Vy ta thu c mt hm s a thc bc ba ng bin g(x) v tho mn g(3) = 0 l
Ch cn chn C = 0 ta c mt a thc bc ba ng bin l h(x) =
g(x) =
x3
+ 2x 15.
3
x3
+ 3x 15 v k(x) = y tng ng
3
vi
x3
+ 3x 15 = y x3 + 9x 45 = 3y.
3
T phng trnh cui ny thay x bi y ta thu c h i xng loi hai
(
x3 + 9x 45 = 3y
y 3 + 9y 45 = 3x.
T h trn, s dng php th ta thu c phng trnh
3
3
3
x + 9x 45
x + 9x 45
+9
45 = 3x
3
3
3
x3 + 9x 45 + 81 x3 + 9x 45 = 1215 + 81x.
Vy ta thu c bi ton sau.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
305
(
(
3
x + 9x 45 = ay
x3 + 9x 45 = ay
= log11 (10x + 1)
10
11y = 10x + 1
11x = 10y + 1
11x = 10 log11 (10x + 1) + 1 11x = 2 log11 (10x + 1)5 + 1.
Ta c bi ton sau.
Bi 9. Gii phng trnh 11x = 2 log11 (10x + 1)5 + 1.
Gii
1
. t y = log11 (10x + 1), khi 11y = 10x + 1. Kt hp vi phng trnh
10
cho ta c h
(
11x = 10y + 1 (1)
11y = 10x + 1 (2)
iu kin x >
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(3)
306
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(4)
4x = 30 + u
4u = x + 30,
r
1
x + 30. T phng trnh ny ta li
s dng php th ta c phng trnh 4x = 30 +
4
thu c h i xng loi hai
r
1
4u = 30 +
x + 30
4
r
4x = 30 +
u + 30.
4
T h ny, tip tc s dng php th ta thu c phng trnh
v
s
u
r
u
1
1
1
t
4x = 30 +
30 +
30 +
x + 30.
4
4
4
Ta c bi ton sau.
Bi 10 ( ngh Olympic 30/04/2010). Gii phng trnh
v
s
u
r
u
1
1
1
t
4x = 30 +
30 +
30 +
x + 30.
4
4
4
Gii
x l nghim th x > 0. t u =
1
4
r
30 +
1
x + 30, t phng trnh cho ta c h
4
4u = 30 +
r
4x = 30 +
1
x + 30
4
1
u + 30.
4
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(1)
307
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Gi s x > u. Khi
r
4u =
1
30 +
x + 30 >
4
r
30 +
1
u + 30 = 4x u > x x = u.
4
Vy t h (1) ta c x = u v
r
4x =
t v =
30 +
1
x + 30.
4
(2)
1
x + 30, t (2) ta c h
4
(
4x = 30 + v
4v = x + 30.
(3)
Gi s x > v. Khi
x>0
1 + 1921
Vy v = x v 4x = x + 30
x=
.
32
16x2 = x + 30
1 + 1921
.2
Phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht x =
32
4v =
ta c
3
32x6 48x4 + 18x2 1 =
1
2
Ta c bi ton sau.
Bi 11 ( ngh OLYMPIC 30/04/2009). Gii phng trnh
64x6 96x4 + 36x2 3 = 0.
Gii
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
308
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Ta c
cos 6 = 2 cos2 3 1 = 2 4 cos3 3 cos
2
(1)
+
, k = 1, 5. 2
T (1) suy ra (2) c 6 nghim l x = cos
3.6
6
~ Nhn xt: Vic s dng cng thc biu din cos n theo cos , sin n theo sin s gip ta
gii c nhng phng trnh dng ny.
32x6 48x4 + 18x2 1 =
x
V d 10. T cos 5 = 16 cos5 20 cos3 + 5 cos , t cos = ta c
2 3
16x5
20x3
5x
x5
5x3
5x
x5 15x3 + 45x
cos 5 =
+
=
+
=
.
288 3 24 3 2 3
18 3 6 3 2 3
18 3
3
x5 15x3 + 45x
=
x5 15x3 + 45x 27 = 0. Ta c bi ton sau.
Chn 5 = c
6
2
18 3
Bi 12 ( ngh Olympic 30/04/2011). Gii phng trnh
x5 15x3 + 45x 27 = 0.
Gii
(1)
Mt khc ta c
cos 5 + cos = 2 cos 3 cos 2
cos 5 = 2 4 cos3 3 cos 2 cos2 1 cos
cos 5 = 2 8 cos5 10 cos3 + 3 cos cos
cos 5 = 16 cos5 20 cos3 + 5 cos .
(2)
k2
T (2) suy ra (1) c 5 nghim l t = cos
+
, k = 0, 4 Vy phng trnh cho c 5
6.5
5
k2
nghim l x = 2 3 cos
+
, k = 0, 4. 2
30
5
a5
15a3
45a
a4
3a2
Ta tm a tho iu kin
=
=
=
= 9 a = 2 3. Vy ta c php t
16
20
5
16
4
x = 2 3t.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
309
3
= 512x5 160x3 + 10x 1024x5 320x3 + 20x 3 = 0.
2
Ta c bi ton sau.
Bi 13. Gii phng trnh 1024x5 320x3 + 20x
3 = 0.
Gii
t
t x = , thay vo phng trnh cho ta c
2
(1)
Ta c
sin 5 + sin = 2 sin 3 cos 2
sin 5 = 2 3 sin 4 sin3 1 2 sin2 sin
sin 5 = 2 8 sin5 10 sin3 + 3 sin sin
sin 5 = 16 sin5 20 sin3 + 5 sin .
k2
+
3.5
5
(2)
k2
1
+
c 5 nghim l x = sin
, k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. 2
2
15
5
5
5
3
3
16(x + t ) 20(x + t ) + 5(x + t) = 2. (2)
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
310
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(
x = sin
vi [0; 2]. Thay vo (2) ta c
t = cos
16 sin5 20 sin3 + 5 sin + 16 cos5 20 cos3 + 5 cos = 2
3 k2
= 1 =
+
.
sin 5 + cos 5 = 2 sin 5 +
4
20
5
13 21 29 37
V [0; 2] nn
,
,
,
,
, t y suy ra x, y. 2
4 20 20 20 20
~ Nhn xt: Li gii trn tn dng mt s trng lp th v ca hm sin v cos :
sin 5 = 16 sin5 20 sin3 + 5 sin ; cos 5 = 16 cos5 20 cos3 + 5 cos .
2
1
x x2 + 8
.
x= 2 a
2a xa 2 = 0 a =
a
2 2
1
Do ta c quyn t x = 2 a
. Khi
a
10
5
1
5
5
3
x = 4 2 a 5a + 10a
+ 3 5
a
a
a
3
1
1
3
3
10x = 20 2 a 3a + 3 , 20x = 20 2 a
.
a a
a
113
9
+
a5 =
1
4 2
4 2 a5 5 18 = 0 4 2(a5 )2 18a5 4 2 = 0
113
a
a5 =
.
4 2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
311
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
s
s
!
9
+
113
4
2
1
~ Nhn xt: Trong li gii trn, php t x = 2 a
c tm ra nh sau :
a
1
1
1
1
5
5
3
Do cng thc
a 5 = 16m + 20m + 5m, trong m =
a
nn ta t x = pm,
2
a
2
a
thay vo phng trnh cho ta c
p5 m5 + 10p3 m3 + 20pm 18 = 0
Ta tm p tho mn iu kin
p5
10p3
20p
p4
p2
=
=
=
= 4 p = 2 2.
16
20
5
16
2
1
Vy ta c php t x = 2 a
.
a
1
1
1
1
5
5
3
V d 14. T ng nht thc
a + 5 = 16m 20m + 5m, trong m =
a+
.
2
a
2
a
Ly m = x ta c
1
1
5
a + 5 = 16x5 20x3 + 5x
2
a
1
1
a5 + 5 = 7 ta c phng trnh
Ly
2
a
16x5 20x3 + 5x + 7 = 0
T phng trnh ny ta c phng trnh
(x 1)(16x5 20x3 + 5x + 7) = 0
Vy ta c bi ton sau.
Bi 16 ( ngh OLYMPIC 30/04/2008). Gii phng trnh
16x6 16x5 20x4 + 20x3 + 5x2 + 2x 7 = 0.
Gii
Ta c
"
(1)
x=1
16x5 20x3 + 5x + 7 = 0
"
x=1
16x5 20x3 + 5x = 7 (2)
"
a
=
x
+
x2 1
1
a+
a2 2xa + 1 = 0
a
a = x x2 1.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(1)
312
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
1
1
2
a+
. Ta c
Vy nu t a = x + x 1 th x =
2
a
5
1
1
10
5
1
1
5
5
3
16x = 16
a+
a + 5a + 10a +
+ 3+ 5
=
2
a
2
a
a
a
3
1
1
3
1
5
1
5
3
3
20x = 20
a+
a + 3a + + 3 ; 5x =
a+
.
=
2
a
2
a a
2
a
1
1
5
3
5
Suy ra 16x 20x + 5x =
a + 5 . Thay vo (2) c
2
a
2
1
1
5
a + 5 = 7 a5 + 14a5 + 1 = 0
2
a
"
"
p
5
a = 7 48
a5 = 7 48
p
5
a5 = 7 + 48
a = 7 + 48.
1 5
5
x=
7 48 + 7 + 48 .
2
p
1 p
5
5
Nghim ca (1) l x = 1, x =
7 48 + 7 + 48 . 2
2
~ Nhn xt: Khi gii phng trnh, hy nhm nhng nghim p ca phng trnh bt c
lc no c th.
Do (7
48)(7 +
x2
x1
ta c
+x+1
7.
x1
2
x +x+1
2
+ 13.
x2
x1
2 = 0.
+x+1
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
313
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
x2
x1
. Khi
+x+1
t = 2
1
t= .
7
Khi t = 2 ta c
x = 1
x1
2
=
2
2x
+
3x
+
1
=
0
1
x2 + x + 1
x= .
2
Khi t =
1
ta c
7
1
x1
= x2 6x + 8 = 0
2
x +x+1
7
"
x=2
x = 4.
1
Phng trnh cho c bn nghim x = 1, x = , x = 2, x = 4. 2
2
~ Nhn xt: Phng trnh ny c nhiu hn mt nghim, v cc nghim ca phng trnh ny
u l s nguyn v s hu t, do ta c th gii nhanh chng bng cch khai trin a v
phng trnh bc bn, sau nhm nghim, a v phng trnh tch.
V d 16. Xt mt phng trnh bc hai c nghim
2t2 7t + 3 = 0.
r
Ly t =
x2 + x + 1
ta c
x1
2
x +x+1
7
x1
x2 + x + 1
+ 3 = 0.
x1
Quy ng b mu ta c
2(x2 + x + 1) + 3(x 1) = 7
(x 1)(x2 + x + 1).
Ta c bi ton sau
Bi 18 ( ngh OLYPIC 30/04/2007). Gii phng trnh
2x2 + 5x 1 = 7 x3 1.
(1)
Gii
iu kin x > 1.
p
(1) 3(x 1) + 2(x2 + x + 1) = 7 (x 1)(x2 + x + 1).
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(2)
314
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
t>0
t > 3 + 2 3.
4
2
x = t 6t 3 > 0
1
2
Phng trnh (3) tr thnh 2t 7t + 3 = 0 t 3,
.
2
Kt hp vi iu kin ca t ta c t = 3. Vy
s
x2 + x + 1
= 3 9x 9 = x2 + x + 1 x2 8x + 10 = 0 x = 4 6.
x1
p=2
p=2
p+q =5
q = 3.
p q = 1
V d 17. Xt x = 2. Khi
(x2 + 2x + 2) = 10, x + 1 = 3,
3(x2 + 2x + 2) 8(x + 1) = 6,
(x + 1)(x2 + 2x + 2) = 30,
(x + 1)(x2 + 2x + 2) = x3 + 3x2 + 4x + 2.
Vy vi x = 2 th
3(x2 + 2x + 2) 8(x + 1) =
6
6 3
30. =
x + 3x2 + 4x + 2
30
30
Ta c bi ton sau
Bi 19. Gii phng trnh
6 3
3x2 2x 2 =
x + 3x2 + 4x + 2
30
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
315
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Gii
iu kin
x3 + 3x2 + 4x + 2 > 0 (x + 1)(x2 + 2x + 2) x > 1.
Phng trnh cho vit li
6 p
3(x2 + 2x + 2) 8(x + 1) =
(x + 1)(x2 + 2x + 2).
30
D thy x = 1 khng l nghim ca (1).
Tip theo xt x 6= 1. Chia c hai v ca (1) cho x + 1 > 0 ta c
s
6
x2 + 2x + 2
x2 + 2x + 2
8=
.
3.
x+1
x+1
30
r
x2 + 2x + 2
t t =
> 0. Khi
x+1
6
6
3t2 8 = t 3t2 t 8 = 0 3 30t2 6t 8 30 = 0.
30
30
r
10
. Vy
Nhn xt rng t l nghim dng ca phng trnh (3), hay
3
s
r
2
x=2
x + 2x + 2
10
=
3x2 + 6x + 6 = 10x + 10
2
x+1
3
x= .
3
(1)
(2)
(3)
3 4
x 3x + 1 =
x + x2 + 1.
3
2
Gii
Tp xc nh R. V
x4 + x2 + 1 = (x2 + 1)2 x2 = (x2 + x + 1)(x2 x + 1)
nn
3p 2
(1) 2(x x + 1) (x + x + 1) =
(x + x + 1)(x2 x + 1)
3
s 2
2
x x+1
3 x x+1
2 2
1=
.
x +x+1
3
x2 + x + 1
2
r
t t =
x2 x + 1
> 0. Khi
x2 + x + 1
1
t=
3
2t2 1 +
t = 0 2 3t2 + t 3 = 0
3
3
t = (loi)
2 3
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(1)
316
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Vy
s
x2 x + 1
1
= 2x2 4x + 2 = 0 x = 1.
2
x +x+1
3
x2
x+2
> 0. Khi
2x + 4
1
t
=
2 2t = 3t 2t + 3t 2 = 0
2
t = 2 (loi).
2
Vy
"
x = 3 13
1
x+2
2
= x 6x 4 = 0
x2 2x + 4
2
x = 3 + 13.
x2 + x 6 + 3 x 1 3x2 6x + 19 = 0.
Gii
x +x6>0
x > 2. Phng trnh tng ng
iu kin
x1>0
2
3x 6x + 19 > 0
x2 + x 6 + 3 x 1 = 3x2 6x + 19
p
x2 + x 6 + 6 (x2 + x 6)(x 1) + 9x 9 = 3x2 6x + 19
p
3 (x 2)(x + 3)(x 1) = x2 8x + 17
p
3 (x2 + 2x 3)(x 2) = (x2 + 2x 3) 10(x 2)
s
x2 + 2x 3
x2 + 2x 3
3
=
10.
x2
x2
r
x2 + 2x 3
(Do x = 2 khng l nghim ca (2)). t t =
> 0. Thay vo (2) ta c
x2
"
t = 2 (loi)
3t = t2 10 t2 3t 10 = 0
t = 5.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(1)
(2)
317
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Vy
x2 + 2x 3
23 341
2
= 5 x 23x + 47 = 0 x =
.
x2
2
23 341
Kt hp vi iu kin ta thy phng trnh cho c hai nghim x =
.2
2
s
1 x2
.
x
(1)
Gii
Do x4 + 2x3 + 2x2 2x + 1 = x2 (x + 1)2 + (1 x)2 > 0, x R nn nu x l nghim ca (1) th
x>0
2
0 < x < 1.
1x >0
x
Vi iu kin th
(1) x2 (x + 1)2 + (1 x)2 = (x2 + 1)
(1 x)[x(1 + x)].
(2)
t u = x(1 + x), v = 1 x (iu kin u > 0, v > 0). Khi u + v = x2 + 1. Vy (2) tr thnh
u 2
u u
u
2
2
+
+1=
.
(3)
u + v = (u + v) uv
v
v v
v
u
t t = , thay vo (3) ta c
v
t4 + 1 = t3 + t (t 1)(t3 1) = 0 t = 1.
u
Vy = 1 u = v. Do
v
"
x(1 + x) = 1 x x2 + 2x 1 = 0
Phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht x = 1 +
x = 1 + 2
x = 1 2 (loi)
2. 2
5x2 + 14x + 9 x2 x 20 = 5 x + 1.
Gii
iu kin
5x
+
14x
+
9
>
0
(x + 1)(5x + 9) > 0
x x 20 > 0
(x + 4)(x 5) > 0 x > 5.
x+1>0
x+1>0
Ta c
(1)
5x2 + 14x + 9 = x2 x 20 + 5 x + 1
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(1)
318
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
p
2x2 5x + 2 = 5 (x + 4)(x 5)(x + 1)
p
2(x2 4x 5) + 3(x + 4) = 5 (x2 4x 5)(x + 4).
(2)
t=1
2t2 5t + 3 = 0
3
t= .
2
(3)
Khi t = 1, ta c
s
3
Khi t = , ta c
2
x2 4x 5
5 6
2
= 1 x 5x 9 = 0 x =
.
x+4
2
x2 4x 5
3
= , ngha l
x+4
2
x=8
7
x= .
4
5+
61
.2
V d 18. Cho
a=
3
3
3
7x + 1, b = x2 x 8, c = x2 8x 1
th a3 + b3 + c3 = 8. Ta c bi ton sau
Bi 25 ( ngh OLYMPIC 30/04/1999). Gii phng trnh
7x + 1
3
x2 x 8 + x2 8x 1 = 2.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
319
Gii
Tp xc nh R. t
a=
3
3
7x + 1, b = x2 x 8, c = x2 8x 1.
Khi
a3 + b3 + c3 = 8 (1)
a+b+c=2
(2)
(3)
a = b
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) = 0 b = c
c = a.
Vy
3
7x + 1 = 3 x2 x 8
7x + 1 = x2 x 8
3 2
3
x x 8 = x2 8x 1 x2 x 8 = x2 8x 1
3
x2 8x 1 = 7x 1
x2 8x 1 = 3 7x + 1
x = 1
x2 8x 9 = 0
x=9
7x = 7
x=1
x2 x = 0
x = 0.
Thay cc gi tr 1, 0, 1, 9 vo phng trnh cho thy tho mn. Vy phng trnh c tp
nghim S = {1; 0; 1; 9}. 2
V d 19. Cho
a=
3
3x2 x + 2001, b = 3x2 7x + 2002, c = 3 6x 2003
3
3
3
3x2 x + 2001 3x2 7x + 2002 3 6x 2003 = 2002.
Gii
t
a=
3
3
3x2 x + 2001, b = 3x2 7x + 2002, c = 3 6x 2003.
Khi
(a + b + c)3 = a3 + b3 + c3 (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) = 0.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
320
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
1
3
3x2 x + 2001 = 3 3x2 7x + 2002
x=
3 2
3x 7x + 2002 = 3 6x 2003
1 13
3
x=
6x 2003 = 3 3x2 x + 2001.
6
(
)
1 1 13
;
.2
Vy phng trnh c tp nghim S =
6
6
V d 20. Cho
a=
3
1945x + 1975, b = 3 60x + 15, c = 3 15 x
3
1945x + 1975 + 3 60x + 15 + 3 15 x 3 2004x + 2005 = 0.
Gii
Tp xc nh R. t
a=
1945x + 1975, b =
3
60x + 15, c = 3 15 x.
3
3
a + b + c a3 + b 3 + c3 = 0 a + b + c = a3 + b3 + c3
(a + b + c)3 = a3 + b3 + c3
(1)
(2)
a = b
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) = 0 b = c
c = a.
Vy
1990
x
=
30
x=
60x + 15 = x 15
59
1990
15 x = (1945x + 1975)
x=
.
1944
1990
30
1990
Vy phng trnh c ba nghim x =
,x= ,x=
.2
2005
59
1944
V d 21. Cho a = 3 3x + 1, b = 3 5 x, c = 3 2x 9 th a3 + b3 + c3 = 4x 3. Ta c bi
ton sau
3x + 1 +
5 x + 3 2x 9 3 4x 3 = 0.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
321
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
V d 22. T hng ng thc
a3 + b3 ab(a + b) = (a + b)(a b)2 ,
ly a =
3
x + 1, b = 3 x + 2. Khi
a3 + b3 ab(a + b)
3
=x + 1 x 2 + x2 + 3x + 2 3 x + 1 3 x + 2
3
3
3
2
= 1 + x + 3x + 2
x+1 x+2 .
x2
3
3
+ 3x + 2
x + 1 x + 2 = 1.
Gii
3
(x + 1) + (x 2) + x2 + 3x + 2 3 x + 1 3 x + 2 = 0.
t a =
x + 1, b = 3 x + 2. Thay vo (*) ta c
"
a3 + b3 ab(a + b) = 0 (a + b)(a b)2 = 0
Vy
a=b
a = b.
"
"
3
x+1=3x+2
x + 1 = x 2
3
x= .
3
3
2
x+1= x+2
0x = 1 (v)
Th li ta thy x =
3
l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh. 2
2
T (2) suy ra
"
Thay vo (1) ta c
(x + )2 = ay + b (1)
(y + )2 = ax + b (2)
ax + b
y + = ax + b
y =
ax + b
y + = ax + b
y=
.
a ax + b a
+ b (F)
(x + ) =
a ax + b a
(x + )2 =
+ b.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(*)
322
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(3x + 2)2 = 3x + 8 + 6.
Ta c bi ton sau
Bi 30. Gii phng trnh
9x2 + 12x 2 =
3x + 8.
Gii
8
iu kin x > . Phng trnh vit li
3
(3x + 2)2 6 =
t 3y + 2 =
3x + 8.
8
8
v y > . Ly (2) tr (3) ta c
3
3
3x + 3y + 5 = 0
3y = (3x + 5).
Vi y = x, thay vo (2) ta c
1
x
=
(nhn)
3
(3x + 2)2 = 3x + 8 9x2 + 9x 4 = 0
4
x=
(loi).
3
Vi y = (3x + 5), thay vo (2) ta c
5 + 21
(loi)
x=
6
(3x + 2)2 = 3x + 3 9x2 + 15x + 1 = 0
5 21
x=
(nhn).
6
1
5 21
Cc nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = v x =
.2
3
6
1
3
V d 24. Cho = 1, = 1, a = , b = thay vo (F) ta c
2
2
r
x 3
r
+
1 3
x 3
2 2
2
2
(x + 1) =
+ 2 (x + 1) =
+ + 2.
2
2 2
2 2
Ta c bi ton sau
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(1)
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
r
x+3
2
Bi 31. Gii phng trnh 2x + 4x =
.
2
323
3
y + = ax + b y =
ax + b
.
a 3 ax + b a
(x + ) =
+ b.
V d 26. Chn = 1, = 1, a = 3, b = 5, ta c
(x + 1)3 = 3 3 3x + 5 + 2.
Ta c bi ton sau
Bi 33 ( ngh OLYMPIC 30/04/2009). Gii phng trnh
x3 + 3x2 3 3 3x + 5 = 1 3x.
Gii
Tp xc nh R. Phng trnh cho tng ng
(x + 1)3 = 3 3 3x + 5 + 2.
t y + 1 =
3x + 5. Ta c h
(
(x + 1)3 = 3y + 5 (1)
(y + 1)3 = 3x + 5 (2)
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(1)
324
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
x = y do (x + 1)2 + (x + 1)(y + 1) + (y + 1)2 > 0 .
Thay vo (1) ta c
"
3
(x + 1) = 3x + 5 x + 3x 4 = 0
x=1
x = 2.
8x3 + 2001
2002
3
= 4004x 2001.
3
7x2 + 9x 4.
Gii
Tp xc nh R. t y =
3
7x2 + 9x 4. Ta c h
(
x3 4x2 5x + 6 = y (1)
7x2 + 9x 4 = y 3
(2)
(3)
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
325
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
x 4x 6x + 5 = 0 (x 5)(x + x 1)
1
Kt lun: Phng trnh c tp nghim S = {5;
2
x=5
1 5
x=
.
2
}. 2
3
x3 + 9x2 19x + 11 + 2 x3 + 9x2 19x + 11 = (x 1)3 + 2(x 1).
Khai trin v rt gn ta c bi ton sau
Bi 36 ( ngh OLYMPIC 30/04/2009). Gii phng trnh
x3 6x2 + 12x 7 =
Gii
t y =
y = x3 6x2 + 12x 7
2y = 2x3 12x2 + 24x 14
2
t2
3t2
t1 +
+ 2 + 2 > 0.
2
2
3
x3 + 9x2 19x + 11 = x 1
x3 + 9x2 19x + 11 = x3 3x2 + 3x 1
x3 6x2 + 11x 6 = 0 x {1, 2, 3} .
Phng trnh cho c ba nghim x = 1, x = 2, x = 3. 2
V d 30. Xt hm s f (t) = 2t3 + t2 + 1 n iu trn [0; +). Cho
f (x + 1) = f
3x 1
ta c
Ta c bi ton sau
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(*)
326
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
1
iu kin x > . t y = 3x 1, y > 0. Ta c h
3
(
2x3 + 7x2 + 5x + 4 = 2y 3
3x 1 = y 2 .
Cng theo v hai phng trnh trn ta c
2x3 + 7x2 + 8x + 3 = 2y 3 + y 2 2(x + 1)3 + (x + 1)2 = 2y 3 + y 2 .
(*)
Xt hm s f (t) = 2t3 +t2 . V f 0 (t) = 6t2 +2t > 0, t > 0 nn hm s f ng bin trn [0; +).
Do
() f (x + 1) = f (y) x + 1 = y x + 1 = 3x 1
"
(
x
" > 1
x=0
x+1>0
x
=
0
x = 1.
3x + 1 = x2 + 2x + 1
x=1
Kt hp vi iu kin ta c x = 1 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh cho. 2
6x + 1
6x + 1 = 8x3 4x 1.
Ta c bi ton sau
Bi 38. Gii phng trnh
6x + 1 = 8x3 4x 1.
V d 32. Xt hm s f (t) = t 1 +
f 0 (t) = 1 +
Vy hm s f (t) = t 1 +
t2 + 2 . Ta c
t2
t2 + 2 +
> 0, t R.
t2 + 2
t2 + 2 ng bin trn R. Cho f (2x + 3) = f (3x) ta c
4x2
+ 12x + 11 + 3x 1 +
9x2
+ 2 = 5x 3.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
327
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
V d 33. Xt hm s ng bin trn khong (0; +) l
f (t) = log2 t 2t + t2 , t > 0.
Cho f
1
ta c
x+2 =f 2+
x
2
1
1
1
log2 x + 2 2 x + 2 + x + 2 = log2 2 +
2 2+
+ 2+
x
x
x
2
1
2x + 1
1
log2 (x + 2) + x + 3 = log2
+ 1+
+ 2 x + 2.
2
x
x
Ta c bi ton sau
Bi 40. Gii phng trnh
2
1
2x + 1
1
log2 (x + 2) + x + 3 = log2
+ 1+
+ 2 x + 2.
2
x
x
Gii
iu kin
x (2;
+)
1
(0; +) .
x 2;
1
x ;
2
(0; +)
2
Khi phng trnh vit li
log2
2
1
1
1
x + 2 2 x + 2 + x + 2 = log2 2 +
2 2+
+ 2+
.
x
x
x
(1)
1
1
x+2 =f 2+
x+2=2+ .
(1) f
x
x
1
Vi iu kin x 2;
(0; +), bnh phng hai v phng trnh (2) ta c
2
x = 1
4
1
+ 2 x3 2x2 4x 1 = 0
3 13
x x
x=
.
2
3 + 13
Kt hp vi iu kin, ta thy PT cho c hai nghim x = 1 v x =
.2
2
x+2=4+
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(2)
328
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
x + 2.
(1)
Gii
iu kin x > 2. Nu x > 2 th
x3 3x = x + x(x2 4) > x >
2x =
x+x>
x + 2.
k4
t
t=
3t = + k2
t
2
5
cos 3t = cos
t
k4 (k Z) .
2
3t = + k2
t=
2
7
4
4
,t=
. Phng trnh cho c ba nghim
Do t [0; ] nn ch ly cc nghim t = 0, t =
5
7
4
4
x = 2, x = 2 cos , x = 2 cos . 2
5
7
V d 35. T phng trnh cos 3t = sin t, vi t [0; ], ta thy phng trnh ny tng ng
1 x2 .
2x x2 .
V d 36. T phng trnh sin 3t = cos t,vi t [0; ], ta thy phng trnh ny tng ng
vi
3 sin t 4 sin3 t = cos x sin t 3 4 sin2 t = cos t
cos t
1 cos2 t 4 cos2 t 1 = cos t 1 cos2 t =
.
4 cos2 t 1
Ly x = cos t ta c bi ton sau.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
x
Bi 44. Gii phng trnh
1 x2 = 2
.
4x 1
329
Gii
T iu kin |x| 6 1, x 6=
1
1
v x 6= , ta t
2
2
x = cos t, t [0; ] , x 6=
, x 6=
.
3
3
1 cos2 t =
cos t
k
3t = t + k2
t= +
2
8
2 (k Z).2
3t =
t + k2
t = + k
2
4
cos t
1 cos2 t =
.
4
16 cos t 12 cos2 t + 1
Ly x = cos t ta c bi ton sau.
16x4
x
.
12x2 + 1
Gii
T iu kin |x| 6 1 v 16x4 12x2 + 1 6= 0, ta t
x = cos t, t [0; ] , 16 cos4 t 12 cos2 t + 1 6= 0.
Thay vo phng trnh cho ta c
cos t
t 12 cos2 t + 1
sin t 16 cos4 t 12 cos2 t + 1 = cos t
1 cos2 t =
16 cos4
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
330
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
h
i
2
sin t 16 1 sin2 t 12 1 sin2 t + 1 = cos t
sin t 16 sin4 t 20 sin2 t + 5 = cos t
16 sin5 t 20 sin3 t + 5 sin t = cos t sin 5t = cos t
k
t
=
+
12
3
sin 5t = sin
t
k (k Z).2
2
t= +
8
2
1 cos2 t 16 cos4 t 12 cos2 t + 1 = 4 cos3 t 3 cos t.
Ly x = cos t ta c bi ton sau.
Bi 46. Gii phng trnh
1 cos2 t 16 cos4 t 12 cos2 t + 1 = 4 cos3 t 3 cos t
h
i
2
sin t 16 1 sin2 t 12 1 sin2 t + 1 = cos 3t
sin t 16 sin4 t 20 sin2 t + 5 = cos 3t
16 sin5 t 20 sin3 t + 5 sin t = cos 3t sin 5t = cos 3t
t=
+
16
4 (k Z).2
sin 5t = sin
3t
2
t = + k
4
V d 39. T sin 3t
= sin t +
, vi t [0; ], ta c
4
4
sin 3t cos 3t = sin t + cos t
3 sin t 4 sin3 t 4 cos3 t + 3 cos t = sin t + cos t
2 cos t + 3 sin t 4 sin3 t = 4 cos3 t + sin t
2 cos t + sin t 3 4 sin2 t = 4 cos3 t + sin t
2 cos t + sin t 4 cos2 t 1 = 4 cos3 t + sin t
2 cos t + 1 cos2 t 4 cos2 t 1 = 4 cos3 t + 1 cos2 t.
Ly x = cos t ta c bi ton sau.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
331
2 cos t + 4 cos2 t 1 1 cos2 t = 4 cos3 t + 1 cos2 t
2 cos t + 4 cos2 t 1 sin t = 4 cos3 t + sin t
sin t 4 cos2 t 2 = 4 cos3 t 2 cos t
sin t 2 cos2 t 1 = cos t 2 cos2 t 1
"
cos 2t = 0
2 cos2 t 1 (sin t cos t) = 0
sin t = cos t
"
k
t= +
2t = + k
k
4
2 t= +
2
.
4
2
tan t = 1
t = + k
4
Bi 48. Gii bt phng trnh
1+x+
x2
1x62 .
4
(1)
Gii
iu kin 1 6 x 6 1. t x = cos , [0; ]. Thay vo (1) ta c
cos2
1 + cos + 1 cos 6 2
4
2
2
2 cos
6 2 sin
cos
2
4
2 4
2
4
h
i
2
2
6 2 1 cos
cos
2 cos
4
2
4
2 4
2
4
2
cos
cos
2 cos
+2>0
2
4
2
4
2
4
h
i2 h
i
cos
1
cos2
+ 2 cos
+ 2 > 0.
2
4
2
4
2
4
(2)
+ 2k
+ 2k
n
zk = r cos
+ i sin
, k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n 1.
n
n
Cc cn bc hai ca s phc z = r (cos + i sin ) , r > 0 l
z0 = r cos + i sin
, z1 = r cos + i sin
.
2
2
2
2
Cc cn bc ba ca s phc z = r (cos + i sin ) , r > 0 l
3
z0 = r cos + i sin
,
3
3
+ 2
+ 2
3
z1 = r cos
+ i sin
,
3
3
+ 4
+ 4
3
z2 = r cos
+ i sin
.
3
3
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
332
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
x 3xy + (3x y y )i = 1 + i
x3 3xy 2 = 1
3x2 y y 3 = 1.
.
1 + i = 2 cos + i sin
4
4
Vy cc cn bc ba ca 1 + i l
q
3
6
z0 =
2 cos
+ i sin
= 2 cos
+ i sin
,
12
12
12
12
q
+
2
+
2
3
3
3
6
4
4
z1 =
2 cos
+ i sin
= 2 cos
+ i sin
,
3
3
4
4
q
+
4
+
4
17
17
3
6
4
4
= 2 cos
z2 =
2 cos
+ i sin
+ i sin
.
3
3
12
12
(
T y, ngc li ta tm c nghim ca h
x3 3xy 2 = 1
l
3x2 y y 3 = 1
6
6
x = 2 cos
x = 6 2 cos 17
x = 2 cos
12 ;
4
12
3 ;
17
6
6
y = 6 2 sin
y = 2 sin
y = 2 sin
.
12
4
12
!
1
3
V d 40. Xt s phc z = 5 cos + i sin
=5
+
i . Gi s x + yi l s phc tho
3
3
2
2
mn iu kin
!
1
3
5 5 3
3
3
2
2 2
3 3
(x + yi) = 5
+
i x + 3x yi + 3xy i + y i = +
i
2
2
2
2
(
2x3 6xy 2 = 5
3
2
2
3
2x 6xy + (6x y 2y )i = 5 + 5 3i
6x2 y 2y 3 = 5 3.
Ta c bi ton sau
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
333
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(
2x3 6xy 2 = 5
(1)
5 5 3
3
2
2
3
x 3xy + (3x y y )i = +
i
2
2
5 5 3
i
x3 + 3x2 yi + 3xy 2 i2 + y 3 i3 = +
2
2
!
1
3
(x + yi)3 = 5
+
i .
2
2
Vy x + yi l mt cn bc ba ca s phc
!
1
3
z=5
+
i = 5 cos + i sin
.
2
2
3
3
M z c cc cn bc ba l
3
z0 = 5 cos + i sin
,
9
9
+ 2
3
z1 = 5 cos 3
+ i sin
3
+ 4
3
z2 = 5 cos 3
+ i sin
3
+ 2
7
7
3
3
= 5 cos
+ i sin
,
3
9
9
+ 4
13
13
3
3
= 5 cos
+ i sin
.
3
9
9
3
3
x = 5 cos
x = 5 cos
x = 3 5 cos 13
9 ;
9
9
7 ;
13
y = 3 5 sin
y = 3 5 sin
y = 3 5 sin
.
9
9
9
2. Sng tc cc h phng trnh t hai s phc cho trc.
V d 41. Xt hai s phc z1 v z2 nh sau
(
(
z1 = 7 5i
z1 + z2 = 7
z2 = 5i
z1 z2 = 7 5i + 5
Vy z1 v z2 l nghim ca phng trnh
5
+
7
5i
z 2 7z + 5 + 7 5i = 0 z 7 +
=0
z
5 7 5i
5z 7 5iz
z+ +
=7z+
+
=7
z
z
zz
zz
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
334
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
5x + 7 5y 7 5x 5y
x + yi +
+
i=7
x2 + y 2
x2 + y 2
!
7 5x 5y
5x + 7 5y
i=0
7+ y+
x +
x2 + y 2
x2 + y 2
5x
+
7
5y
x+
7=0
2
2
x +y
7 5x 5y
y+
= 0.
x2 + y 2
Ta c bi ton sau
5y
5x
+
7
x+
=7
2
2
x +y
7 5x 5y
y+
= 0.
x2 + y 2
Ta xt tip mt bi tng t:
3x y
x+ 2
=3
x + y2
Bi 51. Gii h phng trnh
x + 3y
y
= 0.
x2 + y 2
Gii
iu kin x2 + y 2 6= 0. Xt s phc z = x + iy. Khi
iz = ix y, x2 + y 2 = |z|2 = z.z
H phng trnh cho vit li
3x y
x+ 2
=3
(1)
x + y2
x + 3y
yi
i = 0. (2)
x2 + y 2
Ly (1) tr (2) theo v ta c
x yi +
3x y
x + 3y
3(x + yi)
y xi
+ 2
i = 3 x yi + 2
2
= 3.
2
2
2
2
x +y
x +y
x +y
x + y2
Hay
z+3
z
iz
1 i
+
= 3 z + 3 + = 3 (z)2 3z + 3 + i = 0.
z.z z.z
z z
(
a2 b2 = 3
2
2
a b = 3
2
3 4i = (a + bi)
2
b= .
2ab = 4
a
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Khi
a2
335
4
= 3 a4 + 3a2 4 = 0 a2 = 1 a = 1.
a2
3 + (1 2i)
=2i
z=
2
3 (1 2i)
= 1 + i.
z=
2
Ngha l
"
"
x yi = 2 i
(x; y) = (2; 1)
x yi = 1 + i
(x; y) = (1; 1).
(
(
x=2
x=1
Vy h cho c hai nghim l
v
.2
y=1
y = 1.
V d 42. Xt hai s phc
(
z1 + z2 = 3 2 + i
z1 = 2 i
z2 = 2 2 + 2i
z1 z2 = 6.
6
6z
z2 3 2 + i z + 6 = 0 z + = 3 2 + i z +
= 3 2 + i.
z
z.z
Gi s z = u + vi, khi phng trnh vit li
6(u vi)
=3 2+i
2
2
u +v
6v
6u
+
v
u + 2
=
3
2+i
u + v2
u2 + v 2
6u
=3 2
u+
u 1+ 2
=
3
2
2
u +v
u2 + v 2
6v
6
v
=1
= 1.
v 1 2
2
2
u +v
u + v2
u + vi +
Ly u =
x, v = y, ta c
x
6
1+
= 2
3
x + y
6
= 1.
y 1
x+y
Ta c bi ton sau
x
6
1+
= 2
3
x + y
Bi 52. Gii h phng trnh
6
= 1.
y 1
x+y
Mt bi tng t tng xut hin trong k thi VMO 1996:
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
336
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
=2
3x 1 +
x + y
= 4 2.
7y 1
x+y
Gii
iu kin x > 0 v y > 0. t u =
x, v =
1
=
u 1+ 2
2
u
+
v
1
v 1 2
=
u + v2
3
4 2
u
u
2
2
u
+
(1)
=
=
u+ 2
u + v2
u2 + v 2
3
3
v
4 2
4 2i
iv
=
=
(2)
iv 2
v 2
2
2
u +v
u +v
7
7
Cng (1) v (2) theo v ta c
u iv
2
4 2i
u + iv + 2
= + .
u + v2
3
7
V
(3)
u iv
z
z
1
= 2 =
= nn (3) vit li
2
2
u +v
z.z
z
|z|
1
2
4 2i
z + = + z2 2
z
3
7
Ta c
0 =
!
1
2 2i
+
z + 1 = 0.
3
7
!2
1
2 2i
1 8 4 2i
38 4 2i
+
1= + 1= + .
3 7
21
3
7
21
21
38
a2 b2 =
38 4 2i
21
= (a + bi)2
+
4
2
21
21
2ab =
21
Khi
38
19 + 23
4
8
a2
=
21a4 + 38a2 8 = 0 a2 =
= .
2
21a
21
21
21
2
2
Vy (a; b) = ; 2 ; (a; b) = ; 2 . Do
21
21
!
1
2
2 2
z = u + iv =
+ 2 i.
3
21
7
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(4)
337
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
1
2
u= +
21
3
Do
V u > 0 v v > 0 nn
2
2
v = + 2.
7
2
1
11
2
4
=
+
x = 3 + 21
21 3 7
!2
8
2 2
22
+ .
y= + 2 =
7
7
7
H phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l
11
4
+
x=
21 3 7 . 2
22
8
y=
+ .
7
7
Bi 54 (VMO 2006). Gii h phng trnh
12
x=2
1
y + 3x
12
y = 6.
1+
y + 3x
Gii
12
u
12u
=2
1 2
u
=
2
3 (1)
2
u +v 3
u2 + v 2
12v
12
v+
= 6.
(2)
v=6
1+ 2
2
2
u + v2
u +v
Nhn PT (2) vi i, sau cng vi PT (1) ta c
u + vi
12(u vi)
3 + 6i.
=
2
u2 + v 2
(3)
12z
12
= 2 3 + 6i z
= 2( 3 + 3i)
z.z
z
2
z 2( 3 + 3i)z 12 = 0.
Ta c
0 = ( 3 + 3i)2 + 12 = 6 + 6 3i + 12 = 6 + 6 3i
!
1
3
= 12
+
i = 12 cos + i sin
.
2
2
3
3
Vy 0 c hai cn bc hai l
12 cos + i sin
= 12
6
6
3 1
+ i
2
2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
= 3 + 3i .
(4)
338
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
T (4) ta c
"
z = 3 + 3i + 3 + 3i = 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 i
z = 3 + 3i 3 3i = 3 3 + 3 3 i.
Do u > 0 v v > 0 nn
2
(
(
3
+
3
u= 3+3
x
=
4
+
2
3
x=
2
v = 3+3
y =3 4+2 3 .
y=
3+3
(
x=4+2 3
.2
H cho c nghim duy nht
y =3 4+2 3 .
(1)
Gii
Ta c
(1) 1
cos 2x + cos 2y
9
+ sin2 (x + y) =
2
4
9
4
1
= 0.
4
(3)
x + y = 2 + l2
cos(x + y) = cos(x y) = 1
3
2
2
cos(x y) = 1
x y = + k2
cos(x + y) = cos(x y) = 1
x + y = + l2.
2
2
3
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(4)
(5)
339
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Xt (4) ta c:
2
x=
x y = k2; x + y =
+ l2
3
(4)
2
x=
x y = k2; x + y =
+ l2
3
+ (k + l); y = + (l k)
3
3
+ (k + l); y =
+ (l k)
3
3
Xt (5) ta c:
xy =
+ k2; x + y = + l2
x=
2
3
(5)
xy =
+ k2; x + y =
+ l2
x=
2
3
5
+ (k + l); y =
+ (l k)
12
12
5
+ (k + l); y =
+ (l k)
12
12
Theo trn ta suy ra mt hng sng tc mt lot cc phng trnh lng gic hai n kh
th v l : T mt bt ng thc c bn trong tam gic, trong bt ng thc cha cc gc
A, B, C ca mt tam gic, ta ln lt ly
A = f (x, y), B = g(x, y), C = [f (x, y) + g(x, y)],
v thay du bt ng thc bi du ng thc, ta s c mt phng trnh lng gic hai n
x v y tng ng. Cn vic gii phng trnh th thng c tin hnh tng t nh hai cch
gii trnh by trn.
Ch rng cch lm nh trn khng phi lc no cng thnh cng, c th ta xy dng c
nhng phng trnh lng gic hai n nhng ta li khng gii c nhng phng trnh m ta
va xy dng nn. Tuy nhin y l mt phng php sng tc bi ton rt ng quan tm,
n cho ta nhiu phng trnh th v c bi ln li gii.
V d 43. Xt bt ng thc
3
cos A + cos B + cos C 6 , ABC,
2
y
1
cos2
cos
cos
+ =0
2
2
2
4
2
x+y 1
xy
1
xy
cos
cos
+ sin2
=0
2
2
2
4
2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
340
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
cos x + y = 1 cos x y
cos x + y = 1 cos x y
2
2
2
2
2
2
sin x y = 0
cos x y = 1
2
2
x
y
cos
=1
2
x+y
1
cos 2 = 2
cos x y = 1
cos x + y = 1 .
2
2
cos x + y = 1 cos x 2y
cos x + y = 1 cos x 2y
2
2
2
2
2
2
x 2y
x 2y
sin
=0
cos
= 1
2
2
cos x 2y = 1
cos x 2y = 1
2
2
x+y
1 hoc
x+y
1
cos
cos
=
= .
2
2
2
2
Cng vic tip theo tr nn n gin.
V d 45. Xt bt ng thc
A
B
C
3
+ sin + sin 6 , ABC,
2
2
2
2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
341
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Bi 58. Gii phng trnh
3
sin x + sin y + cos(x + y) = .
2
Gii
Phng trnh cho tng ng
x+y
xy
3
x+y
cos
+ 1 2 sin2
=
2
2
2
2
x+y
xy 1
2 x+y
2 sin
cos
+ =0
2 sin
2
2
2
2
x+y
xy 1
2 x+y
sin
sin
cos
+ =0
2
2
2
4
2
x+y 1
xy
1 2 xy
sin
cos
+ sin
=0
2
2
2
4
2
sin x + y = 1 cos x y
sin x + y = 1 cos x y
2
2
2
2
2
2
sin x y = 0
cos x y = 1
2
2
y
x
y
cos
cos
=1
= 1
2
2
hoc
sin x + y = 1
sin x + y = 1 .
2
2
2
2
2 sin
V d 46. Xt bt ng thc
cos2
B
C
9
A
+ cos2 + cos2 6 , ABC,
2
2
2
4
c bi ton sau
Bi 59. Gii phng trnh
9
cos2 x + cos2 y + sin2 (x + y) = .
4
Gii
Phng trnh cho tng ng
1+
cos 2x + cos 2y
9
+ sin2 (x + y) =
2
4
9
4
1
cos2 (x + y) cos(x y) cos(x + y) + = 0
4
2
1
1
cos(x + y) cos(x y) + sin2 (x y) = 0
2
4
cos(x + y) 1 cos(x y) = 0
2
sin(x y) = 0
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
342
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
cos(x y) = 1
cos(x + y) = 1
cos(x + y) = 1 cos(x y) = 0
2
cos(x y) = 1
cos(x y) = 1
1
cos(x + y) = .
2
3
4
Gii
Phng trnh cho tng ng
1+
cos 2x + cos 2y
3
+ cos2 (x y) =
2
4
3
4
1
cos2 (x + y) + cos(x y) cos(x + y) + = 0
4
2
1
1
cos(x + y) + cos(x y) + sin2 (x y) = 0
2
4
cos(x + y) + 1 cos(x y) = 0
2
sin(x y) = 0
cos(x y) = 1
cos(x + y) = 1
cos(x + y) = 1 cos(x y)
2
cos(x y) = 1
cos(x y) = 1
1
cos(x + y) = .
2
V d 48. Xt bt ng thc
sin
A
B
C
1
sin sin 6 , ABC,
2
2
2
8
. Ly
3
y 2x
3y
1
sin
cos(x + y) = .
2
2
8
Gii
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
343
sin(2y x) = 0
cos(2y x) = 1
cos(2y x) = 1
cos(2y x) = 1
1 hoc
1
cos(x + y) =
cos(x + y) = .
2
2
V d 49. Xt bt ng thc
1
cos A cos B cos C 6 , ABC,
8
sin(x y) = 0
cos(x y) = 1
cos(x y) = 1
cos(x y) = 1
hoc
1
1
cos(x + y) = .
cos(x + y) =
2
2
V d 50. Xt bt ng thc
3
cos A + cos B + cos C 6 , ABC,
2
(1)
344
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Ly
A = 2x y, B = 2y x, C = [(2x y) + (2y x)] = (x + y)
ta c phng trnh
3
cos(2x y) + cos(2y x) cos(x + y) = .
2
(2)
xy
> 0 nn
2
xy
x
+
y
2 cos
cos(x y) cos
=0
2
2
1 + cos(x y)
1 cos2 (x y)
=0
2
cos2 (x y) + cos3 (x y) = 2
cos(x y) = 1
x+y
xy
2 cos
= cos
2
2
xy
xy
1 = 1 cos2
= 1 nn
2
2
cos(x y) = 1
cos(x y) = 1
cos(x y) = 1
x+y
x+y
1
x+y
1
cos
cos2
2 cos
= 1
=
=
2
2
2
2
4
cos(x y) = 1
cos(x y) = 1
1
1
cos(x + y) = .
1 + cos(x + y) =
2
2
V cos(x y) = 1 2 cos2
(2)
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(1)
(2)
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
345
f (x) = x
x Df Df 1
(1)
f 1 (x) = x
x Df Df 1 .
(2)
f (x) = f 1 (x)
hoc
(
f (x) = f 1 (x)
Nh vy vic gii phng trnh f (x) = f 1 (x) ta thay th c bi cc h phng trnh tng
ng (1) hoc (2).
Chng minh.
Gi s f (x) = f 1 (x). Khi x = f (f (x)). Nu x > f (x) th do f ng bin nn f (x) >
f (f (x)) f (x) > x (v l). Nu x < f (x), tng
( t ta cng suy ra v l. Vy x = f (x).
x = f 1 (x)
1
Gi s x = f (x) v x Df Df . Khi
f (x) = f 1 (x).
x = f (x)
Vy (1) c chng minh.
Ch 1. Cho hm s y = f (x) c hm ngc y = f 1 (x). Khi f ng bin f 1 ng
bin.
Ch 2. Nu hm s f lin tc v n iu nghim ngt trn khong (a; b) th tn ti hm
s ngc f 1 .
2
V d
r 51. Xt hm s y = f (x) = 2x + 4x 1 trn (1; +). Hm s ngc ca f (x) l
x+3
1 xc nh trn (3; +). Khi
y=
2
r
r
x+3
x+3
2
2
2x + 4x 1 =
1 2x + 4x =
.
2
2
Ta c bi ton sau.
Bi 64 ( ngh OLYMPIC 30/04/2007). Gii phng trnh
r
x+3
2
2x + 4x =
, vi x > 1.
2
Gii
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(*)
346
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(
r
y
>
1
y > 1
x+3
y+1=
x
+
3
y 2 + 2y + 1 =
2
x = 2y 2 + 4y 1.
2
r
x+3
1 trn [1; +). Mt
Suy ra hm s y = 2x2 + 4x 1 l hm ngc ca hm y =
2
khc hm s y = 2x2 + 4x 1 ng bin trn [1; +) nn
3 + 17
r
x+3
x=
4
2x2 + 4x 1 =
1 2x2 + 4x 1 = x
3 17
2
x=
.
4
3 + 17
Kt hp vi iu kin suy ra x =
l nghim duy nht ca (*). 2
4
r
x+3
1, x [1; +)? l do ta
~ Nhn xt: V sao li tm hm ngc ca hm y =
2
gi s
r
x+3
x+3
ay + b =
a2 y 2 + 2aby + b2 =
x = 2a2 y 2 + 4aby + 2b2 3.
2
2
So snh vi phng trnh cho thy rng cn chn a, b sao cho
(
(
(
2a2 = 2
a = 1
a=1
4ab = 4
b = 1
b = 1.
r
x+3
1, x [1; +). Ngoi ra ta cn c th gii thch
Vy nn ta mi xt hm s y =
2
nh sau: T
rphng trnh cho thy rng cn xt hm s c tp gi tr l [1; +) v c
x+3
dng y = a
1 vi a > 0 . Khi
2
x+3
2
4
2
y 2 + 2y + 1 = a2 .
x = 2 y2 + 2 y + 2 3
2
a r a
a
x+3
2 4
; 2 = (2; 4) a = 1 y =
1.
2
a a
2
r
x+3
Cch 2. t y + 1 =
, iu kin y > 0. Ta c h
2
(
(y + 1)2 = x + 3
2y 2 + 4y = x + 1 (1)
2
2x2 + 4x = y + 1
2x2 + 4x = y + 1. (2)
Ly (1) tr (2) theo v ta c
2(y 2 x2 ) + 4(y x) = x y 2(y x)(y + x) + 5(y x) = 0
"
y=x
yx=0
5 2x
2(y + x) + 5 = 0
y=
.
2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
347
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Khi y = x, thay vo (2) ta c
3 + 17
x=
4
2x2 + 4x = x + 1 2x2 + 3x 1 = 0
3 17
x=
(loi).
4
Khi y =
5 + 2x
, thay vo (2) ta c
2
5 13
(loi)
x=
4
4x2 + 10x + 3 = 0
5 + 13
x=
.
4
5 + 13
Vi x =
ta c
4
5 + 2x
5 + 13
y=
=
< 0 (khng tho mn y > 0)
2
4
3 + 17
Kt hp vi iu kin suy ra x =
l nghim duy nht ca (*). 2
4
3
; + . Hm s ngc ca f (x) l
2
3 + 9 + 4x
9
1
y = f (x) =
xc nh trn ; + . Khi
2
4
3 + 9 + 4x
= x2 3x 9 + 4x = 2x2 6x 3.
2
Ta c bi ton sau.
Bi 65. Gii phng trnh
9 + 4x = 2x2 6x 3.
()
Gii
9
3
iu kin x > . t 2y 3 = 9 + 4x, iu kin y > . Ta c
4
2
(
(
(
2
2
(2y 3) = 9 + 4x
4y 12y = 4x
2y 2 6y = 2x (1)
2y 3 = 2x2 6x 3
2x2 6x = 2y
2x2 6x = 2y (2)
Ly (1) tr (2) theo v ta c
2(y 2 x2 ) 6y + 6x = 2x 2y 2(y 2 x2 ) + 4(x y) = 0
"
y=x
(y x)(y + x 2)
y = 2 x.
Khi y = x, thay vo (1) ta c
"
2x2 6x = 2x x2 4x = 0
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
x=0
x = 4.
348
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
x 3x = 2 x x 2x 2 = 0
x=1 3
x = 1 + 3.
Khi x = 1 3 th th vo phng trnh cho thy tho mn. Vy phng trnh cho c
hai nghim x = 4, x = 1 3. 2
9
~ Nhn xt: Phng trnh () c tp xc nh l ; + , trong khi ta c
4
3
Df Df 1 = ; + , v vy (*) nhn x = 1 3 lm nghim l iu d hiu, v gii phng
2
9
trnh (*) l tm x thuc tp xc nh ; + v tho mn (*).
4
V d 53. Hm s y =
bi ton sau.
x + 3 l hm s ngc ca hm s y = x3 3 trn R. Do ta c
x + 3 = x3 3
Gii
Tp xc nh R.
(
y 3 = x + 3 (1)
t y = 3 x + 3. Khi ta c h
x3 = y + 3 (2)
Ly (2) tr (1) theo v ta c x3 y 3 = y x x3 + x = y 3 + y.
Xt f (t) = t3 + t. V f 0 (t) > 0, t R nn (3) f (x) = f (y) x = y. Do
x3 = x + 3 x3 x = 3
(3)
(4)
2
Gi s x = t, thay vo (4) ta c
3
9 3
4t 3t =
.
2
3
9 3
cho gn, k hiu m =
> 1. Xt
2
2
1
1
3
m=
+ 3 3 2m3 + 1 = 0 3 = m m2 1.
2
s
r
r
9
3
239
3
+
239
3 9
3
3
Do , nu t = m + m2 1 =
+
=
th
2
4
2
s
1
1
1
3 239
3 9
3
m=
+ 3 , =
.
2
2
rng
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
3
+ 3 =4
+
3
+
.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(5)
349
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Vy
1
3 239
1
1 3 9 3 + 239
3 9
t0 =
+
=
+
2
2
2
2
l mt nghim ca phng trnh (5). Ta s chng minh t0 l nghim duy nht ca phng
trnh. Ta c |t0 | > 1 v
4t3 3t = 4t30 3t0 (t t0 )(4t2 + 4t0 t + 4t20 3) = 0.
rng phng trnh 4t2 + 4t0 x + 4t20 3 = 0 v nghim do
0 = 4t20 4(4t20 3) = 12 12t20 = 12(1 t20 ) < 0 (v t20 > 1).
p
1 p
3
3
Vy t =
m + m2 1 + m m2 1 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh (5). Do
2
phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l
s
3 + 235
3 235
1
3 9
3 9
x=
+
.2
2
2
3
Bi 67. Cho trc s thc a. Gii phng trnh (n l x)
a2011 + x =
2011
a x.
Gii
Tp xc nh R. Xem a nh n s. Xt hm y = f (a) = a2011 + x. Ta c
y = a2011 + x a2011 = y x a =
2011
y x.
a2011 + x = a
2011
2011
a
+x=
ax
x = a a2011 .
aR
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht x = a a2011 .
2
2
2
2 2
x (y + z) = (3x + x + 1) y z
Bi 68. Gii h phng trnh
y 2 (z + x)2 = (4y 2 + y + 1) z 2 x2
2
z (x + y)2 = (5z 2 + y + 1) x2 y 2 .
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
350
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Gii
D thy rng (x; 0; 0) , (0; y; 0) , (0; 0; z) tho mn h cho. Tip theo xt xyz 6= 0. Khi
chia cc phng trnh ca h cho x2 y 2 z 2 ta c
2
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
+
=3+ + 2
+
+
+
=
3
+
2
z y
x x
zy y 2
x x2
z1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1 1
1
+ 2 =4+ + 2
+
+
=4+ + 2
2
x
zx z
y y
y y
x z 2
1
1
1
2
1
1 1
1
1
+ 2 = 5 + + 2.
+
2
+
= 5 + + 2.
y
xy x
z z
y x
z z
Cng li ta c
1 1 1
+ + = 3
y z
12 = 0 x
1 1 1
+ + = 4.
x y z
Vi
Vi
1 1 1
+ +
x y z
2
1 1 1
+ +
x y z
1 1 1
+ + = 3, ta c
x y z
2
1
1
1
5
3
+
=
3
+
+
= 6
x=
x
x
x
2
6
x
5
5
1
1
1
= 5
y=
3+
=4+ + 2
y
5
y
y y
5
2
5
1
1
1
z= .
= 4
=5+ + 2
3+
4
z
z
z z
1 1 1
+ + = 4, ta c
x y z
2
1
1
1
=
3
+
+
= 13
x=
x
x x2
x
2
1
1
1
= 12
y=
4
=4+ + 2
y
y
y
y
2
9 = 11
z=
1
1
1
4
=5+ + 2
z
z
z z
9
13
9
12
9
.
11
Cc nghim ca h l
5
5
9 3 9
(x; y; z) = ; 1;
, (x; y; z) =
; ;
,
6
4
13 4 11
(a; 0; 0) , (0; b; 0) , (0; 0; c) vi a, b, c R, tu . 2
x2 (y z) =
(1)
3
Bi 69. Gii h phng trnh
y 2 (z x) = 3
(2)
z 2 (x y) = . (3)
3
Gii
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
351
T (4), (1) c
5x
5
= 2 , suy ra x, th vo (2), (3) c h hai n. Cng vic tip theo tr
2
3x
nn n gin.
(1)
xz + y = 7z
Bi 70. Gii h phng trnh
yz + x = 8z
(2)
x + y + z = 12. (3)
Gii
T (1) c y = 7z zx. Thay vo (2) v (3) c
(
(
(7z zx) z + x = 8z
x (1 z 2 ) = 8z 7z 2 (4)
x + (7z zx) + z = 12
x (1 z) = 12 8z. (5)
12 8z
. Thay vo (4) c
1z
"
z=2
(12 8z) (1 + z) = 8z 7z 2 z 2 + 4z 12 = 0
z = 6.
60
66
Vi z = 2 ta c x = 4, y = 6. Vi z = 6 ta c x = , y = .
7
7
60 66
; ; 6 . 2
Kt lun: h c hai nghim (4; 6; 2) ,
7 7
Bi 71 (HSG tnh Qung Bnh, nm hc 2010-2011). Gii h
(
x xy1=1
(1)
y 2 + x + 2y x y 2 x = 0. (2)
Gii
iu kin x > 0 v x y 1 > 0. Phng trnh (1) tng ng
(4)
p
xy1y =2 xy1
y 2 = 4 (x y 1) (y + 2)2 = 4x y + 2 = 2 x.
x=
xy1+1x=xy+2
2
y 2 + x + 2y x y 2 x = 0 y + x = xy 2 y + x = y x.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
352
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(
y+2=2 x
y+2=2 x
Ta thu c
y + x = y x
2y + (y + 2) = (y + 2) y.
!
1
9 17 17 5
T tm c nghim ca h l (x; y) =
; 1 , (4; 2),
;
.2
4
8
2
(
1 y2
(d thy trong trng hp ny y 6= 0), thay vo phng
4y
trnh u tin ta c:
2
1 y2
1 y2
4
y3 = 1
4
+y 4
4y
4y
2
1 y 2 + 4y 6 4y 4 1 y 2 = 4y 2
2
1 y 2 4y 4 1 y 2 = 4y 2 1 y 4
1 y2
1 y 2 4y 4 4y 2 1 + y 2 = 0
1 y 2 8y 4 + 5y 2 1 = 0
y 3 x x4 = 28
xy 2 + 2x2 y + x3 = 18 2
Gii
Ta bin i tng ng
(
x(y 3 x3 ) = 28
(1)
2
x(y + x) = 18 2. (2)
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
353
!3
4
3 8
x x x3 = 28.
x
t t =
(3)
4
t9 (3 8 t3 )3 + 28t = 0.
(4)
hay x = 2. Suy ra y = 2 2.
Th li ( 2; 2 2) tha mn (2).
Tm li h cho c nghim duy nht l (x; y) = ( 2; 2 2). 2
> Cch 1:
V phng trnh th nht ca h cha nhiu y nn ta ngh n vic rt y theo x v th vo
phng trnh th hai ca h.
2x2 (2 x)
Ta c y =
(do x = 1 khng l nghim ca h).
x+1
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
354
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
x)
x4 5 4x2 =
2
(x + 1)
(5 4x2 )(x2 + 2x + 1) = 4(4 4x + x2 )
"
"
x=0
x=0
x=0y=0
x = 1 y = 1
1
1
x= y=
2
2
1 1
;
2
Vy h cho c nghim: (x; y) = (0; 0), (1; 1),
2 2
~ Nhn xt: Cch gii ny c mt u im l khng cn phi mnh khe g c m ch cn bin
i ht sc bnh thng. Tuy nhin, n c mt nhc im l n ch gip chng ta gii quyt
bi ton thi, cn con ng sng tc ra bi ton th cch gii trn khng th lm r
c. hiu r c ngun gc ca bi ton v l cch m tc gi sng tc bi ton
trn, ta cng xem qua cch gii sau:
> Cch 2:
Ta vit li h nh sau:
(
2x + 2 (x + 1) = 4
x
y 2
+ 4x2 = 5
x2
y
t a = 2x, b = 2 ta c c h:
x
a + b a + 1 = 4
2
a2 + b2 = 5
y l h i xng loi I. Vic gii h ny khng my kh khn.
~ Nhn xt: Qua li gii trn, ta thy con ng ch tc ra nhng h kiu ny l xut pht
t mt h bit thut gii, chng ta thay th hnh thc ca cc bin c mt trong h v bin
i rt gn ta thu c
( mt h c hnh thc hon ton xa l vi ci h ban u.
x + y + xy = 5
Chng hn: T h
(lu h ny c nghim (1; 2))
x2 + y 2 = 5
y
Ta thay th x bng 3 v y bng y 2 th ta c h:
2x
y
y3
3 + y2 + 3 = 5
y(y 2 + 2x3 y + 1) = 10x3
2x
2x
y2
y 2 (1 + 4x6 y 2 ) = 20x6
+y =5
6
4x
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
355
(
Bi 2: Gii h phng trnh
x2 2xy + x + y = 0 (1)
x4 4x2 y + 3x2 + y 2 = 0 (2)
Gii
(x2 y) + 3x2 3y 2 = 0
Vic lm ny cng khng my kh quan, v khi nhn vo h chng ta cng cha pht hin c
mi lin h no. Theo cch lm v d 1 ta bin i:
Nu x = 0 y = 0 l nghim ca h.
Nu x 6= 0, ta c h
y
y
x + = 2y + 1
x 2y + 1 + = 0
x
x
2
2
y
x + y = 6y 3
x2 4y +
+
3
=
0
x
x2
Suy ra (2y + 1)2 = 6y 3. n y th bi ton tr nn n gin.
Vi cch gii trn, ta c th to ra c rt nhiu h phng trnh khc nhau. y chng ta
ch rng vic gii h cui cng quy v gii cc phng trnh bc hai nn chuyn cc h s
nhn nhng gi trno khng quan trng.
2y
x + x = 4x + 4
2y = 4x3 x2 + 4x
2
qua khai trin ta c h
Chng hn t h
2y
4x2 y + 4y 2 = 3x2
x+
= x2 3
x
hai bi trn chng ta gii theo phng php th. Du hiu nhn thy l vic xut hin ca
mt phng trnh l phng trnh bc nht i vi mt n. By gi chng ta chuyn qua xt
mt s h m chng ta thc hin rt th m phng trnh i vi mt n trong mt phng
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
356
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
x3 8x = y 3 + 2y (1)
x2 3 = 3(y 2 + 1) (2)
Gii
> Cch 1:
T (2) ta suy ra: x2 = 3(y 2 + 2) (3) , thay vo (1) ta c:
x=0
yx
2
x 8x = y(y + 2) =
x(3x xy 24) = 0
3x2 24
3
y=
x
2
2
x = 3 y = 1
x =9
96
96
78
2
x =
x=
y=
13
13
13
r
!
96
78
Vy h c 4 cp nghim l: (x; y) = (3; 1),
;
2
14
13
~ Nhn xt: Chng ta ngh n php th do phng trnh th nht ch cha y 3 v y; phng
trnh th hai ca h li cha y 2 nn nu ta thay y 2 vo phng trnh th nht th phng trnh
th nht ca h tr thnh phng trnh bc nht i vi n y v ta thc hin rt y nh trn.
Tuy nhin, c l y cng khng phi l con ng ch tc bi ton trn. T nhn xt trn, ta
thy phng trnh th nht hai bin x, y lch bc nhau 2 bc ( x3 v x; y 3 v y), ng thi
phng trnh th hai cng lch bc nhau 2 bc ( x2 , y 2 v hng s).
iu ny gi ta to ra s ng bc nh sau:
> Cch 2:
H cho tng ng
(
x3 y 3 = 8x + 2y
2
6 = x 3y
x3 + 3xy 2 = 49 (1)
x2 8xy + y 2 = 8y 17x (2)
Gii
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
357
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
x3 + 49
()
3x
x = 1
2
x2 8xy
Nu x = 1 th vo (*) y = 4.
2x2 + 49x 49
Nu y =
th vo (*), ta c:
24x
2
2
x3 + 49
2x + 49x 49
2
=
192x(x3 + 49) = (2x2 + 49x 49)
3x
24x
Bin i rt gn ta c:
4x4 + 4x3 + 45x2 + 94x + 49 = 0 (x + 1)2 (4x2 4x + 49) = 0 x = 1
Vy h c nghim: (x; y) = (1; 4) 2
> Cch 2:
V x = 0 khng l nghim ca h nn ta t y = tx.
Khi h tr thnh:
( 3
x (1 + 3t2 ) = 49
x2 (1 8t + t2 ) = x(8t 17)
Ta vit li h di dng
49
49
49
3
17
8t
17
b
x = 2
= 2
=
t 8t + 1
(t 16) (8t 17)
ab
3
49
b
3
3
+ 3ab3 = 0
=
3 49 b + (a b)
49 + 3a
(a b)
2
a 49 b b(a b) + (a b)2 + 3b3 = 0
"
a=0
49 b2 b(a b) + (a b)2 + 3b3 = 0 (*)
Vi a = 0 t2 = 16, thay vo h ta c x = 1 y = 4.
Xt (*), khai trin v rt gn, ta c:
() 49t4 + 360t3 + 547t2 360t + 304 = 0 (t + 4)2 (49t2 32t + 19) = 0 t = 4
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
358
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
~ Nhn xt: Hai cch gii trn i hi tnh ton nhiu, v cha th ni ln tng ca ngi
ra . i vi bi ny cch gii hay nht l dng h s bt nh ( c cp trong chng
H phng trnh). Xut pht t nghim x = 1, ta s to ra cc phng trnh cha nhn t
(x + 1), t khai trin c(mt h mi. V d nh hai bi sau:
x3 + 2xy 2 = 5
Bi 4*: Gii h phng trnh :
2x2 + xy + y 2 = 4x + y
( 3
x + y 2 = (x y)(xy 1)
Bi 4**: Gii h phng trnh :
x3 x2 + y + 1 = xy(x y + 1)
(
1 + x3 y 3 = 19x3
Bi 5: Gii h phng trnh :
y + xy 2 = 6x2
Gii
V x = 0 khng l nghim ca h nn h tng ng
1
( 3
3 + y 3 = 19
a + y 3 = 19
1
x
(vi a = )
2
2
1
1
x
a y + y a = 6
y + y 2 = 6
2
x
x
t S = a + y, P = ay. Khi ta c
(
S(S 2 3P ) = 19
SP = 6
S=1
P = 6
a=3
y = 2
a = 2
y=3
1
1
Vy nghim ca h l: (x; y) = ( ; 2), ( ; 3) 2
3
2
~ Nhn xt: Ngoi cch gii trn, ta c th gii theo cch sau:
Do x = 0 khng l nghim ca h, ta vit li h di dng
(
Gii
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
359
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
H cho tng ng
( 2 4
x y + 2xy 2 + 1 + y 4 2xy 5 = 0
3x2 y 6 2xy 2 x2 y 4 2xy 5 1 = 0
x
1
x + 2 2 + 4 2xy = 1
y
y
2x
1
x + 2 2xy = 1
2
2
2
=0
3x y 2xy x + 2
y
t a = x +
1
, b = xy, ta c h
y2
( 2
a 2b = 1
a2 3b2 + 2b = 0
a2 = 2b 1
b=1
3b2 4b + 1 = 0
a = 1
51
x = 1
x =
x + 1 = 1
2 v
y2
y
Nu a = b = 1 :
2
y = 1 + 5
xy = 1
y y1=0
2
x = 1
x + 1 = 1
y2
y
Nu a = 1; b = 1 :
(v nghim)
2
xy = 1
y +y+1=0
!
1 5 1 5
;
2
Vy nghim ca h cho l: (x; y) =
2
2
6x5 y
2
(x
1)
+
3
=
x2 + 2
s
Bi 7: Gii h phng trnh
4x 3x2 y 9xy 2
3y
x
=
x + 3y
5
1
+
x =
2
y = 1 5
2
Gii
(
T phng trnh th hai, ta c
3y > x
x + 3y 6= 0
2
2
5
(x 2x + 4)(x + 2) = 6x y
6
x + 8 = 6x5 y
4x
4x 3x2 y 9x2 y 2 2
2
3xy
9y 6xy + x2 =
(3y x) =
x + 3y
x + 3y
( 6
( 6
x + 8 = 6x5 y
x + 8 = 6x5 y
V x = 0 khng l nghim ca h, nn ta c
8
6y
1 + 6 =
x
x
3
27y
4
1 +
=
x3
x2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
360
t a =
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
2
3y
, ta thu c h
>
0,
b
=
x2
x
(
(
(
1 + a3 = 2b
1 + a3 = 2b
a=b
1 + b3 = 2a
(a b)(a2 + ab + b2 + 2) = 0
a3 2a + 1 = 0
a = b
a=b
1
+
5
2
(a 1)(a + a 1) = 0
a = 1, a =
2
Vi a = b = 1, ta c:
x = 2
x = 2
2 =1
x
v
2
2
3y
y =
y =
=1
3
3
x
1 + 5
ta c:
Vi a = b =
2
q
q
2
5
2 =
x =
x =
5+1
5+1
x
p
p
v
2
5+1 51
5+1 51
3y
5
y =
y =
=
6
6
x
2
!
p
!
p
( 5 1)
2
5+1
Vy nghim ca h cho l (x; y) = 2;
5 + 1;
,
2
3
6
( 4
6x x3 x y 2 (y + 12) x2 = 6
Bi 8: Gii h phng trnh
2
5x4 x2 1 y 2 11x2 = 5
Gii
Nhn thy, x = 0 khng l nghim ca h nn chia hai v ca mi phng trnh cho x2 ta c:
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
6 x
6 x + 2 x
y y 12 = 0
x
y2 y = 0
x
x
x
x
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
y 11 = 0
x
y2 1 = 0
5 x
5 x + 2 x
x
x
x
x
1
t a = x , ta c h
x
6a2 ay 2 y = 0
5a2 a2 y 2 1 = 0
+
=6
a
a2
y2 + 1 = 5
a2
1
t u = , ta c h
a
(
y 2 u + u2 y = 6
u2 + y 2 = 5
uy(u + y) = 6
(u + y)2 2uy = 5
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
u+y =3
uy = 2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
(
(
u=1
u=2
T ta tm c:
hoc
y=2
y=1
1
5
1
Vi u = 1 a = 1 x = 1 x2 x 1 = 0 x =
x
2
1
1
1
1
17
Vi u = 2 a = x = 2x2 x 2 = 0 x =
2
x
2
4!
!
1 17
1 5
;2 ,
;1 2
Vy nghim ca h cho l (x; y) =
2
4
Bi tp t luyn
Gii
cc h phng
q
q trnh sau:
x+ y+ x y =2
q
1) q
y + x y x = 1
( 2
x xy + y 2 = 3(x y)
2)
x2 + xy + y 2 = 7(x y)2
(
x+y+ xy =8
3)
y xy =2
(
x3 + 3xy 2 = 6xy 3x 49
4)
x2 8xy + y 2 = 10y 25x 9
( 4
x + 2x3 y + x2 y 2 = 2x + 9
5)
x2 + 2xy = 6x + 6
x2 + y + x3 y + xy 2 + xy =
4
6)
5
x4 + y 2 + xy(1 + 2x) =
4
(
xy + x + y = x2 2y 2
7)
p
x 2y y x 1 = 2x 2y
( 4
x x3 y + x2 y 2 = 1
8)
x3 y x2 + xy = 1
(
x+y >4
9)
(x4 + y 4 )(x7 + y 7 ) = x11 + y 11
2p 2
1
y
+
x 12y + 1 = (x2 + 17)
3
12
s
10)
x2 2x
x3 x2 y
+
=
+
8y
3
3y
4
2
p
6
3
2
y + y + 2x = xy x2 y 2
q
11)
4xy 3 + y 3 + 1 > 2x2 + 1 + (2x y)2
2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
361
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
"
|n 6| > |6n1 |
n6=0
D thy ch c n = 6 tho. Vy m = 36. 2
Bi 2 (APMOPS 2004): Mt ng c pht trin theo mt tc khng i:
200 con cu n ht c trong 100 ngy.
150 con cu n ht c trong 150 ngy.
Hi 100 con cu n ht c trong bao nhiu ngy?
Gii
Gi s mi con cu n ht 1 ming c mi ngy, vy trong 100 ngy 200 con cu s n ht
20000 ming c, tng t, 150 con cu s n ht 22500 ming c trong 150 ngy.
t x (n v: ming c) l lng c ng c ban u, a l tc mc c (n vi: ming
c/ngy), t l thi gian 100 con cu n ht ng c (n vi: ngy), t gi thit, ta c h:
x + at = 100t (3)
T (1) v (2) ta suy ra x = 15000, a = 50, vy t y ta d dng suy ra t = 300 2.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
362
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
363
Bi 3: Mt ngi cha khi cht li di chc phn chia gia ti cho cc con l cc ng tin
1
vng nh sau : con c uc 100 ng v
s cn li , ngi con th hai c 200 ng
10
1
1
v
s cn li, ngi con th ba c 300 ng v
s cn li,......C nh vy cho n
10
10
khi gia ti c chia ht th s tin mi con bng nhau. Hi ngi cha c bao nhiu ng
tin vng, c bao nhiu con v mi ngi c chia bao nhiu ng tin vng?
Gii
Gi s tin ca cha l x (ng) (x > 0)
x 100
Con c c 100 +
10
x 100
x 300
10
Con th hai c 200+
10
x 100
x 300
x 100
10
= 200 +
Cho 100 +
10
10
Gii phng trnh trn ta tm c x = 8100 nn c 9 ngi con v mi ngi con c 900
ng. 2
Bi 4: Mt nhm gm 21 ngi i du lch n cc nc Anh, Php,, trong mi
ngi i t nht 1 nc v khng ai i c 3 nc, bit rng:
S ngi i c 2 nc v Anh gp i s ngi i c c 2 nc Php v .
S ngi i c Php v li gp i s ngi i Anh v Php.
S ngi ch i (khng i Php v Anh) hn s ngi ch i Anh (khng i Php v )
l mt ngi v bng s ngi i Php.
Hi:
a/ Hy tm s ngi i ng 1 nc.
b/ Hy tm s ngi i t nht 1 trong 2 nc Anh v Php.
Gii
Gi A, P, Y l tp hp s ngi i n cc nc Anh, Php, . Gi x, y, z l s ngi ch i
Anh, Php, . Gi t l s ngi i c 2 nc Anh v Php, th s ngi i Php v l 2t,
cn s ngi i 2 nc v Anh l 4t.
Theo bi ta c h phng trnh:
x + y + z + 7t = 21 (1)
z = x + 1 (2)
z = y + 3t (3)
x + y + z = 14
z =x+1
z = y + 3
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
364
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Do (x; y; z) = (5; 3; 6)
Vy c 14 ngi ch i ng 1 nc, t nht 15 ngi i t nht 1 trong 2 nc Anh v Php. 2
Bi 5: Mt ngi i xe p in dc ng tu in v nhn thy rng: c 7 pht c 1
on tu chy cng chiu vi anh ta v c 5 pht c 1 on tu chy ngc li. Hi cch
nhau bao nhiu pht th ga u tin c 1 on tu khi hnh? Bit rng, cc on tu
khi hnh sau nhng khong thi gian nh nhau v chuyn ng vi vn tc khng i,
khng dng li bt k ni no trn ng v ngi i xe p in cng i vi vn tc khng
i.
Gii
t t l khong thi gian xut pht gia 2 tu in (tnh bng pht), x, y ln lt l vn tc
ca tu in v xe p (n v di/pht, x > y), ta c khong cch gia 2 tu in l xt.
Gi s khi gp mt tu in, th khi xe p s cch tu i ngay sau l xt, theo cng thc
khi 2 xe i ngc chiu, ta c
xt = 5(x + y) (1)
Tng t, ta cng c
xt = 7(x y) (2)
35
T (1) v (2) ta suy ra c x = 6y, th vo (1), ta li c 6yt = 7(6y y) t =
6
35
pht 2.
Vy 2 tu khi hnh cch nhau
6
Bi 6: Mt h nc c cung cp bi 3 vi nc. Bit rng nu tng vi cung cp nc
cho h th vi th nht lm y h nhanh hn vi th hai l 5 gi, vi th ba li lm y
h nhanh hn vi th nht l 4 gi. Cn nu vi th nht v th hai cng cung cp nc
cho h th thi gian chng lm y h bng thi gian ca vi th ba. Hi nu c 3 vi cng
cung cp nc cho h th chng s lm y h trong bao lu?
Gii
Gi thi gian vi th ba lm y h l t (gi), t > 0.
Thi gian vi th nht lm y h l t + 4 (gi).
Thi gian vi th hai lm y h l t + 9 (gi).
1
1
Trong 1 gi, vi th nht v th hai chy c
+
h nc v vi th ba chy c
t+4 t+9
1
h nc.
t
Theo bi,ta c phng trnh:
1
1
1
+
=
t+4 t+9
t
Tng ng:
t(t + 9) + t(t + 4) = (t + 4)(t + 9)
Ta tm c t = 6.
Vy trong 1 gi, c ba vi chy c:
1
1
1
1
+
+ =
t+4 t+9 t
3
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
365
4
+ +
+ 12
+
= 1 (1)
x y z
x y
1
1
>
(2)
x
y
1
1 1 1
=
+
(3)
z
2 x y
x + y + z = 37 (4)
3
2
2 1
+
+ 12. = 1 z = 36
T (1) v (3) ta c: 4
z z
z
1 1
1
T (3) ta suy ra + = , kt hp vi (4) ta s c:
x y
18
x + y = 75
xy = 1350
Do x, y l nghim ca phng trnh: x2 75x + 1350 = 0 x1 = 30 v x2 = 45
Vy thi gian cn cc i I, II, III hon thnh cng vic ln lt l 30 ngy, 45 ngy, 36 ngy.2
Bi 8: Trong k thi hc sinh gii ca trng, nu sp mi phng thi 22 hc sinh th tha
1 em, nu gim 1 phng thi th s hc sinh c chia u cho mi phng. Tnh s hc sinh
tham gia k thi bit rng mt phng thi khng cha qu 40 hc sinh.
Gii
Gi s phng thi l x (x N, n v: phng).
Theo bi, nu sp mi phng thi 22 hc sinh th tha 1 em nn tng s hc sinh l 22x + 1
(em).
S phng sau khi gim l x 1 (phng).
.
Do lc ny s hc sinh chia u cho mi phng nn 22x + 1 .. x 1
.
M 22x + 1 = 22(x 1) + 23 23 .. x 1 x = 2 hoc x = 24
Ti x = 2, s hc sinh c l 45 em, khi y s hc sinh mi phng sau khi gim 1 phng l 45
em (tri vi gi thit).
Ti x = 24, s hc sinh c l 529 em, iu ny ph hp vi bi.
Vy c tt c 529 hc sinh. 2
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
367
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
p
V sau ng li gii theo cch khc,ng t z = x + v thay vo phng trnh u c
2
2
p
z2
q =0
4
Vic gii phng trnh ny tr thnh n gin.
Trong chng trnh i s lp 9 c cng thc tnh nghim ca phng trnh bc hai dng
chnh tc ax2 + bx + c = 0 bng cch t = b2 4ac Nu < 0 th phng trnh v nghim.
Nu = 0 th phng trnh c nghim kp:
x1 = x2 =
b
2a
b
+
x1 =
2a
x = b
2
2a
Francois Viete (1540-1603) ngi Php a ra h thc ca hai nghim ny:
x1 + x2 = b
a
x x = c
1 2
a
H thc ny v sau c mang tn ng (h thc Viete).
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
368
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
369
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
370
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
3uv + m = 0
u3 + v 3 n = 0
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
371
hoc
m3
n
=0
27
2
Trong mt cun sch ca Trung Quc li ni rng, sau 2 nm Cardano cng b cch gii
phng trnh bc 3 th trong bi Nhng cu hi v pht minh, Tartaglia ph phn thi
thiu trung thc ca Cardano v yu cu thnh ph Milan t chc tranh lun cng khai vi
Cardano. n ngy gp nhau tranh lun th khng phi Cardano m li l mt hc tr ti
ba ca Cardano, l Lodovico Ferrari (1522-1565). Ferrari khng nhng nm c cch gii
phng trnh bc 3 m cn gii c phng trnh bc 4 nn Tartaglia chu tht bi. T
Tartaglia nh b vt thng lng v m hn n lc cht.
Trong cun Lch s ton hc ca Howard Eves ngi M xut bn nm 1969 li vit: . . .
nhng li phn i mnh lit ca Tartaglia n tai Ferrari nn ngi ny lp lun cho thy
ca mnh rng, Cardano c c thng tin cn cho mnh t Ferro qua mt ngi th ba v ln
n Tartaglia l n cp t cng mt ngun . . .
Cho d cc li n thi nh th no nhng cui cng li gii c lu truyn n ngy nay
vi tn gi chung l cng thc Cardano-Tartaglia:
s
s
r
r
2
3
n
m
n 2 m 3
3 n
3 n
+
+
+
x=
2
2
3
2
2
3
Cng cn ni thm rng, cng thc trn l cng thc nghim ca phng trnh bc 3 cha y
. Tuy nhin, t phng trnh bc 3 y (chnh tc hay hon chnh):
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0
n phng trnh x3 + mx = n ch cn t:
y =x+
b
3a
Nm 1572, Bombelli cho cng b mt cun sch i s gp phn ng k vo vic gii phng
trnh
Trong cc sch gio khoa v l thuyt cc phng trnh cho bit rng, nu
n 2 bc3.
m 3
+
l m th phng trnh x3 + mx = n c 3 nghim thc. Nhng trong trng
2
3
hp ny, cc nghim c biu th bng hiu ca hai cn bc 3 ca cc s phc lin hp.
iu tng chng bt thng ny gi l trng hp bt kh quy ca phng trnh bc 3
lm bn tm ng k cc nh i s hc thi xa. Bombelli ch ra tnh thc ca cc nghim
thot nhn l khng thc trong trng hp bt kh quy.
Trong cun Canon mathematicus seu ad triangula ca Viete xut bn nm 1579, tc gi c
gi mt cch gii bng lng gic cho trng hp bt kh quy ca cc phng trnh bc 3.
Trong lun vn ca Viete thy c cch gii rt p sau y cho phng trnh bc 3:
x3 + 3ax = 2b
Phng trnh trn l mt dng m phng trnh bc 3 no cng c th quy v c. Nu t:
a
y
y
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
x=
372
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
373
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
374
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Phng php tng qut bin i mt phng trnh a thc bc n i vi x thnh mt phng
trnh bc n i vi y, trong cc h s ca y n1 , y n2 u bng 0 c Tschirnhausan (16511708) a ra. V sau php bin i phng trnh bc nm nh vy, trong cc h s ca
y 4 , y 3 , y 2 u bng 0 c Brings (1736-1798) a ra nm 1786. iu ny ng vai tr quan
trng trong vic gii phng trnh bc nm bng hm eliptic. Nm 1834, Jerrard (mt 1863)
li chng minh c h s ca y n3 cng bng 0.
Trong cc nm 1803, 1805, 1813, nh vt l Paolo Ruffini (1765-1822) ngi italia a ra
mt cch chng minh v mt iu m lc by gi c coi l mt s kin, l nghim ca
phng trnh tng qut bc nm hoc bc cao hn u khng th biu th c bng cc cn
thc theo cc h s ca phng trnh .
Loi ngi ng trc s thch thc v tr tu ht i ny n i khc, cho n khi xut
nhin nh ton hc tr tui Niels Henrik Abel (1802-1829) ngi Na Uy. ng l ngi rt can
m. Ngay t thu nh, ng bt u tm li gii cho phng trnh bc nm. Nh quyt tm
chin thng n cng nn vo nm 1824 (lc ng 22 tui), ng chng minh c mt cch
tng qut rng, phng trnh bc t 5 tr ln l khng th c cch gii kiu cn thc. Vi tr
tu ca tui tr, ng tuyn b vi th gii mt cch chn l: tr tu ca con ngi l bt
kh chin thng.
Nhng cn ng thnh cng ca Abel ht sc gp gnh. Tuy c nhng thnh cng trong thi
gian ngn ngi nhng nhng g l au kh cn nng n hn. Nhng vinh quang ca ng hu
ht n sau khi ng qua i.
ng sinh ra trong mt gia nh mc s nng thn. Cha m ca ng li ng con v ngho.
Trong s 7 anh ch em, ng l ngi anh th 2. Nm 13 tui, ng c a vo trong trng
dng. Ngay t u ng rt hng th vi ton hc. Nm 1817, trong trng xy ra mt
s kin c bit, trong mt m thay i c cuc i ng. Thy dy ton ca ng, do ngc
i hc tr nn b sa thi. Thay thy gio c l thy Homlboe (sinh nm 1795) mi 22 tui.
Thy Holmboe nhanh chng pht hin ti nng ton hc ca Abel. Khi Abel nu ra quyt
tm tn cng vo phng trnh bc nm, nhiu ngi ch diu, cho rng ch nhi lm sao
li i n tht thin nga. Vy m Holmboe li rt ng h Abel, ng vin ng c gng vn ln.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
375
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
376
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Ch v l sch qu hp!
Ngay t thi c ngi ta bit tam gic c ba cnh 3, 4, 5 (n v di) l tam gic vung v
32 + 42 = 52 ngoi ra, c v s s nguyn dng khc tha mn phng trnh x2 + y 2 = z 2 .
Chng hn cc b ba s 6; 8; 10 hay 5; 12; 13. . . Ta u bit y l cc s Pi-ta-go. T phng
trnh ny, ny ra ngh: liu c tm c cc b ba s nguyn x, y, z tha mn phng
trnh xn + y n = z n (n l s t nhin ln hn 2) hay khng. ngh ngy ln u tin c
i--phng xem xt k, v vy phng trnh c tn gi l phng trnh i--phng.
Ngi ta chng minh c l vi tt c cc s n t 3, 4. . . n 4000, chng c cc s nguyn
x, y, z no nghim ng phng trnh i--phng c. Ring Pi-e Phc-ma (Pierre Fermat, 16011665) mt nh ton hc Php, ngi tng cng vi Pa-xcan tm ra php tnh xc sut,
mnh dn nghi ng: Phng trnh i--phng s lun lun v nghim, d n l bt c s t
nhin no.
Nm 1637, Phc-ma vit bn l cung sch ca i--phng rng ng tm c cch chng
minh rt k diu iu nghi ng ni trn ca mnh l ng, nhng khng ghi ra c ch v. . .
l cun sch qu hp.
T n nay, hn ba trm nm tri qua, nhiu nh ton hc tn bao cng sc ri vn
chu b tay trong vic i tm chng minh ca Phc-ma.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
377
Hai gng mt tr
Lch s ca i s trong nhng trang nghin cu v phng trnh u gi mi bng dng ca
hai chng trai tr thin ti: Ni-en hen-rch A-ben (Niels Henrik Abel, 1802-1829) nh ton hc
Na Uy v E-va-rt Ga-loa (Evariste Galois, 1811-1832) nh ton hc Php. Cng sng hi u
th k XIX, cuc i ngn ngi ca c hai ngi cng li nhng tc phm v gi cho ton
hc hin i.
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
378
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
379
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
380
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
381
382
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Phm Kim Chung
Cc phng php gii h phng trnh
ng nh Sn
ng dng nh l Lagrange
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net